第三讲 写作意图与写作手法题
核心技巧 利用文体和主旨推断写作意图；先定位题干指向的段落，再识别写作手法
(2025·全国一卷阅读理解D篇)
语篇解读：
本文是一篇说明文。文章指出了微塑料污染的普遍性，并介绍了中国研究人员的新发现：煮沸并过滤自来水可去除水中的微塑料(效果取决于水的硬度)。
深度解析：
32．C [写作手法题。第一段中作者通过列举微塑料在深海、喜马拉雅山脉、火山岩石、海鸟胃里和南极洲下的雪中的存在，来呈现微塑料污染问题。因此，作者是通过举例子的方式来呈现问题的。故选C。]
33．A [细节理解题。根据第三段第一句“Crucially，this process relies on the water containing enough calcium carbonate to trap the plastics．”可知，水的硬度决定了聚集水中微塑料的效果。下文补充说将含有300毫克碳酸钙的硬质水(hard water)煮沸可使微塑料含量降低近90%，但将碳酸钙含量低于60毫克的样本煮沸仅使微塑料含量降低25%。因此，水的硬度是影响聚集微塑料效果的关键因素。故选A。]
34．B [写作意图题。根据第四段“Still，the findings show a potential path forward...a task that's becoming increasingly difficult...contains 10 to 1，000 times more microplastics than originally thought．”可知，减少微塑料接触这项任务正变得愈发艰巨，即使是瓶装水，其微塑料含量也比最初认为的高出10至1 000倍。因此，作者试图通过提到瓶装水来强调微塑料问题的严重性。故选B。]
35．D [推理判断题。最后一段中“We should be looking into upgrading drinking water treatment plants so they remove microplastics．”表明Gauchotte-Lindsay的建议与研究结果的潜在应用有关。故选D。]
Word Bank：
1．significantly adv．显著地，重大地
2．demonstrate v．证明；演示
3．volcanic rock 火山岩
4．crucially adv．关键地；至关重要地
5．exposure n．接触，暴露
6．originally adv．最初，原来
7．intake n．摄入量
8．upgrade v．使升级，改善
9．drinking water treatment plants 饮用水处理厂
(一)
语篇类型 夹叙 夹议文 主题语境 人与社会之心理健康与社会包容
(2025·河南洛阳三模)I am someone who is outgoing，chatty and friendly．I can appreciate that at first glance I do not appear to be any different from anyone else．I may seem ordinary on the surface．This is entirely because I'm hiding my true self．The only reason I don't “look like” the features associated with autism (自闭症) is that I am often making every effort to force myself to appear “normal”．Not all autistic people do this，but I do．
I smile whenever I want to hit my head against the wall and scream．I say，“Oh，that's fine！” when a restaurant doesn't have what I want，and the loss makes me feel like my skin is on fire．I force myself to make eye contact and focus on conversations．
But sometimes I can't maintain it．Sometimes，overcome by uncontrolled feelings，my mask (伪装) slips．How somebody responds to me in those moments tells me everything I need to know about their view of autistic people．
I assume that there is a lack of understanding．When people become annoyed that I cancel plans，or when I feel extremely upset I experience new or strange sounds and tastes，they undoubtedly lack empathy (同情)．In these moments，I can see any acceptance of autistic people from these kinds of people is for show．It is easy to say that you support autistic people，but if you are only supportive when that person presents as normal，then that isn't real support．
So，telling me that I “don't look autistic” is more denial than praise．We shouldn't have to “look autistic” for you to believe we are autistic，nor should whether we look like it or not，and are all equally deserving of empathy and support．
1．Why doesn't the author appear autistic
A．He naturally adapts to social situations．
B．He feels relaxed during daily interactions．
C．He received professional treatment as a child．
D．He hides his true feelings through constant effort．
2．How does the author think autistic people should be treated
A．They should get real care and concern．
B．They should be supported like normal people．
C．They should be trained to be what they really are．
D．They should receive support only if they act normally．
3．How does the author feel when told he doesn't look autistic
A．Delighted． B．Confused．
C．Annoyed． D．Surprised．
4．What is the author's main purpose in writing this text
A．To express sympathy for people with autism．
B．To call for true acceptance of autistic people．
C．To describe his daily life as an autistic person．
