第三讲 主旨大意题——把握文脉明主题
主旨大意题是阅读理解中最难的题目，因为该类题目不仅考查略读文章、领会大意的能力，也对归纳概括能力提出了较高的要求。该类题目在文章中没有明显的解题依据，需要从文章中提炼、提取一些关键词、主干句进行加工概括，才能归纳出文章的主旨。因此，遇到主旨大意题时切勿草率作答，一定要读完、读懂文章后再作判断，建议学生将此类题目放到最后来做。
一、主旨大意题的选项特征
主旨大意题的正确选项和干扰选项的特征：
正确选项特征 干扰选项特征
1.涵盖性强，覆盖全文或全段。 2.确定的范围恰当，既不能太大，也不能太小。 3.精确性强，不会改变原文语言表意的程度及感彩。 4.含有文章关键词或者有象征意义的事物。 以偏概全 只阐述了局部信息或文章内容的某一个方面
主题过大 归纳概括过于宽泛，超出了文章实际讨论的内容
断章取义 以次要的事实或细节代替全文的主要观点
无中生有 与文章内容毫不相干或与文章内容相悖
二、主旨大意题的3大解题途径
途径（一） 段落大意题——首尾兼顾定段意
归纳段落大意题主要考查学生对某个段落内容的概括能力。概括、总结、归纳段落大意就是用准确、简练的语言把一个段落的主要意思明确而完整地表达出来。
【典例】 （2025 全国二卷阅读D篇节选） It should be noted that none of the items on wastED’s menu was technically made from garbage.Instead， all the ingredients （配料） used were examples of meat cuts and produce that most restaurants would never consider serving.Things like kale ribs， fish collars， rejected sweet potatoes， and cucumber butts were all re－appropriated and， with the help of a number of good chefs， turned into excellent cuisine. 34.What is paragraph 5 mainly about？ A.Why the ingredients were used. B.Which dishes were best liked. C.What the dishes were made of. D.Where the ingredients were bought. 解题思路： 第一步 首尾兼顾定段意 节选段首句否定“垃圾食材”的说法，随后列举羽衣甘蓝茎秆、鱼颈肉、淘汰的甘薯、黄瓜头等非常规食材来说明菜品原料的构成。 第二步 析选项，斟酌判断
A 为什么使用这些食材。不符合原文文意 偷换概念，歪曲文意
B 哪些菜肴最受欢迎。原文未提及相关内容 无中生有，生搬硬套
C 这些菜肴是用什么做的。精准概括本段核心主旨 涵盖性强，覆盖全段
D 这些食材是在哪里购买的。不符合原文文意 偷换概念，歪曲文意
第三步 对比选项得出答案
正确答案： C
答题方略：
途径（二） 文章大意题——主题句法寻主旨
文章大意是作者在文章中所要表达的主要内容，是全文的核心思想，也是作者在文章中通过行文逻辑和各种细节来阐明的中心话题。掌握寻找文章主题句的小技巧，可以快速确定文章大意。解答文章大意题，找准文章的主题句是关键。
【典例】 （2024 新课标Ⅱ卷阅读C篇） We all know fresh is best when it comes to food.However， most produce at the store went through weeks of travel and covered hundreds of miles before reaching the table.While farmer’s markets are a solid choice to reduce the journey， Babylon Micro－Farm （BMF） shortens it even more. BMF is an indoor garden system.It can be set up for a family.Additionally， it could serve a larger audience such as a hospital， restaurant or school.The innovative design requires little effort to achieve a reliable weekly supply of fresh greens. Specifically， it’s a farm that relies on new technology.By connecting through the Cloud， BMF is remotely monitored.Also， there is a convenient app that provides growing data in real time.Because the system is automated， it significantly reduces the amount of water needed to
续表
grow plants.Rather than watering rows of soil， the system provides just the right amount to each plant.After harvest， users simply replace the plants with a new pre－seeded pod （容器） to get the next growth cycle started. Moreover， having a system in the same building where it’s eaten means zero emissions （排放） from transporting plants from soil to salad.In addition， there’s no need for pesticides and other chemicals that pollute traditional farms and the surrounding environment. BMF employees live out sustainability in their everyday lives.About half of them walk or bike to work.Inside the office， they encourage recycling and waste reduction by limiting garbage cans and avoiding single－use plastic.“We are passionate about reducing waste， carbon and chemicals in our environment，” said a BMF employee. 31.What does the text mainly talk about？ A.BMF’s major strengths. B.BMF’s general management. C.BMF’s global influence. D.BMF’s technical standards.
解题思路： 第一步 读文章，概括文意 第二步 析选项，斟酌判断
A BMF的主要优势。 根据第一步中第一至第五段的段落大意可知，本选项符合文意 涵盖性强，覆盖全文
B BMF的综合管理。 文中仅简要提及BMF的自动化系统，目的是介绍BMF的优点，本选项以偏概全，不符合文意 以偏概全，断章取义
C BMF的全球影响力。 文中未提及相关内容 无中生有，生搬硬套
D BMF的技术标准。 文中未提及相关内容 无中生有，生搬硬套
第三步 对比选项得出答案
正确答案： A
答题方略：
1.找主题句的4个小窍门
2.解题技巧
途径（三） 最佳标题类——文章结构定标题
标题归纳题要求在理解文章的基础上，结合文章的体裁和结构，从所给选项中选出适合文章的标题。注意最佳标题的特点：精准性强，不改变原文的意义和感彩；覆盖性强，能概括全文并体现文章的主旨。
【典例】 （2025 1月浙江卷阅读C篇） A novel design approach to gardening has been gaining in popularity worldwide.Referred to as matrix planting， this approach aims for nature to do a lot more of the heavy lifting in the garden， and even some of the designing.Eschewing fertilizers （化肥） and power tools， it’s based on an elegantly simple principle： to garden more like nature does. The concept was born when German city planners sought to plant large areas of parkland after World War Ⅱ in a reproducible way that would need minimal maintenance.Planners created planting mixes that could be used modularly （模块化）.In a matrix garden， plants with similar cultural needs are grouped so that they will grow together above and below ground， forming a cooperative ecosystem that conserves water and discourages weeds. Dutch plantsman and designer Piet Oudolf’s gardens popularized this style， adding artistic flavors to the planting mixes while playing with color and form， including four－season interest and serving the needs of wildlife.Beautiful year－round， they invite you to enjoy the smallest detail， from the sound of grasses in the gentle wind to the sculpture of odd－looking seed heads. It takes a lot of thought to look this natural.While matrix gardens appear wild， they are carefully planned， with cultural needs the first consideration.Led by the concept of “right plant， right place，” they match plants that enjoy the same soil， sun and weather conditions， and arrange them according to their patterns of growth. The benefits are substantial for both the gardener and planet.With human inputs dramatically reduced， the garden’s ecology can develop well.Established matrix gardens should not need the life support we give most gardens： fertilizer， dividing， regular pared to traditional garden plots， they increase carbon absorption， reduce stormwater runoff and boost habitat and biodiversity significantly. 31.Which of the following can be a suitable title for the text？ A.The future of gardening is WILD B.Nature treats all lives as EQUALS C.Matrix gardens need more CARE D.Old garden plots work WONDERS
解题思路： 第一步 读文章，理清结构 快速浏览全文可知，文章类型属于新兴技术介绍类说明文（涉及矩阵种植这种新型园艺方式）。文章结构为前瞻导览式。 根据文章结构可推断出，文章主要介绍了矩阵种植这种前景不错的新型园艺方式。 第二步 析选项，斟酌判断
A 园艺的未来充满希望 WILD契合矩阵种植的自然理念，且与文章所表达的这种自然园艺方式的发展前景相契合 涵盖性强， 覆盖全文
B 大自然对万物一视同仁 此选项重点在大自然对生命的平等对待，偏离文章主题 过度概括， 偏离主题
C 矩阵式花园需要更多呵护 此选项与文章中矩阵种植减少人力投入等内容不符 断章取义， 理解片面
D 传统花园创造奇迹 文章主要介绍了新的矩阵种植，并非旧的花园地块，该选项与文章主旨不符 断章取义， 理解片面
第三步 对比选项得出答案
正确答案： A
答题方略：
文章类型 结构模型 主旨位置及关键段
实验研究与报告 环环相扣式：背景—过程—结果/结论—应用/前景 主旨通常在结果/结论或应用/前景部分
事理阐释类议论文 层进论述式： 论点—论证—结论 主旨明确出现在论点部分（首段或段落开头）
新兴技术介绍类说明文 前瞻导览式： 背景—介绍—前景 主旨集中在背景（问题/需求）或前景（意义/影响）部分
社会发展新现象类说明文 因果演绎式： 引出现象—分析原因—说明影响 主旨隐藏于分析原因或说明影响部分
新科技发明类说明文 特征详解式： 发明背景—介绍发明—应用前景 主旨在发明背景（解决的问题）或应用前景（未来价值）部分中
问题解决类说明文 问题驱动式： 提出问题—解决措施—评价 主旨多在解决措施或评价部分中体现
社会发展与变迁类说明文 历程剖析式： 背景—发展历程—看法表述 主旨在背景（核心观点）或表述看法（总结）部分
书评 综合评述式：背景—内容—评价 主旨通常在评价部分
A
（2025 泉州适应性练习）In Baltimore， Our Kids Read， a nonprofit， offers three free books to every child who walks into its bookstore.And unlike the library， the books are never expected back.Kids “check out” at the front of the store， but instead of handing over cash， all they have to do is sign up for the nonprofit’s Reading Buddy program， which matches young readers with adults who read with them once or twice a week in 45－minute online meetings to promote literacy （读写能力）.“Every child should have someone reading to them at night，” said Jahmal Lake， executive director of Our Kids Read.
Lake established Our Kids Read in 2021.But he quickly realized that he needed to do more than just distribute donated books.“I think that the mistake a lot of nonprofits make is that they think they can back up a truck full of resources to the communities they want to serve and that they’re doing something，” Lake said.“But if that community is not equipped to make good use of those resources， you might as well have given them a brick.”
