阅读理解题型分类练（八） 主旨大意题——文章大意类
A
（2024·洛阳模拟）The first model of Apple’s iPhone was launched 17 years ago. Since then， many different smartphones have been introduced. The devices now influence our daily lives in many ways.
One thing that has changed is that many people now use their phones to easily take pictures anywhere， anytime， without the need for a camera. Not surprisingly， this change has caused major business problems for camera manufacturers.
Today， many smartphones have high-quality cameras designed to produce better pictures than the ones most people used in the past for personal photographs. And some news photographers， for example， have found advantages in using them in their work. The Associated Press recently asked some of its photographers who use iPhones to describe how they use the devices.
Brynn Anderson is based in the AP in Atlanta， Georgia. She said：“Sometimes being a photographer with a larger camera can be intimidating to the person being photographed. Using a phone makes it easier for me to get intimate （亲密的） moments that might not happen.”
Dita Alangkara covers Jakarta， Indonesia for the AP. He said shooting with a smartphone opens up more possibilities on the streets of Jakarta. “People are so used to seeing others taking photos with their gadgets that they just ignore me. This gives me a whole new perspective to explore ...”
Khalil Hamra is an AP photographer in Istanbul， Turkey. He said：“Truth be told， every time I take a nice picture with my phone， I feel that something is missing and could have been better if I took it with my professional camera.”
Oded Balilty is based in Tel Aviv， Israel. “It is a different tool that definitely has changed what we do，” he said of the iPhone. But， he added：“It’s the photographer， not the device， that determines the quality of a photo.”
1.What has caused major business problems for camera industry？（ ）
A.Higher production cost.
B.Lack of technical progress.
C.Fewer news photographers.
D.Decrease in market demand.
2.Which of the following most probably likes seeking perfection？ （ ）
A.Brynn Anderson. B.Dita Alangkara.
C.Khalil Hamra. D.Oded Balilty.
3.How does the author develop the passage？（ ）
A.By analyzing some facts.
B.By giving some examples.
C.By providing some reasons.
D.By making some comparisons.
4.What’s the main idea of the passage？（ ）
A.The sales of cameras are dropping.
B.Smartphones can take better photos.
C.Smartphones are replacing cameras.
D.Cameras are needed by photographers.
B
（2024·福州质检）Humans have sailed the oceans’ surfaces for millennia， but their depths remain effectively uncharted.Only about a quarter of the seafloor has been mapped at high resolution.Maps of most regions display only approximate depths and often miss entire underwater mountains or canyons （峡谷）.
So researchers have introduced some deep-diving experts：Elephant Seals.Scientists have been placing trackers on them around Antarctica for years， gathering data on ocean temperature.For a new study， the researchers compared these divers’ location and depth data with some of the less detailed seafloor maps.They spotted places where the seals dove deeper than should have been possible according to the maps — meaning the existing depth estimates were inaccurate.
In eastern Antarctica’s Vincennes Bay， the diving seals helped the scientists find a large hidden underwater canyon of more than a mile in depth.An Australian research ship called the RSV Nuyina later measured the canyon’s exact depth using sonar （声呐）， and the researchers have proposed naming their find the Mirounga-Nuyina Canyon — honoring both the ship and the involved Elephant Seals， genus Mirounga.
But seals can’t chart the entire ocean floor.The trackers used in the study could pinpoint a seal’s geographical location only within about 1.5 miles， which allows for useful but not exactly high-resolution data.Plus， because the seals don’t always dive to the bottom of the ocean， they can reveal only where the bottom is deeper than in existing maps — not shallower.Deep-sea research experts suggest improving on these data by using more precise tracking devices and analyzing the seals’ diving patterns to determine whether they have reached the seafloor or simply stopped going down.
The potential use of the current seal-dive data is to gather information about the deep ocean around Antarctica， specifically regarding the location and depth of seafloor canyons.This data can be valuable for predicting how Antarctica’s ice will melt.By understanding the presence and characteristics of these canyons， scientists can better assess how warmer water from the deep ocean flows towards the ice along the continent’s coast.This knowledge is crucial for accurately modeling and predicting the future behavior of Antarctica’s ice sheets and their contribution to the sea-level rise.
