第二讲 活用方法,题眼精读,3类题型突破
通过第一步的通览文章,明白文章大意、内容梗概后,接下来便是精读文章和做题的过程。完形填空80%以上的题目都是基础题目,也就是句内、句组层次题。对于这些题目,使用“题文齐读法”便可在文章的通读环节预判解答一部分,但有些题目最终答案的确定则需要通读全文,所以对于这些题目,学生应做到解题有理有据、有法可依。
一、5大方法速判句内层次题
句内层次题的解题信息分布在本句内,在读懂文意的前提下,利用本句的一些信息凭借语感即可顺利选出答案。对于此类题目,学生可以边读边填,将原文信息尽量复原。
方法(一) 利用生活常识和文化背景解题
生活是一本书,世事洞明皆学问。大部分完形填空试题需要联系上下文解答,而这其中有很多是考查生活常识和文化背景的题。学生在做题时,若能积极地调动自己掌握的生活常识和文化背景知识,巧妙地加以运用,特别是注意中西文化的差异,将会大大简化分析与判断过程,节省宝贵的时间,从而轻松地作出正确的判断。
【典例】 (2024·全国甲卷节选)
Born just before WWⅡ, my grandmother 43.experienced an entirely different childhood lifestyle from mine.She did not have a chance to go to 44.school.Like in typical families, where boys were 45.favored much more than girls, my grandma had to stay at home to do 46 .
46. A.gardening B.homework
C.business D.housework
解题思路 利用生活常识和文化背景解题。根据语境可知,奶奶作为女孩在家里不受重视无法去学校上学;再根据生活常识可知,奶奶留在家里应该是做家务。
参考答案 D
方法(二) 利用对应成分分析法解题
完形填空文章的上下文之间以及句子内部之间往往有着一定的逻辑关系,它使句子的各个成分之间形成一定的对应关系。学生可以根据这种逻辑关系找出与未知空格相对应的已知成分,将它作为线索,从而推断出未知空格的答案。
【典例】 (2022·全国乙卷节选)
We brought young children aged 2-4 into our Minds in Development Lab at USC. Each 47.child sat down with an adult who covered her own eyes or 48.ears. We then asked the child if she could 49 or hear the adult.Surprisingly, children replied that they couldn’t.The same 50.thing happened when the adult covered her own mouth: 51.Now children said that they couldn’t 52.speak to her.
49.A.see B.help C.reach D.fool
解题思路 利用对应成分分析法解题。分析句子结构可知,第49题所填词应与or后面的hear形成对应关系。因为有or这一并列连词,且上句中的eyes or 48.ears与 49 or hear恰好相呼应,即眼睛能看见,耳朵能听见。
参考答案 A
方法(三) 利用习惯用法及固定搭配解题
我们也可以通过分析习惯用法、固定搭配等搭配关系和句子结构,进行有效的推理判断,从而选出正确选项。
【典例】 (2024·新课标Ⅱ卷节选)
During my first visit to Italy, I 42.struggled to ask for directions or order in a restaurant.But every time I tried to 43 a sentence of Italian together, the locals smiled at me and 44.praised my language skills.
43. A.string B.hang C.mix D.match
解题思路 利用习惯用法及固定搭配解题。string ... together为固定搭配,意为“把……连在一起”。此处用来指作者努力把句子串起来。
参考答案 A
方法(四) 利用逻辑关系解题
此方法是通过分析设空处上下文与已知信息之间的逻辑关系来确定答案,主要应用于完形填空的两类题型:一是考查连接词和起连接作用的短语,二是考查上下文的逻辑关系。
【典例】 (2023·1月浙江卷节选)
... Then, with one end of a rope tied to his waist and the other end around the trunk of a tree, Ziyad began 47.climbing. He stopped every few minutes to move the 48.rope higher up the tree trunk.
49 , Ziyad got close to the hive which was around 20 metres above the ground.Sitting on a branch, he 50.inched towards it and blew smoke from his torch into a tiny hole in the hive.
