(共52张PPT)
专题一 阅读理解
四大体裁 分类突破
体裁一 应用文
1.常见类型
多为贴近生活的实用文体,包括广告、通知、海报、指南、活动/
项目介绍、商品说明、招生通知、招聘启事等。
2.语言特点
①简洁直白:以传递信息为核心,用词简单,句子短小,避免复
杂句式。②信息密集:包含大量关键信息(时间、地点、数字、条件、
联系人等)。③格式清晰:常通过标题、项目符号、分号、大小写等
突出重点,结构一目了然。④目的性强:文本围绕“解决问题”或“提供
信息”展开。
3.常见结构和命题角度
文章多采用①总分式:开头点明主题,后续分点列出具体信息;②
清单式:直接以条目形式呈现信息。命题多考查①细节查找:针对时间、
地点、数字、条件等具体信息设问(占比最高);②信息匹配:要求将
题干信息与文本中的选项(如活动、价格、规则)对应;③简单推理:
基于文本信息判断“能否做某事”“符合什么条件”等(需结合细节)。
4.解题策略
典例 (2024·新课标Ⅰ卷·A)
HABITAT RESTORATION TEAM
GROUPS
Groups of five or more require special arrangements and must be confirmed in advance.
Please review the List of Available Projects and fill out the Group Project Request Form.
AGE, SKILLS, WHAT TO BRING
Bring a personal water bottle, sunscreen, and lunch.
No experience necessary. Training and tools will be provided.Fulfills (满足) community
service requirements.
UPCOMING EVENTS
Time Meeting Location
Sunday, Jan. 15 10:00 am-1:00
pm Battery Alexander Trailhead
Sunday, Jan. 22 10:00 am-2:30
pm Stinson Beach Parking Lot
Sunday, Jan. 29 9:30 am-2:30 pm Coyote Ridge Trailhead
21. What is the aim of the Habitat Restoration Team ( )
C
A. To discover mineral resources.
B. To develop new wildlife parks.
C. To protect the local ecosystem.
D. To conduct biological research.
解题思路 根据题干中的关键词aim和Habitat Restoration Team直接定位
到第一段信息定位点1和信息定位点2。将这两个信息点与选项进行比
对分析可知,选项C “To protect the local ecosystem”是原文“Help
restore and protect Marin's natural areas”的同义转述,由此可知,栖息
地恢复小组的目的是保护当地生态系统。
22. What is the lower age limit for joining the Habitat Restoration
Team ( )