5.How did the researchers find out the depth inaccuracies？（ ）
A.By gathering temperature data.
B.With the help of seals’ diving.
C.By improving resolution of maps.
D.With the trackers placed on canyons.
6.Why is the discovery of Mirounga-Nuyina Canyon mentioned？（ ）
A.To provide more reference data.
B.To introduce a new topic.
C.To give supporting evidence.
D.To make a comparison.
7.What can we infer from the last paragraph？（ ）
A.Researchers can assess ocean features.
B.Data can be used to track ice location.
C.Underwater flow can be controlled.
D.Scientists can monitor ice melting.
8.What is the text mainly about？（ ）
A.Seals assist scientists in charting ocean floor.
B.Seals advance tracking devices’ precision.
C.Scientists draw inspiration from seals.
D.Scientists uncover seals’ diving patterns.
2 / 3阅读理解题型分类练（八） 主旨大意题——文章大意类
A
（2024·洛阳模拟）The first model of Apple’s iPhone was launched 17 years ago. Since then， many different smartphones have been introduced. The devices now influence our daily lives in many ways.
One thing that has changed is that many people now use their phones to easily take pictures anywhere， anytime， without the need for a camera. Not surprisingly， this change has caused major business problems for camera manufacturers.
Today， many smartphones have high-quality cameras designed to produce better pictures than the ones most people used in the past for personal photographs. And some news photographers， for example， have found advantages in using them in their work. The Associated Press recently asked some of its photographers who use iPhones to describe how they use the devices.
Brynn Anderson is based in the AP in Atlanta， Georgia. She said：“Sometimes being a photographer with a larger camera can be intimidating to the person being photographed. Using a phone makes it easier for me to get intimate （亲密的） moments that might not happen.”
Dita Alangkara covers Jakarta， Indonesia for the AP. He said shooting with a smartphone opens up more possibilities on the streets of Jakarta. “People are so used to seeing others taking photos with their gadgets that they just ignore me. This gives me a whole new perspective to explore ...”
Khalil Hamra is an AP photographer in Istanbul， Turkey. He said：“Truth be told， every time I take a nice picture with my phone， I feel that something is missing and could have been better if I took it with my professional camera.”
Oded Balilty is based in Tel Aviv， Israel. “It is a different tool that definitely has changed what we do，” he said of the iPhone. But， he added：“It’s the photographer， not the device， that determines the quality of a photo.”
语篇解读：本文是一篇说明文。随着智能手机拍照功能的不断完善，它正在严重威胁相机的销售，甚至有越来越多的新闻摄影者也开始选择用手机来拍照。
1.What has caused major business problems for camera industry？（ ）
A.Higher production cost.
B.Lack of technical progress.
C.Fewer news photographers.
D.Decrease in market demand.
解析：D 推理判断题。根据第二段可知，如今越来越多的人选择用手机来拍照，他们不再需要相机。这说明相机的市场需求在不断下降。
2.Which of the following most probably likes seeking perfection？ （ ）
A.Brynn Anderson. B.Dita Alangkara.
C.Khalil Hamra. D.Oded Balilty.
解析：C 细节理解题。根据最后四段可知，这四个人中，Khalil Hamra的讲话体现出他有追求完美主义的倾向。他每次用手机拍完照后，都会后悔——觉得如果用专业相机拍的话效果会更好。
3.How does the author develop the passage？（ ）
A.By analyzing some facts.
B.By giving some examples.
C.By providing some reasons.
D.By making some comparisons.
解析：B 篇章结构题。综合全文尤其是后半部分可知，作者主要通过举例的方式来揭示文章的主题（作者主要列举了四位新闻摄影者）。
4.What’s the main idea of the passage？（ ）
A.The sales of cameras are dropping.
B.Smartphones can take better photos.
C.Smartphones are replacing cameras.
D.Cameras are needed by photographers.
