第一讲 细节理解题——定位信息巧比对
一、明命题，懂考查方式和考查角度
1.考查特点
（1）把握细节理解题常见的考查方式
特殊疑问句形式：以when、where、what、which、who等疑问词开头引出问题。
（2）掌握细节理解题的考查角度
①高频考点：直接信息题、间接信息题；
②低频考点：数字计算题、正误判断题、事件排序题。
2.精准定位
众所周知，阅读理解的解题关键除了读懂文章之外就是对信息的精准定位。高考阅读理解虽然文章篇幅很长，但并不是每一个词、每一句话都很重要；虽然信息很多，但并不是每一个信息点都是考点。因此在阅读过程中学会有的放矢、精准定位至关重要。
二、细节理解题的解题捷径
一般采用寻读法，解题分三步：
（1）先读题干，抓住关键词；
（2）带着问题快速阅读文章，找出与问题有关的词语或句子；
（3）仔细对比选项和原文信息，继而找出答案。
三、细节理解题的正确选项特征
原词复现 选项中的某个单词或短语与原文完全一致
同义替换 对原文句子中的关键词进行同义替换
语言简化 把原文中的复杂语言现象进行简化
正话反说 把原文中的意思反过来表达
四、细节理解题的干扰选项特征
扩缩范围 与文章细节部分吻合，部分相悖
无中生有 明显与文章内容不符或没有提及
偷梁换柱 符合常识，但不是文章内容
张冠李戴 是文章细节，但不符合题干要求或不是要点
正误参半 部分正确，部分错误
题型（一） 直接信息题
在解答直接信息题时，学生可以采取“关键词定位法”，即“带着问题找答案”的方法，通过定位找题眼。
【典例】 （2024·新课标Ⅱ卷阅读C篇节选）
Specifically， it’s a farm that relies on new technology.By connecting through the Cloud， BMF is remotely monitored.Also， there is a convenient app that provides growing data in real time.Because the system is automated， it significantly reduces the amount of water needed to grow plants.Rather than watering rows of soil， the system provides just the right amount to each plant.After harvest， users simply replace the plants with a new pre-seeded pod （容器） to get the next growth cycle started.
29.What information does the convenient app offer？
A.Real-time weather changes.
B.Current condition of the plants.
C.Chemical pollutants in the soil.
D.Availability of pre-seeded pods.
解题导引
第一步 找关键词：题干中的关键词为convenient app。
第二步 寻信息句：根据关键词定位选段到原文中的信息源Also， there is a convenient app that provides growing data in real time.。
第三步 比对答案：直接得出正确选项。
参考答案 B
技法点拨
题型（二） 间接信息题
为了更好地考查学生的语言知识和思维品质，命题人往往会对具体细节信息加以修改或转换，这就需要学生综合多处信息来解题。常见的考查方式有以下3种命题形式：
类型1 换词类——对关键词进行同义转换
原词复现
【典例】 （2024·1月浙江卷阅读D篇节选）We are tempted by sugary treats because our ancestors lived in a calorie-poor world， and our brains developed a response mechanism to these treats that reflected their value — a feeling of reward and satisfaction.But as we’ve reshaped the world around us， dramatically reducing the cost and effort involved in obtaining calories， we still have the same brains we had thousands of years ago， and this mismatch is at the heart of why so many of us struggle to resist tempting foods that we know we shouldn’t eat.
33.According to paragraph 3， there is a mismatch between .
A.the calorie-poor world and our good appetites
B.the shortage of sugar and our nutritional needs
C.the rich food supply and our unchanged brains
D.the tempting foods and our efforts to keep fit
解题导引
第一步 找关键词：题干中的关键词为mismatch。
第二步 寻信息句：定位选段的最后一句But as we’ve reshaped the world around us，dramatically reducing the cost and effort involved in obtaining calories ...we shouldn’t eat.，由此句可知，我们获取热量所需付出的成本和努力大大减少，也就是说现在我们能够轻易获取充足的食物了，但是我们的大脑仍然和数千年前一样。
第三步 比对答案：由此可知，充足的食物供应和我们一成不变的大脑这两者之间是不匹配的。
参考答案 C
同义替换
【典例】 （2023·新课标Ⅰ卷阅读A篇节选）
Bike Rental & Guided Tours
Welcome to Amsterdam， welcome to MacBike.You see much more from the seat of a bike！ Cycling is the most economical， sustainable and fun way to explore the city， with its beautiful canals， parks， squares and countless lights ...