B
A. 5. B. 10. C. 15. D. 18.
解题思路 根据题干中的关键词lower age limit直接跳读至“AGE,
SKILLS, WHAT TO BRING”部分。将这段内容与选项进行比对分析
可知,题干中“the lower age limit”是对原文“aged 10 and over”的同义
转述,由此可知,加入栖息地恢复小组的相对较低的年龄限制是10岁。
23. What are the volunteers expected to do ( )
B
A. Bring their own tools. B. Work even in bad weather.
C. Wear a team uniform. D. Do at least three projects.
解题思路 根据题干中的关键词volunteers 直接定位至 “AGE, SKILLS,
WHAT TO BRING”和活动安排部分。选项B“Work even in bad
weather”是原文“working rain or shine”的同义转述,志愿者们甚至在恶
劣天气条件下也要继续工作。
体裁二 记叙文
1.内容表达
通常围绕一个中心事件或主题展开,内容往往包含明确的情节线
(起因、经过、结果),借具体的故事情节来反映人物的性格特点、
情感变化以及社会现象且隐含作者的情感态度或故事寓意。这些内容
通常具有现实意义和教育意义,能够引发读者的共鸣和思考,其主旨
往往围绕“人物成长”或“人性感悟”展开。
2.语言特点
①生动形象:多用动作、神态、环境等描写性词汇,结合人物对
话与心理活动,让场景和人物更鲜活,同时隐含情感。②时态鲜明:
以一般过去时为主,穿插过去进行时、过去完成时,清晰区分事件动
作的前后顺序。③句式灵活:长短句、简单句与复杂句(如从句)结
合,简单句推动情节,复杂句补充细节或深化心理描写。
3.常见结构和命题角度
记叙文以“时间、地点、人物、起因、经过、结果”为核心要素,
叙述方式多采用顺叙,部分文本会穿插倒叙或插叙;文章结尾通常通
过抒情、感悟或事件收尾,传递情感态度与人生启示,实现主旨升华。
从高考命题角度看,常见题型包括考查人物行为的动机、性格特点及
评价,概括文章标题或主旨、分析作者写作目的等,注重对文本细节
与核心信息的精准考查。
4.解题策略
记叙文解题的核心是“走进故
事”,既要理清情节,也要理解背后
的情感和意义。
典例 (2024·新课标Ⅰ卷·B)
“I am not crazy,” says Dr. William Farber, shortly after
performing acupuncture(针灸) on a rabbit. “I am ahead of my
time.” If he seems a little defensive, it might be because even some
of his coworkers occasionally laugh at his unusual methods. But
Farber is certain he'll have the last laugh. He's one of a small but
growing number of American veterinarians(兽医) now practicing
“holistic”medicine—combining traditional Western treatments with
acupuncture,chiropractic(按摩疗法) and herbal medicine.
Farber, a graduate of Colorado State University, started out as a
more conventional veterinarian. He became interested in alternative
treatments 20 years ago when he suffered from terrible back pain. He
tried muscle-relaxing drugs but found little relief. Then he
triedacupuncture,an ancient Chinese practice,and was amazed that he
improved after two or threetreatments. What worked on a veterinarian
seemed likely to work on his patients. So, after studying the
techniques for a couple ofyears, he began offering them to pets.
Leigh Tindale's dog Charlie had a serious heart condition. After
Charlie had a heartattack, Tindale says, she was prepared to put him
to sleep, but Farber's treatments eased her dog's suffering so much
that she was able to keep him alive for an additional five months.
And Priscilla Dewing reports that her horse, Nappy, “moves more
easily and rides morecomfortably” after a chiropractic adjustment.
Farber is certain that the holistic approach will grow more
popular with time, and if thepast is any indication, he may be right:
Since 1982, membership in the American Holistic Veterinary Medical
Association has grown from 30 to over 700. “Sometimes it surprises
methat it works so well,” he says. “I will do anything to help an
animal. That's my job.”#1.4
24. What do some of Farber's coworkers think of him 命题角度:情
感态度判断( )
A
A. He's odd. B. He's strict. C. He's brave. D. He's rude.
解题思路 根据题干中的关键词“Farber's coworkers think of him”定位
至第一段。判断同事对Farber的情感态度可从同事的行为方面入手,根
据“some of his coworkers occasionally laugh at his unusual methods
(他的一些同事偶尔会嘲笑他那些与众不同的方法)”可推知,Farber
的一些同事认为他很奇怪。A项中的odd与文中的unusual意思相近。故
选A。
25. Why did Farber decide to try acupuncture on pets ( )
C
A. He was trained in it at university.
B. He was inspired by another veterinarian.
C. He benefited from it as a patient.
D. He wanted to save money for pet owners.
解题思路 根据题干中的关键词“try acupuncture on pets”定位至第二段。
根据“Then he tried acupuncture...and was amazed that he improved
after two or three treatments...he began offering them to pets.”可知,
Farber作为患者从针灸中受益,这促使他决定尝试在宠物上使用针灸。
C项中的benefited是对原文improved、work on的同义转述。故选C。
26. What does paragraph 3 mainly talk about 命题角度:段落大意
( )
