《直通名校》第二讲 “准”读文,4大妙招破解长句难句(教师版+学生版)- 高考英语二轮复习

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名称 《直通名校》第二讲 “准”读文,4大妙招破解长句难句(教师版+学生版)- 高考英语二轮复习
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更新时间 2026-01-28 00:00:00

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第二讲 “准”读文,4大妙招破解长句难句
  2024年新课标高考的阅读理解、阅读七选五、完形填空以及语法填空中都出现了大量的长难句。阅读理解得分低,主要是因为读不懂文章,而影响我们读懂文章的主要是长难句。长难句除了主干之外还包含一些附加部分,如插入语、同位语、分隔现象、各种从句或较长的非谓语动词短语等。下面介绍“四个妙招”来破解英语阅读理解中的长难句。
妙招(一) 寻谓语,找主干
  一般情况下,一个谓语形式的动词对应其动作的发出者(主语),我们可以根据谓语动词来确定其主语。而且,如果一个句子中出现两个或两个以上的谓语形式的动词,则该句可能是并列句或复合句(并列谓语动词的情况除外)。
典例 (2024·新课标Ⅱ卷阅读B篇)We wanted to do something where we do a call to artists in the Bay Area to submit stories for a contest.
分析 寻谓语,找主干 本句的主语为We;谓语为wanted;主干为We wanted to do something。
析成分 本句包含定语从句。where引导定语从句,修饰先行词something,说明其具体内容,即发起一个呼吁。动词不定式短语 to submit stories for a contest作目的状语,说明发起呼吁的目的,即让艺术家提交故事参加比赛。
句意 我们想要做一些事情,即向旧金山湾区的艺术家发起呼吁,让他们提交故事参加比赛。
妙招(二) 提主干,去枝叶
  一般情况下,一个句子中的主句所表达的信息为主要信息,从句、状语或定语等所表达的信息为次要信息。若句子的主干被提炼出来,就能完全把握句子的核心意义,也就不会思维混乱,主次不分。
典例 (2024·新课标Ⅱ卷阅读D篇)She writes from the practical angle of a business person rather than as an academic, making for a guide which is highly accessible and informative and which, by the close, will make you feel almost as smart as AI.
分析 提主干 句子主干是:She writes from the practical angle of a business person rather than as an academic。
去枝叶 making for a guide which is highly accessible and informative and which, by the close, will make you feel almost as smart as AI是动词-ing短语作伴随状语,其中嵌入两个定语从句which is highly accessible and informative和which, by the close, will make you feel almost as smart as AI,都修饰先行词guide。
句意 她从商业人士(而非学者)的实用角度出发,使得这本指南通俗易懂、内容丰富,读完之后,你会觉得自己几乎和人工智能一样聪明。
妙招(三) 寻关联,辨逻辑
  一些长难句其实是由若干分句组成的并列句或复合句,它们之间需要一些关联词来连接。如果找准这些关联词,我们就能够弄清楚句与句之间的逻辑关系,分别弄清楚主句和从句的意义,那么长句就容易理解了。
典例 (2024·1月浙江卷阅读D篇)We’re not tempted (诱惑) by sugary treats, but by our computers, phones, and tablets — all the devices that connect us to the global delivery system for various types of information that do to us what marshmallows do to preschoolers.
分析 提主干 本句的主干为We’re not tempted by sugary treats, but by our computers, phones, and tablets。
寻关联, 辨逻辑 本句中all the devices 为同位语,随后紧跟两个由that引导的定语从句。第一个定语从句修饰先行词devices, 第二个定语从句修饰先行词information。提取两个that和对应先行词后,便可轻松分解结构。
句意 我们并不是被甜食所诱惑,而是被电脑、手机和平板电脑所诱惑——所有这些设备都将我们与各种信息的全球传输系统相连接,这些信息对我们的影响就像棉花糖对学龄前儿童的影响一样。
妙招(四) 看搭配,防分隔
  有时一个长句是由一个或多个搭配构成,而且这些搭配常常出现分隔现象。学生若受分隔现象的干扰而看不清句子的本来面目,就会对句意的理解出现偏差。
典例 (2024·新课标Ⅱ卷阅读D篇)In the wrong hands, such a book could prove as complicated to process as the computer code (代码) that powers AI but, thankfully, Campbell has more than two decades’ professional experience translating the heady into the understandable.
分析 提主干 本句的主干为such a book could prove as complicated to process as the computer code (代码) but Campbell has more than two decades’ professional experience。
寻关联,辨逻辑 本句为but连接的并列句。
看搭配,防分隔 that powers AI为定语从句,translating the heady into the understandable为动词-ing短语作后置定语,修饰experience。
句意 在错误的人手中,这样一本书可能会像驱动人工智能的计算机代码一样难以处理,但值得庆幸的是,坎贝尔有20多年的专业经验,可以将令人头晕的复杂内容转化为可理解的内容。
