第二讲 推理判断题——据文推理慎甄选
推理判断题属于深层次的阅读理解题。解答该类题目时一定要从整体上把握语篇内容，在语篇的表面意义与隐含意义、已知信息与未知信息之间架起桥梁，透过字里行间，去体会作者的“弦外之音”和“言外之意”。在进行推断时，要据文推理、合情推理，不可脱离原文主观臆断。高考对推理判断题的考查形式包括细节推理题、写作意图题、观点态度题和文章出处题或读者对象题等。
一、推理判断题的4大命题形式
考查内容 设问方式
细节 推理题 细节推理题要求根据语篇内容，推断具体细节，如时间、地点、人物关系、人物身份、事件等。一般可根据短文提供的信息或者借助生活常识进行推理判断。只有正确把握文章的内在联系，理解文章的真正含义，才可能作出准确的推断 注意题干中常用的五个动词：infer、 indicate、 imply、 suggest （暗示）、 conclude。 该类题型常见的设题形式有： ①It can be inferred/concluded from the text that . ②The writer/author indicates/suggests/implies that . ③What can we infer about ...？
写作 意图题 一般来说，作者在文章中不直接陈述自己的写作意图，而是通过文章中所提供的事实使读者信服某种想法或观点。这种题型要求学生在理解文章大意的基础上进行归纳总结和推理判断 该类题型常见的设题形式有： ①What is the main purpose of the text？ ②What is the author’s purpose of/in writing this passage？ ③For what purpose did the author write the passage？ ④The writer writes this passage in order to .
观点 态度题 学生要通过分析文中的用词、语气和对细节的描述来体会字里行间流露的情感或态度，从而推断出作者或文中人物的言外之意 该类题型常见的设题形式有： ①How does the author feel about ...？ ②What does the author think of ...？ ③What is the author’s attitude towards/to ...？
文章出 处题或读者对象题 学生要根据文章的体裁和题材来推断文章的出处或类别。读者对象题要求根据文章内容和文中的措辞推断文章的读者对象 该类题型常见的设题形式有： ①Where is this text most likely from？ ②Where is this text probably taken from？ ③The passage is probably intended for .
二、推理判断题的6大命题陷阱
推理判断题是为了考查学生能否读懂文章中字里行间的隐含含义，能否以文章中所叙述的事实为依据，经过自己的思考和判断进行客观的推理，从而得出结论。因此，命题人为了达到这个考查目的，常常设置一些干扰项，没读懂文章的学生很容易受其“迷惑”而“误入歧途”，掉入命题人精心设置的“陷阱”中。
陷阱（一） 主观臆断
某些选项没有基于原文进行推断，而是主观猜测想象或根据常识进行猜测。
【典例】 （2024·新课标Ⅱ卷阅读B篇节选） Do you ever get to the train station and realize you forgot to bring something to read？ Yes， we all have our phones， but many of us still like to go old school and read something printed. Well， there’s a kiosk （小亭） for that.In the San Francisco Bay Area， at least. “You enter the fare gates （检票口） and you’ll see a kiosk that is lit up and it tells you can get a one-minute， a three-minute， or a five-minute story，” says Alicia Trost， the chief communications officer for the San Francisco Bay Area Rapid Transit — known as BART.“You choose which length you want and it gives you a receipt-like short story.” 24.Why did BART start the kiosk program？ A.To promote the local culture. B.To discourage phone use. C.To meet passengers’ needs. D.To reduce its running costs. 解题思路 根据题干中的kiosk定位至选段第二段，其中that指代第一段中的but many of us still like to go old school and read something printed，说明该阅读亭项目是为了满足人们阅读印刷物的需求。 干扰选项A（宣传地方文化）、B（减少手机使用）属于根据常识进行猜测，并未在原文中被提及。 参考答案 C
陷阱（二） 过度推断或以偏概全
有时作者仅简单、客观地叙述事实，并未作出评论，而一些选项却扩大作者的叙述范围、进行过度推断；或者一些选项仅针对原文中某一句话进行推断，而忽略了其他信息，造成以偏概全。
【典例】 （2024·新课标Ⅱ卷阅读C篇节选） Moreover， having a system in the same building where it’s eaten means zero emissions （排放） from transporting plants from soil to salad.In addition， there’s no need for pesticides and other chemicals that pollute traditional farms and the surrounding environment. BMF employees live out sustainability in their everyday lives.About half of them walk or bike to work.Inside the office， they encourage recycling and waste reduction by limiting garbage cans and avoiding single-use plastic.“We are passionate about reducing waste， carbon and chemicals in our environment，” said a BMF employee. 30.What can be concluded about BMF employees？ A.They have a great passion for sports. B.They are devoted to community service. C.They are fond of sharing daily experiences. D.They have a strong environmental awareness. 解题思路 根据选段第二段中对BMF员工生活的描述和员工自述可知，BMF员工在日常生活中践行可持续发展，约半数的员工走路或骑自行车上班。 干扰选项A（对运动有热情）、B（热衷于社区服务）、C（热爱分享日常经历）都超越了原文的表达范围，属于过度推断。 参考答案 D
陷阱（三） 偷换概念
某些干扰选项的内容与原文句子结构、词汇使用高度相似，仅在易忽视的地方略微改动某个词或表达方式，或截取部分原文中出现过的关键词，但整体意思不符合原文主旨，此类选项干扰性较强。
【典例】 （2024·1月浙江卷阅读C篇节选） Given the degree of doubt， Mr.Stienwand suggests， “it would be wise to stop cloud seeding.” In practice， doubt has had the opposite effect.Due to the lack of scientific proof concerning their impacts， no one has succeeded in winning a lawsuit against cloud-seeding companies.Hence， private climate engineering can proceed in relative legal safety. 31.What can we infer from the last paragraph？ A.Scientific studies have proved Stienwand right. B.Private climate engineering is illegal in Canada. C.The doubt about cloud seeding has disappeared. D.Cloud-seeding companies will continue to exist. 解题思路 根据选段内容可知，Stienwand建议停止人工降雨，但由于欠缺科学证据，相关质疑并未停止该项目的实施。 干扰选项A使用了原文中的原词scientific，B项与原文最后一句话高度相似，但将legal替换成了illegal，一词之差与原文意思相反，属于偷换概念。C项不符合原文文意。 参考答案 D
陷阱（四） 逻辑颠倒
某些选项颠倒原文逻辑，例如因果倒置、目的与手段倒置等。
【典例】 （2021·新课标Ⅰ卷阅读C篇节选） About 98 cents of every duck stamp dollar goes directly into the Migratory Bird Conservation Fund to purchase wetlands and wildlife habitat for inclusion into the National Wildlife Refuge System — a fact that ensures this land will be protected and available for all generations to come.Since 1934， better than half a billion dollars has gone into that Fund to purchase more than 5 million acres of habitat.Little wonder the Federal Duck Stamp Program has been called one of the most successful conservation programs ever initiated. 30.What is a direct result of the Act passed in 1934？ A.The stamp price has gone down. B.The migratory birds have flown away. C.The hunters have stopped hunting. D.The government has collected money. 解题思路 根据选段中的About 98 cents of every duck stamp dollar goes directly into the Migratory Bird Conservation Fund to purchase wetlands ...land will be protected and available for all generations to come.可知，联邦政府将出售鸭票的部分收入投入候鸟保护基金，用来保护水禽、湿地和野生动物栖息地。该项法案的直接结果是政府筹集到了大量资金。 干扰选项B说的候鸟飞离是1934年颁布法案的原因，而非颁布法案的结果，属于逻辑颠倒。 参考答案 D