D
A. Steps of a chiropractic treatment.
B. The complexity of veterinarians' work.
C. Examples of rare animal diseases.
D. The effectiveness of holistic medicine.
解题思路 本段主要讲述了两个例子:小狗Charlie经过Farber的治疗后
多活了五个月;马Nappy经过按摩后活动更加自如。由此可整合概括本
段的主旨为说明整体医学的有效性。故选D。
27. Why does the author mention the American Holistic Veterinary
Medical Association ( )
A
A. To prove Farber's point.
B. To emphasize its importance.
C. To praise veterinarians.
D. To advocate animal protection.
解题思路 根据题干中的关键词“the American Holistic Veterinary
Medical Association”定位至最后一段。冒号后内容是对冒号前内容的
解释。冒号前提到Farber的观点,随后作者列举了美国综合兽医协会会
员增加的例子来证明Farber的观点。故选A。
体裁三 说明文
1.热点话题
各学科的前沿动态;科技领域的最新科研成果;社会普遍关注的
现实问题和自然领域的典型现象;人文地理、风土人情等。选材注重
话题的普适性、知识性与时代性。
2.语言特点
通常使用专业术语和正式词汇,准确传递客观信息;长难句占比
高,常通过从句、非谓语等结构清晰呈现复杂逻辑关系,保障内容的
严谨性。
3.常见语篇类型及命题角度#3
常见语篇类型 高频命题角度
研究报告类
(如实验/调查) 研究背景、目的、数据、对象、过程、方法、结
果;结论依据;作者评价;结论启示等
事物介绍类
(如科技产品) 事物或产品的特性、用途、工作原理、发展前景等
概念解释类
(如理论/术语) 主旨概括、例证目的、现实应用等
常见语篇类型 高频命题角度
现象分析类
(如社会趋势) 该现象的原因、特征、影响、利弊、趋势;作者立
场等
问题解决类
(如环保/疾病) 具体措施;方案效果;结果预测等
4.解题策略
典例 (2024·新课标Ⅰ卷·D)(研究报告类说明文)
解题思路
Step 1:厘清篇章结构,把握文章大意
首先,扫读全文,确定本文为“总分”结构,第一段为主旨;然后
找出主旨句(Though they are useful for detecting shifts in the
number and variety of species in an area, a new Stanford study has
found that this type of record is not perfect.)。由此可知,本文主要
介绍了斯坦福大学的一项研究发现:数字生物多样性记录存在偏见。
Step 2:利用解题技巧,精准分类突破
32. What do we know about the records of species collected now 命
题视角:研究背景( )
B
A. They are becoming outdated.
B. They are mostly in electronic form.
C. They are limited in number.
D. They are used for public exhibition.
[解析] 根据题干中的“records”和“now”定位到第一段第二句,该句中的
digital与选项B中的electronic同义。
33. What does Daru's study focus on 命题视角:研究目的( )
C
A. Threatened species. B. Physical specimens.
C. Observational data. D. Mobile applications.
[解析] 题干中的“focus on”与第二段中的“are increasingly using”表达
的意思基本一致,结合后文“observational data to investigate how
species are responding to global change”可知,Daru的研究重点是观测
数据。故选C。
34. What has led to the biases according to the study 命题视角:研
究结果( )
C
A. Mistakes in data analysis.
B. Poor quality of uploaded pictures.
C. Improper way of sampling.
D. Unreliable data collection devices.
[解析] 根据题干中的“biases”可以把关键信息定位到第四、五段。根据
第四段中的“like the greater likelihood of a citizen scientist to take a
picture of a flowering plant instead of the grass right next to it”和第
五段中的“favor certain regions, time periods, and species”可知,不当
的采样方式会导致收集到的数据产生偏差。故选C。
35. What is Daru's suggestion for biodiversity apps 命题视角:结论
启示( )