D．To ask readers to make friends with autistic people．
(二)
语篇类型 说明文 主题语境 人与社会之数据经济与产权博弈
(2025·河南郑州三模)Cars produced today are essentially smartphones with wheels．For drivers，this means many new features：automatic braking (刹车)，turn-by-turn directions，and entertainment systems．But carmakers are getting much more．They're constantly collecting data from our vehicles，like how much we weigh，how fast we drive，how many children we have and even financial information．But who owns and，finally，controls that data？And what are carmakers doing with it
The issue of ownership is not clearly known．Drivers usually sign away their rights to data．It's not unlike buying a smartphone．The difference is that most customers have no idea that vehicles collect data．We know our smartphones collect data and we've come to accept that we trade personal information for convenience．With cars，we have no such expectation．
What carmakers are doing with the collected data isn't clear．We know they use it to improve car performance and safety and that they have the ability to sell it to third parties they might choose．The data on your driving habits could be valuable to insurance companies．You may or may not choose to share it with these services．But while you can turn off location data on your cell phone，there is no opt-out_feature for your car．
Carmakers use data to warn us when something needs repair or when our cars need to be taken in for service．For almost a century，car owners have been able to take their vehicles to whichever shop they trust for maintenance and repair．That may be changing．When carmakers control the data，they can choose which service centers receive our information．They're more likely to share our data only with their branded dealerships (经销商) than with independent repair shops which could have an advantage in price and convenience．
It is clear that because of its value—as high as 750 billion dollars by 2030—carmakers are unlikely to release control of the data collected from our vehicles．Policymakers，however，have the chance to give drivers control—not just so that they can keep their data private but also so that they can share it with the people who want to see it．This will let car owners maintain what they've had for a century：the right to decide who fixes their cars．
5．How is paragraph 2 developed
A．By expressing ideas． B．By giving examples．
C．By exploring reasons． D．By making comparisons．
6．What does the underlined part “opt-out feature” in paragraph 3 refer to
A．A useful tool．
B．A special part．
C．A function to stop something．
D．A way to start something．
7．What might happen if carmakers control users' data
A．More repair shops will appear．
B．Carmakers will offer more repair shops．
C．Users will spend more on car maintenance．
D．Independent repair shops will earn higher profits．
8．What is the author's attitude towards the future of vehicle data control
A．Policies may help drivers gain control of their data．
B．Car owners will release control over their vehicle data．
C．Drivers should realize the value of their personal data．
D．Carmakers may share vehicle data with drivers in no way．
(一)
高频词汇 1．outgoing adj．外向的 2．overcome v．使受巨大影响 3．denial n．否认 4．deserving adj．值得的 5．assume v．假设
熟词生义 slip (生)v．失控 (熟) n．滑倒
重点短语 1．at first glance 乍一看 2．associate with与……有联系 3．make every effort to 竭尽全力
难句分析 We shouldn't have to “look autistic” for you to believe we are autistic，nor should whether we look like it or not，and are all equally deserving of empathy and support． 分析：本句是由并列连词nor连接的并列复合句，We shouldn't have to “look autistic” for you to believe we are autistic为第一分句，for you to believe we are autistic作目的状语，we are autistic为宾语从句，作believe的宾语；nor引导第二个分句的倒装句，whether we look like it or not为主语从句，are all equally deserving of empathy and support承前省略了主语we。 译文：我们不应该必须“看起来像自闭症”才能让你相信我们是自闭症患者，无论我们看起来如何，所有人都同样值得共情和支持。