陷阱（五） 背离主题
某些选项背离了文章的主题思想，是对原文的曲解。
【典例】 （2024·1月浙江卷阅读D篇节选） A similar process is at work in our response to information.Our formative environment as a species was information-poor， so our brains developed a mechanism that prized new information.But global connectivity has greatly changed our information environment.We are now ceaselessly bombarded （轰炸） with new information.Therefore， just as we need to be more thoughtful about our caloric consumption， we also need to be more thoughtful about our information consumption， resisting the temptation of the mental “junk food” in order to manage our time most effectively. 34.What does the author suggest readers do？ A.Absorb new information readily. B.Be selective information consumers. C.Use diverse information sources. D.Protect the information environment. 解题思路 根据选段最后一句中的we also need to be more thoughtful about our information consumption， resisting the temptation of the mental “junk food” in order to manage our time most effectively可知，我们也需要更谨慎地考虑我们的信息消耗，抵制精神“垃圾食品”的诱惑，以便最有效地管理我们的时间。因此作者建议读者做有选择性的信息消费者。 干扰选项A建议读者“欣然接受新信息”，违背了本文想表达有选择性地接受信息的立意。 参考答案 B
陷阱（六） 事实复述
某些选项仅仅是对原文事实进行简化复述，而非推断得出的结论。
【典例】 （全国Ⅱ卷阅读B篇节选） Still， most of us volunteers breathe a sigh of relief when the season comes to a close.That relief is coupled with a deep understanding of why the same people keep coming back for more： Connecting to the community （社区） as you freely give your time， money， skills， or services provides a real joy.Volunteering just feels so good. In that sense， I’m pretty sure volunteering is more of a selfish act than I’d freely like to admit.However， if others benefit in the process， and I get some reward too， does it really matter where my motivation lies？ 27.Why does the author like doing volunteer work？ A.It gives her a sense of duty. B.It makes her very happy. C.It enables her to work hard. D.It brings her material rewards. 解题思路 根据文中的关键信息That relief is coupled with a deep ...people keep coming back for more： Connecting to the community （社区） as you freely give your time， money， skills， or services provides a real joy.Volunteering just feels so good.可以推断出，作者愿意做志愿者工作的理由是志愿者工作让她很开心。根据选段第二段中的However， if others benefit ...my motivation lies？会误选D，而D项直接简单复述了原文I get some reward。 参考答案 B
三、推理判断题的7大解题技法
推理判断题要求学生在理解原文表面文字信息的基础上，作出一定的推理判断，从而得出文章的隐含意义和深层意义。推理判断题属于主观性较强的高层次阅读理解题，做这类题目时，同学们应严格依据作者所陈述的细节、事实以及作者的措辞、态度和语气等，找出能够表露作者思想倾向和感彩的词语，然后利用自己已获得的相关知识进行推理判断，从而得出符合逻辑的结论。
推理判断题中的正确选项是依据文章的事实或论据推断出的符合逻辑的结论或观点，它一般具有以下特征：
（1）立足原文，只推一步。根据原文内容，一步即可推知答案，无需过度发挥。
（2）选项中一般不可以出现绝对概念，如only、 never、 all、 absolutely等，正确答案的表述一般比较模糊和中性，会用一些相对能够留有余地的词汇，如often、 usually、 sometimes、 some、 may、 might、 can、 could、 possibly、 probably等。
对于推理判断题，同学们在平时的备考中要多注意从整体上把握语篇内容，判断文章体裁，通过分析文章结构找到主题段，定位主题句，再分析其他各段与主题之间的关系，理清文章脉络和结构；此外，同学们还应学会理解字里行间的隐含意义，在已知信息与未知信息之间架起桥梁，领会字里行间的“弦外之音”。具体方法如下：
技法（一） 根据特定信息和逆向思维进行推断
有些推理判断题，可根据题干提供的信息，到原文中去抓关键信息，然后进行分析、推理、判断，利用逆向思维，得出正确答案。
【典例】 （2024·新课标Ⅰ卷阅读C篇节选） Audio （音频） and video can feel more engaging than text， and so university teachers increasingly turn to these technologies — say， assigning an online talk instead of an article by the same person.However， psychologists have demonstrated that when adults read news stories， they remember more of the content than if they listen to or view identical pieces. Digital texts， audio and video all have educational roles， especially when providing resources not available in print.However， for maximizing learning where mental focus and reflection are called for， educators shouldn’t assume all media are the same， even when they contain identical words. 31.What does the author imply in the last paragraph？ A.Students should apply multiple learning techniques. B.Teachers should produce their own teaching material. C.Print texts cannot be entirely replaced in education. D.Education outside the classroom cannot be ignored. 解题思路 第二段第一句首先谈到电子文本、音频和视频能提供纸质文本无法提供的资源，但However后话锋一转，点明教育者不应假设所有媒体的作用都相同。结合上下文分析可推知，作者暗示纸质文本在教育中依然有着重要作用，无法被完全取代。 参考答案 C
技法（二） 根据作者的思想倾向和感彩推断观点态度
此方法适用于推断作者及文中人物的观点、态度和情感等。观点和态度一般分为三类：支持或反对、乐观或悲观、主观或客观。作者的这种思想倾向和感彩往往隐含在文中的字里行间。解答此类题目应多注意行文中的措辞，特别是具有感彩的形容词或副词。
