类型三 问题解决型
常见文体 判断标志 行文结构 主题句特点
说明文、议论文 文章开头往往介绍某种不利情况、棘手问题或出现设问句，下文可能出现solution、 take action等提示词 交代背景——提出问题——介绍解决方案——评价解决方案（总结） 注意提出了几项解决方案，关注作者对解决方案的评价句
【典例】 （2024·全国甲卷阅读C篇） The Saint Lukas train doesn’t accept passengers — it accepts only the sick.The Saint Lukas is one of five government-sponsored medical trains that travel to remote towns in central and eastern Russia.Each stop lasts an average of two days， and during that time the doctors and nurses on board provide rural （乡村） populations with basic medical care， X-ray scans and prescriptions. “People started queuing to make an appointment early in the morning，” says Emile Ducke， a German photographer who traveled with the staff of the Saint Lukas for a two-week trip in November through the vast regions （区域） of Krasnoyarsk and Khakassia. Russia’s public health care service has been in serious need of modernization.The government has struggled to come up with measures to address the problem， particularly in the poorer， rural areas east of the Volga River， including arranging doctor’s appointments by video chat and expanding financial aid programs to motivate doctors to practice medicine in remote parts of the country like Krasnoyarsk. The annual arrival of the Saint Lukas is another attempt to improve the situation.For 10 months every year， the train stops at about eight stations over two weeks， before returning to the regional capital to refuel and restock （补给）.Then it starts all over again the next month.Most stations wait about a year between visits. Doctors see up to 150 patients every day.The train’s equipment allows for basic checkups.“I was very impressed by the doctors and their assistants working and living in such little space but still staying focused and very concerned，” says Ducke.“They were the best chance for many rural people to get the treatment they want.”
1 / 2类型五 观点展示型
常见文体 判断标志 行文结构 主题句特点
说明文、议论文、夹叙夹议文 文中出现一个新观点，可能是一个大众的观点或某个人的观点，下文围绕该观点展开讨论 给出观点（新/旧观点）——展示观点、举例说明——评价解释 全文中心句可能为观点介绍句，通常位于第一段或第二段段首；也可能为解释评价句，通常为文章后半部分评价段落中心句
【典例】 （2024·1月浙江卷阅读C篇） On September 7， 1991， the costliest hailstorm （雹暴） in Canadian history hit Calgary’s southern suburbs.As a result， since 1996 a group of insurance companies have spent about $2 million per year on the Alberta Hail Suppression Project.Airplanes seed threatening storm cells with a chemical to make small ice crystals fall as rain before they can grow into dangerous hailstones.But farmers in east-central Alberta — downwind of the hail project flights — worry that precious moisture （水分） is being stolen from their thirsty land by the cloud seeding. Norman Stienwand， who farms in that area， has been addressing public meetings on this issue for years.“Basically， the provincial government is letting the insurance companies protect the Calgary-Edmonton urban area from hail，” Mr.Stienwand says， “but they’re increasing drought risk as far east as Saskatchewan.” The Alberta hail project is managed by Terry Krauss， a cloud physicist who works for Weather Modification Inc.of Fargo， North Dakota.“We affect only a very small percentage of the total moisture in the air， so we cannot be causing drought，” Dr.Krauss says.“In fact， we may be helping increase the moisture downwind by creating wetter ground.” One doubter about the safety of cloud seeding is Chuck Doswell， a research scientist who just retired from the University of Oklahoma.“In 1999， I personally saw significant tornadoes （龙卷风） form from a seeded storm cell in Kansas，” Dr.Doswell says.“Does cloud seeding create killer storms or reduce moisture downwind？ No one really knows， of course， but the seeding goes on.” Given the degree of doubt， Mr.Stienwand suggests， “it would be wise to stop cloud seeding.” In practice， doubt has had the opposite effect.Due to the lack of scientific proof concerning their impacts， no one has succeeded in winning a lawsuit against cloud-seeding companies.Hence， private climate engineering can proceed in relative legal safety.