(二)
高频词汇 1．feature n．功能；特征 2．automatic adj．自动的 3．financial adj．金融的；财务的 4．independent adj．独立的
熟词生义 release (生) v．放弃(控制权) (熟) v．发布，释放
重点短语 1．sign away签字放弃(权利) 2．trade A for B用 A 交换 B 3．take in for service送去维修/保养 4．have an advantage in在……方面有优势
难句分析 Policymakers，however，have the chance to give drivers control—not just so that they can keep their data private but also so that they can share it with the people who want to see it． 分析：本句为主从复合句。not just...but also...连接两个so that引导的目的状语从句，who want to see it为who引导的定语从句，修饰先行词people。 译文：然而，政策制定者有机会让司机获得控制权——不仅是为了让他们能够保护数据隐私，也是为了让他们能够与希望查看数据的人分享数据。
第三讲 写作意图与写作手法题
应用模拟练·提能力
【语篇解读】 本文是一篇夹叙夹议文。作者作为自闭症患者常常伪装自己，批评虚假支持，以此呼吁人们真正理解和接纳自闭症群体。
1．D [细节理解题。根据第一段中“This is entirely because I'm hiding my true self．The only reason I don't ‘look like’ the features associated with autism is that I am often making every effort to force myself to appear ‘normal’．”可知，作者通过不断努力隐藏自己的真实感受，从而让自己看起来不像患有自闭症。故选D。]
2．A [推理判断题。根据第四段中“It is easy to say that you support autistic people，but if you are only supportive when that person presents as normal，then that isn't real support．”可知，作者认为自闭症患者应该得到真正的关心和支持，而不是只在他们表现正常时才给予支持。故选A。]
3．C [推理判断题。根据最后一段中“So，telling me that I ‘don't look autistic’ is more denial than praise．”以及前文作者提到自己努力隐藏真实的自我可知，作者对于自己被说看起来不像自闭症患者而感到生气，因为这是对他真实状态的否认。故选C。]
4．B [写作意图题。通读全文可知，文章讲述了作者作为自闭症患者努力伪装自己，以及对于他人只在自闭症患者表现正常时才给予支持的不满，从而强调自闭症患者应该得到真正的理解和支持。故选B。]
【语篇解读】 本文是一篇说明文。文章主要讨论了汽车制造商收集的车辆数据及其所有权和控制权问题。
5．D [写作手法题。根据第二段中“It's not unlike buying a smartphone．The difference is that most customers have no idea that vehicles collect data．”可推知，第二段是通过智能手机和汽车收集数据的对比来展开论述的，即是通过比较来展开论述的。]
6．C [词义猜测题。根据画线短语前文内容“The data on your driving habits could be valuable to insurance companies．You may or may not choose to share it with these services．”可知，空前提到用户可以自主选择是否与这些服务共享。画线词所在句“But while you can turn off location data on your cell phone，there is no opt out feature for your car．”与上句构成转折关系，尽管你可以关闭手机上的数据位置，但你的汽车却没有停止分享数据位置的功能。故可推知此处画线短语与C项意思相近。]
7．C [推理判断题。根据第四段最后一句“They're more likely to share our data only with their branded dealerships than with independent repair shops which could have an advantage in price and convenience．”可知，若汽车制造商控制数据，这意味着用户可能需要为汽车保养花费更多费用，因为品牌经销商的收费可能会更高。]
8．A [推理判断题。根据最后一段中“It is clear that because of its value...not just so that they can keep their data private but also so that they can share it with the people who want to see it．”可推知，作者认为政策制定者可以让驾驶员掌握对数据的控制权，因此政策可以帮助司机控制他们的数据。](共45张PPT)
专题一 阅读四选一
第三讲 写作意图与写作手法题
第一部分 题型突破
核心技巧 利用文体和主旨推断写作意图；先定位题干指向的段落，再识别写作手法
典例 做真题·悟考法
(2025·全国一卷阅读理解D篇)
语篇解读：
本文是一篇说明文。文章指出了微塑料污染的普遍性，并介绍了中国研究人员的新发现：煮沸并过滤自来水可去除水中的微塑料(效果取决于水的硬度)。
深度解析：
32．C [写作手法题。第一段中作者通过列举微塑料在深海、喜马拉雅山脉、火山岩石、海鸟胃里和南极洲下的雪中的存在，来呈现微塑料污染问题。因此，作者是通过举例子的方式来呈现问题的。故选C。]
33．A [细节理解题。根据第三段第一句“Crucially，this process relies on the water containing enough calcium carbonate to trap the plastics．”可知，水的硬度决定了聚集水中微塑料的效果。下文补充说将含有300毫克碳酸钙的硬质水(hard water)煮沸可使微塑料含量降低近90%，但将碳酸钙含量低于60毫克的样本煮沸仅使微塑料含量降低25%。因此，水的硬度是影响聚集微塑料效果的关键因素。故选A。]
34．B [写作意图题。根据第四段“Still，the findings show a potential path forward...a task that's becoming increasingly difficult...contains 10 to 1，000 times more microplastics than originally thought．”可知，减少微塑料接触这项任务正变得愈发艰巨，即使是瓶装水，其微塑料含量也比最初认为的高出10至1 000倍。因此，作者试图通过提到瓶装水来强调微塑料问题的严重性。故选B。]
35．D [推理判断题。最后一段中“We should be looking into upgrading drinking water treatment plants so they remove microplastics．”表明Gauchotte-Lindsay的建议与研究结果的潜在应用有关。故选D。]