On the bookshelves and across tables， there are books like “Black Boy Joy” and “Eyes That Kiss in the Corners”， picture books in English and Spanish， poetry collections， and even graphic novels.The range of options plays into Lakes’ vision of turning non－readers into bookworms by directing kids to books on subjects they already love.Research shows kids are more likely to finish and love books they pick out themselves.
To promote the Reading Buddy program， Our Kids Read goes into elementary schools.Lake also plans to set up several little free libraries to encourage reading.The Baltimore Community Foundation has given Our Kids Read over $25，000.Vice President of Community Impact Crystal Harden－Lindsey said Our Kids Read is vital to promoting literacy， the foundation for academic success， economic mobility and civic engagement.
1.What is a feature of Our Kids Read bookstore？（ ）
A.It offers free books to adults and kids. B.It holds reading competitions weekly.
C.It engages kids in reading books to adults. D.It requires kids to register for a program.
2.What does Lake think of merely donating books？（ ）
A.Insufficient. B.Meaningful.
C.Motivating. D.Unnecessary.
3.Why does the bookstore offer diverse books？（ ）
A.To expand kids’ reading range.
B.To develop students’ love for books.
C.To broaden kids’ visions on book selection.
D.To encourage kids’ interest in school subjects.
4.What is the main idea of the passage？（ ）
A.Bookstore offers kids free books to promote business.
B.Charity partners with schools to teach students reading.
C.Nonprofit boosts child literacy through multiple measures.
D.Program enhances family bond by shared reading activities.
B
（2025 苏州八校联考）One day in 1996， someone ate a McDonald’s McChicken burger in Amsterdam.Perhaps a quick bite after work？ A family outing？ These details are lost to time， but others are hard to erase completely.The meal left a permanent mark on the local environment when a Eurasian coot （白冠鸡） found the discarded McChicken wrapper and decided to use it to line its nest， where it remained.
“It really shows that it’s not just us humans who are writing history， but these birds are also taking notes and documenting our throwaway society，” said the nest biologist Auke－Florian Hiemstra， who has been researching the influence of the Anthropocene era on birds’ nests in Amsterdam’s canals.When investigating nests in the canals， he found a variety of old packaging discarded from the early 1990s up to last year.
The Eurasian coot only started migrating to Amsterdam in the late 1980s， and Hiemstra’s findings of packaging from 1994 could show the entire lifespan and heritage of the species in the area.
While a bird’s nest is usually made from twigs （细枝） and moss， the abundance of plastics has been helpful for birds in the city where natural items are in short supply.Hiemstra said there would likely be a return of natural nests if people focused on re－greening cities and bringing natural water vegetation back， but in the meantime， the birds were successfully working with what they had.
“For the coots， our litter is not a waste product but something very valuable.Finding these materials that were littered 30 years ago， yet they look as fresh as they were just littered yesterday， really gave me the chills.I really hope we can learn something from the birds to re－evaluate how we think about our materials.These plastics are a wonderful material， yet we use them for single use and throw them away，” Hiemstra said.
5.What does the McChicken wrapper in the coot’s nest indicate？（ ）
A.The durability of fast－food packaging.
B.Birds’ preference for colorful materials.
C.The long－lasting impact of litter on animals.
D.Birds’ adaptation to a worsening environment.
6.Which of the following best describes the birds in Amsterdam？（ ）
A.Pioneering nest builders.
B.Witnesses to urbanization.
C.Victims of plastic pollution.
D.Resourceful waste recyclers.
7.What do the coots remind people to do according to Hiemstra？（ ）
A.Clear up the canals. B.Protect bird habitats.
C.Reuse plastics wisely. D.Expand green space.
8.What is the best title for the text？（ ）
A.Plastic Waste： A Hidden Threat to Birds
B.Bird Nests： A Mirror of Throwaway Culture
C.Eurasian Coots： A Creative Architect in Nature
D.Man－made Items： A Silent Driver of Nest Changes
【披沙拣金】
熟词生义 A篇 back 熟义：n.后面，后部；背部 adj.后面的 文中义：v.支持，资助 equipped 熟义：adj.装备齐全的 文中义：adj.使有能力 collection 熟义：n.收集物，收藏品 文中义：n.作品集 vision 熟义：n.视力；视野 文中义：n.构想，展望
B篇 bite 熟义：v.咬 文中义：n.小量食物；简单的一餐 line 熟义：n.线；线条 文中义：vt.做衬里 document 熟义：n.文件；公文 文中义：v.记录，记载 litter 熟义：n.垃圾，废弃物 文中义：v.乱扔（垃圾）
构词法 A篇 合成词：bookworm n.书虫；书迷 派生词：nonprofit adj.非营利的 ［non－＋profit利润，盈利］ elementary adj.基础的，初级的；小学的 ［element元素＋－ary］
B篇 合成词：throwaway adj.不回收利用的；浪费的 lifespan n.寿命；使用期 派生词：discarded adj.丢弃的；废弃的 ［discard扔掉，弃置＋－ed］
难句分析 A篇 I think that the mistake a lot of nonprofits make is that they think they can back up a truck full of resources to the communities they want to serve and that they’re doing something. 分析：句子主干为I think ...； a lot of nonprofits make为省略了关系词that的定语从句，修饰先行词mistake；宾语从句是一个“主系表”结构，主语是the mistake，表语是由两个并列的that表语从句构成。 译文：我认为，许多非营利组织犯的错误在于它们以为自己可以向想要服务的社区大量资助一卡车资源，并且觉得这样就算是有所作为了。
第三讲 主旨大意题——把握文脉明主题
【随堂演练】
语篇解读：本文是一篇说明文。文章主要介绍了巴尔的摩社区的非盈利机构Our Kids Read通过多种方式促进儿童读写能力。
1.D 细节理解题。根据第一段内容可知，Our Kids Read书店的特色是孩子们报名这个项目就能免费得到三本书。
2.A 推理判断题。根据第二段中I think that the mistake ...given them a brick.可推知，Lake认为仅仅捐赠书籍是不够的，社区还需要具备利用这些资源的能力。
3.B 细节理解题。根据第三段第二句可知，这家书店提供各种各样的书是为了培养学生们对书籍的热爱。
4.C 主旨大意题。通读全文尤其是最后一段可知，本文主要介绍了非盈利机构Our Kids Read通过多种方式促进儿童读写能力。
语篇解读：本文是一篇说明文。文章主要介绍了阿姆斯特丹的白冠鸡利用人类丢弃的塑料垃圾筑巢的现象，揭示了人类“一次性文化”对鸟类的影响，并呼吁重新评估塑料的使用方式。
5.C 推理判断题。根据第一段最后一句及第五段第二句可知，包装纸在巢中长久留存，表明人类丢弃的垃圾对动物和环境产生了长期影响。由此可推知，白冠鸡巢中的麦香鸡包装纸暗示了垃圾对动物的持久影响。
6.D 推理判断题。根据第四段和第五段内容可知，阿姆斯特丹的鸟类将人类丢弃的塑料视为可用资源，巧妙地用于筑巢，展现出利用废弃物的能力。由此可推知，最能描述阿姆斯特丹鸟类的是“足智多谋的废物回收者”。
7.C 细节理解题。根据最后一段中的I really hope we can learn ...and throw them away可知，他认为人类应借鉴鸟类对塑料的“再利用”方式，重新审视塑料的价值，避免一次性使用。由此可知，白冠鸡提醒人们要明智地重复利用塑料。
8.B 主旨大意题。文章开篇以白冠鸡用麦当劳包装纸筑巢为例，随后指出生物学家Hiemstra在研究中发现，从20世纪90年代初到去年，鸟类巢穴中存在各种人类丢弃的包装。文中强调，鸟类将人类随手丢弃的垃圾用于筑巢，这些巢穴留存着人类丢弃文化的痕迹，就像一面镜子映照出人类一次性消费的生活方式。因此，B项（鸟巢：一次性文化的镜子）精准概括了文章核心，最适合作为标题。
8 / 9(共53张PPT)
第三讲 主旨大意题——把握文脉明主题
目录
探究突破
随堂演练
探究突破
主旨大意题是阅读理解中最难的题目，因为该类题目不仅考查略
读文章、领会大意的能力，也对归纳概括能力提出了较高的要求。该
类题目在文章中没有明显的解题依据，需要从文章中提炼、提取一些
关键词、主干句进行加工概括，才能归纳出文章的主旨。因此，遇到
主旨大意题时切勿草率作答，一定要读完、读懂文章后再作判断，建
议学生将此类题目放到最后来做。
正确选项特征 干扰选项特征
1.涵盖性强，覆盖全文或全段。 2.确定的范围恰当，既不能太大，也不能太小。 3.精确性强，不会改变原文语言表意的程度及感彩。 4.含有文章关键词或者有象征意义的事物。 以偏概全 只阐述了局部信息或文章内容的某一个方面
主题过大 归纳概括过于宽泛，超出了文章实际讨论的内容
断章取义 以次要的事实或细节代替全文的主要观点
无中生有 与文章内容毫不相干或与文章内容相悖
一、主旨大意题的选项特征
主旨大意题的正确选项和干扰选项的特征：
二、主旨大意题的3大解题途径
途径（一） 段落大意题——首尾兼顾定段意
归纳段落大意题主要考查学生对某个段落内容的概括能力。概
括、总结、归纳段落大意就是用准确、简练的语言把一个段落的主要
意思明确而完整地表达出来。
【典例】 （2025·全国二卷阅读D篇节选）
It should be noted that none of the items on wastED’s menu was
technically made from garbage.Instead， all the ingredients （配料）
used were examples of meat cuts and produce that most restaurants would
never consider serving.Things like kale ribs， fish collars， rejected
sweet potatoes， and cucumber butts were all re-appropriated and， with
the help of a number of good chefs， turned into excellent cuisine.