解析：C 主旨大意题。综合全文可知，本文主要告诉我们，越来越多的人正在用智能手机代替相机来拍照，甚至连新闻摄影者也不例外。由此可知，智能手机正在取代相机。
B
（2024·福州质检）Humans have sailed the oceans’ surfaces for millennia， but their depths remain effectively uncharted.Only about a quarter of the seafloor has been mapped at high resolution.Maps of most regions display only approximate depths and often miss entire underwater mountains or canyons （峡谷）.
So researchers have introduced some deep-diving experts：Elephant Seals.Scientists have been placing trackers on them around Antarctica for years， gathering data on ocean temperature.For a new study， the researchers compared these divers’ location and depth data with some of the less detailed seafloor maps.They spotted places where the seals dove deeper than should have been possible according to the maps — meaning the existing depth estimates were inaccurate.
In eastern Antarctica’s Vincennes Bay， the diving seals helped the scientists find a large hidden underwater canyon of more than a mile in depth.An Australian research ship called the RSV Nuyina later measured the canyon’s exact depth using sonar （声呐）， and the researchers have proposed naming their find the Mirounga-Nuyina Canyon — honoring both the ship and the involved Elephant Seals， genus Mirounga.
But seals can’t chart the entire ocean floor.The trackers used in the study could pinpoint a seal’s geographical location only within about 1.5 miles， which allows for useful but not exactly high-resolution data.Plus， because the seals don’t always dive to the bottom of the ocean， they can reveal only where the bottom is deeper than in existing maps — not shallower.Deep-sea research experts suggest improving on these data by using more precise tracking devices and analyzing the seals’ diving patterns to determine whether they have reached the seafloor or simply stopped going down.
The potential use of the current seal-dive data is to gather information about the deep ocean around Antarctica， specifically regarding the location and depth of seafloor canyons.This data can be valuable for predicting how Antarctica’s ice will melt.By understanding the presence and characteristics of these canyons， scientists can better assess how warmer water from the deep ocean flows towards the ice along the continent’s coast.This knowledge is crucial for accurately modeling and predicting the future behavior of Antarctica’s ice sheets and their contribution to the sea-level rise.
语篇解读：本文是一篇说明文。装备有跟踪器的象海豹协助研究人员绘制未被探索的海洋深处，揭示南极洲的Mirounga-Nuyina峡谷等的隐藏特征。
5.How did the researchers find out the depth inaccuracies？（ ）
A.By gathering temperature data.
B.With the help of seals’ diving.
C.By improving resolution of maps.
D.With the trackers placed on canyons.
解析：B 细节理解题。根据第二段最后两句可知，研究人员将这些潜水海豹的位置和深度数据与一些不太详细的海底地图进行了比较，他们发现海豹下潜的深度超出了地图上所标的深度。这意味着现有的深度评估是不准确的。
6.Why is the discovery of Mirounga-Nuyina Canyon mentioned？（ ）
A.To provide more reference data.
B.To introduce a new topic.
C.To give supporting evidence.
D.To make a comparison.
解析：C 目的意图题。根据第二段最后一句可知，研究人员发现了误差；通读第三段可知，该段主要介绍佐证这一发现的示例，即通过Mirounga-Nuyina Canyon的具体例子来进一步确定峡谷的准确深度。
7.What can we infer from the last paragraph？（ ）
A.Researchers can assess ocean features.
B.Data can be used to track ice location.
C.Underwater flow can be controlled.
D.Scientists can monitor ice melting.
解析：D 推理判断题。根据最后一段中This data can be valuable for predicting how Antarctica’s ice will melt.可知，科学家们可以利用海豹在南极洲深海搜集的数据来监控冰的融化。
8.What is the text mainly about？（ ）
A.Seals assist scientists in charting ocean floor.
B.Seals advance tracking devices’ precision.
C.Scientists draw inspiration from seals.
D.Scientists uncover seals’ diving patterns.
解析：A 主旨大意题。本文主要介绍了装备有跟踪器的象海豹协助研究人员绘制未被探索的海洋深处，揭示南极洲的Mirounga-Nuyina峡谷等的隐藏特征，继而助力科学家预测气候变化。
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