49.A.Finally B.Surprisingly C.Naturally D.Immediately
解题思路 利用逻辑关系解题。根据本空后的Ziyad got close to the hive可知,经过辛苦的尝试,最终,齐亚德已经到达离地面约20米的蜂巢。
参考答案 A
方法(五) 利用语境暗示分析法解题
上下文语境具体体现为全文的中心主线和主题、作者的态度倾向和评价、上下文语篇衔接、句际和段际关系。在句内层次题中,我们通常可以通过上下文语境暗示,即根据已知信息,推导出正确答案。
【典例】 (2023·新课标Ⅱ卷节选)
When I met Tiffy’s owners, they seemed very 47.nervous. George, the husband, was trying to be calm, but I could tell this was 48 for him, having to leave his dog to a 49.stranger and trust that everything would 50.work out.
48.A.hard B.fine C.common D.lucky
解题思路 利用语境暗示分析法解题。根据本空后的having to leave his dog可推知,由于不得不将宠物狗交到一个陌生人手中,要保持镇定对主人而言是非常难的。
参考答案 A
二、4种技巧智取句组层次题
句组层次题是比句内层次题稍难一级的题目,其解题信息分布在空格前后的一组意群之中,解题时需瞻前顾后,综合意群信息解答。也就是说,根据本句信息不足以解题,还要根据空格前后找信息源。
技巧(一) 利用语义复现解题
复现是一种语义衔接手段,它通过原词、同义词/近义词、反义词、上义词、下义词或同根词等重复出现来表达某一概念,使整篇文章上下连贯,有机地衔接在一起。因此,学生可根据文章的具体情况,理解文章的结构和语境,利用文章中的语义复现来选出正确答案。
原词复现 【典例】 (2023·全国乙卷节选) “I’m going to inspire so many people,” she said. “I’m ready to 60 .” And shine she did. 60.A.shine B.fly C.dance D.score 解题思路 利用原词复现解题。设空处后一句出现了关键词shine,对比四个选项可以根据原词复现快速确定答案。 参考答案 A
同义 词复 现 【典例】 (2024·1月浙江卷节选) ...Without batting an eye he would 48.quote a translated Emerson passage before asking about the literary influence of American 49 as a whole.“And what do you all learn about Russian authors?” I 50.recall him asking at one point. 49.A.writers B.historians C.workers D.students 解题思路 利用同义词复现解题。结合下文可知,年轻人对美国作家和俄罗斯作家的影响感兴趣,下文的authors和选项中的writers是同义词。 参考答案 A
反义 词复 现 【典例】 (2023·全国乙卷节选) ... The Chinese coach 52.transformed Douglas into one of the best gymnasts in the 53.world, helping her skyrocket from an 54 member of the national team to the top of the sport. 54.A.amateur B.elected C.average D.enthusiastic 解题思路 利用反义词复现解题。根据文中的skyrocket from ... to the top of the sport可知,道格拉斯的水平实现了由低到高的飞跃,设空处应选top的反义词,即水平一般的、较低的。 参考答案 C
技巧(二) 利用作者的情感态度解题
在做完形填空题时,我们一定要在快速阅读文章的过程中,仔细找出能够反映作者情感态度的重要词汇,它们往往是名词、形容词、副词或动词。这些词汇通常是我们做题时重要的参照线索,可以帮助我们快速确定某些题目的正确答案。
【典例】 (2024·新课标Ⅱ卷节选)
... After I made Italy my permanent home, I discovered how 46 Italians are.Neighbors will bring me freshly made cheese and will come to my door to 47.remind me to close the window in my car when rain is coming.It’s these small 48.acts of kindness that make a new country feel like home.
46.A.open-minded B.strong-willed
C.warm-hearted D.well-informed
解题思路 利用作者的情感态度解题。根据下文kindness等情感词可推测,作者对意大利人持积极、赞扬的态度;再结合下文描述意大利人分享食物、提醒作者关车窗可知,此处强调意大利人的热心。
参考答案 C
技巧(三) 利用逻辑关系解题
【典例】 (2024·新课标Ⅰ卷节选)
... To be honest, I 44.hated it! Between the girl making my 45.achievement seem small and the pure boredom of jogging, I decided that the only 46.reason I’d ever run again is if a big dog was running after me!