34. What is paragraph 5 mainly about？
A. Why the ingredients were used.
B. Which dishes were best liked.
C. What the dishes were made of.
D. Where the ingredients were bought.
解题思路：
第一步 首尾兼顾定段意
节选段首句否定“垃圾食材”的说法，随后列举羽衣甘蓝茎秆、鱼颈
肉、淘汰的甘薯、黄瓜头等非常规食材来说明菜品原料的构成。
第二步 析选项，斟酌判断
A 为什么使用这些食材。不符合原文文意 偷换概念，歪曲文意
B 哪些菜肴最受欢迎。原文未提及相关内容 无中生有，生搬硬套
C 这些菜肴是用什么做的。精准概括本段核心主旨 涵盖性强，覆盖全段
D 这些食材是在哪里购买的。不符合原文文意 偷换概念，歪曲文意
第三步 对比选项得出答案
正确答案： C
答题方略：
途径（二） 文章大意题——主题句法寻主旨
文章大意是作者在文章中所要表达的主要内容，是全文的核心思
想，也是作者在文章中通过行文逻辑和各种细节来阐明的中心话题。
掌握寻找文章主题句的小技巧，可以快速确定文章大意。解答文章大
意题，找准文章的主题句是关键。
【典例】 （2024·新课标Ⅱ卷阅读C篇）
We all know fresh is best when it comes to food.However， most
produce at the store went through weeks of travel and covered hundreds of
miles before reaching the table.While farmer’s markets are a solid choice
to reduce the journey， Babylon Micro-Farm （BMF） shortens it even
more.
BMF is an indoor garden system.It can be set up for a family.
Additionally， it could serve a larger audience such as a hospital，
restaurant or school.The innovative design requires little effort to achieve
a reliable weekly supply of fresh greens.
Specifically， it’s a farm that relies on new technology.By
connecting through the Cloud， BMF is remotely monitored.Also， there
is a convenient app that provides growing data in real time.Because the
system is automated， it significantly reduces the amount of water needed
to grow plants.Rather than watering rows of soil， the system provides
just the right amount to each plant.After harvest， users simply replace
the plants with a new pre-seeded pod （容器） to get the next growth
cycle started.
Moreover， having a system in the same building where it’s eaten
means zero emissions （排放） from transporting plants from soil to
salad.In addition， there’s no need for pesticides and other chemicals
that pollute traditional farms and the surrounding environment.
BMF employees live out sustainability in their everyday lives.About
half of them walk or bike to work.Inside the office， they encourage
recycling and waste reduction by limiting garbage cans and avoiding
single-use plastic.“We are passionate about reducing waste， carbon and
chemicals in our environment，” said a BMF employee.
31. What does the text mainly talk about？
A. BMF’s major strengths.
B. BMF’s general management.
C. BMF’s global influence.
D. BMF’s technical standards.
解题思路：
第一步
读文章，概括文意
A BMF的主要优势。 根据第一步中第一至第五段的段落大意可知，本选项符合文意 涵盖性强，覆盖全文
B BMF的综合管理。 文中仅简要提及BMF的自动化系统，目的是介绍BMF的优点，本选项以偏概全，不符合文意 以偏概全，断章取义
C BMF的全球影响力。 文中未提及相关内容 无中生有，生搬硬套
D BMF的技术标准。 文中未提及相关内容 无中生有，生搬硬套
第二步
析选项，斟酌判断
第三步 对比选项得出答案
正确答案： A
答题方略：
1. 找主题句的4个小窍门
2. 解题技巧
途径（三） 最佳标题类——文章结构定标题
标题归纳题要求在理解文章的基础上，结合文章的体裁和结构，
从所给选项中选出适合文章的标题。注意最佳标题的特点：精准性
强，不改变原文的意义和感彩；覆盖性强，能概括全文并体现文
章的主旨。
【典例】 （2025·1月浙江卷阅读C篇）
A novel design approach to gardening has been gaining in popularity
worldwide.Referred to as matrix planting， this approach aims for nature
to do a lot more of the heavy lifting in the garden， and even some of the
designing. Eschewing fertilizers （化肥） and power tools， it’s
based on an elegantly simple principle： to garden more like nature does.
The concept was born when German city planners sought to plant
large areas of parkland after World War Ⅱ in a reproducible way that would
need minimal maintenance.Planners created planting mixes that could be
used modularly （模块化）.In a matrix garden， plants with similar
cultural needs are grouped so that they will grow together above and below
ground， forming a cooperative ecosystem that conserves water and
discourages weeds.
Dutch plantsman and designer Piet Oudolf’s gardens popularized
this style， adding artistic flavors to the planting mixes while playing with
color and form， including four-season interest and serving the needs of
wildlife.Beautiful year-round， they invite you to enjoy the smallest
detail， from the sound of grasses in the gentle wind to the sculpture of
odd-looking seed heads.
It takes a lot of thought to look this natural.While matrix gardens
appear wild， they are carefully planned， with cultural needs the first
consideration.Led by the concept of “right plant， right place，” they
match plants that enjoy the same soil， sun and weather conditions， and
arrange them according to their patterns of growth.
The benefits are substantial for both the gardener and planet.With
human inputs dramatically reduced， the garden’s ecology can develop
well.Established matrix gardens should not need the life support we give
most gardens： fertilizer， dividing， regular pared to
traditional garden plots， they increase carbon absorption， reduce
stormwater runoff and boost habitat and biodiversity significantly.
31. Which of the following can be a suitable title for the text？
A. The future of gardening is WILD
B. Nature treats all lives as EQUALS
C. Matrix gardens need more CARE
D. Old garden plots work WONDERS
解题思路：
第一步 读文章，理清结构
快速浏览全文可知，文章类型属于新兴技术介绍类说明文（涉及矩阵种植这种新型园艺方式）。文章结构为前瞻导览式。
根据文章结构可推断出，文章主要介绍了矩阵种植这种前景不错
的新型园艺方式。
第二步 析选项，斟酌判断
A 园艺的未来充满希望 WILD契合矩阵种植的自然理念，且与文章所表达的这种自然园艺方式的发展前景相契合 涵盖性强，覆盖全文
B 大自然对万物一视同仁 此选项重点在大自然对生命的平等对待，偏离文章主题 过度概括，偏离主题
C 矩阵式花园需要更多呵护 此选项与文章中矩阵种植减少人力投入等内容不符 断章取义，
理解片面
D 传统花园创造奇迹 文章主要介绍了新的矩阵种植，并非旧的花园地块，该选项与文章主旨不符 断章取义，
理解片面
第三步 对比选项得出答案
正确答案： A
答题方略：
文章类型 结构模型 主旨位置及关键段
实验研究与 报告 环环相扣式：背景—过程—结果/结论—应用/前景 主旨通常在结果/结论或应用/
前景部分
事理阐释类议论文 层进论述式：论点—论证—结论 主旨明确出现在论点部分（首
段或段落开头）
新兴技术介绍类说明文 前瞻导览式：背景—介绍—前景 主旨集中在背景（问题/需求）
或前景（意义/影响）部分
文章类型 结构模型 主旨位置及关键段
社会发展新现象类说明文 因果演绎式：引出现象—分析原因—说明影响 主旨隐藏于分析原因或说明影响部分
新科技发明类说明文 特征详解式：发明背景—介绍发明—应用前景 主旨在发明背景（解决的问题）或应用前景（未来价值）部分中
问题解决类说明文 问题驱动式：提出问题—解决措施—评价 主旨多在解决措施或评价部分中体现
文章类型 结构模型 主旨位置及关键段
社会发展与变迁类说明文 历程剖析式：背景—发展历程—看法表述 主旨在背景（核心观点）或表述看法（总结）部分
书评 综合评述式：背景—内容—评价 主旨通常在评价部分
随堂演练
A
（2025·泉州适应性练习）In Baltimore， Our Kids Read， a
nonprofit， offers three free books to every child who walks into its
bookstore.And unlike the library， the books are never expected
back.Kids “check out” at the front of the store， but instead of handing
over cash， all they have to do is sign up for the nonprofit’s Reading
Buddy program， which matches young readers with adults who read with
them once or twice a week in 45-minute online meetings to promote
literacy （读写能力）.“Every child should have someone reading to
them at night，” said Jahmal Lake， executive director of Our Kids
Read.
Lake established Our Kids Read in 2021.But he quickly realized that
he needed to do more than just distribute donated books.“I think that the
mistake a lot of nonprofits make is that they think they can back up a truck
full of resources to the communities they want to serve and that they’re
doing something，” Lake said.“But if that community is not equipped
to make good use of those resources， you might as well have given them
a brick.”
On the bookshelves and across tables， there are books like “Black
Boy Joy” and “Eyes That Kiss in the Corners”， picture books in
English and Spanish， poetry collections， and even graphic novels.The
range of options plays into Lakes’ vision of turning non-readers into
bookworms by directing kids to books on subjects they already
love.Research shows kids are more likely to finish and love books they
pick out themselves.
To promote the Reading Buddy program， Our Kids Read goes into
elementary schools.Lake also plans to set up several little free libraries to
encourage reading.The Baltimore Community Foundation has given Our
Kids Read over $25，000.Vice President of Community Impact Crystal
Harden-Lindsey said Our Kids Read is vital to promoting literacy， the
foundation for academic success， economic mobility and civic
engagement.