【典例】 （2024·全国甲卷阅读C篇节选） The annual arrival of the Saint Lukas is another attempt to improve the situation.For 10 months every year， the train stops at about eight stations over two weeks， before returning to the regional capital to refuel and restock （补给）.Then it starts all over again the next month.Most stations wait about a year between visits. Doctors see up to 150 patients every day.The train’s equipment allows for basic checkups.“I was very impressed by the doctors and their assistants working and living in such little space but still staying focused and very concerned，” says Ducke.“They were the best chance for many rural people to get the treatment they want.” 31.What is Ducke’s attitude toward the Saint Lukas’ services？ A.Appreciative. B.Doubtful. C.Ambiguous. D.Cautious. 解题思路 根据选段第二段中Ducke说的话I was very impressed by the doctors and their assistants working and living in such little space but still staying focused and very concerned和They were the best chance for many rural people to get the treatment they want.可知，Ducke对该服务持赞扬、感激的态度。 参考答案 A
技法（三） 利用语境中的褒贬进行信息推断
行文中的褒贬反映了文中人物的情感态度以及作者的写作意图。结合文章语境中的褒贬我们就能在把握主旨的基础上对文中人物或作者的观点态度进行准确的判断。
【典例】 （2024·新课标Ⅱ卷B篇节选） Ridership on transit （交通） systems across the country has been down the past half century， so could short stories save transit？ Trost thinks so. “At the end of the day all transit agencies right now are doing everything they can to improve the rider experience.So I absolutely think we will get more riders just because of short stories，” she says. And you’ll never be without something to read. 27.What is Trost’s opinion about BART’s future？ A.It will close down. B.Its profits will decline. C.It will expand nationwide. D.Its ridership will increase. 解题思路 本题考查特罗斯特对旧金山湾区快速交通系统未来的观点和态度。根据节选部分中Trost thinks so.以及下文特罗斯特的讲话So I absolutely think we will get more riders just because of short stories可知，作为旧金山湾区快速交通系统首席通讯官的她完全相信他们会因为短故事吸引更多的乘客。 参考答案 D
技法（四） 根据上下文逻辑关系进行推断
逻辑推断是指严格根据文章中所陈述的事实、论点、例证等一系列论据材料进行推理，从而得出合乎逻辑的结论。解答这类题的前提是获得文章的主题思想或列举的具体事实，然后按题目的要求进行推断。
【典例】 （2023·全国甲卷阅读D篇节选） The western half of the U.S. was full of grizzlies when Europeans came， with a rough number of 50，000 or more living alongside Native Americans. By the early 1970s， after centuries of cruel and continuous hunting by settlers， 600 to 800 grizzlies remained on a mere 2 percent of their former range in the Northern Rockies. In 1975， grizzlies were listed under the Endangered Species Act. Today， there are about 2，000 or more grizzly bears in the U.S. Their recovery has been so successful that the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service has twice attempted to de-list grizzlies， which would loosen legal protections and allow them to be hunted. Both efforts were overturned due to lawsuits from conservation groups. For now， grizzlies remain listed. 33.What has helped the increase of the grizzly population？ A.The European settlers’ behavior. B.The expansion of bears’ range. C.The protection by law since 1975. D.The support of Native Americans. 解题思路 根据选段第一段中的In 1975，grizzlies were listed under the Endangered Species Act（1975年，灰熊被列入《美国濒危动物法案》）和选段第二段中的Today，there are about 2，000 or more grizzly bears in the U.S.（如今，美国大约有2，000或更多头灰熊）可以推断，灰熊数量增长与1975年以来的法律保护息息相关。 参考答案 C
技法（五） 整合全文（段）信息进行推断
有些推理判断题，很难从某一句话或某几句话推断出其含义，这时就需要在理解全文（段）意思的基础上，整合与题目相关的有用信息，综合起来去推理判断，从而确定最佳答案。
【典例】 （2022·1月浙江卷阅读B篇） The United States rose to global power on the strength of its technology， and the lifeblood of that technology has long been electricity.By providing long-distance communication and energy， electricity created the modern world.Yet properly understood， the age of electricity is merely the second stage in the age of steam， which began a century earlier. “It is curious that no one has put together a history of both the steam and electric revolutions，” writes Maury Klein in his book The Power Makers：Steam， Electricity， and the Men Who Invented Modern America.Klein， a noted historian of technology， spins a narrative （叙述） so lively that at times it reads like a novel. The story begins in the last years of the 18th century in Scotland， where Watt perfected “the machine that changed the world”.Klein writes，“America did not invent the steam engine， but once they grasped its possibilities they put it to more uses than anyone else.” Meanwhile， over the course of the 19th century， electricity went from mere curiosity to a basic necessity.Morse invented a code for sending messages over an electromagnetic circuit.Bell then gave the telegraph a voice.Edison perfected an incandescent bulb （白炽灯泡） that brought electric light into the American home.
Most importantly， Edison realized that success depended on mass electrification， which he showed in New York City.With help from Tesla， Westinghouse’s firm developed a system using alternating current （交流电）， which soon became the major form of power delivery. To frame his story， Klein creates the character of Ned， a fictional witness to the progress brought about by the steam and electric revolutions in America during one man’s lifetime.It’s a technique that helps turn a long narrative into an interesting one. 26.What is the text？ A.A biography. B.A book review. C.A short story. D.A science report.