Why MacBike
MacBike has been around for almost 30 years and is the biggest bicycle rental company in Amsterdam. With over 2，500 bikes stored in our five rental shops at strategic locations， we make sure there is always a bike available for you. We offer the newest bicycles in a wide variety， including basic bikes with foot brake （刹车）， bikes with hand brake and gears （排挡）， bikes with child seats， and children’s bikes.
21.What is an advantage of MacBike？
A.It gives children a discount.
B.It offers many types of bikes.
C.It organizes free cycle tours.
D.It has over 2，500 rental shops.
解题导引
第一步 找关键词：题干中的关键词为an advantage of。
第二步 寻信息句：根据第二段第三句We offer the newest bicycles in a wide variety，including basic bikes with foot brake （刹车） ...and children’s bikes.可知，MacBike公司的一个优势是能提供各种各样的自行车，包括带脚刹的最基本的自行车、带手刹和排挡的自行车、带儿童座椅的自行车以及儿童自行车。
第三步 比对答案：a wide variety与选项B中的many types of为同义替换。
参考答案 B
技法点拨
类型2 计算类——对具体细节信息进行加工
此类试题要求学生对具体细节信息，尤其是对相关的时间、数量等数字和信息进行分析和理解，利用加、减、乘、除等运算方法进行计算，但此类试题重点不在于计算，而在于考查学生对具体细节信息的处理能力。
【典例】 （2023·新课标Ⅰ卷阅读A篇节选）
Prices
Hand Brake，Three Gears Foot Brake，No Gears
1 hour 7.50 5.00
3 hours 11.00 7.50
1 day （24 hours） 14.75 9.75
Each additional day 8.00 6.00
22.How much do you pay for renting a bike with hand brake and three gears for two days？
A.15.75. B.19.50.
C.22.75. D.29.50.
解题导引
第一步 找关键词：题干关键词为How much。
第二步 寻信息句：Hand Brake， Three Gears的价格一天为14.75欧元，每多l一天收8欧元。
第三步 比对答案：租两天的价格为22.75欧元。
参考答案 C
技法点拨
类型3 概括类——概括和归纳
为了增加细节理解题的难度，命题人有时候会采用较为概括的方式来进行命题，即一道试题中涉及一段或者几段的某些内容，需要学生进行概括和归纳后才能得出答案。此类试题虽然各个细节信息都能在文章中找到，但学生需要具备一定的概括和归纳能力才能正确作答。
【典例】 （2024·1月浙江卷阅读C篇节选）On September 7， 1991， the costliest hailstorm （雹暴） in Canadian history hit Calgary’s southern suburbs.As a result， since 1996 a group of insurance companies have spent about $2 million per year on the Alberta Hail Suppression Project.Airplanes seed threatening storm cells with a chemical to make small ice crystals fall as rain before they can grow into dangerous hailstones.But farmers in east-central Alberta — downwind of the hail project flights — worry that precious moisture （水分） is being stolen from their thirsty land by the cloud seeding.
Norman Stienwand， who farms in that area， has been addressing public meetings on this issue for years.“Basically， the provincial government is letting the insurance companies protect the Calgary-Edmonton urban area from hail，” Mr.Stienwand says， “but they’re increasing drought risk as far east as Saskatchewan.”
28.What does the project aim to do？
A.Conserve moisture in the soil.
B.Prevent the formation of hailstones.
C.Forecast disastrous hailstorms.
D.Investigate chemical use in farming.