语篇解读：本文是一篇说明文。文章主要介绍了巴尔的摩社区的非
盈利机构Our Kids Read通过多种方式促进儿童读写能力。
语篇解读：本文是一篇说明文。文章主要介绍了巴尔的摩社区的非
盈利机构Our Kids Read通过多种方式促进儿童读写能力。
1. What is a feature of Our Kids Read bookstore？（ ）
A. It offers free books to adults and kids.
B. It holds reading competitions weekly.
C. It engages kids in reading books to adults.
D. It requires kids to register for a program.
解析： 细节理解题。根据第一段内容可知，Our Kids Read书店的
特色是孩子们报名这个项目就能免费得到三本书。
√
2. What does Lake think of merely donating books？（ ）
A. Insufficient. B. Meaningful.
C. Motivating. D. Unnecessary.
解析： 推理判断题。根据第二段中I think that the mistake ...given
them a brick.可推知，Lake认为仅仅捐赠书籍是不够的，社区还需要
具备利用这些资源的能力。
√
3. Why does the bookstore offer diverse books？（ ）
A. To expand kids’ reading range.
B. To develop students’ love for books.
C. To broaden kids’ visions on book selection.
D. To encourage kids’ interest in school subjects.
解析： 细节理解题。根据第三段第二句可知，这家书店提供各种各样的书是为了培养学生们对书籍的热爱。
√
4. What is the main idea of the passage？（ ）
A. Bookstore offers kids free books to promote business.
B. Charity partners with schools to teach students reading.
C. Nonprofit boosts child literacy through multiple measures.
D. Program enhances family bond by shared reading activities.
解析： 主旨大意题。通读全文尤其是最后一段可知，本文主要介绍了非盈利机构Our Kids Read通过多种方式促进儿童读写能力。
√
B
（2025·苏州八校联考）One day in 1996， someone ate a
McDonald’s McChicken burger in Amsterdam.Perhaps a quick bite after
work？ A family outing？ These details are lost to time， but others are
hard to erase completely.The meal left a permanent mark on the local
environment when a Eurasian coot （白冠鸡） found the discarded
McChicken wrapper and decided to use it to line its nest， where it
remained.
“It really shows that it’s not just us humans who are writing
history， but these birds are also taking notes and documenting our
throwaway society，” said the nest biologist Auke-Florian Hiemstra，
who has been researching the influence of the Anthropocene era on birds’
nests in Amsterdam’s canals.When investigating nests in the canals， he
found a variety of old packaging discarded from the early 1990s up to last
year.
The Eurasian coot only started migrating to Amsterdam in the late
1980s， and Hiemstra’s findings of packaging from 1994 could show the
entire lifespan and heritage of the species in the area.
While a bird’s nest is usually made from twigs （细枝） and
moss， the abundance of plastics has been helpful for birds in the city
where natural items are in short supply.Hiemstra said there would likely
be a return of natural nests if people focused on re-greening cities and
bringing natural water vegetation back， but in the meantime， the birds
were successfully working with what they had.
“For the coots， our litter is not a waste product but something very
valuable.Finding these materials that were littered 30 years ago， yet they
look as fresh as they were just littered yesterday， really gave me the
chills.I really hope we can learn something from the birds to re-evaluate
how we think about our materials.These plastics are a wonderful
material， yet we use them for single use and throw them away，”
Hiemstra said.
语篇解读：本文是一篇说明文。文章主要介绍了阿姆斯特丹的白冠
鸡利用人类丢弃的塑料垃圾筑巢的现象，揭示了人类“一次性文
化”对鸟类的影响，并呼吁重新评估塑料的使用方式。
5. What does the McChicken wrapper in the coot’s nest indicate？
（ ）
A. The durability of fast-food packaging.
B. Birds’ preference for colorful materials.
C. The long-lasting impact of litter on animals.
D. Birds’ adaptation to a worsening environment.
语篇解读：本文是一篇说明文。文章主要介绍了阿姆斯特丹的白冠
鸡利用人类丢弃的塑料垃圾筑巢的现象，揭示了人类“一次性文
化”对鸟类的影响，并呼吁重新评估塑料的使用方式。
√
解析： 推理判断题。根据第一段最后一句及第五段第二句可知，
包装纸在巢中长久留存，表明人类丢弃的垃圾对动物和环境产生了长
期影响。由此可推知，白冠鸡巢中的麦香鸡包装纸暗示了垃圾对动物
的持久影响。
6. Which of the following best describes the birds in Amsterdam？（ ）
A. Pioneering nest builders.
B. Witnesses to urbanization.
C. Victims of plastic pollution.
D. Resourceful waste recyclers.
√
解析： 推理判断题。根据第四段和第五段内容可知，阿姆斯特丹
的鸟类将人类丢弃的塑料视为可用资源，巧妙地用于筑巢，展现出利
用废弃物的能力。由此可推知，最能描述阿姆斯特丹鸟类的是“足智
多谋的废物回收者”。
7. What do the coots remind people to do according to Hiemstra？
（ ）
A. Clear up the canals. B. Protect bird habitats.
C. Reuse plastics wisely. D. Expand green space.
解析： 细节理解题。根据最后一段中的I really hope we can learn ...
and throw them away可知，他认为人类应借鉴鸟类对塑料的“再利用”方式，重新审视塑料的价值，避免一次性使用。由此可知，白冠鸡提醒人们要明智地重复利用塑料。
√
8. What is the best title for the text？（ ）
A. Plastic Waste： A Hidden Threat to Birds
B. Bird Nests： A Mirror of Throwaway Culture
C. Eurasian Coots： A Creative Architect in Nature
D. Man-made Items： A Silent Driver of Nest Changes
√
解析： 主旨大意题。文章开篇以白冠鸡用麦当劳包装纸筑巢为例，随后指出生物学家Hiemstra在研究中发现，从20世纪90年代初到去年，鸟类巢穴中存在各种人类丢弃的包装。文中强调，鸟类将人类随手丢弃的垃圾用于筑巢，这些巢穴留存着人类丢弃文化的痕迹，就像一面镜子映照出人类一次性消费的生活方式。因此，B项（鸟巢：一次性文化的镜子）精准概括了文章核心，最适合作为标题。
【披沙拣金】
熟
词
生
义 A 篇 back 熟义：n.后面，后部；背部 adj.后面的 文中义：v.支持，资助
equipped 熟义：adj.装备齐全的 文中义：adj.使有能力
collection 熟义：n.收集物，收藏品 文中义：n.作品集
vision 熟义：n.视力；视野 文中义：n.构想，展望
B 篇 bite 熟义：v.咬 文中义：n.小量食物；简单的一餐
line 熟义：n.线；线条 文中义：vt.做衬里
document 熟义：n.文件；公文 文中义：v.记录，记载
litter 熟义：n.垃圾，废弃物 文中义：v.乱扔（垃圾）
构
词
法 A 篇 合成词：bookworm n.书虫；书迷
派生词：nonprofit adj.非营利的 [non-＋profit利润，盈利]
elementary adj.基础的，初级的；小学的 [element元素＋-ary]
B 篇 合成词：throwaway adj.不回收利用的；浪费的
lifespan n.寿命；使用期
派生词：discarded adj.丢弃的；废弃的 [discard扔掉，弃置＋-ed]
难
句
分
析 A 篇 I think that the mistake a lot of nonprofits make is that they think they can back up a truck full of resources to the communities they want to serve and that they’re doing something.
分析：句子主干为I think ...； a lot of nonprofits make为省略了关系词that的定语从句，修饰先行词mistake；宾语从句是一个“主系表”结构，主语是the mistake，表语是由两个并列的that表语从句构成。
译文：我认为，许多非营利组织犯的错误在于它们以为自己可以向想要服务的社区大量资助一卡车资源，并且觉得这样就算是有所作为了。
THANKS
演示完毕 感谢观看主旨大意题（二）
（建议用时25分钟）
A
（2025 福建诊断性质量检测）Eight－year－old S.Hariraj is a Foldscope devotee.He’s used it to examine the milk from his family’s cows.Though the milk looks creamy， the Foldscope reveals a world of microorganisms.“It has to be boiled and cooled before we can drink it，” he realized.
This incredible device is no ordinary microscope.Made from waterproof， tear－resistant paper， it comes in a small bag with parts that can be attached in minutes.Magnets （磁铁） hold it together， and a tiny lens （透镜） allows it to enlarge objects up to 140 times.Once built， it’s no larger than a bookmark， small enough to slip into a pocket.And the best part？ It costs just $2 to produce， and millions of children in low－income countries get them for free.
The idea for the Foldscope began with Manu Prakash， a professor at Stanford University， who grew up in India.As a sixth grader， he and his classmates failed to draw a microscope in a test — none of them had ever seen one.Microscopes were expensive， and not all schools could afford a well－equipped lab.“The spirit of exploration was critical to the study of science，” says Prakash.“But in order to develop that spirit， you need the right tools.” Determined to change the situation， Prakash spent years experimenting， even borrowing lenses from his brother’s glasses.In 2014， he and his Ph.D.student finally developed the Foldscope， using paper－folding techniques to create an alternative to traditional microscopes.
Young Hariraj encountered the Foldscope at Eden School in southern India， where it has transformed science lessons.Children eagerly rush outdoors， searching for ants， flowers， and leaves to examine.“I just love the look of amazement when kids look into the Foldscope，” says Indira Pandiarajan， the school principal.“When their eyes light up， I know that’s the moment they will accept science enthusiastically and learning for the rest of their lives.”
1.Why does the author mention Hariraj in paragraph 1？（ ）
A.To introduce his hobby. B.To describe his family life.
C.To explain milk’s components. D.To show Foldscope’s practical use.
2.What is a feature of the Foldscope according to the text？（ ）
A.It is user－friendly. B.It is magnetic－resistant.
C.It is intended for book lovers. D.It provides step－by－step instructions.
3.What does paragraph 3 mainly talk about？（ ）
A.The importance of scientific tools. B.The challenge of studying science.
C.The impact of technical cooperation. D.The creation of an affordable microscope.
4.Which statement would Indira Pandiarajan probably agree with？（ ）
A.Scientific spirit unites researchers in India.
B.The Foldscope facilitates science learning.
C.The Foldscope eases teaching workload.
D.Scientific spirit fuels headmasters’ enthusiasm.