2 / 2第三讲 “快”读文，5类行文结构全面突破
破解高考阅读理解的首要任务之一就是熟悉语篇的行文结构。下面将分类介绍高考英语阅读理解中常见的五大类型文章的行文思路，助力学生逐一攻破文章结构难题。
类型一 现象解释型
常见文体 判断标志 行文结构 主题句特点
说明文、 议论文 （1）多采用总分结构； （2）首段对某个问题、某种现象给出结论，下文对该结论进行举例说明、对比分析或评价 给出结论——举例说明、解释结论——作出评价 主题句往往位于文章第一段的首句或尾句
【典例】 （2024·新课标Ⅰ卷阅读C篇） Is comprehension the same whether a person reads a text onscreen or on paper？ And are listening to and viewing content as effective as reading the written word when covering the same material？ The answers to both questions are often “no.” The reasons relate to a variety of factors， including reduced concentration， an entertainment mindset （心态） and a tendency to multitask while consuming digital content. When reading texts of several hundred words or more， learning is generally more successful when it’s on paper than onscreen.A large amount of research confirms this finding.The benefits of print reading particularly shine through when experimenters move from posing simple tasks — like identifying the main idea in a reading passage — to ones that require mental abstraction — such as drawing inferences from a text. The differences between print and digital reading results are partly related to paper’s physical properties.With paper， there is a literal laying on of hands， along with the visual geography of distinct pages.People often link their memory of what they’ve read to how far into the book it was or where it was on the page. But equally important is the mental aspect.Reading researchers have proposed a theory called “shallowing hypothesis （假说）.” According to this theory， people approach digital texts with a mindset suited to social media， which are often not so serious， and devote less mental effort than when they are reading print. Audio （音频） and video can feel more engaging than text， and so university teachers increasingly turn to these technologies — say， assigning an online talk instead of an article by the same person.However， psychologists have demonstrated that when adults read news stories， they remember more of the content than if they listen to or view identical pieces. Digital texts， audio and video all have educational roles， especially when providing resources not available in print.However， for maximizing learning where mental focus and reflection are called for， educators shouldn’t assume all media are the same， even when they contain identical words.
类型二 书评影评型
常见文体 判断标志 行文结构 常见类型
说明文、 议论文 文章介绍一篇（或多篇）文学作品或影视作品 主要内容叙述——精彩情节介绍——评价或延伸思考 介绍性书评：这种书评篇幅比较短小，内容主要是简单介绍某种图书的基本内容，常常带有广告色彩。 评介性书评：这种书评是在介绍某种图书的主要内容的同时，还对其特点、风格、主要成就以及缺陷等给予简明扼要的评论，具有一定的导读性质
【典例】 （2024·新课标Ⅱ卷阅读D篇） Given the astonishing potential of AI to transform our lives， we all need to take action to deal with our AI-powered future， and this is where AI by Design： A Plan for Living with Artificial Intelligence comes in.This absorbing new book by Catriona Campbell is a practical roadmap addressing the challenges posed by the forthcoming AI revolution （变革）. In the wrong hands， such a book could prove as complicated to process as the computer code （代码） that powers AI but， thankfully， Campbell has more than two decades’ professional experience translating the heady into the understandable.She writes from the practical angle of a business person rather than as an academic， making for a guide which is highly accessible and informative and which， by the close， will make you feel almost as smart as AI. As we soon come to learn from AI by Design， AI is already super-smart and will become more capable， moving from the current generation of “narrow-AI” to Artificial General Intelligence.From there， Campbell says， will come Artificial Dominant Intelligence.This is why Campbell has set out to raise awareness of AI and its future now — several decades before these developments are expected to take place.She says it is essential that we keep control of artificial intelligence， or risk being sidelined and perhaps even worse. Campbell’s point is to wake up those responsible for AI — the technology companies and world leaders — so they are on the same page as all the experts currently developing it.She explains we are at a “tipping point” in history and must act now to prevent an extinction-level event for humanity.We need to consider how we want our future with AI to pan out.Such structured thinking， followed by global regulation， will enable us to achieve greatness rather than our downfall. AI will affect us all， and if you only read one book on the subject， this is it.