解题导引
第一步 找关键词：题干中的关键词为project。
第二步 寻信息句：定位第一段中所提到的Alberta Hail Suppression Project， 因此根据第一段中的Airplanes seed ...hailstones.可知，飞机通过向有威胁性的风暴体播撒一种化学物质，使得小冰晶在变成危险的冰雹之前先变成雨落下。
第三步 比对答案：
A A项虽然出现了文中原词moisture，但moisture仅出现在下文用于介绍农民的担忧，与该项目目的无关，属于曲解文意
B 原文明确说飞机播撒化学物质，使小冰晶在形成冰雹前像雨一样落下。B项（防止冰雹形成）是对原文的归纳概括，符合文意
C C项虽然出现了文中原词hailstorms，但本文并未提及预防措施，属于正误参半
D 原文提到飞机播撒化学物质，并非检测化学物质使用情况，D项属于无中生有
参考答案 B
技法点拨
（2024·南京模拟）In 2010， Justin Horner was driving down a busy freeway in Portland， Ore.， when his tire blew out. He pulled over to the side of the road and made a sign that said he needed help.
Three hours later， a van finally pulled up. Out came a family of four. They were Latino， and their young daughter acted as translator between her parents’ Spanish and Horner’s English， so that they could work together to fix Horner’s car.★
They took about an hour， starting with the father finding a log on the side of the road， and using it to lift the car. When they finished， the mom pulled out a big jug of water， and they drank and washed their hands.
“I just thanked them and I tried to give her money，” Horner recalled. “I only had a $20 bill， and I just thought， you know， it’s the least I could do. And she just wouldn’t take it.” But Horner was resolute， and eventually he put the money in her hand， and walked away.
Then he heard their small daughter call out， to ask Horner if he was hungry. Indeed he was， and she came over with a pancake from their cooler. They exchanged thank-yous， she got into the van， and the family started to drive away.
“As they’re trying to get into traffic， I unwrapped the pancake and my money was in the pancake，” Horner said. Horner immediately ran over to the van to draw the father’s attention.
“He rolls down his window. He sees me coming and he’s just shaking his head. And I keep saying like， ‘Por favor， por favor’ — I’m holding a bill out，” Horner remembered. “And with this big smile on his face， he just says， ‘Today you， tomorrow me.’”
The man then gave Horner a wave， rolled up the window， and drove off. The last thing Horner saw was the young girl waving goodbye through the window and he never saw them again.
语篇解读：本文是一篇记叙文。当Justin Horner的车在高速公路上爆胎时，好心的一家人及时出现并帮他修好了车；当他拿出20美元感谢对方时，对方拒绝了，同时说了一句很经典的话——Today you， tomorrow me.。
1.What happened to Justin Horner on his way in Portland？（ ）
A.He got lost.
B.His food ran out.
C.His car broke down.
D.He was stuck in traffic.
解析：C 细节理解题。根据第一段中的Justin Horner was driving down a busy freeway in Portland， Ore.， when his tire blew out.可知，Justin Horner在俄勒冈州波特兰市一条繁忙的高速公路上开车时，轮胎爆了。
2.Why did the small daughter give Horner a pancake？（ ）
A.To express her thanks.
B.To show her kindness.
C.To win Horner’s recognition.
D.To give back Horner’s money.
解析：D 细节理解题。根据第五、六段可知，那位父亲帮助作者修好了汽车，他的女儿给作者一块煎饼，煎饼里放着作者送给对方（作为感谢费）的20美元。
3.What did the father mean by saying “Today you， tomorrow me.” in Paragraph 7？（ ）
A.Everyone should be kind.
B.Everyone can be in trouble.
C.Everyone should learn to repair a car.
D.Everyone should be grateful to others.
解析：B 推理判断题。结合上文内容以及这位父亲说Today you， tomorrow me.这句话的情景可推知，他想表达的意思是：今天你会遇到麻烦，明天我可能也会遇到麻烦。
4.Which of the following can best describe the father’s behaviour？（ ）
A.Change danger into safety.
B.Offer fuel in snowy weather.
C.Act bravely for a just cause.
D.Risk one’s life to save others.