B
（2025 辽南协作体模拟）Kaiserstra e is a new residential building currently under construction in Blumenau， Brazil.The project aims to promote connections between residents and the natural world.The project’s name reflects the German historical influences of the city.In fact， the name comes from the street on which it is based， which was formerly known as Kaiserstra e， or “The Emperor’s Street”.The building’s design appreciates the city’s rich history while reflecting its path to innovation and modernity.
On the ground level， the building is entirely open.This allows for public access where people can interact.Visitors get to experience the building and get a feel for what the building is like to live in without entering the private spaces.They experience materiality of different surfaces， particularly the contrast of exposed concrete and natural plants.This gives the project a modern feel， while creating a connection to nature.Through the building’s form， the designers ensured that each level would receive plenty of sunshine and natural airflow.
Each apartment features balconies （阳台） with a private pool and gardens.This plant life enhances biodiversity in the neighborhood and the area overall.Additionally， these balcony gardens create a microclimate on every level that reduces the urban “heat island” effect.This effect occurs when buildings and roads replace greenery （绿化） and land cover in urban areas.The buildings tend to absorb and give off a lot of heat， which results in pockets of heat called “heat islands”.Besides its residential spaces， the building includes a gym， a toy library and a large private garden for residents， which features a playground and outdoor cooking space.
Because of its beautiful， environmentally－friendly design， Kaiserstra e has become internationally recognized and has become the first building in the city of Blumenau to win an Architizer Award.The project received the award in the residential category for apartment buildings with less than 10 floors.
5.What can be learned about Kaiserstra e from paragraph 1？（ ）
A.It is located in a commercial complex in Brazil.
B.It is named after a famous modern Brazilian site.
C.It focuses on minimizing interaction with nature.
D.It reflects historic roots and modern advancements.
6.What makes the building visitor－friendly？（ ）
A.Restricted viewing. B.Limited natural light.
C.Engaging experience. D.Tight security measures.
7.Why does the author mention “heat islands”？（ ）
A.To highlight cooling effects of gardens. B.To boost biodiversity of the whole area.
C.To stress the importance of working out. D.To emphasize the necessity of public areas.
8.What does the text mainly talk about？（ ）
A.Kaiserstra e’s diverse residents. B.Kaiserstra e’s sustainable design.
C.Kaiserstra e’s significant history. D.Kaiserstra e’s limited convenience.
C
（2025 温州适应性考试）Surrounded by towering redwoods on one side and the Pacific Ocean on the other， the coastal city of Santa Cruz， some 70 miles south of San Francisco， is a great place for a young person to experience nature.That’s where Xinning Zhang， assistant professor of geosciences and the Princeton Environmental Institute， spent her childhood.“Growing up there， you just can’t help thinking and caring about the environment，” she said.One of the environmental questions Zhang is exploring is why methane， a significant greenhouse gas， is increasing in the atmosphere.
Most of us are aware that cows release methane， but wetlands are also a major source of the gas.Wetlands host a community of microbes （微生物）， including Archaea， which generate methane as a byproduct when they consume and digest components of organic matter.These microbes grow in oxygen－free environments like wet soils， which typically occur in the wetlands’ deeper levels.However， researchers have been surprised to find that quite a lot of methane comes from the oxygen－rich peat （泥炭） and soil near the surface.
To explore this phenomenon， Zhang and her team analyzed peat samples collected from a wetland in the Northeast US.One set of samples received oxygen treatment followed by incubation （培养） under oxygen－free conditions.The other samples remained in an oxygen－free environment for the entire study period.Contrary to expectations， the oxygen－treated peats produced a higher amount of methane than the peats maintained under continuously oxygen－free conditions.
To find out why， the researchers analyzed all the microbes found in the peat samples.They found that oxygen stimulated some microbes to break down harmful chemicals， which would otherwise threaten the entire microbial community， including methane－producing Archaea.The result is the creation of far more methane than expected.
Zhang’s work suggests that oxygen variability is an important control on wetland methane production.Her team is also exploring further how oxygen variability for different lengths of time， and how different soil chemistries influence microbial methane production.
9.What motivated Zhang to study environmental issues？（ ）
A.Her childhood experiences. B.The adventure in nature.
C.Her educational background. D.The pressure from fellows.
10.Why did Zhang analyze microbes in the wetland soil？（ ）
A.To examine the condition of surface soil.
B.To explore the impact of methane on microbes.
C.To study the role of oxygen in methane production.
D.To calculate the amount of methane released by cows.
11.How might the findings help reduce methane from wetlands？（ ）
A.By changing soil structures. B.By introducing new microbes.
C.By blocking harmful chemicals. D.By adjusting soil oxygen levels.
12.Which of the following can be the best title for the text？（ ）
A.How Does Methane Affect Climate Change？
B.What Drives Methane Production in Wetlands？
C.What Is the Link Between Oxygen and Methane？
D.How Do Wetlands Contribute to Microbial Diversity？
主旨大意题（二）
语篇解读：本文是一篇说明文。文章主要介绍了Foldscope这种由纸制成的、价格低廉且便于携带的显微镜及其在教育中的应用。
1.D 推理判断题。根据第一段第二至三句可知，作者在第一段提到Hariraj是为了展示Foldscope的实际用途。
2.A 细节理解题。根据第二段中的Made from waterproof ...to slip into a pocket.可知，Foldscope的一个特点是方便使用。
3.D 段落大意题。根据第三段内容可知，本段主要介绍了一款可负担得起的显微镜的创造过程。
4.B 推理判断题。根据最后一段最后一句可推知，Indira Pandiarajan可能会同意的观点是Foldscope能够促进科学学习。
语篇解读：本文是一篇说明文。文章主要介绍了巴西凯撒大街住宅楼的可持续设计。
5.D 细节理解题。根据第一段最后一句可知，凯撒大街住宅楼反映了历史根源和现代进步。
6.C 细节理解题。根据第二段内容可知，是引人入胜的体验让这座建筑对游客很友好。
7.A 推理判断题。根据第三段中的Additionally， these balcony gardens ...of heat called “heat islands”.可知，作者提到“热岛”是为了强调花园的降温效果。
8.B 主旨大意题。通读全文可知，文章主要讲述了巴西凯撒大街住宅楼的可持续设计。
语篇解读：本文是一篇说明文。文章主要介绍了地球科学助理教授张新宁（音译）对湿地甲烷产生原因的研究，包括氧气在甲烷产生过程中的作用等。
9.A 细节理解题。根据第一段第二至三句可知，张新宁童年在圣克鲁兹这个地方成长，在那里的经历促使她思考和关心环境问题。因此她的童年经历促使她研究环境问题。
10.C 推理判断题。根据第三段以及第四段内容可推知，张分析湿地土壤中的微生物是为了探究氧气在甲烷产生过程中所起的作用。
11.D 细节理解题。根据最后一段内容可知，氧气的变化是控制湿地甲烷产生的重要因素，所以可以通过调整土壤的氧气水平来减少湿地甲烷的产生。
12.B 标题归纳题。通读全文可知，文章主要讲述了张新宁对湿地产生甲烷的研究，包括湿地中微生物产生甲烷的过程以及氧气在其中的作用等，重点探究是什么驱动了湿地中甲烷的产生。
5 / 5(共27张PPT)
主旨大意题（二）
（建议用时25分钟）
A
（2025·福建诊断性质量检测）Eight-year-old S. Hariraj is a
Foldscope devotee.He’s used it to examine the milk from his family’s
cows.Though the milk looks creamy， the Foldscope reveals a world of
microorganisms.“It has to be boiled and cooled before we can drink
it，” he realized.
This incredible device is no ordinary microscope.Made from
waterproof， tear-resistant paper， it comes in a small bag with parts that
can be attached in minutes.Magnets （磁铁） hold it together， and a
tiny lens （透镜） allows it to enlarge objects up to 140 times.Once
built， it’s no larger than a bookmark， small enough to slip into a
pocket.And the best part？ It costs just $2 to produce， and millions of
children in low-income countries get them for free.
The idea for the Foldscope began with Manu Prakash， a professor at
Stanford University， who grew up in India.As a sixth grader， he and
his classmates failed to draw a microscope in a test — none of them had
ever seen one.Microscopes were expensive， and not all schools could
afford a well-equipped lab.“The spirit of exploration was critical to the
study of science，” says Prakash.“But in order to develop that spirit，
you need the right tools.” Determined to change the situation， Prakash
spent years experimenting， even borrowing lenses from his brother’s
glasses.In 2014， he and his Ph.D. student finally developed the Foldscope， using paper-folding techniques to create an alternative to traditional microscopes.
Young Hariraj encountered the Foldscope at Eden School in southern India， where it has transformed science lessons.Children
eagerly rush outdoors， searching for ants， flowers， and leaves to examine.“I just love the look of amazement when kids look into the Foldscope，” says Indira Pandiarajan， the school principal.“When their eyes light up， I know that’s the moment they will accept science enthusiastically and learning for the rest of their lives.”
语篇解读：本文是一篇说明文。文章主要介绍了Foldscope这种由纸
制成的、价格低廉且便于携带的显微镜及其在教育中的应用。
语篇解读：本文是一篇说明文。文章主要介绍了Foldscope这种由纸
制成的、价格低廉且便于携带的显微镜及其在教育中的应用。
1. Why does the author mention Hariraj in paragraph 1？（ ）
A. To introduce his hobby.
B. To describe his family life.
C. To explain milk’s components.
D. To show Foldscope’s practical use.
解析： 推理判断题。根据第一段第二至三句可知，作者在第一段
提到Hariraj是为了展示Foldscope的实际用途。
√
2. What is a feature of the Foldscope according to the text？（ ）
A. It is user-friendly.
B. It is magnetic-resistant.
C. It is intended for book lovers.
D. It provides step-by-step instructions.
解析： 细节理解题。根据第二段中的Made from waterproof ...to
slip into a pocket.可知，Foldscope的一个特点是方便使用。
√
3. What does paragraph 3 mainly talk about？（ ）
A. The importance of scientific tools.
B. The challenge of studying science.
C. The impact of technical cooperation.
D. The creation of an affordable microscope.
解析： 段落大意题。根据第三段内容可知，本段主要介绍了一款
可负担得起的显微镜的创造过程。
√
4. Which statement would Indira Pandiarajan probably agree with？
（ ）
A. Scientific spirit unites researchers in India.
B. The Foldscope facilitates science learning.
C. The Foldscope eases teaching workload.
D. Scientific spirit fuels headmasters’ enthusiasm.
解析： 推理判断题。根据最后一段最后一句可推知，Indira
Pandiarajan可能会同意的观点是Foldscope能够促进科学学习。
√
B
（2025·辽南协作体模拟）Kaiserstra e is a new residential
building currently under construction in Blumenau， Brazil.The project
aims to promote connections between residents and the natural world.The
project’s name reflects the German historical influences of the city.In
fact， the name comes from the street on which it is based， which was
formerly known as Kaiserstra e， or “The Emperor’s Street”.The
building’s design appreciates the city’s rich history while reflecting its
path to innovation and modernity.