类型三 问题解决型
常见文体 判断标志 行文结构 主题句特点
说明文、议论文 文章开头往往介绍某种不利情况、棘手问题或出现设问句，下文可能出现solution、 take action等提示词 交代背景——提出问题——介绍解决方案——评价解决方案（总结） 注意提出了几项解决方案，关注作者对解决方案的评价句
【典例】 （2024·全国甲卷阅读C篇） The Saint Lukas train doesn’t accept passengers — it accepts only the sick.The Saint Lukas is one of five government-sponsored medical trains that travel to remote towns in central and eastern Russia.Each stop lasts an average of two days， and during that time the doctors and nurses on board provide rural （乡村） populations with basic medical care， X-ray scans and prescriptions. “People started queuing to make an appointment early in the morning，” says Emile Ducke， a German photographer who traveled with the staff of the Saint Lukas for a two-week trip in November through the vast regions （区域） of Krasnoyarsk and Khakassia. Russia’s public health care service has been in serious need of modernization.The government has struggled to come up with measures to address the problem， particularly in the poorer， rural areas east of the Volga River， including arranging doctor’s appointments by video chat and expanding financial aid programs to motivate doctors to practice medicine in remote parts of the country like Krasnoyarsk. The annual arrival of the Saint Lukas is another attempt to improve the situation.For 10 months every year， the train stops at about eight stations over two weeks， before returning to the regional capital to refuel and restock （补给）.Then it starts all over again the next month.Most stations wait about a year between visits. Doctors see up to 150 patients every day.The train’s equipment allows for basic checkups.“I was very impressed by the doctors and their assistants working and living in such little space but still staying focused and very concerned，” says Ducke.“They were the best chance for many rural people to get the treatment they want.”
类型四 故事叙述型
常见文体 判断标志 行文结构
记叙文、 夹叙夹议文 叙述某个故事、某段经历或介绍某个人物 顺叙：最常用方法可分为三类：按照时间的先后、地点的转换和事情的内在逻辑联系叙述。 倒叙：引人注目的高潮或结局提到文章的开头，再一步一步地揭示这个高潮或结局所形成的原因和经过。 插叙：在人物事件原定的叙述中，插入某些情况的介绍，交代某些关系，或对某些矛盾作侧面说明。
【典例】 （2024·新课标Ⅰ卷阅读B篇） “I am not crazy，” says Dr.William Farber， shortly after performing acupuncture （针灸） on a rabbit.“I am ahead of my time.” If he seems a little defensive， it might be because even some of his coworkers occasionally laugh at his unusual methods.But Farber is certain he’ll have the last laugh.He’s one of a small but growing number of American veterinarians （兽医） now practicing “holistic” medicine — combining traditional Western treatments with acupuncture， chiropractic （按摩疗法） and herbal medicine. Farber， a graduate of Colorado State University， started out as a more conventional veterinarian.He became interested in alternative treatments 20 years ago when he suffered from terrible back pain.He tried muscle-relaxing drugs but found little relief.Then he tried acupuncture， an ancient Chinese practice， and was amazed that he improved after two or three treatments.What worked on a veterinarian seemed likely to work on his patients.So， after studying the techniques for a couple of years， he began offering them to pets. Leigh Tindale’s dog Charlie had a serious heart condition.After Charlie had a heart attack， Tindale says， she was prepared to put him to sleep， but Farber’s treatments eased her dog’s suffering so much that she was able to keep him alive for an additional five months.And Priscilla Dewing reports that her horse， Nappy， “moves more easily and rides more comfortably” after a chiropractic adjustment. Farber is certain that the holistic approach will grow more popular with time， and if the past is any indication， he may be right： Since 1982， membership in the American Holistic Veterinary Medical Association has grown from 30 to over 700.“Sometimes it surprises me that it works so well，” he says.“I will do anything to help an animal.That’s my job.”
