阅读理解题型分类练（九） 主旨大意题——段落大意类
A
（2024·合肥质检）A pair of researchers of Leibniz University Hannover has demonstrated the means by which robots might be programmed to experience something similar to pain in animals.As part of their demonstration at last week’s IEEE International Conference on Robotics and Automation held in Stockholm， Johannes Kuehn and Sami Haddadin showed how pain might be used in robots， by interacting with a BioTac fingertip sensor on the end of a Kuka robotic arm that had been programmed to react differently to differing amounts of pain.
The idea of developing an artificial robot nervous system may seem contrary to all expectations， but Kuehn says doing so is important in the same way that it is good for humans to feel pain.“Pain is a system that protects us，” says Kuehn.“When we avoid the source of pain， it helps us not get hurt.” So when robots can feel and react to pain， they will become smart enough to avoid it.The more dangerous the robot registers the threat to be， the faster it will withdraw and avoid the source of danger.Additionally， Kuehn and Haddadin say humans working alongside robots that feel pain， especially those in heavy machinery， will be protected around them.
They have tested out some of their ideas using a robotic arm with a fingertip sensor that can detect pressure and temperature.It uses a robot-tissue patch （小片） modeled on human skin to decide how much pain should be felt and thus what action to take.For example， if the arm feels light pain， it slowly withdraws until the pain stops， and then returns to its original task.Severe pain， meanwhile， causes the arm to go into a kind of lockdown mode until it can get help from a human operator.
Such robots are likely to raise a host of questions， of course， if they become more common — if a robot acts the same way a human does when touching a hot plate， are we to believe it is truly experiencing pain？Only time will tell， of course， but one thing is evident： Kuehn and Haddadin’s work could lead to robots that are more human-like than ever.
语篇解读：本文是一篇说明文。文章介绍了科研人员为机器人开发了类似动物的“痛感”系统，并论述了此研究的重要性和可能带来的问题。
1.What can we learn about the robots in the demonstration？（ ）
A.They can learn skills like animals.
B.They can communicate with people.
C.They have the ability to feel pain.
D.They respond differently to requests.
解析：C 推理判断题。根据第一段中的showed how pain might be used in robots ...to differing amounts of pain可知，在演示中的机器人被编程以感受不同程度的“痛感”，类似于动物的痛感。由此推断，演示中的机器人有感受疼痛的能力。
2.What is Paragraph 2 of the text mainly about？（ ）
A.The significance of teaching robots to feel pain.
B.The principle of robots’ avoiding of injuries.
C.The analysis of the artificial robot nervous system.
D.The value of protecting human workers from injuries.
解析：A 段落大意题。第二段解释了开发能够感受疼痛的机器人神经系统的重要性。Kuehn指出：“疼痛是一个保护我们的系统，当我们避开疼痛源头时，它帮助我们不受伤。”这说明了教机器人感受疼痛的重要性。
3.What can we learn from the example given in Paragraph 3？（ ）
A.The robot is smart enough to carry out different tasks.
B.The robot can hardly work as well as a human operator.
C.The robot can react differently based on degrees of pain.
D.The robot is tolerant of changes in pressure and temperature.
解析：C 推理判断题。第三段谈到了一个实际的例子：如果手臂感到轻微疼痛，它会缓慢撤回直到疼痛停止，然后返回到它原来的任务。同时，剧烈的痛感会导致手臂进入一种锁定模式，直到它能够得到操作员的帮助。由此推断，机器人可以根据疼痛的不同程度作出不同反应。
4.What is the author’s attitude toward Kuehn and Haddadin’s study？（ ）
A.Dismissive. B.Doubtful.
C.Unclear. D.Optimistic.
解析：D 观点态度题。最后一段中作者指出，只有时间才能告诉我们（答案），但有一件事是显而易见的，Kuehn和Haddadin的工作可能会导致机器人变得比以往任何时候都更像人类。这表示作者对Kuehn和Haddadin的研究持乐观态度。
【难句分析】
译文：汉诺威莱布尼茨大学的两名研究人员展示了机器人可能被编程为体验类似动物疼痛的方法。
B
（2024·石家庄摸底）The Asch Conformity （从众） Experiments， conducted by psychologist Solomon Asch in the 1950s， demonstrated the power of conformity in groups and showed that even simple objective facts cannot resist the pressure of group influence.
