高考英语二轮复习专题一阅读理解第四节主旨大意课件

(共56张PPT)
专题一 阅读理解
第四节 主旨大意
主旨大意主要是文章或段落的核心思想，指作者通过行文逻辑和
细节信息阐明的主要内容。高考阅读理解对该关键能力的考查主要聚
焦以下三种题型：归纳段落大意、归纳文章大意和选择最佳标题。常
见设题方式有：
1.What does paragraph 3 mainly talk about
2.What is paragraph 5 mainly about
3.What does the passage/text mainly talk about
4.What is the passage/text mainly about
5.What can be a suitable title for the text
6.Which of the following can be a suitable title for the text #1.6
类型一 概括段落大意
例 （2025·全国二卷·D片段）
It should be noted that none of the items on wastED's menu was
technically made from garbage. Instead, all the ingredients（配料）
used were examples of meat cuts and produce that most restaurants
would never consider serving. Things like kale ribs, fish collars,
rejected sweet potatoes, and cucumber butts were all re-appropriated
and, with the help of a number of good chefs, turned into excellent
cuisine.
Q. What is paragraph 5 mainly about ( )
C
A. Why the ingredients were used.
B. Which dishes were best liked.
C. What the dishes were made of.
D. Where the ingredients were bought.
思路点拨
本段首句为段落主题句，强调了菜单上的美食并非是用废料制作
的，结合选项可知答案。
练 （2023·新课标Ⅰ卷·D片段）
On March 7, 1907, the English statistician Francis Galton published a
paper which illustrated what has come to be known as the “wisdom
of crowds” effect. The experiment of estimation he conducted showed
that in some cases, the average of a large number of independent
estimates could be quite accurate.
This effect capitalizes on the fact that when people make errors,
those errors aren't always the same. Some people will tend to
overestimate, and some to underestimate. When enough of these errors
are averaged together, they cancel each other out, resulting in a more
accurate estimate. If people are similar and tend to make the same
errors, then their errors won't cancel each other out. In more technical
terms, the wisdom of crowds requires that people's estimates be
independent. If, for whatever reasons, people's errors become correlated
or dependent, the accuracy of the estimate will go down.
Q. What is paragraph 2 of the text mainly about ( )
B
A. The methods of estimation.
B. The underlying logic of the effect.
C. The causes of people's errors.
D. The design of Galton's experiment.
[解析] 分析前两段大意可知，第二段其实是对第一段中Galton所做的
实验原理的具体阐述。第一段提到“Galton发表的论文阐述了被称为‘群
体智慧’效应的现象”；第二段开头介绍“这种效应利用了这样一个事实：
当人们犯错时，那些错误并不总是相同的”；接下来，该段具体阐述
“群体智慧要求人们的估测是独立的”；最后总结“如果……人们的错误
变得相关或依赖，那么估测的准确性就会下降”。全段所有内容都指向
一个观点——Galton关于“群体智慧”效应的工作原理，即“群体智慧”效
应的潜在逻辑的阐述。故选B。
类型二 概括文章大意
例 （经典高考·C）
As Ginni Bazlinton reached Antarctica, she found herself greeted
by a group of little Gentoo penguins（企鹅） longing to say hello.
These gentle, lovely gatekeepers welcomed her and kick-started what
was to be a trip Ginni would never forget.
Ever since her childhood, Ginni, now 71, has had a deep love
for travel. Throughout her career （职业） as a professional dancer,
she toured in the UK, but always longed to explore further.
When she retired from dancing and her sons eventually flew the nest,
she decided it was time to take the plunge.
After taking a degree at Chichester University in Related Arts,
Ginni began to travel the world, eventually getting work teaching
English in Japan and Chile. And it was in Chile she discovered she
could get last-minute cheap deals on ships going to Antarctica from
the islands off Tierra del Fuego, the southernmost tip of the South
American mainland. “I just decided I wanted to go,” she says.