So I 47 cycling.I got a good bike and rode a lot ...
47.A.gave up B.went on
C.turned to D.dealt with
解题思路 利用逻辑关系解题。根据上文可知,作者十分讨厌长跑,So这一连词提示此处是因果逻辑关系;再结合下文作者说买了自行车并多次骑行可知,此处指作者把目标转向了骑行。
参考答案 C
技巧(四) 利用语境暗示分析法解题
在句组层次题中,有些题目往往也需要通过上下文的语境暗示来解题,即根据已知信息,推导出正确答案。
【典例】 (2023·全国乙卷节选)
... By 55.winning the Olympic all-around title, she became the first black woman to do so. She 56 the competition from beginning to end. She said she had felt 57.confident all along that she would win.
Not so long ago, Martha Karolyi, the coordinator (联络人) of the women’s national team, did not think Douglas had what it 58.took to be an Olympian ...
56.A.followed B.organized C.watched D.led
解题思路 利用语境暗示分析法解题。根据上文可知,道格拉斯赢得了比赛,再根据下文from beginning to end可推断,设空处想表达道格拉斯在全程比赛中一直处于优势地位。lead表示“处于领先地位”。
参考答案 D
三、两种思路解决语篇层次题
语篇层次题是完形填空中难度最高的试题,也是学生的拉分题。此类试题需要立足全文,从整个语篇的角度才能选出正确答案。
思路(一) 利用首尾呼应关系解题
【典例】 (2024·全国甲卷节选)
One day, we had a family dinner.While the adults were busy with their serious talk outside, I was left alone in the 41.kitchen to help my grandmother wash dishes.42.As always, my grandmother would tell me stories about her childhood.
...
I’ve never faced the problem of 58.education.I guess our different childhood background is what makes my grandmother such an amazing person to 59.talk to: her stories always make my history textbooks 60 .
60.A.come true B.come round
C.come out D.come alive
解题依据 完形填空的语篇或段落存在上下文或首尾呼应的关系,通过结合首段(或首句)和尾段(或尾句)信息,可以更好地解答部分题目。
解题思路 利用首尾呼应关系解题。文章首段提到“奶奶经常会给作者讲关于她童年的故事”,尾段则与其呼应,再次告诉我们“不同的童年背景使奶奶成为一个令人惊叹的聊天对象,她的故事总是让作者的历史教科书栩栩如生”。
参考答案 D
名师点津 完形填空往往采用首尾相呼应的手法,在文章结尾处升华主题。因此,学生应学会首尾兼顾来解答此类题目。
思路(二) 利用文章发展脉络解题
【典例】 (2022·全国甲卷节选)
You can tell a lot about a man by how he treats his dogs.
…
The next week we 47.walked our dogs together. It was a hot day. When we paused to catch our 48.breath, Steve got down on one knee. Was he proposing (求婚)? I liked him too, but so 49.soon? He poured water from a bottle into his hand and offered it to my dogs. 50.In that moment, I began to fall for him.
…
A year later, much to my 58.delight, this man produced a little box with a ring and proposed to me. He did not kneel (跪) down, nor did I 59.need him to. That’s only for giving 60 to the dogs that brought us together.
60.A.toys B.awards C.food D.water
解题依据 叙事类的完形填空在行文结构上往往包括:故事开端——发展——高潮——结局等不同情节,学生应梳理文章发展脉络,理清行文结构。
解题思路 利用文章发展脉络解题。文章首段提出了一个观点:根据一个人如何对待他的狗,你就能判断这个人。根据下文可知,作者是一位动物爱好者,她的男友Steve也是一位动物爱好者。在两人约会的过程中,Steve喂作者的小狗喝水的一幕深深打动了作者。一年之后,作者欣然接受了Steve的求婚。Steve没有通过下跪的方式向作者求婚,因为作者认为下跪这个动作只是为了给那些让他们走到一起的小狗们“喝水”才做的。
参考答案 D
Uwe Kr uter is a German who came to China in the 1970s. He translated the script of The Teahouse into German, a well-known work by Chinese playwright Lao She, and 1 the play’s public performance in Germany, making his 2 to the cultural exchanges between the two countries.