1.(2024·新课标Ⅰ卷阅读D篇)“With the rise of technology it is easy for people to make observations of different species with the aid of a mobile application,” said Barnabas Daru, who is lead author of the study and assistant professor of biology in the Stanford School of Humanities and Sciences.
分析 寻谓语,找主干: “it is easy for people to make observations of different species,” said Barnabas Daru 。
析成分:With the rise of technology为 伴随状语 ;with the aid of a mobile application为 方式状语 , 均修饰主干句,而主干句则以it为 形式主语 ;who引导的 非限制性定语从句 修饰Barnabas Daru。
翻译  该研究的主要作者、斯坦福大学人文与科学学院生物学助理教授 Barnabas Daru 表示:“随着技术的兴起,人们可以轻松地借助移动应用程序来观察不同的物种。” 
2.(2024·新课标Ⅱ卷阅读D篇)Given the astonishing potential of AI to transform our lives, we all need to take action to deal with our AI-powered future, and this is where AI by Design: A Plan for Living with Artificial Intelligence comes in.
分析 寻谓语,找主干: we all need to take action to deal with our AI-powered future, and this is where AI by Design: A Plan for Living with Artificial Intelligence comes in 。
析成分:本句是含有两个简单句的 并列句 。首先找到连接两个简单句的并列连词 and ,接着把本句划分为两个意群: we all need to take action 和 this is where ... comes in 。Given the astonishing potential of AI to transform our lives作 条件状语 ;where AI by Design: A Plan for Living with Artificial Intelligence comes in为 表语 从句。
翻译  考虑到人工智能改变我们生活的惊人潜力,我们都需要采取行动来应对由人工智能驱动的未来,这就是《人工智能设计:与人工智能一起生活的计划》一书的用武之地。 
3.(2023·1月浙江卷阅读B篇)I’ve learned a few things along the way though, which I hope you’ll find encouraging if you’re doing your best to figure out how you can make the change in a not-always-supportive household.
分析 寻谓语,找主干:本句的谓语为 have learned ,主干为 I’ve learned a few things 。
析成分:本句中which引导 非限制性定语 从句,if引导 条件状语 从句,how引导的宾语从句作 figure out 的宾语。
翻译  然而,在这一过程中,我也学到了一些东西。如果你正尽最大努力想出如何在一个并不总是赞同你的家庭中作出改变,我希望你能从中得到鼓舞。 
4.(2023·全国乙卷阅读C篇)Even though Britain has a reputation for less-than-impressive cuisine, it is producing more top class chefs who appear frequently on our television screens and whose recipe books frequently top the best seller lists.
分析 提主干:本句为主从复合句。主句主语为 it ,谓语为 is producing 。本句主干为it is producing more top class chefs。
去枝叶:Even though引导 让步状语 从句,who、whose分别引导一个定语从句,修饰先行词 top class chefs 。
翻译  尽管英国向来以饮食乏味而闻名,但它正在培养更多的顶级厨师,这些顶级厨师经常出现在我们的电视屏幕上,他们的食谱经常名列畅销书排行榜前列。 
5.(2023·全国乙卷阅读D篇)If you want to tell the history of the whole world, a history that does not privilege one part of humanity, you cannot do it through texts alone, because only some of the world has ever had texts, while most of the world, for most of the time, has not.
分析 寻谓语,找主干:本句的主干为 you cannot do it through texts alone 。
析成分:本句包含的从句非常多且复杂。首先,If引导 条件状语 从句,a history为 同位语 ,其后的that引导一个 定语 从句,because引导 原因状语 从句,while为表示转折关系的连词,其前后成 对比 关系。
翻译  如果你想讲述整个世界的历史,一段不给人类某一部分人以特权的历史,你不能仅仅通过文本来完成,因为世界上只有一部分人有过文本,而世界上的大部分人,在大部分时间里,并没有文本。 
6.(2023·全国甲卷阅读D篇)Ask the tourists from around the world that flood into Yellowstone National Park what they most hope to see, and their answer is often the same: a grizzly bear.
分析 提主干:本句为并列复合句。句子主干为 Ask the tourists from around the world and their answer is often the same 。
去枝叶:that flood into Yellowstone National Park为定语从句,修饰先行词 the tourists ,what they most hope to see为宾语从句,作 ask 的宾语。
翻译  问问那些从世界各地涌入黄石国家公园的游客他们最希望看到什么,他们的答案往往是一样的:灰熊。 