解题思路 文章通过电力和蒸汽引出Maury Klein的书，接下来对该书内容进行了介绍；最后一段提到为了构建他的故事，Klein创造了Ned这个虚构的角色，Ned在他的一生中见证了蒸汽和电力革命给美国带来的进步，这是一种有助于将长篇故事变得有趣的技巧。由此可推知，本文是一篇书评。 参考答案 B
技法（六） 根据文章体裁和内容推断文章出处
判断文章出处的题目应从文章的体裁和内容着手。一般来说，报纸上的新闻前面会出现日期、地点或通讯社名称等；广告类文章因其格式特殊，容易辨认；产品说明类文章，如家电、设备的使用说明会有产品名称或操作方式；药品的服用说明会告知服用的时间、次数、药量等；来自网络的文章一般比较新颖，时效性强。
【典例】 （2023·新课标Ⅱ卷阅读C篇节选） Reading Art： Art for Book Lovers is a celebration of an everyday object — the book， represented here in almost three hundred artworks from museums around the world. The image of the reader appears throughout history， in art made long before books as we now know them came into being.In artists’ representations of books and reading， we see moments of shared humanity that go beyond culture and time. In this “book of books，” artworks are selected and arranged in a way that emphasizes these connections between different eras and cultures.We see scenes of children learning to read at home or at school， with the book as a focus for relations between the generations. Adults are portrayed （描绘） alone in many settings and poses — absorbed in a volume， deep in thought or lost in a moment of leisure.These scenes may have been painted hundreds of years ago， but they record moments we can all relate to. 28.Where is the text most probably taken from？ A.An introduction to a book. B.An essay on the art of writing. C.A guidebook to a museum. D.A review of modern paintings. 解题思路 根据选段第一段第一句Reading Art：Art for Book Lovers is a celebration of ...three hundred artworks from museums around the world.可知，《阅读艺术：书籍爱好者的艺术》这本书里展示了来自世界各地博物馆的近300件艺术品，本文主要是对该书内容的介绍。据此可以推知，本文最有可能摘自一本书的简介。 参考答案 A
技法（七） 理解文章大意、把握写作意图
做推理判断题时，学生应对文章有完整、准确的理解，从总体上把握文章的主题，善于抓住文中的关键词或关键句，对文章的引申含义进行分析。整合与题目相关的信息，综合起来去把握写作意图，确定最佳结论。
【典例】 （2024·新课标Ⅰ卷阅读B篇节选） Leigh Tindale’s dog Charlie had a serious heart condition.After Charlie had a heart attack， Tindale says， she was prepared to put him to sleep， but Farber’s treatments eased her dog’s suffering so much that she was able to keep him alive for an additional five months.And Priscilla Dewing reports that her horse， Nappy， “moves more easily and rides more comfortably” after a chiropractic adjustment. Farber is certain that the holistic approach will grow more popular with time， and if the past is any indication， he may be right： Since 1982， membership in the American Holistic Veterinary Medical Association has grown from 30 to over 700.“Sometimes it surprises me that it works so well，” he says.“I will do anything to help an animal.That’s my job.” 27.Why does the author mention the American Holistic Veterinary Medical Association？ A.To prove Farber’s point. B.To emphasize its importance. C.To praise veterinarians. D.To advocate animal protection. 解题思路 根据题干中的American Holistic Veterinary Medical Association定位至选段第二段。Since 1982， membership in the American Holistic Veterinary Medical Association has grown from 30 to over 700.具体解释了上文中的the past，所以作者提及该组织是为了证明冒号前的he may be right。 参考答案 A
（2024·山东实验中学针对性考试）The words “caring” and “empathetic （共情的）” aren’t ones normally associated with technology.Yearsley， an Australian enterpriser， who is expert in artificial intelligence （AI）， is trying to change that.
Yearsley is the founder of Akin， a robotics startup that currently uses a tablet-based system to help users manage the tasks related to home life， whether that’s planning meals or reminding you to pay your cell phone bill.Current home devices made by Google or Amazon or Apple use predictive AI to track patterns， strengthen behaviors and manipulate （操控） buying decisions， some of which， she assumes， are questionable or just unhealthy.
In contrast， the AI that she is developing will be designed to run the human home， encouraging healthful decisions such as taking a nightly walk， refilling the fridge and supporting social interactions like lunches or birthday celebrations with friends.★“It’s the hardest AI I have ever built for it’s a complex system，” Yearsley says.
Yearsley began developing the Akin technology in 2017， when she realized the need to better manage the home was hugely ignored.Besides， she realized that women unequally bore the burden of household work.A United Nations’ report estimates that women do 2.6 times the amount of unpaid care and domestic work that men do， or close to 30 hours per week in the US alone.
While Yearsley pictures an army of robots someday helping with routine homemade tasks， the first display for Akin will take time and money.Akin has received some early seed money from a handful of investors， and was recently selected as a finalist for tech giant LG Nova’s Mission for the Future program， an annual challenge that seeks to identify businesses having potential to improve life and lead society into the future.
1.What might the Akin’s AI system suggest？（ ）
A.Consuming more drinks to enjoy yourself.
B.Staying up late working to make more money.
C.Spending more time staying with your family.
D.Purchasing products that may attract you.
2.What made Yearsley develop the Akin’s AI system？（ ）
A.The high cost of current home devices.
B.Akin’s becoming a finalist for a program.
C.Financial support from investors.
D.Heavy burden of housewives.
3.What can be used to describe the Akin’s AI system？（ ）
A.Questionable and unhealthy.
B.Unstable and insecure.
C.Thoughtful and innovative.
D.Mature and ideal.
4.What’s the purpose of the text？（ ）
A.To introduce a futuristic AI system.
B.To compare two companies’ AI systems.
C.To call on people to care about housewives.
D.To seek support for an AI expert.