On the ground level， the building is entirely open.This allows for
public access where people can interact.Visitors get to experience the
building and get a feel for what the building is like to live in without
entering the private spaces.They experience materiality of different
surfaces， particularly the contrast of exposed concrete and natural
plants.This gives the project a modern feel， while creating a connection
to nature.Through the building’s form， the designers ensured that each
level would receive plenty of sunshine and natural airflow.
Each apartment features balconies （阳台） with a private pool and
gardens.This plant life enhances biodiversity in the neighborhood and the
area overall.Additionally， these balcony gardens create a microclimate
on every level that reduces the urban “heat island” effect.This effect
occurs when buildings and roads replace greenery （绿化） and land
cover in urban areas.The buildings tend to absorb and give off a lot of
heat， which results in pockets of heat called “heat islands”.Besides its
residential spaces， the building includes a gym， a toy library and a large
private garden for residents， which features a playground and outdoor
cooking space.
Because of its beautiful， environmentally-friendly design，
Kaiserstra e has become internationally recognized and has become the
first building in the city of Blumenau to win an Architizer Award.The
project received the award in the residential category for apartment
buildings with less than 10 floors.
语篇解读：本文是一篇说明文。文章主要介绍了巴西凯撒大街住宅
楼的可持续设计。
语篇解读：本文是一篇说明文。文章主要介绍了巴西凯撒大街住宅
楼的可持续设计。
5. What can be learned about Kaiserstra e from paragraph 1？（ ）
A. It is located in a commercial complex in Brazil.
B. It is named after a famous modern Brazilian site.
C. It focuses on minimizing interaction with nature.
D. It reflects historic roots and modern advancements.
解析： 细节理解题。根据第一段最后一句可知，凯撒大街住宅楼
反映了历史根源和现代进步。
√
6. What makes the building visitor-friendly？（ ）
A. Restricted viewing.
B. Limited natural light.
C. Engaging experience.
D. Tight security measures.
解析：细节理解题。根据第二段内容可知，是引人入胜的体验让这座建筑对游客很友好。
√
7. Why does the author mention “heat islands”？（ ）
A. To highlight cooling effects of gardens.
B. To boost biodiversity of the whole area.
C. To stress the importance of working out.
D. To emphasize the necessity of public areas.
解析： 推理判断题。根据第三段中的Additionally， these balcony
gardens ...of heat called “heat islands”.可知，作者提到“热岛”是
为了强调花园的降温效果。
√
8. What does the text mainly talk about？（ ）
A. Kaiserstra e’s diverse residents.
B. Kaiserstra e’s sustainable design.
C. Kaiserstra e’s significant history.
D. Kaiserstra e’s limited convenience.
解析： 主旨大意题。通读全文可知，文章主要讲述了巴西凯撒大街住宅楼的可持续设计。
√
C
（2025·温州适应性考试）Surrounded by towering redwoods on
one side and the Pacific Ocean on the other， the coastal city of Santa
Cruz， some 70 miles south of San Francisco， is a great place for a
young person to experience nature.That’s where Xinning Zhang，
assistant professor of geosciences and the Princeton Environmental
Institute， spent her childhood.“Growing up there， you just can’t
help thinking and caring about the environment，” she said.One of the
environmental questions Zhang is exploring is why methane， a
significant greenhouse gas， is increasing in the atmosphere.
Most of us are aware that cows release methane， but wetlands are
also a major source of the gas.Wetlands host a community of microbes
（微生物）， including Archaea， which generate methane as a
byproduct when they consume and digest components of organic
matter.These microbes grow in oxygen-free environments like wet soils，
which typically occur in the wetlands’ deeper levels.However，
researchers have been surprised to find that quite a lot of methane comes
from the oxygen-rich peat （泥炭） and soil near the surface.
To explore this phenomenon， Zhang and her team analyzed peat
samples collected from a wetland in the Northeast US. One set of samples
received oxygen treatment followed by incubation （培养） under
oxygen-free conditions.The other samples remained in an oxygen-free
environment for the entire study period.Contrary to expectations， the
oxygen-treated peats produced a higher amount of methane than the peats
maintained under continuously oxygen-free conditions.
To find out why， the researchers analyzed all the microbes found in
the peat samples.They found that oxygen stimulated some microbes to
break down harmful chemicals， which would otherwise threaten the
entire microbial community， including methane-producing Archaea.The
result is the creation of far more methane than expected.
Zhang’s work suggests that oxygen variability is an important
control on wetland methane production.Her team is also exploring further
how oxygen variability for different lengths of time， and how different
soil chemistries influence microbial methane production.
语篇解读：本文是一篇说明文。文章主要介绍了地球科学助理教授
张新宁（音译）对湿地甲烷产生原因的研究，包括氧气在甲烷产生
过程中的作用等。
语篇解读：本文是一篇说明文。文章主要介绍了地球科学助理教授
张新宁（音译）对湿地甲烷产生原因的研究，包括氧气在甲烷产生
过程中的作用等。
9. What motivated Zhang to study environmental issues？（ ）
A. Her childhood experiences.
B. The adventure in nature.
C. Her educational background.
D. The pressure from fellows.
√
解析： 细节理解题。根据第一段第二至三句可知，张新宁童年在
圣克鲁兹这个地方成长，在那里的经历促使她思考和关心环境问题。
因此她的童年经历促使她研究环境问题。
10. Why did Zhang analyze microbes in the wetland soil？（ ）
A. To examine the condition of surface soil.
B. To explore the impact of methane on microbes.
C. To study the role of oxygen in methane production.
D. To calculate the amount of methane released by cows.
解析： 推理判断题。根据第三段以及第四段内容可推知，张分析
湿地土壤中的微生物是为了探究氧气在甲烷产生过程中所起的作用。
√
11. How might the findings help reduce methane from wetlands？
（ ）
A. By changing soil structures.
B. By introducing new microbes.
C. By blocking harmful chemicals.
D. By adjusting soil oxygen levels.
解析： 细节理解题。根据最后一段内容可知，氧气的变化是控制
湿地甲烷产生的重要因素，所以可以通过调整土壤的氧气水平来减少
湿地甲烷的产生。
√
12. Which of the following can be the best title for the text？（ ）
A. How Does Methane Affect Climate Change？
B. What Drives Methane Production in Wetlands？
C. What Is the Link Between Oxygen and Methane？
D. How Do Wetlands Contribute to Microbial Diversity？
解析： 标题归纳题。通读全文可知，文章主要讲述了张新宁对湿
地产生甲烷的研究，包括湿地中微生物产生甲烷的过程以及氧气在其
中的作用等，重点探究是什么驱动了湿地中甲烷的产生。
√
THANKS
演示完毕 感谢观看主旨大意题（一）
（建议用时25分钟）
A
（2025 郑州质量预测）Teacher burnout and student stress may be linked， according to a University of British Columbia study.The study is the first of its kind to examine the connection between teacher burnout and students’ cortisol （皮质醇） levels， which are a biological indicator of stress.
Researchers collected saliva （唾液） samples from over 400 elementary school children and tested their cortisol levels.They found that in classrooms in which teachers experienced more burnout， or feelings of emotional tiredness， students’ cortisol levels were increased.Higher cortisol levels in elementary school children have been linked to learning difficulties as well as mental health problems.
“This suggests that stress spreading might be taking place in the classroom among students and their teachers，” said Eva Oberle， the study’s lead author.Indeed， the relationship between student stress and teacher burnout is a chicken－and－egg question.It’s unknown what came first — increased cortisol or teacher burnout.We consider the connection between student and teacher stress a cyclical （循环的） problem in the classroom.
Oberle said a stressful classroom climate could be a result of insufficient support for teachers， which may impact teachers’ ability to effectively manage their students.A poorly managed classroom can contribute to students’ needs not being met and increasing stress.This could be reflected in raised cortisol levels in students.
Alternatively， stress could originate from students， who may be more challenging to teach because of increases in worry， behavioral problems， or special needs.In this situation， teachers could feel very tired and report higher levels of burnout.
“Our study is a reminder of the systemic issues facing teachers and educators as classroom sizes increase and supports for teachers are cut，” said Oberle.
“It is clear from a number of recent research studies that teaching is one of the most stressful professions， and that teachers need sufficient resources and support in their jobs in order to battle burnout and relieve stress in the classroom，” said UBC education professor Kimberly Schonert－Reichl， the study’s co－author and director of HELP.“If we do not support teachers， we risk the related damage of students.”
1.How did researchers measure students’ stress levels？（ ）
A.By testing cortisol levels in their saliva. B.By observing their classroom behaviour.
C.By requiring students to report their feelings. D.By asking teachers about students’ performance.
2.What can be concluded from paragraphs 4 and 5？（ ）
A.Students’ behaviors lead to teachers’ higher level of burnout.
B.Teacher burnout is the cause of the raised cortisol levels in students.