Word Bank：
1．significantly adv．显著地，重大地
2．demonstrate v．证明；演示
3．volcanic rock 火山岩
4．crucially adv．关键地；至关重要地
5．exposure n．接触，暴露
6．originally adv．最初，原来
7．intake n．摄入量
8．upgrade v．使升级，改善
9．drinking water treatment plants 饮用水处理厂
应用 模拟练·提能力
(2025·河南洛阳三模)I am someone who is outgoing，chatty and friendly．I can appreciate that at first glance I do not appear to be any different from anyone else．I may seem ordinary on the surface．This is entirely because I'm hiding my true self．The only reason I don't
(一)
语篇类型 夹叙夹议文 主题语境 人与社会之心理健康与社会包容
“look like” the features associated with autism (自闭症) is that I am often making every effort to force myself to appear “normal”．Not all autistic people do this，but I do．
I smile whenever I want to hit my head against the wall and scream．I say，“Oh，that's fine！” when a restaurant doesn't have what I want，and the loss makes me feel like my skin is on fire．I force myself to make eye contact and focus on conversations．
But sometimes I can't maintain it．Sometimes，overcome by uncontrolled feelings，my mask (伪装) slips．How somebody responds to me in those moments tells me everything I need to know about their view of autistic people．
I assume that there is a lack of understanding．When people become annoyed that I cancel plans，or when I feel extremely upset I experience new or strange sounds and tastes，they undoubtedly lack empathy (同情)．In these moments，I can see any acceptance of autistic people from these kinds of people is for show．It is easy to say that you support autistic people，but if you are only supportive when that person presents as normal，then that isn't real support．
So，telling me that I “don't look autistic” is more denial than praise．We shouldn't have to “look autistic” for you to believe we are autistic，nor should whether we look like it or not，and are all equally deserving of empathy and support．
【语篇解读】 本文是一篇夹叙夹议文。作者作为自闭症患者常常伪装自己，批评虚假支持，以此呼吁人们真正理解和接纳自闭症群体。
1．Why doesn't the author appear autistic
A．He naturally adapts to social situations．
B．He feels relaxed during daily interactions．
C．He received professional treatment as a child．
D．He hides his true feelings through constant effort．
√
D [细节理解题。根据第一段中“This is entirely because I'm hiding my true self．The only reason I don't ‘look like’ the features associated with autism is that I am often making every effort to force myself to appear ‘normal’．”可知，作者通过不断努力隐藏自己的真实感受，从而让自己看起来不像患有自闭症。故选D。]
2．How does the author think autistic people should be treated
A．They should get real care and concern．
B．They should be supported like normal people．
C．They should be trained to be what they really are．
D．They should receive support only if they act normally．
√
A [推理判断题。根据第四段中“It is easy to say that you support autistic people，but if you are only supportive when that person presents as normal，then that isn't real support．”可知，作者认为自闭症患者应该得到真正的关心和支持，而不是只在他们表现正常时才给予支持。故选A。]
3．How does the author feel when told he doesn't look autistic
A．Delighted． B．Confused．
C．Annoyed． D．Surprised．
√
C [推理判断题。根据最后一段中“So，telling me that I ‘don't look autistic’ is more denial than praise．”以及前文作者提到自己努力隐藏真实的自我可知，作者对于自己被说看起来不像自闭症患者而感到生气，因为这是对他真实状态的否认。故选C。]
4．What is the author's main purpose in writing this text
A．To express sympathy for people with autism．
B．To call for true acceptance of autistic people．
C．To describe his daily life as an autistic person．
D．To ask readers to make friends with autistic people．
√
B [写作意图题。通读全文可知，文章讲述了作者作为自闭症患者努力伪装自己，以及对于他人只在自闭症患者表现正常时才给予支持的不满，从而强调自闭症患者应该得到真正的理解和支持。故选B。]