词 汇 积 累 enterpriser n. 企业家 startup n. 新兴公司 predictive adj. 预言性的 questionable adj. 可疑的；不确定的 domestic adj. 家用的，家庭的 finalist n. 参加决赛的选手 be associated with 和……有关 be expert in 精通于 be related to 与……有关 难 句 解 读 译文：相比之下，她正在开发的人工智能将被设计用于管理人类家庭，鼓励健康的决定，比如晚上散步、装满冰箱和支持社交互动，比如与朋友共进午餐或庆祝生日。
熟 词 生 义 run
提示：完成课后作业 专题一 阅读理解题型分类练（三）～（六）
12 / 12第二讲 推理判断题——据文推理慎甄选
推理判断题属于深层次的阅读理解题。解答该类题目时一定要从整体上把握语篇内容，在语篇的表面意义与隐含意义、已知信息与未知信息之间架起桥梁，透过字里行间，去体会作者的“弦外之音”和“言外之意”。在进行推断时，要据文推理、合情推理，不可脱离原文主观臆断。高考对推理判断题的考查形式包括细节推理题、写作意图题、观点态度题和文章出处题或读者对象题等。
推理判断题的4大命题形式
考查内容 设问方式
细节 推理题 细节推理题要求根据语篇内容，推断具体细节，如时间、地点、人物关系、人物身份、事件等。一般可根据短文提供的信息或者借助生活常识进行推理判断。只有正确把握文章的内在联系，理解文章的真正含义，才可能作出准确的推断 注意题干中常用的五个动词：infer、 indicate、 imply、 suggest （暗示）、 conclude。 该类题型常见的设题形式有： ①It can be inferred/concluded from the text that . ②The writer/author indicates/suggests/implies that . ③What can we infer about ...？
考查内容 设问方式
写作 意图题 一般来说，作者在文章中不直接陈述自己的写作意图，而是通过文章中所提供的事实使读者信服某种想法或观点。这种题型要求学生在理解文章大意的基础上进行归纳总结和推理判断 该类题型常见的设题形式有： ①What is the main purpose of the text？ ②What is the author’s purpose of/in writing this passage？ ③For what purpose did the author write the passage？ ④The writer writes this passage in order to .
考查内容 设问方式
观点 态度题 学生要通过分析文中的用词、语气和对细节的描述来体会字里行间流露的情感或态度，从而推断出作者或文中人物的言外之意 该类题型常见的设题形式有： ①How does the author feel about ...？ ②What does the author think of ...？ ③What is the author’s attitude towards/to ...？
文章出处题或读者对象题 学生要根据文章的体裁和题材来推断文章的出处或类别。读者对象题要求根据文章内容和文中的措辞推断文章的读者对象 该类题型常见的设题形式有： ①Where is this text most likely from？ ②Where is this text probably taken from？ ③The passage is probably intended for .
二、推理判断题的6大命题陷阱
推理判断题是为了考查学生能否读懂文章中字里行间的隐含含义，能否以文章中所叙述的事实为依据，经过自己的思考和判断进行客观的推理，从而得出结论。因此，命题人为了达到这个考查目的，常常设置一些干扰项，没读懂文章的学生很容易受其“迷惑”而“误入歧途”，掉入命题人精心设置的“陷阱”中。
陷阱（一） 主观臆断
某些选项没有基于原文进行推断，而是主观猜测想象或根据常识进行猜测。
【典例】 （2024·新课标Ⅱ卷阅读B篇节选）
Do you ever get to the train station and realize you forgot to bring something to read？ Yes， we all have our phones， but many of us still like to go old school and read something printed.
Well， there’s a kiosk （小亭） for that.In the San Francisco Bay Area， at least.
“You enter the fare gates （检票口） and you’ll see a kiosk that is lit up and it tells you can get a one-minute， a three-minute， or a five-minute story，” says Alicia Trost， the chief communications officer for the San Francisco Bay Area Rapid Transit — known as BART.“You choose which length you want and it gives you a receipt-like short story.”
24.Why did BART start the kiosk program？
A.To promote the local culture.
B.To discourage phone use.
C.To meet passengers’ needs.
D.To reduce its running costs.
解题思路 根据题干中的kiosk定位至选段第二段，其中that指代第一段中的but many of us still like to go old school and read something printed，说明该阅读亭项目是为了满足人们阅读印刷物的需求。
干扰选项A（宣传地方文化）、B（减少手机使用）属于根据常识进行猜测，并未在原文中被提及。
参考答案 C
陷阱（二） 过度推断或以偏概全
有时作者仅简单、客观地叙述事实，并未作出评论，而一些选项却扩大作者的叙述范围、进行过度推断；或者一些选项仅针对原文中某一句话进行推断，而忽略了其他信息，造成以偏概全。
【典例】 （2024·新课标Ⅱ卷阅读C篇节选）
Moreover， having a system in the same building where it’s eaten means zero emissions （排放） from transporting plants from soil to salad.In addition， there’s no need for pesticides and other chemicals that pollute traditional farms and the surrounding environment.
BMF employees live out sustainability in their everyday lives.About half of them walk or bike to work.Inside the office， they encourage recycling and waste reduction by limiting garbage cans and avoiding single-use plastic.“We are passionate about reducing waste， carbon and chemicals in our environment，” said a BMF employee.
30.What can be concluded about BMF employees？
A.They have a great passion for sports.
B.They are devoted to community service.
C.They are fond of sharing daily experiences.
D.They have a strong environmental awareness.
解题思路 根据选段第二段中对BMF员工生活的描述和员工自述可知，BMF员工在日常生活中践行可持续发展，约半数的员工走路或骑自行车上班。
干扰选项A（对运动有热情）、B（热衷于社区服务）、C（热爱分享日常经历）都超越了原文的表达范围，属于过度推断。
参考答案 D
陷阱（三） 偷换概念
某些干扰选项的内容与原文句子结构、词汇使用高度相似，仅在易忽视的地方略微改动某个词或表达方式，或截取部分原文中出现过的关键词，但整体意思不符合原文主旨，此类选项干扰性较强。
【典例】 （2024·1月浙江卷阅读C篇节选）
Given the degree of doubt， Mr.Stienwand suggests， “it would be wise to stop cloud seeding.” In practice， doubt has had the opposite effect.Due to the lack of scientific proof concerning their impacts， no one has succeeded in winning a lawsuit against cloud-seeding companies.Hence， private climate engineering can proceed in relative legal safety.
31.What can we infer from the last paragraph？
A.Scientific studies have proved Stienwand right.
B.Private climate engineering is illegal in Canada.
C.The doubt about cloud seeding has disappeared.
D.Cloud-seeding companies will continue to exist.
解题思路 根据选段内容可知，Stienwand建议停止人工降雨，但由于欠缺科学证据，相关质疑并未停止该项目的实施。
干扰选项A使用了原文中的原词scientific，B项与原文最后一句话高度相似，但将legal替换成了illegal，一词之差与原文意思相反，属于偷换概念。C项不符合原文文意。
参考答案 D
陷阱（四） 逻辑颠倒
某些选项颠倒原文逻辑，例如因果倒置、目的与手段倒置等。
【典例】 （2021·新课标Ⅰ卷阅读C篇节选）
About 98 cents of every duck stamp dollar goes directly into the Migratory Bird Conservation Fund to purchase wetlands and wildlife habitat for inclusion into the National Wildlife Refuge System — a fact that ensures this land will be protected and available for all generations to come.Since 1934， better than half a billion dollars has gone into that Fund to purchase more than 5 million acres of habitat.Little wonder the Federal Duck Stamp Program has been called one of the most successful conservation programs ever initiated.