解析：B 推理判断题。综合全文可知，当Justin Horner在高速公路上汽车爆胎、手足无措时，好心的一家人及时出现并帮他修好了车。因此用“雪中送炭”来形容这位父亲的行为是最恰当的。
词汇积累 blow out 爆胎 pull up 慢慢停下 recall v. 回忆；记起 resolute adj. 坚决的 unwrap vt. 打开
熟词生义 draw
难句解读 译文：他们是拉丁裔，他们的小女儿在父母的西班牙语和霍纳的英语之间充当翻译，这样他们就可以一起修理霍纳的车。
9 / 9第一讲 细节理解题——定位信息巧比对
一、明命题，懂考查方式和考查角度
1.考查特点
（1）把握细节理解题常见的考查方式
特殊疑问句形式：以when、where、what、which、who等疑问词开头引出问题。
（2）掌握细节理解题的考查角度
①高频考点：直接信息题、间接信息题；
②低频考点：数字计算题、正误判断题、事件排序题。
2.精准定位
众所周知，阅读理解的解题关键除了读懂文章之外就是对信息的精准定位。高考阅读理解虽然文章篇幅很长，但并不是每一个词、每一句话都很重要；虽然信息很多，但并不是每一个信息点都是考点。因此在阅读过程中学会有的放矢、精准定位至关重要。
二、细节理解题的解题捷径
一般采用寻读法，解题分三步：
（1）先读题干，抓住关键词；
（2）带着问题快速阅读文章，找出与问题有关的词语或句子；
（3）仔细对比选项和原文信息，继而找出答案。
三、细节理解题的正确选项特征
原词复现 选项中的某个单词或短语与原文完全一致
同义替换 对原文句子中的关键词进行同义替换
语言简化 把原文中的复杂语言现象进行简化
正话反说 把原文中的意思反过来表达
四、细节理解题的干扰选项特征
扩缩范围 与文章细节部分吻合，部分相悖
无中生有 明显与文章内容不符或没有提及
偷梁换柱 符合常识，但不是文章内容
张冠李戴 是文章细节，但不符合题干要求或不是要点
正误参半 部分正确，部分错误
题型（一） 直接信息题
在解答直接信息题时，学生可以采取“关键词定位法”，即“带着问题找答案”的方法，通过定位找题眼。
【典例】 （2024·新课标Ⅱ卷阅读C篇节选） Specifically， it’s a farm that relies on new technology.By connecting through the Cloud， BMF is remotely monitored.Also， there is a convenient app that provides growing data in real time.Because the system is automated， it significantly reduces the amount of water needed to grow plants.Rather than watering rows of soil， the system provides just the right amount to each plant.After harvest， users simply replace the plants with a new pre-seeded pod （容器） to get the next growth cycle started. 29.What information does the convenient app offer？ A.Real-time weather changes. B.Current condition of the plants. C.Chemical pollutants in the soil. D.Availability of pre-seeded pods. 解题导引 第一步 找关键词：题干中的关键词为convenient app。 第二步 寻信息句：根据关键词定位选段到原文中的信息源Also， there is a convenient app that provides growing data in real time.。 第三步 比对答案：直接得出正确选项。 参考答案 B 技法点拨
题型（二） 间接信息题
为了更好地考查学生的语言知识和思维品质，命题人往往会对具体细节信息加以修改或转换，这就需要学生综合多处信息来解题。常见的考查方式有以下3种命题形式：
类型1 换词类——对关键词进行同义转换
原 词 复 现 【典例】 （2024·1月浙江卷阅读D篇节选）We are tempted by sugary treats because our ancestors lived in a calorie-poor world， and our brains developed a response mechanism to these treats that reflected their value — a feeling of reward and satisfaction.But as we’ve reshaped the world around us， dramatically reducing the cost and effort involved in obtaining calories， we still have the same brains we had thousands of years ago， and this mismatch is at the heart of why so many of us struggle to resist tempting foods that we know we shouldn’t eat. 33.According to paragraph 3， there is a mismatch between . A.the calorie-poor world and our good appetites B.the shortage of sugar and our nutritional needs C.the rich food supply and our unchanged brains D.the tempting foods and our efforts to keep fit 解题导引 第一步 找关键词：题干中的关键词为mismatch。 第二步 寻信息句：定位选段的最后一句But as we’ve reshaped the world around us，dramatically reducing the cost and effort involved in obtaining calories ...we shouldn’t eat.，由此句可知，我们获取热量所需付出的成本和努力大大减少，也就是说现在我们能够轻易获取充足的食物了，但是我们的大脑仍然和数千年前一样。 第三步 比对答案：由此可知，充足的食物供应和我们一成不变的大脑这两者之间是不匹配的。 参考答案 C