“I had no idea about what I'd find there and I wasn't nervous, I just
wanted to do it. And I wanted to do it alone as I always prefer it
that way.”
In March 2008, Ginni boarded a ship with 48 passengers she'd
never met before, to begin the journey towards Antarctica. “From
seeing the wildlife to witnessing sunrises, the whole experience was
amazing. Antarctica left an impression on me that no other place has,”
Ginni says. “I remember the first time I saw a humpback whale; it
just rose out of the water like some prehistoric creature and I thought
it was smiling at us. You could still hear the operatic sounds it was
making underwater.”
The realization that this is a precious land, to be respected by
humans, was one of the biggest things that hit home to Ginni.
Q. What is the text mainly about？( )
A. A childhood dream.
B. An unforgettable experience.
C. Sailing around the world.
D. Meeting animals in Antarctica.
B
思路点拨
第一步：浏览文章可知，文章按照时间顺序描述经历，由此确定
本文为记叙文；
第二步：结合各段首句关键词reached Antarctica、a deep love for
travel、travel the world、begin the journey towards Antarctica等可知，
本文和去南极洲旅行相关，最后一段为Ginni的感悟，由此可推出正确
答案。
练 （2023·浙江1月卷·B）
Live with roommates Have friends and family around you Chances
are that if you're looking to live a more sustainable lifestyle, not
everyone around you will be ready to jump on that bandwagon.
I experienced this when I started switching to a zero waste
lifestyle five years ago, as I was living with my parents, and I
continue to experience this with my husband, as he is not completely
zero waste like me. I've learned a few things along the way though,
which I hope you'll find encouraging if you're doing your best to
figure out how you can make the change in a not-always-supportive
household.
Zero waste was a radical lifestyle movement a few years back. I
remember showing my parents a video of Bea Johnson, sharing how
cool I thought it would be to buy groceries with jars, and have so
little trash! A few days later, I came back with my first jars of zero
waste groceries, and my dad commented on how silly it was for me
to carry jars everywhere. It came off as a bit discouraging.
Yet as the months of reducing waste continued, I did what I
could that was within my own reach. I had my own bedroom, so I
worked on removing things I didn't need. Since I had my own
toiletries （洗漱用品）, I was able to start personalising my routine
to be more sustainable. I also offered to cook every so often, so I
portioned out a bit of the cupboard for my own zero waste groceries.
Perhaps your household won't entirely make the switch, but you may
have some control over your own personal spaces to make the
changes you desire.
As you make your lifestyle changes, you may find yourself
wanting to speak up for yourself if others comment on what you're
doing, which can turn itself into a whole household debate. If you
have individuals who are not on board, your words probably won't do
much and can often leave you feeling more discouraged.
So here is my advice: Lead by action.
Q. What is the text mainly about ( )
C
A. How to get on well with other family members.
B. How to have one's own personal space at home.
C. How to live a zero waste lifestyle in a household.
D. How to control the budget when buying groceries.
[解析] 首段提出两个问句，之后的答案通常与主题相关，其核心词为
live a more sustainable lifestyle，故本文主旨与“可持续的生活方式”有
关；再结合后文内容可知，作者零浪费的生活方式遭到家人的不理解，
但她仍然从小事做起，继续坚持零浪费的生活方式，做出自己想要的
改变。由此可知，文章主要讲述了作者如何在家庭中过零浪费的生活
方式。故选C。
类型三 归纳最佳标题
标题归纳题的干扰项常有以下特点:
1.相似主题
干扰项可能与文章的主题相关，但并不
能完全捕捉到文章的核心思想。它们可能涉
及文章中的某个细节或相关议题，但没有涉
及文章的主旨。
2.范围限制
干扰项可能将文章中的观点或情况过度
限定或扩大，使其偏离了文章的整体意义。
3.反向表述
干扰项可能使用否定或相反的表述方式，以混淆考生对文章主旨
的理解。
4.无关信息
干扰项可能包含与文章无关的信息，引导考生产生误解。这些干
扰项可能是对相关议题或细节的扩展，但并不涉及文章的核心内容。
例 （2025·全国二卷·C）
When Sonja Detrinidad opened her online shop selling
houseplants, she didn't have high hopes for it. But the opposite
happened: She was flooded, shipping out 1,200 orders in June of
2020 alone. In the past year, Detrinidad sent out more than 70,000
plants. Her success is just one example of increased time at home
leading to an explosion in the houseplant industry.