C.Students with higher stress are more likely to have learning difficulties.
D.Stress and burnout can be a two－way problem between teachers and students.
3.What does the author imply in the last paragraph？（ ）
A.Teachers can solve classroom problems alone.
B.Stressful classrooms are mainly caused by students.
C.Cutting resources for teachers has no negative effects.
D.Providing enough resources helps reduce student stress.
4.What is the best title for the passage？（ ）
A.Cortisol Levels and Learning： Biological Impacts
B.Teacher Burnout and Student Stress： A Hidden Link
C.Classroom Management and Stress： Practical Solutions
D.Student Health and Classroom Performance： Key Factors
B
（2025 东北三省三校联考） “Is there a wife in a wife cake？” asked He Lixi， a local Cantonese.
“There is no actual wife in a wife cake， as it is just a traditional Hong Kong pastry （酥皮糕点），” answered Sensechat， a ChatGPT－like product， in fluent Cantonese.
He was impressed.Sensechat was the first artificial intelligence tool he had encountered that had a profound understanding of Cantonese language and culture.Many large language models （LLMs） from the mainland can’t recognize Cantonese accurately.Some Western－developed AI software can listen to Cantonese， but cannot speak it well.
Created by a Hong Kong company， Sensechat is the world’s first Cantonese LLM.Cantonese pronunciation uses lots of modal particles （语气助词）， which usually go unnoticed by most AI tools， but Sensechat handles them effectively.Sensechat also handles written form of Cantonese.
“Training an LLM takes efforts，” said Cao Jianrong， the chair professor at the Department of Computing at Hong Kong Polytechnic University.“It involves pre－training using extensive data， followed by fine－tuning （微调） with high－quality data.Later， more focused human input is needed to adjust the output of the LLM with local culture， ethics， morals， laws and other rules.”
However， Cantonese web resources are limited in both quantity and quality.Most texts come from online forums and social media， and often contain low－quality language.Collecting clear speech data is also difficult， as many videos have background noise.
Despite the challenges， there’s a growing need for Cantonese－speaking AI.Nearly 120 million people worldwide speak the language， and 85.2 million are native Cantonese speakers.Without Cantonese AI tools， this population might face challenges using new technology in the future.
That’s why local tech companies like Sensechat are stepping up to create these tools.The Hong Kong Special Administrative Region government is also working with local universities to create Cantonese LLMs.
5.What can be learnt about Sensechat？（ ）
A.It’s the first AI tool in Hong Kong. B.It has an insight into Cantonese culture.
C.It focuses only on spoken Cantonese. D.It’s designed to promote Cantonese food.
6.What challenge does the training of Sensechat meet？（ ）
A.A lack of data. B.Complex moral rules.
C.Limited audience. D.Unclear training process.
7.Why is developing Cantonese－speaking AI important？（ ）
A.To explore the future of LLMs. B.To expand the Cantonese AI market.
C.To promote the Cantonese culture. D.To meet the need of the Cantonese.
8.What does the text mainly talk about？（ ）
A.An impressive breakthrough in AI research. B.A growing demand for AI language tools.
C.An innovative AI tool for Cantonese language. D.A challenging case of Cantonese LLM training.
C
（2025 嘉兴二模）The 18th century German philosopher Immanuel Kant lived very firmly in a world of time.He was so strict about routine that his fellow citizens of Kocnigsberg could set their watches by his afternoon walk.However， in his philosophical work， Kant was doubtful about time.He believed time is created by the human mind.Out there beyond our minds， there is no time.It’s simply a “category” of our minds that helps us to perceive objects and order our experience.
The flexibility of our time perception （感知） supports Kant’s doubt.We all know time is not a fixed phenomenon but seems to pass at different speeds in different situations.For example， it seems to go slowly when we travel to unfamiliar places， or when we are bored or in pain.It seems to speed up when we’re absorbed， such as when we play music or paint.
Our perception of time can change in a dramatic way.Perhaps， at least once in your life， you’ve had what is called a “Time Expansion Experience （TEE）”， when seconds have stretched out into minutes.TEEs happen most frequently in accidents where perception becomes more intense than normal and thus people notice more details.
In accident situations， people are often surprised by the amount of time they have to think and act.In fact， many people are convinced that time expansion spared them from their serious injury， or even death.For example， a woman who reported a TEE in which she avoided a metal barrier falling on to her car said， “For me the slowing down of the moment allowed me to decide how to escape the falling metal on us.”
All of this suggests that Kant was right.Perhaps the reason why time is variable is that it doesn’t really exist — at least， outside our minds.There is no objective time out there in the universe.What we experience as time is filtered （过滤） through our minds， and so varies according to our state of mind.
9.Which of the following would Immanuel Kant approve of？（ ）
A.Time is a basic quality of the world. B.Time is a record of human experience.
C.Time is a situation measured by daily routine. D.Time is a mental concept generated by humans.
10.What is the main idea of paragraph 2？（ ）
A.Time progresses at a constant speed.
B.Full attention affects people’s sense of time.
C.Time perception varies depending on context.
D.People feel time slows down on special occasions.
11.What do people think of TEEs in accidents？（ ）
A.Inspiring. B.Beneficial.
C.Temporary. D.Painful.
12.What can be a suitable title for the text？ （ ）
A.The Secret of Time： A State of Mind
B.Time Expansion： Real or Imaginary？
C.Time Perception： A Philosophical Exploration
D.The Clockwork of the Mind： How to Measure Time？
主旨大意题（一）
语篇解读：本文是一篇说明文。文章主要介绍了教师的职业倦怠和学生的压力之间是有联系的。
1.A 细节理解题。根据第二段第一句可知，研究者通过测试学生唾液中的皮质醇程度来测量他们的压力程度。
2.D 推理判断题。根据第四段和第五段第一句可知，紧张的课堂氛围会影响老师有效的管理学生，而学生焦虑、行为问题等的增加让他们更难教，这样就会造成老师更高程度的倦怠。由此可知，第四段和第五段旨在明确学生和教师压力之间的联系是一个循环性问题。
3.D 推理判断题。根据最后一段内容可知，教师在工作中需要足够的资源和支持，以对抗倦怠、缓解课堂压力，老师压力减少了，学生的压力也就相对来说减少了。因此给教师提供足够多的资源能帮助减小学生的压力。
4.B 标题归纳题。通读全文并结合第一段第一句可知，文章主要介绍了英属哥伦比亚大学的一项研究，研究表明教师的倦怠和学生的压力可能是有关联的。
语篇解读：本文是一篇说明文。文章主要介绍了Sensechat这一粤语大语言模型的特点、训练过程、面临的挑战以及粤语人工智能工具的重要性。
5.B 推理判断题。根据第三段前两句可知，Sensechat是何立熙遇到的第一个对粤语语言和文化有着深刻理解的人工智能工具。由此可推测，Sensechat对粤语文化有一定的理解。
6.A 细节理解题。根据第六段内容可知，训练Sensechat面临的挑战是粤语网络资源在数量和质量上都有限，收集清晰的语音数据也很困难。因此训练Sensechat遇到的挑战是缺乏数据。
7.D 推理判断题。根据第七段内容可知，全球有近1.2亿人说粤语，其中8，520万人是粤语母语使用者，没有粤语人工智能工具，这一群体在未来使用新技术时可能会面临挑战。因此开发说粤语的人工智能很重要是为了满足说粤语人群的需求。
8.C 主旨大意题。通读全文可知，文章开篇以关于“老婆饼”的问答引出Sensechat，接着介绍了Sensechat是世界上第一个粤语大型语言模型，它能有效处理粤语发音中的语气助词和书面形式的粤语，还讲述了训练它面临的挑战以及开发说粤语人工智能的重要性。所以，全文围绕Sensechat这个针对粤语的人工智能工具展开。
语篇解读：本文是一篇议论文。文章主要讲述了康德的时间主观性理论及人类时间感知的弹性现象。
9.D 细节理解题。根据第一段最后三句可知，康德会认可“时间是人类产生的一种精神概念”这一观点。
10.C 段落大意题。根据第二段内容可知，该段主要讲时间感知因情境而异。
11.B 推理判断题。根据第四段内容可知，人们认为在事故中的时间膨胀体验是有益的。
12.A 标题归纳题。通读全文可知，文章开篇介绍康德认为时间是由人类思维创造的，接着通过讲述时间感知的灵活性以及时间膨胀体验等内容，说明了时间随着我们的精神状态而变化。
5 / 5(共29张PPT)
主旨大意题（一）
（建议用时25分钟）
A
（2025·郑州质量预测）Teacher burnout and student stress may be
linked， according to a University of British Columbia study.The study is
the first of its kind to examine the connection between teacher burnout and
students’ cortisol （皮质醇） levels， which are a biological indicator
of stress.
Researchers collected saliva （唾液） samples from over 400
elementary school children and tested their cortisol levels.They found that
in classrooms in which teachers experienced more burnout， or feelings of
emotional tiredness， students’ cortisol levels were increased.Higher
cortisol levels in elementary school children have been linked to learning
difficulties as well as mental health problems.
“This suggests that stress spreading might be taking place in the
classroom among students and their teachers，” said Eva Oberle， the
study’s lead author.Indeed， the relationship between student stress and
teacher burnout is a chicken-and-egg question.It’s unknown what came
first — increased cortisol or teacher burnout.We consider the connection
between student and teacher stress a cyclical （循环的） problem in the
classroom.
Oberle said a stressful classroom climate could be a result of
insufficient support for teachers， which may impact teachers’ ability to
effectively manage their students.A poorly managed classroom can
contribute to students’ needs not being met and increasing stress.This
could be reflected in raised cortisol levels in students.
Alternatively， stress could originate from students， who may be
more challenging to teach because of increases in worry， behavioral
problems， or special needs.In this situation， teachers could feel very
tired and report higher levels of burnout.
“Our study is a reminder of the systemic issues facing teachers and
educators as classroom sizes increase and supports for teachers are cut，”
said Oberle.