D
A. Review data from certain areas.
B. Hire experts to check the records.
C. Confirm the identity of the users.
D. Give guidance to citizen scientists.
[解析] 根据题干中的“Daru's suggestion”可定位至文章最后一段。Daru
所说的话可分为两个层面:①to inform users of oversampled areas and
lead them to places—and even species—that are not well-sampled;②
encourage users to have an expert confirm the identification of their
uploaded image。通过归纳信息可知,Daru建议生物多样性应用程序为
公民科学家提供指导。故选D。
体裁四 议论文
1.热点话题
多贴近学生生活与社会热点,如教育(如学习方式)、科技影响
(如人工智能利弊)、环境(如低碳生活)、社会现象(如网络社交、
文化差异)、个人成长(如抗压、独立)。
2.语言特点
用词准确严谨,多使用抽象名词(如 argument, awareness)、情
态动词(如 should, must 表观点)、连接词(如 however, therefore
表逻辑);句式以复合句为主(定语从句、状语从句等),用于呈现
复杂论证。
3.常见结构
总分式(开篇提论点→分论点+论据支撑→总结);对比式
(先提出对立观点→逐一分析→明确作者立场)。
4.语篇要素和命题角度
论点(即文章的中心)、论据(即支持中心的素材)和论证
(即证明论点的方法和过程)是议论文的三要素。
论点 中心论点:作者在文章中所持的主要观点或主张,常位于开篇或
结尾
分论点:用来补充和证明中心论点,多在各段之首(有些文章没
有)
论据 理论论据:名人名言、定律原理、俗语、谚语等
事实论据:客观事实、具体事例、数字、实验结果等
论证 立论:直接提出见解
和主张并阐明理由 归纳法:从特殊具体实例到一般原理
演绎法:从一般原理到特殊具体实例
驳论:驳斥反方论点
并证明正方论点 对比论证:通过对比(对比双方观点或对
比事实与反方描述)来凸显反方观点的
漏洞
议论文命题时往往围绕这三个要素展开,侧重考查文章主旨、作
者观点、例证/数据作用、逻辑关系、社会影响、呼吁对象等。
5.解题策略
典例(2023·全国乙卷·D)
32. What is the first paragraph mainly about 命题视角:论点( )
A
A. How past events should be presented.
B. What humanity is concerned about.
C. Whether facts speak louder than words.
D. Why written language is reliable.
解题思路 根据第一段,尤其是“until fairly recently even many literate
societies recorded their concerns not only in writing but in things”可
知,第一段主要讲述的是如何呈现历史。故选A。
33. What does the author indicate by mentioning Captain Cook in
paragraph 2 命题视角:案例论证( )
D
A. His report was scientific.
B. He represented the local people.
C. He ruled over Botany Bay.
D. His record was one-sided.
解题思路 案例上句提到在许多情况下我们在了解历史时不能将文本与
物品完美结合,这是本段论点。后面的具体案例(英国一方有科学报
告和库克船长对那个糟糕的日子的记录;而澳大利亚方面只有一个木
盾)是为了论证论点。因此,提到库克船长是为了说明他的文字记录
可能是片面的。故选D。
34. What does the underlined word “conversation” in paragraph 3
refer to ( )
B
A. Problem. B. History. C. Voice. D. Society.
解题思路 根据第三段最后两句可知,当我们考虑有文字和无文字的社
会联系时,我们所有的第一手记录必然会被曲解,只是一半的对话,
不是历史的全部真相。所以,如果我们想要找到另一半对话,我们不
仅需要读文本,还需要研究物品。“only one half of a dialogue”和“the
other half of that conversation”呼应,共同构成更客观的历史全貌。故
选B。
35. Which of the following books is the text most likely selected
from ( )
C
A. How Maps Tell Stories of the World
B. A Short History of Australia
C. A History of the World in 100 Objects
D. How Art Works Tell Stories
解题思路 核心线索:关键词复现。“objects”与“things”在文中多次出现;
篇末强调观点“read not just the texts, but the objects”。选项C体现“物
品(Objects)”与“世界史(World History)”的关联,完美呼应文本主
题。故选C。