“Plants are in fashion right now,” says Dr. Melinda Knuth, a
researcher from the University of Florida. “People who live in plant-
rich environments report a higher life satisfaction rating,” she says.
“Adding more nature to our environment can change our mood and
how we think.” Plants can improve our state of mind in a few ways
but the biggest is by decreasing our level of cortisol, the stress
hormone（激素） in our body.
“Students who are around plants perform better academically than
students who are in a classroom without plants,” says Knuth. “This
productivity also translates into the workplace for adults. Our study
showed that there was a 30% decrease in sick leave for people who
were in plant-rich workplaces.”
If you're among the groups of people who are enjoying the
mental and physical health benefits of surrounding yourself with plants,
don't beat yourself up if one （or a few!） doesn't make it.
“Doctors practice medicine and lawyers practice law and you should
allow yourself the practice it takes to sustain a plant. Tending to
plants is an exercise in patience and learning. Be invested in taking
care of it, but if it dies, go get another one,” Detrinidad says.
Q. What can be a suitable title for the text ( )
A. Time to Replace Houseplants
B. Plants Boost Your Mood
C. Tips on Choosing Houseplants
D. Plants Brighten Your Home
B
思路点拨
第一步：首段关键句定方向。通过“But the opposite happened：
She was flooded, shipping out 1,200 orders in June of 2020 alone.”这
一转折，暗示了“室内植物（结合上下文推测）意外受欢迎”的背景，
为主题铺垫场景；
第二步：第二段核心点明主题。借助研究人员的结论“People who
live in plant-rich environments report a higher life satisfaction rating”
直接点明“植物丰富的环境”与“更高的生活满足率”存在关联，由此可确
定文章主题围绕二者的关系展开。由此可得出答案。
练 （2025·福建福州联考·D）
Older people traditionally struggle with new tech, but it doesn't
have to be this way. With the right design, even the most unwilling
user can obtain the benefits.
A lack of understanding of technology and its benefits, along
with difficulty in using hi-tech products, such as a smartphone or
computer, leads to the result that many seniors hesitate to migrate
from the old to the new. This is a mistake.
Older people themselves must consider whether they want to
embrace new technology, or let the benefits pass them by. Technology,
often in the form of social media, has enabled seniors to meet new
friends, keep in touch with old ones and learn new skills.
The reasons why some older people adopt new technology are
likely to be twofold: they're forced to do so and they want to make
their lives easier. These reasons are important for anyone who realizes
seniors need to be convinced to engage with technology to consider.
Adopting new technology is often imperative for modern people
to do, yet some elderly still insist, “I have managed before without
technology. Why do I have to use it now ”
Seniors often become frustrated with technology. “It's not working”
is a complaint co-author Lucia heard many times from her late father,
especially when it came to his cell phone—and he used technology
well, for the most part. Often, the problem was that he was unable to
use the small keypad（键盘） on his phone or read the letter size of
the words in text messages he received.
One issue that needs to be addressed is the design of technology.
Seniors want web pages to be simple and clear, and navigation easy.
One study from 2005 shows that many seniors like a website to be
user-friendly with a simple interface （界面）.
“A simpler and more uniformly designed internet would help to
break down the psychological barriers outlined,” it states. While that
study was carried out years ago, this problem with web design still
stands.