类型五 观点展示型
常见文体 判断标志 行文结构 主题句特点
说明文、议论文、夹叙夹议文 文中出现一个新观点，可能是一个大众的观点或某个人的观点，下文围绕该观点展开讨论 给出观点（新/旧观点）——展示观点、举例说明——评价解释 全文中心句可能为观点介绍句，通常位于第一段或第二段段首；也可能为解释评价句，通常为文章后半部分评价段落中心句
【典例】 （2024·1月浙江卷阅读C篇） On September 7， 1991， the costliest hailstorm （雹暴） in Canadian history hit Calgary’s southern suburbs.As a result， since 1996 a group of insurance companies have spent about $2 million per year on the Alberta Hail Suppression Project.Airplanes seed threatening storm cells with a chemical to make small ice crystals fall as rain before they can grow into dangerous hailstones.But farmers in east-central Alberta — downwind of the hail project flights — worry that precious moisture （水分） is being stolen from their thirsty land by the cloud seeding. Norman Stienwand， who farms in that area， has been addressing public meetings on this issue for years.“Basically， the provincial government is letting the insurance companies protect the Calgary-Edmonton urban area from hail，” Mr.Stienwand says， “but they’re increasing drought risk as far east as Saskatchewan.” The Alberta hail project is managed by Terry Krauss， a cloud physicist who works for Weather Modification Inc.of Fargo， North Dakota.“We affect only a very small percentage of the total moisture in the air， so we cannot be causing drought，” Dr.Krauss says.“In fact， we may be helping increase the moisture downwind by creating wetter ground.” One doubter about the safety of cloud seeding is Chuck Doswell， a research scientist who just retired from the University of Oklahoma.“In 1999， I personally saw significant tornadoes （龙卷风） form from a seeded storm cell in Kansas，” Dr.Doswell says.“Does cloud seeding create killer storms or reduce moisture downwind？ No one really knows， of course， but the seeding goes on.” Given the degree of doubt， Mr.Stienwand suggests， “it would be wise to stop cloud seeding.” In practice， doubt has had the opposite effect.Due to the lack of scientific proof concerning their impacts， no one has succeeded in winning a lawsuit against cloud-seeding companies.Hence， private climate engineering can proceed in relative legal safety.
8 / 9类型二 书评影评型
常见文体 判断标志 行文结构 常见类型
说明文、 议论文 文章介绍一篇（或多篇）文学作品或影视作品 主要内容叙述——精彩情节介绍——评价或延伸思考 介绍性书评：这种书评篇幅比较短小，内容主要是简单介绍某种图书的基本内容，常常带有广告色彩。 评介性书评：这种书评是在介绍某种图书的主要内容的同时，还对其特点、风格、主要成就以及缺陷等给予简明扼要的评论，具有一定的导读性质。
【典例】 （2024·新课标Ⅱ卷阅读D篇） Given the astonishing potential of AI to transform our lives， we all need to take action to deal with our AI-powered future， and this is where AI by Design： A Plan for Living with Artificial Intelligence comes in.This absorbing new book by Catriona Campbell is a practical roadmap addressing the challenges posed by the forthcoming AI revolution （变革）. In the wrong hands， such a book could prove as complicated to process as the computer code （代码） that powers AI but， thankfully， Campbell has more than two decades’ professional experience translating the heady into the understandable.She writes from the practical angle of a business person rather than as an academic， making for a guide which is highly accessible and informative and which， by the close， will make you feel almost as smart as AI. As we soon come to learn from AI by Design， AI is already super-smart and will become more capable， moving from the current generation of “narrow-AI” to Artificial General Intelligence.From there， Campbell says， will come Artificial Dominant Intelligence.This is why Campbell has set out to raise awareness of AI and its future now — several decades before these developments are expected to take place.She says it is essential that we keep control of artificial intelligence， or risk being sidelined and perhaps even worse. Campbell’s point is to wake up those responsible for AI — the technology companies and world leaders — so they are on the same page as all the experts currently developing it.She explains we are at a “tipping point” in history and must act now to prevent an extinction-level event for humanity.We need to consider how we want our future with AI to pan out.Such structured thinking， followed by global regulation， will enable us to achieve greatness rather than our downfall. AI will affect us all， and if you only read one book on the subject， this is it.