同 义 替 换 【典例】 （2023·新课标Ⅰ卷阅读A篇节选） Bike Rental & Guided Tours Welcome to Amsterdam， welcome to MacBike.You see much more from the seat of a bike！ Cycling is the most economical， sustainable and fun way to explore the city， with its beautiful canals， parks， squares and countless lights ... Why MacBike MacBike has been around for almost 30 years and is the biggest bicycle rental company in Amsterdam. With over 2，500 bikes stored in our five rental shops at strategic locations， we make sure there is always a bike available for you. We offer the newest bicycles in a wide variety， including basic bikes with foot brake （刹车）， bikes with hand brake and gears （排挡）， bikes with child seats， and children’s bikes. 21.What is an advantage of MacBike？ A.It gives children a discount. B.It offers many types of bikes. C.It organizes free cycle tours. D.It has over 2，500 rental shops. 解题导引 第一步 找关键词：题干中的关键词为an advantage of。 第二步 寻信息句：根据第二段第三句We offer the newest bicycles in a wide variety，including basic bikes with foot brake （刹车） ...and children’s bikes.可知，MacBike公司的一个优势是能提供各种各样的自行车，包括带脚刹的最基本的自行车、带手刹和排挡的自行车、带儿童座椅的自行车以及儿童自行车。 第三步 比对答案：a wide variety与选项B中的many types of为同义替换。 参考答案 B 技法点拨
类型2 计算类——对具体细节信息进行加工
此类试题要求学生对具体细节信息，尤其是对相关的时间、数量等数字和信息进行分析和理解，利用加、减、乘、除等运算方法进行计算，但此类试题重点不在于计算，而在于考查学生对具体细节信息的处理能力。
【典例】 （2023·新课标Ⅰ卷阅读A篇节选） Prices Hand Brake，Three GearsFoot Brake， No Gears1 hour7.505.003 hours11.007.501 day （24 hours）14.759.75Each additional day8.006.00
22.How much do you pay for renting a bike with hand brake and three gears for two days？ A.15.75. B.19.50. C.22.75. D.29.50. 解题导引 第一步 找关键词：题干关键词为How much。 第二步 寻信息句：Hand Brake， Three Gears的价格一天为14.75欧元，每多一天收8欧元。 第三步 比对答案：租两天的价格为22.75欧元。 参考答案 C 技法点拨
类型3 概括类——概括和归纳
为了增加细节理解题的难度，命题人有时候会采用较为概括的方式来进行命题，即一道试题中涉及一段或者几段的某些内容，需要学生进行概括和归纳后才能得出答案。此类试题虽然各个细节信息都能在文章中找到，但学生需要具备一定的概括和归纳能力才能正确作答。
【典例】 （2024·1月浙江卷阅读C篇节选）On September 7， 1991， the costliest hailstorm （雹暴） in Canadian history hit Calgary’s southern suburbs.As a result， since 1996 a group of insurance companies have spent about $2 million per year on the Alberta Hail Suppression Project.Airplanes seed threatening storm cells with a chemical to make small ice crystals fall as rain before they can grow into dangerous hailstones.But farmers in east-central Alberta — downwind of the hail project flights — worry that precious moisture （水分） is being stolen from their thirsty land by the cloud seeding. Norman Stienwand， who farms in that area， has been addressing public meetings on this issue for years.“Basically， the provincial government is letting the insurance companies protect the Calgary-Edmonton urban area from hail，” Mr.Stienwand says， “but they’re increasing drought risk as far east as Saskatchewan.” 28.What does the project aim to do？ A.Conserve moisture in the soil. B.Prevent the formation of hailstones. C.Forecast disastrous hailstorms. D.Investigate chemical use in farming. 解题导引 第一步 找关键词：题干中的关键词为project。 第二步 寻信息句：定位第一段中所提到的Alberta Hail Suppression Project， 因此根据第一段中的Airplanes seed ...hailstones.可知，飞机通过向有威胁性的风暴体播撒一种化学物质，使得小冰晶在变成危险的冰雹之前先变成雨落下。 第三步 比对答案： A A项虽然出现了文中原词moisture，但moisture仅出现在下文用于介绍农民的担忧，与该项目目的无关，属于曲解文意 B 原文明确说飞机播撒化学物质，使小冰晶在形成冰雹前像雨一样落下。B项（防止冰雹形成）是对原文的归纳概括，符合文意CC项虽然出现了文中原词hailstorms，但本文并未提及预防措施，属于正误参半D 原文提到飞机播撒化学物质，并非检测化学物质使用情况，D项属于无中生有