Q. What is the best title for the passage ( )
D
A. To use or not to use: a technological dilemma
B. Exploring benefits for seniors to accept high technology
C. To say yes to the smartphone: a beautiful mistake
D. Bridging the gap between seniors and technology
[解析] 本文为说明文，首段第一句为but连接的并列分句，由此可知，
but后的内容为文章核心思想。文章为总分结构，根据首段“传统上，老
年人很难接受新技术，但这并不是必然的。有了正确的设计，即使是
最不愿意的用户也能从中获益。”可知，全文主要在处理老年人在使用
新科技时面临的困难并提及了相应的解决办法。故选D。
强化训练
A
语篇类型：议论文 主题语境：人与社会
（2025·全国一卷·C）
While safety improvements might have been made to our streets
in recent years, transport studies also show declines in pedestrian
（行人） mobility, especially among young children. Many parents
say there's too much traffic on the roads for their children to walk
safely to school, so they pack them into the car instead.
Dutch authors Thalia Verkade and Marco te Br mmelstroet are
bothered by facts like these. In their new book Movement:How to
Take Back Our Streets and Transform Our Lives, they call for a
rethink of our streets and the role they play in our lives.
Life on city streets started to change decades ago. Whole
neighbourhoods were destroyed to make way for new road networks
and kids had to play elsewhere. Some communities fought back. Most
famously, a Canadian journalist who had moved her family to
Manhattan in the early 1950s led a campaign to stop the destruction
of her local park. Describing her alarm at its proposed replacement
with an expressway, Jane Jacobs called on her mayor（市长） to
champion “New York as a decent place to live, and not just rush
through.” Similar campaigns occurred in Australia in the late 1960s
and 1970s as well.
Although these campaigns were widespread, the reality is that the
majority of the western cities were completely redesigned around the
needs of the motor car. The number of cars on roads has been
increasing rapidly. In Australia we now have over twenty million cars
for just over twenty-six million people, among the highest rate of car
ownership in the world.
We invest a lot in roads that help us rush through, but we fail
to account for the true costs. Do we really recognise what it costs us
as a society when children can't move safely around our communities
The authors of Movement have it right: it's time to think differently
about that street outside your front door.#1.7
1. What phenomenon does the author point out in paragraph 1 ( )
C
A. Cars often get stuck on the road.
B. Traffic accidents occur frequently.
C. People walk less and drive more.
D. Pedestrians fail to follow the rules.
[解析] 细节理解题。根据第一段中的“Many parents say there's too
much traffic on the roads for their children to walk safely to school,
so they pack them into the car instead.”可知，因路上车辆太多，人们
选择少走路、多开车。故选C。
2. What were the Canadian journalist and other campaigners trying to
do ( )
A
A. Keep their cities livable.
B. Promote cultural diversity.
C. Help the needy families.
D. Make expressways accessible.
[解析] 推理判断题。根据第三段第四句至第六句可知，加拿大记者和
其他运动领导者发起运动是为了呼吁当地官员让城市成为适合居住的
地方，而不仅仅是人们匆忙路过的地方，即保持城市宜居性。故选A。
3. What can be inferred about the campaigns in Australia in the late
1960s and 1970s ( )
B
A. They boosted the sales of cars.
B. They turned out largely ineffective.
C. They won government support.
D. They advocated building new parks.
[解析] 推理判断题。第三段最后一句指出，20世纪60和70年代澳大利
亚也发生了抗议“城市规划优先道路而牺牲社区”的活动。再根据第四
段中的“Although these campaigns were widespread...the needs of the
motor car.”及后面对澳大利亚车辆现状的描述可知，尽管这些抗议活动
的范围广泛，但澳大利亚城市规划仍关注汽车出行的需求。由此可以
推断这些抗议收效甚微。故选B。
★4. What can be a suitable title for the text ( )
A
A. Why the Rush B. What's Next
C. Where to Stay D. Who to Blame
[解析] 标题归纳题。文章开篇指出城市道路设计让孩子难以安全行走，
人们更多选择开车，很多人在道路上只是匆匆而过。接着提到西方城
市大多围绕汽车需求重新设计，但却忽略了孩子不能安全出行等社会
代价。A项“Why the Rush （为何匆匆？）”很好地概括了文章主旨，
它引发人们对当下城市道路设计以及这种设计带来的生活方式
（匆匆忙忙赶路）的思考，与作者对重新思考道路问题的呼吁相契合。
B
语篇类型：说明文 主题语境：人与社会
（2025·广东广州联考）
The world's first-ever floating farm is expected to open soon. The
farm is located in Rotterdam, a port city about 47 miles away from
Amsterdam.