4 / 4第二讲 “准”读文,4大妙招破解长句难句
  2024年新课标高考的阅读理解、阅读七选五、完形填空以及语法填空中都出现了大量的长难句。阅读理解得分低,主要是因为读不懂文章,而影响我们读懂文章的主要是长难句。长难句除了主干之外还包含一些附加部分,如插入语、同位语、分隔现象、各种从句或较长的非谓语动词短语等。下面介绍“四个妙招”来破解英语阅读理解中的长难句。
妙招(一) 寻谓语,找主干
  一般情况下,一个谓语形式的动词对应其动作的发出者(主语),我们可以根据谓语动词来确定其主语。而且,如果一个句子中出现两个或两个以上的谓语形式的动词,则该句可能是并列句或复合句(并列谓语动词的情况除外)。
典例 (2024·新课标Ⅱ卷阅读B篇)We wanted to do something where we do a call to artists in the Bay Area to submit stories for a contest.
分析 寻谓语,找主干 本句的主语为We;谓语为wanted;主干为We wanted to do something。
析成分 本句包含定语从句。where引导定语从句,修饰先行词something,说明其具体内容,即发起一个呼吁。动词不定式短语 to submit stories for a contest作目的状语,说明发起呼吁的目的,即让艺术家提交故事参加比赛。
句意 我们想要做一些事情,即向旧金山湾区的艺术家发起呼吁,让他们提交故事参加比赛。
妙招(二) 提主干,去枝叶
  一般情况下,一个句子中的主句所表达的信息为主要信息,从句、状语或定语等所表达的信息为次要信息。若句子的主干被提炼出来,就能完全把握句子的核心意义,也就不会思维混乱,主次不分。
典例 (2024·新课标Ⅱ卷阅读D篇)She writes from the practical angle of a business person rather than as an academic, making for a guide which is highly accessible and informative and which, by the close, will make you feel almost as smart as AI.
分析 提主干 句子主干是:She writes from the practical angle of a business person rather than as an academic。
去枝叶 making for a guide which is highly accessible and informative and which, by the close, will make you feel almost as smart as AI是动词-ing短语作伴随状语,其中嵌入两个定语从句which is highly accessible and informative和which, by the close, will make you feel almost as smart as AI,都修饰先行词guide。
句意 她从商业人士(而非学者)的实用角度出发,使得这本指南通俗易懂、内容丰富,读完之后,你会觉得自己几乎和人工智能一样聪明。
妙招(三) 寻关联,辨逻辑
  一些长难句其实是由若干分句组成的并列句或复合句,它们之间需要一些关联词来连接。如果找准这些关联词,我们就能够弄清楚句与句之间的逻辑关系,分别弄清楚主句和从句的意义,那么长句就容易理解了。
典例 (2024·1月浙江卷阅读D篇)We’re not tempted (诱惑) by sugary treats, but by our computers, phones, and tablets — all the devices that connect us to the global delivery system for various types of information that do to us what marshmallows do to preschoolers.
分析 提主干 本句的主干为We’re not tempted by sugary treats, but by our computers, phones, and tablets。
寻关联, 辨逻辑 本句中all the devices 为同位语,随后紧跟两个由that引导的定语从句。第一个定语从句修饰先行词devices, 第二个定语从句修饰先行词information。提取两个that和对应先行词后,便可轻松分解结构。
句意 我们并不是被甜食所诱惑,而是被电脑、手机和平板电脑所诱惑——所有这些设备都将我们与各种信息的全球传输系统相连接,这些信息对我们的影响就像棉花糖对学龄前儿童的影响一样。
妙招(四) 看搭配,防分隔
  有时一个长句是由一个或多个搭配构成,而且这些搭配常常出现分隔现象。学生若受分隔现象的干扰而看不清句子的本来面目,就会对句意的理解出现偏差。
典例 (2024·新课标Ⅱ卷阅读D篇)In the wrong hands, such a book could prove as complicated to process as the computer code (代码) that powers AI but, thankfully, Campbell has more than two decades’ professional experience translating the heady into the understandable.
分析 提主干 本句的主干为such a book could prove as complicated to process as the computer code (代码) but Campbell has more than two decades’ professional experience。
寻关联,辨逻辑 本句为but连接的并列句。
看搭配,防分隔 that powers AI为定语从句,translating the heady into the understandable为动词-ing短语作后置定语,修饰experience。
句意 在错误的人手中,这样一本书可能会像驱动人工智能的计算机代码一样难以处理,但值得庆幸的是,坎贝尔有20多年的专业经验,可以将令人头晕的复杂内容转化为可理解的内容。
1.(2024·新课标Ⅰ卷阅读D篇)“With the rise of technology it is easy for people to make observations of different species with the aid of a mobile application,” said Barnabas Daru, who is lead author of the study and assistant professor of biology in the Stanford School of Humanities and Sciences.
分析 寻谓语,找主干:                      
                                       