30.What is a direct result of the Act passed in 1934？
A.The stamp price has gone down.
B.The migratory birds have flown away.
C.The hunters have stopped hunting.
D.The government has collected money.
解题思路 根据选段中的About 98 cents of every duck stamp dollar goes directly into the Migratory Bird Conservation Fund to purchase wetlands ...land will be protected and available for all generations to come.可知，联邦政府将出售鸭票的部分收入投入候鸟保护基金，用来保护水禽、湿地和野生动物栖息地。该项法案的直接结果是政府筹集到了大量资金。
干扰选项B说的候鸟飞离是1934年颁布法案的原因，而非颁布法案的结果，属于逻辑颠倒。
参考答案 D
陷阱（五） 背离主题
某些选项背离了文章的主题思想，是对原文的曲解。
【典例】 （2024·1月浙江卷阅读D篇节选）
A similar process is at work in our response to information.Our formative environment as a species was information-poor， so our brains developed a mechanism that prized new information.But global connectivity has greatly changed our information environment.We are now ceaselessly bombarded （轰炸） with new information.Therefore， just as we need to be more thoughtful about our caloric consumption， we also need to be more thoughtful about our information consumption， resisting the temptation of the mental “junk food” in order to manage our time most effectively.
34.What does the author suggest readers do？
A.Absorb new information readily.
B.Be selective information consumers.
C.Use diverse information sources.
D.Protect the information environment.
解题思路 根据选段最后一句中的we also need to be more thoughtful about our information consumption， resisting the temptation of the mental “junk food” in order to manage our time most effectively可知，我们也需要更谨慎地考虑我们的信息消耗，抵制精神“垃圾食品”的诱惑，以便最有效地管理我们的时间。因此作者建议读者做有选择性的信息消费者。
干扰选项A建议读者“欣然接受新信息”，违背了本文想表达有选择性地接受信息的立意。
参考答案 B
陷阱（六） 事实复述
某些选项仅仅是对原文事实进行简化复述，而非推断得出的结论。
【典例】 （全国Ⅱ卷阅读B篇节选）
Still， most of us volunteers breathe a sigh of relief when the season comes to a close.That relief is coupled with a deep understanding of why the same people keep coming back for more： Connecting to the community （社区） as you freely give your time， money， skills， or services provides a real joy.Volunteering just feels so good.
In that sense， I’m pretty sure volunteering is more of a selfish act than I’d freely like to admit.However， if others benefit in the process， and I get some reward too， does it really matter where my motivation lies？
27.Why does the author like doing volunteer work？
A.It gives her a sense of duty.
B.It makes her very happy.
C.It enables her to work hard.
D.It brings her material rewards.
解题思路 根据文中的关键信息That relief is coupled with a deep ...people keep coming back for more： Connecting to the community （社区） as you freely give your time， money， skills， or services provides a real joy.Volunteering just feels so good.可以推断出，作者愿意做志愿者工作的理由是志愿者工作让她很开心。根据选段第二段中的However， if others benefit ...my motivation lies？会误选D，而D项直接简单复述了原文I get some reward。
参考答案 B
三、推理判断题的7大解题技法
推理判断题要求学生在理解原文表面文字信息的基础上，作出一定的推理判断，从而得出文章的隐含意义和深层意义。推理判断题属于主观性较强的高层次阅读理解题，做这类题目时，同学们应严格依据作者所陈述的细节、事实以及作者的措辞、态度和语气等，找出能够表露作者思想倾向和感彩的词语，然后利用自己已获得的相关知识进行推理判断，从而得出符合逻辑的结论。
推理判断题中的正确选项是依据文章的事实或论据推断出的符合逻辑的结论或观点，它一般具有以下特征：
（1）立足原文，只推一步。根据原文内容，一步即可推知答案，无需过度发挥。
（2）选项中一般不可以出现绝对概念，如only、 never、 all、 absolutely等，正确答案的表述一般比较模糊和中性，会用一些相对能够留有余地的词汇，如often、 usually、 sometimes、 some、 may、 might、 can、 could、 possibly、 probably等。
对于推理判断题，同学们在平时的备考中要多注意从整体上把握语篇内容，判断文章体裁，通过分析文章结构找到主题段，定位主题句，再分析其他各段与主题之间的关系，理清文章脉络和结构；此外，同学们还应学会理解字里行间的隐含意义，在已知信息与未知信息之间架起桥梁，领会字里行间的“弦外之音”。具体方法如下：
技法（一） 根据特定信息和逆向思维进行推断
有些推理判断题，可根据题干提供的信息，到原文中去抓关键信息，然后进行分析、推理、判断，利用逆向思维，得出正确答案。
【典例】 （2024·新课标Ⅰ卷阅读C篇节选）
Audio （音频） and video can feel more engaging than text， and so university teachers increasingly turn to these technologies — say， assigning an online talk instead of an article by the same person.However， psychologists have demonstrated that when adults read news stories， they remember more of the content than if they listen to or view identical pieces.
Digital texts， audio and video all have educational roles， especially when providing resources not available in print.However， for maximizing learning where mental focus and reflection are called for， educators shouldn’t assume all media are the same， even when they contain identical words.
31.What does the author imply in the last paragraph？
A.Students should apply multiple learning techniques.
B.Teachers should produce their own teaching material.
C.Print texts cannot be entirely replaced in education.
D.Education outside the classroom cannot be ignored.
解题思路 第二段第一句首先谈到电子文本、音频和视频能提供纸质文本无法提供的资源，但However后话锋一转，点明教育者不应假设所有媒体的作用都相同。结合上下文分析可推知，作者暗示纸质文本在教育中依然有着重要作用，无法被完全取代。
参考答案 C
技法（二） 根据作者的思想倾向和感彩推断观点态度
此方法适用于推断作者及文中人物的观点、态度和情感等。观点和态度一般分为三类：支持或反对、乐观或悲观、主观或客观。作者的这种思想倾向和感彩往往隐含在文中的字里行间。解答此类题目应多注意行文中的措辞，特别是具有感彩的形容词或副词。
【典例】 （2024·全国甲卷阅读C篇节选）
The annual arrival of the Saint Lukas is another attempt to improve the situation.For 10 months every year， the train stops at about eight stations over two weeks， before returning to the regional capital to refuel and restock （补给）.Then it starts all over again the next month.Most stations wait about a year between visits.