参考答案 B 技法点拨
（2024·南京模拟）In 2010， Justin Horner was driving down a busy freeway in Portland， Ore.， when his tire blew out. He pulled over to the side of the road and made a sign that said he needed help.
Three hours later， a van finally pulled up. Out came a family of four. They were Latino， and their young daughter acted as translator between her parents’ Spanish and Horner’s English， so that they could work together to fix Horner’s car.★
They took about an hour， starting with the father finding a log on the side of the road， and using it to lift the car. When they finished， the mom pulled out a big jug of water， and they drank and washed their hands.
“I just thanked them and I tried to give her money，” Horner recalled. “I only had a $20 bill， and I just thought， you know， it’s the least I could do. And she just wouldn’t take it.” But Horner was resolute， and eventually he put the money in her hand， and walked away.
Then he heard their small daughter call out， to ask Horner if he was hungry. Indeed he was， and she came over with a pancake from their cooler. They exchanged thank-yous， she got into the van， and the family started to drive away.
“As they’re trying to get into traffic， I unwrapped the pancake and my money was in the pancake，” Horner said. Horner immediately ran over to the van to draw the father’s attention.
“He rolls down his window. He sees me coming and he’s just shaking his head. And I keep saying like， ‘Por favor， por favor’ — I’m holding a bill out，” Horner remembered. “And with this big smile on his face， he just says， ‘Today you， tomorrow me.’”
The man then gave Horner a wave， rolled up the window， and drove off. The last thing Horner saw was the young girl waving goodbye through the window and he never saw them again.
1.What happened to Justin Horner on his way in Portland？（ ）
A.He got lost.
B.His food ran out.
C.His car broke down.
D.He was stuck in traffic.
2.Why did the small daughter give Horner a pancake？（ ）
A.To express her thanks.
B.To show her kindness.
C.To win Horner’s recognition.
D.To give back Horner’s money.
3.What did the father mean by saying “Today you， tomorrow me.” in Paragraph 7？（ ）
A.Everyone should be kind.
B.Everyone can be in trouble.
C.Everyone should learn to repair a car.
D.Everyone should be grateful to others.
4.Which of the following can best describe the father’s behaviour？（ ）
A.Change danger into safety.
B.Offer fuel in snowy weather.
C.Act bravely for a just cause.
D.Risk one’s life to save others.
词 汇 积 累 blow out 爆胎 pull up 慢慢停下 recall v. 回忆；记起 resolute adj. 坚决的 unwrap vt. 打开 难 句 解 读 译文：他们是拉丁裔，他们的小女儿在父母的西班牙语和霍纳的英语之间充当翻译，这样他们就可以一起修理霍纳的车。
熟 词 生 义 draw
提示：完成课后作业 专题一 阅读理解题型分类练（一）～（二）
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