In the experiments， groups of university students were asked to participate in a perception test.In reality， all but one of the participants were “confederates”， cooperators with the experimenter who only pretended to be participants.The study was about how the remaining student would react to the behavior of the other “participants”.
The participants of the experiments were presented with a card with a simple vertical （垂直的） black line on it.Then， they were given a second card with three lines of varying length labeled A， B， and C.One line on the second card was the same length as that on the first， and the other two lines were obviously longer and shorter.
Participants were asked to state out loud in front of each other which line， A， B， or C， matched the length of the line on the first card.In each experimental case， the confederates answered first， and the real participant was seated so that he would answer last.In some cases， the confederates answered correctly， while in others， they answered incorrectly.
Asch intended to see if the real participant would be pressured to answer incorrectly in the instances when the confederates did so， or whether their belief in their own perception and correctness would outweigh the social pressure provided by the responses of the other group members.
Asch found that one-third of real participants gave the same wrong answers as the confederates at least half the time.Forty percent gave some wrong answers， and only one-fourth gave correct answers in defiance of the pressure to conform to the wrong answers provided by the group.
In interviews following the trials， Asch found that for those who answered incorrectly， in conformance with the group， some believed that the answers given by the confederates were correct， some thought that they were suffering a lapse （失误） in perception when they originally had the answer different from the group， and others admitted that they knew that they had the correct answer， but conformed to the incorrect answer because they didn’t want to break from the majority.
语篇解读：本文是一篇说明文。文章主要介绍了20世纪50年代美国心理学家所罗门·阿希对大学生做的从众实验的过程。
5.What are the participants asked to do in the experiments？（ ）
A.Label the cards with different letters.
B.Pick out two lines of the same length.
C.State the reason for matching the cards.
D.Identify the longest vertical black line.
解析：B 细节理解题。根据第四段第一句可知，参与者被要求说出A、B、C哪一条线与第一张卡片中线的长度一样。
6.What’s Paragraph 5 mainly about？（ ）
A.The result of the experiments.
B.The design of the experiments.
C.The purpose of the experiments.
D.The procedure of the experiments.
解析：C 段落大意题。根据第五段内容可知，本段主要讲述了阿希设计这些实验的目的。
7.What does the underlined part “in defiance of” in Paragraph 6 mean？（ ）
A.In spite of. B.For fear of.
C.In response to. D.On account of.
解析：A 词义猜测题。根据画线部分所在段第一句可知，三分之一的真实参与者至少有一半的时间给出了与实验的托相同的错误答案，这就说明托给参与者带去了压力。据此推断，“四分之一给出正确答案的人”抵挡住了托的压力。A项（不管，不顾）与画线部分的意思最为接近。
8.Why did the real participants give a wrong answer？（ ）
A.They misunderstood the question.
B.They believed their own judgment.
C.They failed to resist group influence.
D.They wanted to be different from others.
解析：C 细节理解题。根据最后一段中的others admitted that they knew that they had the correct answer， but conformed to the incorrect answer because they didn’t want to break from the majority可知，一些真正的参与者之所以回答错误是因为他们不愿意脱离大众，也就是说，他们受到了群体的影响。
【难句分析】
译文：阿希打算看看，在托回答错误的情况下，真正的参与者是否会被迫回答错误，或者他们对自己的感知和正确性的信念是否会超过其他群体成员的反应所提供的社会压力。
4 / 4阅读理解题型分类练（九） 主旨大意题——段落大意类
A
（2024·合肥质检）A pair of researchers of Leibniz University Hannover has demonstrated the means by which robots might be programmed to experience something similar to pain in animals.As part of their demonstration at last week’s IEEE International Conference on Robotics and Automation held in Stockholm， Johannes Kuehn and Sami Haddadin showed how pain might be used in robots， by interacting with a BioTac fingertip sensor on the end of a Kuka robotic arm that had been programmed to react differently to differing amounts of pain.