Doctors see up to 150 patients every day.The train’s equipment allows for basic checkups.“I was very impressed by the doctors and their assistants working and living in such little space but still staying focused and very concerned，” says Ducke.“They were the best chance for many rural people to get the treatment they want.”
31.What is Ducke’s attitude toward the Saint Lukas’ services？
A.Appreciative. B.Doubtful. C.Ambiguous. D.Cautious.
解题思路 根据选段第二段中Ducke说的话I was very impressed by the doctors and their assistants working and living in such little space but still staying focused and very concerned和They were the best chance for many rural people to get the treatment they want.可知，Ducke对该服务持赞扬、感激的态度。
参考答案 A
技法（三） 利用语境中的褒贬进行信息推断
行文中的褒贬反映了文中人物的情感态度以及作者的写作意图。结合文章语境中的褒贬我们就能在把握主旨的基础上对文中人物或作者的观点态度进行准确的判断。
【典例】 （2024·新课标Ⅱ卷B篇节选）
Ridership on transit （交通） systems across the country has been down the past half century， so could short stories save transit？
Trost thinks so.
“At the end of the day all transit agencies right now are doing everything they can to improve the rider experience.So I absolutely think we will get more riders just because of short stories，” she says.
And you’ll never be without something to read.
27.What is Trost’s opinion about BART’s future？
A.It will close down. B.Its profits will decline.
C.It will expand nationwide. D.Its ridership will increase.
解题思路 本题考查特罗斯特对旧金山湾区快速交通系统未来的观点和态度。根据节选部分中Trost thinks so.以及下文特罗斯特的讲话So I absolutely think we will get more riders just because of short stories可知，作为旧金山湾区快速交通系统首席通讯官的她完全相信他们会因为短故事吸引更多的乘客。
参考答案 D
技法（四） 根据上下文逻辑关系进行推断
逻辑推断是指严格根据文章中所陈述的事实、论点、例证等一系列论据材料进行推理，从而得出合乎逻辑的结论。解答这类题的前提是获得文章的主题思想或列举的具体事实，然后按题目的要求进行推断。
【典例】 （2023·全国甲卷阅读D篇节选）
The western half of the U.S. was full of grizzlies when Europeans came， with a rough number of 50，000 or more living alongside Native Americans. By the early 1970s， after centuries of cruel and continuous hunting by settlers， 600 to 800 grizzlies remained on a mere 2 percent of their former range in the Northern Rockies. In 1975， grizzlies were listed under the Endangered Species Act.
Today， there are about 2，000 or more grizzly bears in the U.S. Their recovery has been so successful that the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service has twice attempted to de-list grizzlies， which would loosen legal protections and allow them to be hunted. Both efforts were overturned due to lawsuits from conservation groups. For now， grizzlies remain listed.
33.What has helped the increase of the grizzly population？
A.The European settlers’ behavior. B.The expansion of bears’ range.
C.The protection by law since 1975. D.The support of Native Americans.
解题思路 根据选段第一段中的In 1975，grizzlies were listed under the Endangered Species Act（1975年，灰熊被列入《美国濒危动物法案》）和选段第二段中的Today，there are about 2，000 or more grizzly bears in the U.S.（如今，美国大约有2，000或更多头灰熊）可以推断，灰熊数量增长与1975年以来的法律保护息息相关。
参考答案 C
技法（五） 整合全文（段）信息进行推断
有些推理判断题，很难从某一句话或某几句话推断出其含义，这时就需要在理解全文（段）意思的基础上，整合与题目相关的有用信息，综合起来去推理判断，从而确定最佳答案。
【典例】 （2022·1月浙江卷阅读B篇）
The United States rose to global power on the strength of its technology， and the lifeblood of that technology has long been electricity.By providing long-distance communication and energy， electricity created the modern world.Yet properly understood， the age of electricity is merely the second stage in the age of steam， which began a century earlier.
“It is curious that no one has put together a history of both the steam and electric revolutions，” writes Maury Klein in his book The Power Makers：Steam， Electricity， and the Men Who Invented Modern America.Klein， a noted historian of technology， spins a narrative （叙述） so lively that at times it reads like a novel.
The story begins in the last years of the 18th century in Scotland， where Watt perfected “the machine that changed the world”.Klein writes，“America did not invent the steam engine， but once they grasped its possibilities they put it to more uses than anyone else.”
Meanwhile， over the course of the 19th century， electricity went from mere curiosity to a basic necessity.Morse invented a code for sending messages over an electromagnetic circuit.Bell then gave the telegraph a voice.Edison perfected an incandescent bulb （白炽灯泡） that brought electric light into the American home.
Most importantly， Edison realized that success depended on mass electrification， which he showed in New York City.With help from Tesla， Westinghouse’s firm developed a system using alternating current （交流电）， which soon became the major form of power delivery.
To frame his story， Klein creates the character of Ned， a fictional witness to the progress brought about by the steam and electric revolutions in America during one man’s lifetime.It’s a technique that helps turn a long narrative into an interesting one.
26.What is the text？
A.A biography. B.A book review. C.A short story. D.A science report.
解题思路 文章通过电力和蒸汽引出Maury Klein的书，接下来对该书内容进行了介绍；最后一段提到为了构建他的故事，Klein创造了Ned这个虚构的角色，Ned在他的一生中见证了蒸汽和电力革命给美国带来的进步，这是一种有助于将长篇故事变得有趣的技巧。由此可推知，本文是一篇书评。
参考答案 B
技法（六） 根据文章体裁和内容推断文章出处
判断文章出处的题目应从文章的体裁和内容着手。一般来说，报纸上的新闻前面会出现日期、地点或通讯社名称等；广告类文章因其格式特殊，容易辨认；产品说明类文章，如家电、设备的使用说明会有产品名称或操作方式；药品的服用说明会告知服用的时间、次数、药量等；来自网络的文章一般比较新颖，时效性强。
【典例】 （2023·新课标Ⅱ卷阅读C篇节选）
Reading Art： Art for Book Lovers is a celebration of an everyday object — the book， represented here in almost three hundred artworks from museums around the world. The image of the reader appears throughout history， in art made long before books as we now know them came into being.In artists’ representations of books and reading， we see moments of shared humanity that go beyond culture and time.