2 / 2类型四 故事叙述型
常见文体 判断标志 行文结构
记叙文、 夹叙夹议文 叙述某个故事、某段经历或介绍某个人物 顺叙：最常用方法可分为三类：按照时间的先后、地点的转换和事情的内在逻辑联系叙述。 倒叙：引人注目的高潮或结局提到文章的开头，再一步一步地揭示这个高潮或结局所形成的原因和经过。 插叙：在人物事件原定的叙述中，插入某些情况的介绍，交代某些关系，或对某些矛盾作侧面说明。
【典例】 （2024·新课标Ⅰ卷阅读B篇） “I am not crazy，” says Dr.William Farber， shortly after performing acupuncture （针灸） on a rabbit.“I am ahead of my time.” If he seems a little defensive， it might be because even some of his coworkers occasionally laugh at his unusual methods.But Farber is certain he’ll have the last laugh.He’s one of a small but growing number of American veterinarians （兽医） now practicing “holistic” medicine — combining traditional Western treatments with acupuncture， chiropractic （按摩疗法） and herbal medicine. Farber， a graduate of Colorado State University， started out as a more conventional veterinarian.He became interested in alternative treatments 20 years ago when he suffered from terrible back pain.He tried muscle-relaxing drugs but found little relief.Then he tried acupuncture， an ancient Chinese practice， and was amazed that he improved after two or three treatments.What worked on a veterinarian seemed likely to work on his patients.So， after studying the techniques for a couple of years， he began offering them to pets. Leigh Tindale’s dog Charlie had a serious heart condition.After Charlie had a heart attack， Tindale says， she was prepared to put him to sleep， but Farber’s treatments eased her dog’s suffering so much that she was able to keep him alive for an additional five months.And Priscilla Dewing reports that her horse， Nappy， “moves more easily and rides more comfortably” after a chiropractic adjustment. Farber is certain that the holistic approach will grow more popular with time， and if the past is any indication， he may be right： Since 1982， membership in the American Holistic Veterinary Medical Association has grown from 30 to over 700.“Sometimes it surprises me that it works so well，” he says.“I will do anything to help an animal.That’s my job.”
2 / 2类型一 现象解释型
破解高考阅读理解的首要任务之一就是熟悉语篇的行文结构。下面将分类介绍高考英语阅读理解中常见的五大类型文章的行文思路，助力学生逐一攻破文章结构难题。
常见文体 判断标志 行文结构 主题句特点
说明文、 议论文 （1）多采用总分结构； （2）首段对某个问题、某种现象给出结论，下文对该结论进行举例说明、对比分析或评价 给出结论——举例说明、解释结论——作出评价 主题句往往位于文章第一段的首句或尾句
【典例】 （2024·新课标Ⅰ卷阅读C篇） Is comprehension the same whether a person reads a text onscreen or on paper？ And are listening to and viewing content as effective as reading the written word when covering the same material？ The answers to both questions are often “no.” The reasons relate to a variety of factors， including reduced concentration， an entertainment mindset （心态） and a tendency to multitask while consuming digital content. When reading texts of several hundred words or more， learning is generally more successful when it’s on paper than onscreen.A large amount of research confirms this finding.The benefits of print reading particularly shine through when experimenters move from posing simple tasks — like identifying the main idea in a reading passage — to ones that require mental abstraction — such as drawing inferences from a text. The differences between print and digital reading results are partly related to paper’s physical properties.With paper， there is a literal laying on of hands， along with the visual geography of distinct pages.People often link their memory of what they’ve read to how far into the book it was or where it was on the page. But equally important is the mental aspect.Reading researchers have proposed a theory called “shallowing hypothesis （假说）.” According to this theory， people approach digital texts with a mindset suited to social media， which are often not so serious， and devote less mental effort than when they are reading print. Audio （音频） and video can feel more engaging than text， and so university teachers increasingly turn to these technologies — say， assigning an online talk instead of an article by the same person.However， psychologists have demonstrated that when adults read news stories， they remember more of the content than if they listen to or view identical pieces. Digital texts， audio and video all have educational roles， especially when providing resources not available in print.However， for maximizing learning where mental focus and reflection are called for， educators shouldn’t assume all media are the same， even when they contain identical words.
1 / 2