The idea of developing an artificial robot nervous system may seem contrary to all expectations， but Kuehn says doing so is important in the same way that it is good for humans to feel pain.“Pain is a system that protects us，” says Kuehn.“When we avoid the source of pain， it helps us not get hurt.” So when robots can feel and react to pain， they will become smart enough to avoid it.The more dangerous the robot registers the threat to be， the faster it will withdraw and avoid the source of danger.Additionally， Kuehn and Haddadin say humans working alongside robots that feel pain， especially those in heavy machinery， will be protected around them.
They have tested out some of their ideas using a robotic arm with a fingertip sensor that can detect pressure and temperature.It uses a robot-tissue patch （小片） modeled on human skin to decide how much pain should be felt and thus what action to take.For example， if the arm feels light pain， it slowly withdraws until the pain stops， and then returns to its original task.Severe pain， meanwhile， causes the arm to go into a kind of lockdown mode until it can get help from a human operator.
Such robots are likely to raise a host of questions， of course， if they become more common — if a robot acts the same way a human does when touching a hot plate， are we to believe it is truly experiencing pain？Only time will tell， of course， but one thing is evident： Kuehn and Haddadin’s work could lead to robots that are more human-like than ever.
1.What can we learn about the robots in the demonstration？（ ）
A.They can learn skills like animals.
B.They can communicate with people.
C.They have the ability to feel pain.
D.They respond differently to requests.
2.What is Paragraph 2 of the text mainly about？（ ）
A.The significance of teaching robots to feel pain.
B.The principle of robots’ avoiding injuries.
C.The analysis of the artificial robot nervous system.
D.The value of protecting human workers from injuries.
3.What can we learn from the example given in Paragraph 3？（ ）
A.The robot is smart enough to carry out different tasks.
B.The robot can hardly work as well as a human operator.
C.The robot can react differently based on degrees of pain.
D.The robot is tolerant of changes in pressure and temperature.
4.What is the author’s attitude toward Kuehn and Haddadin’s study？（ ）
A.Dismissive. B.Doubtful.
C.Unclear. D.Optimistic.
B
（2024·石家庄摸底）The Asch Conformity （从众） Experiments， conducted by psychologist Solomon Asch in the 1950s， demonstrated the power of conformity in groups and showed that even simple objective facts cannot resist the pressure of group influence.
In the experiments， groups of university students were asked to participate in a perception test.In reality， all but one of the participants were “confederates”， cooperators with the experimenter who only pretended to be participants.The study was about how the remaining student would react to the behavior of the other “participants”.
The participants of the experiments were presented with a card with a simple vertical （垂直的） black line on it.Then， they were given a second card with three lines of varying length labeled A， B， and C.One line on the second card was the same length as that on the first， and the other two lines were obviously longer and shorter.
Participants were asked to state out loud in front of each other which line， A， B， or C， matched the length of the line on the first card.In each experimental case， the confederates answered first， and the real participant was seated so that he would answer last.In some cases， the confederates answered correctly， while in others， they answered incorrectly.
Asch intended to see if the real participant would be pressured to answer incorrectly in the instances when the confederates did so， or whether their belief in their own perception and correctness would outweigh the social pressure provided by the responses of the other group members.
Asch found that one-third of real participants gave the same wrong answers as the confederates at least half the time.Forty percent gave some wrong answers， and only one-fourth gave correct answers in defiance of the pressure to conform to the wrong answers provided by the group.
In interviews following the trials， Asch found that for those who answered incorrectly， in conformance with the group， some believed that the answers given by the confederates were correct， some thought that they were suffering a lapse （失误） in perception when they originally had the answer different from the group， and others admitted that they knew that they had the correct answer， but conformed to the incorrect answer because they didn’t want to break from the majority.
5.What are the participants asked to do in the experiments？（ ）
A.Label the cards with different letters.
B.Pick out two lines of the same length.
C.State the reason for matching the cards.
D.Identify the longest vertical black line.
6.What’s Paragraph 5 mainly about？（ ）
A.The result of the experiments.
B.The design of the experiments.
C.The purpose of the experiments.
D.The procedure of the experiments.
7.What does the underlined part “in defiance of” in Paragraph 6 mean？（ ）
A.In spite of. B.For fear of.
C.In response to. D.On account of.
8.Why did the real participants give a wrong answer？（ ）
A.They misunderstood the question.
B.They believed their own judgment.
C.They failed to resist group influence.
D.They wanted to be different from others.
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