                                        。
析成分:With the rise of technology为         ;with the aid of a mobile application为      , 均修饰主干句,而主干句则以it为      ;who引导的           修饰Barnabas Daru。
翻译                       
                                       
                                       
                                       
2.(2024·新课标Ⅱ卷阅读D篇)Given the astonishing potential of AI to transform our lives, we all need to take action to deal with our AI-powered future, and this is where AI by Design: A Plan for Living with Artificial Intelligence comes in.
分析 寻谓语,找主干:                       
                                        
                                       
                                         。
析成分:本句是含有两个简单句的    。首先找到连接两个简单句的并列连词   ,接着把本句划分为两个意群:             和          。Given the astonishing potential of AI to transform our lives作      ;where AI by Design: A Plan for Living with Artificial Intelligence comes in为    从句。
翻译                                     
                                       
                                       
                                       
3.(2023·1月浙江卷阅读B篇)I’ve learned a few things along the way though, which I hope you’ll find encouraging if you’re doing your best to figure out how you can make the change in a not-always-supportive household.
分析 寻谓语,找主干:本句的谓语为        ,主干为                 。
析成分:本句中which引导       从句,if引导      从句,how引导的宾语从句作        的宾语。
翻译                                     
                                     
                                     
                                     
4.(2023·全国乙卷阅读C篇)Even though Britain has a reputation for less-than-impressive cuisine, it is producing more top class chefs who appear frequently on our television screens and whose recipe books frequently top the best seller lists.
分析 提主干:本句为主从复合句。主句主语为    ,谓语为      。本句主干为it is producing more top class chefs。
去枝叶:Even though引导      从句,who、whose分别引导一个定语从句,修饰先行词       。
翻译                                     
                                     
                                     
                                     
5.(2023·全国乙卷阅读D篇)If you want to tell the history of the whole world, a history that does not privilege one part of humanity, you cannot do it through texts alone, because only some of the world has ever had texts, while most of the world, for most of the time, has not.
分析 寻谓语,找主干:本句的主干为                    。
析成分:本句包含的从句非常多且复杂。首先,If引导      从句,a history为    ,其后的that引导一个    从句,because引导      从句,while为表示转折关系的连词,其前后成    关系。
翻译                                     
                                    
                                    
                                    
6.(2023·全国甲卷阅读D篇)Ask the tourists from around the world that flood into Yellowstone National Park what they most hope to see, and their answer is often the same: a grizzly bear.
分析 提主干:本句为并列复合句。句子主干为                                   。
去枝叶:that flood into Yellowstone National Park为定语从句,修饰先行词          ,what they most hope to see为宾语从句,作    的宾语。
翻译                                     
                                    
                                    
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