Built near the mouth of the river Meuse, the farm consists of
three levels. About 40 cows will be moved to the second level of the
farm in November. The level above them will house greenhouses that
grow grass and crops needed to feed the cows. Meanwhile, the
bottom level will hold any necessary machines and packaging for the
milk and yogurt. By December, the farm is expected to be producing
more than 200 gallons of milk per day.
In addition to producing fresh milk and yogurt, the farm produces
and sells fresh food that runs through a closed cycle and ends up
with the customer. This causes almost no waste, bringing the reduction
of food's travel from production to consumers.
The farm is the idea of Minke van Wingerden, a partner in the
development company behind the project, Beladon. In 2012, she and
her husband got caught in Hurricane Sandy during a business trip to
New York City. With the storm preventing food delivery trucks from
getting on the road, local people were unable to find fresh produce in
stores.
The event pushed Wingerden and her partners to find a way to
produce food closer to people's locations in order to avoid losses of
supplies in the future. They eventually came up with the idea of
floating farms, which would make use of otherwise unused space in
the water and meanwhile shorten the distance between stores and
farms.
After launching the Rotterdam project, Beladon will work on
opening more floating farms. The company is designing floating
chicken farms and floating vertical farming greenhouses. The company
is in talks with another Dutch city for a second farm.
Wingerden and her husband also believe that new communities
should be built with food access in mind. The area by the Port of
Rotterdam, for example, is on track to be filled with residential space
and offices in the next several years, and Wingerden said food
production should be “at the heart of that community”.#1.9
★1. What does paragraph 2 mainly talk about ( )
C
A. The equipment needed in the floating farm.
B. The key role cows play in the floating farm.
C. The structure and constitution of the floating farm.
D. The differences among the levels of the floating farm.
[解析] 段落大意题。本段为总分结构，第一句为段落主题句，提到这
个农场由三层构成，接着分别介绍了每一层的用途。由此可判断本段
主要讲的是漂浮农场的结构和组成。故选C。
2. What is the main advantage of the floating farm ( )
D
A. It plays a role in recycling wastes.
B. It offers custom-made foods.
C. It acts as a shelter in a hurricane.
D. It cuts the cost of shipping.
[解析] 细节理解题。根据第三段第二句“This causes almost no waste,
bringing the reduction of food's travel from production to consumers.”
可知，漂浮农场缩短了食物从生产到消费的运输距离，也就是降低了
运输成本。故选D。
3. How did Wingerden get the idea of the floating farm ( )
B
A. With the help of the scientists.
B. Through her personal experience.
C. Getting encouraged by news.
D. By making research on technology.
[解析] 推理判断题。根据第四段第二、三句“...she and her husband
got caught in Hurricane Sandy...local people were unable to find fresh
produce in stores.”以及第五段第一句“The event pushed Wingerden
and her partners to find a way to produce food closer to people's
locations in order to avoid losses of supplies in the future.”可知，
Wingerden是通过亲身经历（遭遇飓风，期间食物供应中断）有了漂浮
农场的想法。故选B。
4. What can we infer about the floating farm according to
Wingerden ( )
A
A. It makes people get food more easily.
B. It saves more residential and working space.
C. It helps people learn about food production.
D. It improves the attraction of new communities.
[解析] 推理判断题。根据最后一段的“be built with food access in
mind”和“food production should be ‘at the heart of that community’”
可以推断，漂浮农场能让人们更方便地获取食物。故选A。