“I’d seen The Teahouse several times, because the philosophy of life it 3 made me think of myself,” Kr uter said. “Lao She 4 together the fates of several generations all connected with one teahouse in Beijing and all the 5 were condensed (浓缩) into a few hours of drama. It’s simply amazing and I 6 to take the Chinese play and cast to Germany.”
At the mere mention of his 7 , his friends were all taken by surprise. “How can Germans 8 understand Chinese drama? You’re 9 !” they said. But Kr uter did not budge (妥协). In his spare time, he translated The Teahouse’s script into German. At the same time, he tried to 10 the Mannheim National Theater, one of the oldest playhouses in Germany.
To Kr uter’s 11 , Mannheim said “yes”. After some preparations, The Teahouse finally took to the German stage, which also 12 the overseas debut (首演) of modern Chinese drama.
“The play 13 to be a huge success. It was unbelievable that the audience was completely immersed in the plot and 14 . At the curtain call, the theater rang with thunderous applause,” Kr uter remembered.
The enthusiastic reviews weren’t 15 to ordinary audience, but also reached media outlets. Rhein-Neckar-Zeitung hailed The Teahouse as “a miracle from the Eastern stage”.
语篇解读:本文是一篇记叙文。来自德国的Uwe Kr uter尝试把中国著名戏剧《茶馆》推向德国市场,结果大获成功。他为中德两国的文化交流作出了重大贡献。
1.A.proposed B.improved
C.facilitated D.confirmed
解析:C 根据下文可知,Uwe Kr uter做了大量工作,促进了戏剧《茶馆》在德国的上演。
2.A.donation B.decision
C.contribution D.reputation
解析:C 根据上文the play’s public performance in Germany可知,Uwe Kr uter为中德两国的文化交流作出了贡献。
3.A.conveyed B.promoted
C.reminded D.indicated
解析:A 这里it conveyed是一个省略了which/that的定语从句,修饰前面的先行词the philosophy of life,表示“它所表达/传递的人生哲学”。
4.A.mixed B.tied
C.joined D.pulled
解析:B 老舍把几代人的命运都与北京的一家茶馆联系在一起。 tie字面意思是“绑;系”,这里引申为“联系”。
5.A.facts B.numbers
C.actions D.events
解析:D 在《茶馆》中,所有的事件都被浓缩在几个小时的戏剧里。
6.A.decided B.demanded
C.requested D.managed
解析:A 上文Kr uter对《茶馆》作了高度评价,因此他决定将《茶馆》搬到德国舞台上去。
7.A.point B.reason
C.concept D.idea
解析:D 上文提到的“将《茶馆》搬到德国舞台上去”是Kr uter的一个想法。
8.A.possibly B.naturally
C.formally D.basically
解析:A 根据上文his friends were all taken by surprise可知,他周围的朋友都对他的想法表示吃惊。因此他们说:“德国人怎么可能理解中国戏剧?你这是在做梦!”
9.A.lying B.dreaming
C.cheating D.thinking
解析:B 参见上题解析。
10.A.discover B.persuade
C.contact D.change
解析:C 根据下文Mannheim said “yes”可知,Kr uter努力跟德国的曼海姆国家剧院联系。
11.A.doubt B.delight
C.regret D.disappointment
解析:B 由于曼海姆国家剧院答应了Kr uter的请求,他自然是非常高兴的。
12.A.proved B.reflected
C.stated D.marked
解析:D 《茶馆》最终登上了德国的舞台,这也标志着中国现代戏剧首次在海外亮相。
13.A.turned out B.took out
C.made out D.worked out
解析:A 根据下文the theater rang with thunderous applause可知,《茶馆》结果是取得了巨大的成功。turn out结果是。
14.A.condition B.environment
C.performance D.structure
解析:C 令人难以置信的是,观众完全沉浸在情节和表演中。谢幕时,剧院里响起雷鸣般的掌声。
15.A.referred B.devoted
C.provided D.limited
解析:D 对于《茶馆》的成功演出,热情的评论不限于普通观众,媒体也给予了高度评价。
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