In this “book of books，” artworks are selected and arranged in a way that emphasizes these connections between different eras and cultures.We see scenes of children learning to read at home or at school， with the book as a focus for relations between the generations. Adults are portrayed （描绘） alone in many settings and poses — absorbed in a volume， deep in thought or lost in a moment of leisure.These scenes may have been painted hundreds of years ago， but they record moments we can all relate to.
28.Where is the text most probably taken from？
A.An introduction to a book. B.An essay on the art of writing.
C.A guidebook to a museum. D.A review of modern paintings.
解题思路 根据选段第一段第一句Reading Art：Art for Book Lovers is a celebration of ...three hundred artworks from museums around the world.可知，《阅读艺术：书籍爱好者的艺术》这本书里展示了来自世界各地博物馆的近300件艺术品，本文主要是对该书内容的介绍。据此可以推知，本文最有可能摘自一本书的简介。
参考答案 A
技法（七） 理解文章大意、把握写作意图
做推理判断题时，学生应对文章有完整、准确的理解，从总体上把握文章的主题，善于抓住文中的关键词或关键句，对文章的引申含义进行分析。整合与题目相关的信息，综合起来去把握写作意图，确定最佳结论。
【典例】 （2024·新课标Ⅰ卷阅读B篇节选）
Leigh Tindale’s dog Charlie had a serious heart condition.After Charlie had a heart attack， Tindale says， she was prepared to put him to sleep， but Farber’s treatments eased her dog’s suffering so much that she was able to keep him alive for an additional five months.And Priscilla Dewing reports that her horse， Nappy， “moves more easily and rides more comfortably” after a chiropractic adjustment.
Farber is certain that the holistic approach will grow more popular with time， and if the past is any indication， he may be right： Since 1982， membership in the American Holistic Veterinary Medical Association has grown from 30 to over 700.“Sometimes it surprises me that it works so well，” he says.“I will do anything to help an animal.That’s my job.”
27.Why does the author mention the American Holistic Veterinary Medical Association？
A.To prove Farber’s point. B.To emphasize its importance.
C.To praise veterinarians. D.To advocate animal protection.
解题思路 根据题干中的American Holistic Veterinary Medical Association定位至选段第二段。Since 1982， membership in the American Holistic Veterinary Medical Association has grown from 30 to over 700.具体解释了上文中的the past，所以作者提及该组织是为了证明冒号前的he may be right。
参考答案 A
（2024·山东实验中学针对性考试）The words “caring” and “empathetic （共情的）” aren’t ones normally associated with technology.Yearsley， an Australian enterpriser， who is expert in artificial intelligence （AI）， is trying to change that.
Yearsley is the founder of Akin， a robotics startup that currently uses a tablet-based system to help users manage the tasks related to home life， whether that’s planning meals or reminding you to pay your cell phone bill.Current home devices made by Google or Amazon or Apple use predictive AI to track patterns， strengthen behaviors and manipulate （操控） buying decisions， some of which， she assumes， are questionable or just unhealthy.
In contrast， the AI that she is developing will be designed to run the human home， encouraging healthful decisions such as taking a nightly walk， refilling the fridge and supporting social interactions like lunches or birthday celebrations with friends.★“It’s the hardest AI I have ever built for it’s a complex system，” Yearsley says.
Yearsley began developing the Akin technology in 2017， when she realized the need to better manage the home was hugely ignored.Besides， she realized that women unequally bore the burden of household work.A United Nations’ report estimates that women do 2.6 times the amount of unpaid care and domestic work that men do， or close to 30 hours per week in the US alone.
While Yearsley pictures an army of robots someday helping with routine homemade tasks， the first display for Akin will take time and money.Akin has received some early seed money from a handful of investors， and was recently selected as a finalist for tech giant LG Nova’s Mission for the Future program， an annual challenge that seeks to identify businesses having potential to improve life and lead society into the future.
语篇解读：本文是一篇说明文。文章主要介绍了Akin公司的一套未来人工智能系统。
1.What might the Akin’s AI system suggest？（ ）
A.Consuming more drinks to enjoy yourself.
B.Staying up late working to make more money.
C.Spending more time staying with your family.
D.Purchasing products that may attract you.
解析：C 推理判断题。根据第三段可推知，Akin的人工智能系统支持与家人一起度过更多时间。
2.What made Yearsley develop the Akin’s AI system？（ ）
A.The high cost of current home devices.
B.Akin’s becoming a finalist for a program.
C.Financial support from investors.
D.Heavy burden of housewives.
解析：D 细节理解题。根据第四段前两句可知，Yearsley的人工智能系统的研发动机之一就是减轻家庭主妇的沉重负担。
3.What can be used to describe the Akin’s AI system？（ ）
A.Questionable and unhealthy.
B.Unstable and insecure.
C.Thoughtful and innovative.
D.Mature and ideal.
解析：C 推理判断题。根据第二段第二句和第三段第一句可知，Akin公司的人工智能系统是考虑周到且新颖的。
4.What’s the purpose of the text？（ ）
A.To introduce a futuristic AI system.
B.To compare two companies’ AI systems.
C.To call on people to care about housewives.
D.To seek support for an AI expert.
解析：A 写作意图题。根据最后一段第二句并结合全文可知，本文的目的是介绍Akin公司的一套未来人工智能系统。
词 汇 积 累 enterpriser n. 企业家 startup n. 新兴公司 predictive adj. 预言性的 questionable adj. 可疑的；不确定的 domestic adj. 家用的，家庭的 finalist n. 参加决赛的选手 be associated with 和……有关 be expert in 精通于 be related to 与……有关
熟词生义 run
难 句 解 读 译文：相比之下，她正在开发的人工智能将被设计用于管理人类家庭，鼓励健康的决定，比如晚上散步、装满冰箱和支持社交互动，比如与朋友共进午餐或庆祝生日。
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