“It is clear from a number of recent research studies that teaching is
one of the most stressful professions， and that teachers need sufficient
resources and support in their jobs in order to battle burnout and relieve
stress in the classroom，” said UBC education professor Kimberly
Schonert-Reichl， the study’s co-author and director of HELP. “If we
do not support teachers， we risk the related damage of students.”
语篇解读：本文是一篇说明文。文章主要介绍了教师的职业倦怠和
学生的压力之间是有联系的。
1. How did researchers measure students’ stress levels？（ ）
A. By testing cortisol levels in their saliva.
B. By observing their classroom behaviour.
C. By requiring students to report their feelings.
D. By asking teachers about students’ performance.
解析： 细节理解题。根据第二段第一句可知，研究者通过测试学生唾液中的皮质醇程度来测量他们的压力程度。
语篇解读：本文是一篇说明文。文章主要介绍了教师的职业倦怠和
学生的压力之间是有联系的。
√
2. What can be concluded from paragraphs 4 and 5？（ ）
A. Students’ behaviors lead to teachers’ higher level of burnout.
B. Teacher burnout is the cause of the raised cortisol levels in students.
C. Students with higher stress are more likely to have learning difficulties.
D. Stress and burnout can be a two-way problem between teachers and
students.
√
解析： 推理判断题。根据第四段和第五段第一句可知，紧张的课
堂氛围会影响老师有效的管理学生，而学生焦虑、行为问题等的增加
让他们更难教，这样就会造成老师更高程度的倦怠。由此可知，第四
段和第五段旨在明确学生和教师压力之间的联系是一个循环性问题。
3. What does the author imply in the last paragraph？（ ）
A. Teachers can solve classroom problems alone.
B. Stressful classrooms are mainly caused by students.
C. Cutting resources for teachers has no negative effects.
D. Providing enough resources helps reduce student stress.
解析： 推理判断题。根据最后一段内容可知，教师在工作中需要
足够的资源和支持，以对抗倦怠、缓解课堂压力，老师压力减少了，
学生的压力也就相对来说减少了。因此给教师提供足够多的资源能帮
助减小学生的压力。
√
4. What is the best title for the passage？（ ）
A. Cortisol Levels and Learning： Biological Impacts
B. Teacher Burnout and Student Stress： A Hidden Link
C. Classroom Management and Stress： Practical Solutions
D. Student Health and Classroom Performance： Key Factors
解析： 标题归纳题。通读全文并结合第一段第一句可知，文章主
要介绍了英属哥伦比亚大学的一项研究，研究表明教师的倦怠和学生
的压力可能是有关联的。
√
B
（2025·东北三省三校联考） “Is there a wife in a wife cake？”
asked He Lixi， a local Cantonese.
“There is no actual wife in a wife cake， as it is just a traditional
Hong Kong pastry （酥皮糕点），” answered Sensechat， a ChatGPT-
like product， in fluent Cantonese.
He was impressed.Sensechat was the first artificial intelligence tool
he had encountered that had a profound understanding of Cantonese
language and culture.Many large language models （LLMs） from the
mainland can’t recognize Cantonese accurately.Some Western-
developed AI software can listen to Cantonese， but cannot speak it well.
Created by a Hong Kong company， Sensechat is the world’s first
Cantonese LLM. Cantonese pronunciation uses lots of modal particles
（语气助词）， which usually go unnoticed by most AI tools， but
Sensechat handles them effectively.Sensechat also handles written form of
Cantonese.
“Training an LLM takes efforts，” said Cao Jianrong， the chair
professor at the Department of Computing at Hong Kong Polytechnic
University.“It involves pre-training using extensive data， followed by
fine-tuning （微调） with high-quality data.Later， more focused human
input is needed to adjust the output of the LLM with local culture，
ethics， morals， laws and other rules.”
However， Cantonese web resources are limited in both quantity and
quality.Most texts come from online forums and social media， and often
contain low-quality language.Collecting clear speech data is also
difficult， as many videos have background noise.
Despite the challenges， there’s a growing need for Cantonese-
speaking AI. Nearly 120 million people worldwide speak the language，
and 85.2 million are native Cantonese speakers.Without Cantonese AI
tools， this population might face challenges using new technology in the
future.
That’s why local tech companies like Sensechat are stepping up to
create these tools.The Hong Kong Special Administrative Region
government is also working with local universities to create Cantonese
LLMs.
语篇解读：本文是一篇说明文。文章主要介绍了Sensechat这一粤语
大语言模型的特点、训练过程、面临的挑战以及粤语人工智能工具
的重要性。
语篇解读：本文是一篇说明文。文章主要介绍了Sensechat这一粤语
大语言模型的特点、训练过程、面临的挑战以及粤语人工智能工具
的重要性。
5. What can be learnt about Sensechat？（ ）
A. It’s the first AI tool in Hong Kong.
B. It has an insight into Cantonese culture.
C. It focuses only on spoken Cantonese.
D. It’s designed to promote Cantonese food.
解析： 推理判断题。根据第三段前两句可知，Sensechat是何立熙
遇到的第一个对粤语语言和文化有着深刻理解的人工智能工具。由此
可推测，Sensechat对粤语文化有一定的理解。
√
6. What challenge does the training of Sensechat meet？（ ）
A. A lack of data.
B. Complex moral rules.
C. Limited audience.
D. Unclear training process.
解析： 细节理解题。根据第六段内容可知，训练Sensechat面临的
挑战是粤语网络资源在数量和质量上都有限，收集清晰的语音数据也
很困难。因此训练Sensechat遇到的挑战是缺乏数据。
√
7. Why is developing Cantonese-speaking AI important？（ ）
A. To explore the future of LLMs.
B. To expand the Cantonese AI market.
C. To promote the Cantonese culture.
D. To meet the need of the Cantonese.
解析： 推理判断题。根据第七段内容可知，全球有近1.2亿人说粤
语，其中8，520万人是粤语母语使用者，没有粤语人工智能工具，这
一群体在未来使用新技术时可能会面临挑战。因此开发说粤语的人工
智能很重要是为了满足说粤语人群的需求。
√
8. What does the text mainly talk about？（ ）
A. An impressive breakthrough in AI research.
B. A growing demand for AI language tools.
C. An innovative AI tool for Cantonese language.
D. A challenging case of Cantonese LLM training.
√
解析： 主旨大意题。通读全文可知，文章开篇以关于“老婆饼”
的问答引出Sensechat，接着介绍了Sensechat是世界上第一个粤语大型
语言模型，它能有效处理粤语发音中的语气助词和书面形式的粤语，
还讲述了训练它面临的挑战以及开发说粤语人工智能的重要性。所
以，全文围绕Sensechat这个针对粤语的人工智能工具展开。
C
（2025·嘉兴二模）The 18th century German philosopher
Immanuel Kant lived very firmly in a world of time.He was so strict about
routine that his fellow citizens of Kocnigsberg could set their watches by
his afternoon walk.However， in his philosophical work， Kant was
doubtful about time.He believed time is created by the human mind.Out
there beyond our minds， there is no time.It’s simply a “category” of
our minds that helps us to perceive objects and order our experience.
The flexibility of our time perception （感知） supports Kant’s
doubt.We all know time is not a fixed phenomenon but seems to pass at
different speeds in different situations.For example， it seems to go
slowly when we travel to unfamiliar places， or when we are bored or in
pain.It seems to speed up when we’re absorbed， such as when we play
music or paint.
Our perception of time can change in a dramatic way.Perhaps， at
least once in your life， you’ve had what is called a “Time Expansion
Experience （TEE）”， when seconds have stretched out into
minutes.TEEs happen most frequently in accidents where perception
becomes more intense than normal and thus people notice more details.
In accident situations， people are often surprised by the amount of
time they have to think and act.In fact， many people are convinced that
time expansion spared them from their serious injury， or even death.For
example， a woman who reported a TEE in which she avoided a metal
barrier falling on to her car said， “For me the slowing down of the
moment allowed me to decide how to escape the falling metal on us.”
All of this suggests that Kant was right.Perhaps the reason why time
is variable is that it doesn’t really exist — at least， outside our
minds.There is no objective time out there in the universe.What we
experience as time is filtered （过滤） through our minds， and so varies
according to our state of mind.
语篇解读：本文是一篇议论文。文章主要讲述了康德的时间主观性
理论及人类时间感知的弹性现象。
语篇解读：本文是一篇议论文。文章主要讲述了康德的时间主观性
理论及人类时间感知的弹性现象。
9. Which of the following would Immanuel Kant approve of？（ ）
A. Time is a basic quality of the world.
B. Time is a record of human experience.
C. Time is a situation measured by daily routine.
D. Time is a mental concept generated by humans.
解析： 细节理解题。根据第一段最后三句可知，康德会认可“时
间是人类产生的一种精神概念”这一观点。
√
10. What is the main idea of paragraph 2？（ ）
A. Time progresses at a constant speed.
B. Full attention affects people’s sense of time.
C. Time perception varies depending on context.
D. People feel time slows down on special occasions.
解析： 段落大意题。根据第二段内容可知，该段主要讲时间感知因情境而异。
√
11. What do people think of TEEs in accidents？（ ）
A. Inspiring. B. Beneficial.
C. Temporary. D. Painful.
解析： 推理判断题。根据第四段内容可知，人们认为在事故中的时间膨胀体验是有益的。
√
12. What can be a suitable title for the text？ （ ）
A. The Secret of Time： A State of Mind
B. Time Expansion： Real or Imaginary？
C. Time Perception： A Philosophical Exploration
D. The Clockwork of the Mind： How to Measure Time？
解析： 标题归纳题。通读全文可知，文章开篇介绍康德认为时间
是由人类思维创造的，接着通过讲述时间感知的灵活性以及时间膨胀
体验等内容，说明了时间随着我们的精神状态而变化。
√
THANKS
演示完毕 感谢观看