(2025·河南郑州三模)Cars produced today are essentially smartphones with wheels．For drivers，this means many new features：automatic braking (刹车)，turn-by-turn directions，and entertainment systems．But carmakers are getting much more．They're constantly collecting data from our vehicles，like how much we weigh，how fast we drive，how many children we have and even financial information．But who owns and，finally，controls that data？And what are carmakers doing with it
(二)
语篇类型 说明文 主题语境 人与社会之数据经济与产权博弈
The issue of ownership is not clearly known．Drivers usually sign away their rights to data．It's not unlike buying a smartphone．The difference is that most customers have no idea that vehicles collect data．We know our smartphones collect data and we've come to accept that we trade personal information for convenience．With cars，we have no such expectation．
What carmakers are doing with the collected data isn't clear．We know they use it to improve car performance and safety and that they have the ability to sell it to third parties they might choose．The data on your driving habits could be valuable to insurance companies．You may or may not choose to share it with these services．But while you can turn off location data on your cell phone，there is no opt-out feature for your car．
Carmakers use data to warn us when something needs repair or when our cars need to be taken in for service．For almost a century，car owners have been able to take their vehicles to whichever shop they trust for maintenance and repair．That may be changing．When carmakers control the data，they can choose which service centers receive our information．They're more likely to share our data only with their branded dealerships (经销商) than with independent repair shops which could have an advantage in price and convenience．
It is clear that because of its value—as high as 750 billion dollars by 2030—carmakers are unlikely to release control of the data collected from our vehicles．Policymakers，however，have the chance to give drivers control—not just so that they can keep their data private but also so that they can share it with the people who want to see it．This will let car owners maintain what they've had for a century：the right to decide who fixes their cars．
【语篇解读】 本文是一篇说明文。文章主要讨论了汽车制造商收集的车辆数据及其所有权和控制权问题。
5．How is paragraph 2 developed
A．By expressing ideas． B．By giving examples．
C．By exploring reasons． D．By making comparisons．
√
D [写作手法题。根据第二段中“It's not unlike buying a smartphone．The difference is that most customers have no idea that vehicles collect data．”可推知，第二段是通过智能手机和汽车收集数据的对比来展开论述的，即是通过比较来展开论述的。]
6．What does the underlined part “opt-out feature” in paragraph 3 refer to
A．A useful tool．
B．A special part．
C．A function to stop something．
D．A way to start something．
√
C [词义猜测题。根据画线短语前文内容“The data on your driving habits could be valuable to insurance companies．You may or may not choose to share it with these services．”可知，空前提到用户可以自主选择是否与这些服务共享。画线词所在句“But while you can turn off location data on your cell phone，there is no opt-out feature for your car．”与上句构成转折关系，尽管你可以关闭手机上的数据位置，但你的汽车却没有停止分享数据位置的功能。故可推知此处画线短语与C项意思相近。]
7．What might happen if carmakers control users' data
A．More repair shops will appear．
B．Carmakers will offer more repair shops．
C．Users will spend more on car maintenance．
D．Independent repair shops will earn higher profits．
√
C [推理判断题。根据第四段最后一句“They're more likely to share our data only with their branded dealerships than with independent repair shops which could have an advantage in price and convenience．”可知，若汽车制造商控制数据，这意味着用户可能需要为汽车保养花费更多费用，因为品牌经销商的收费可能会更高。]
8．What is the author's attitude towards the future of vehicle data control
A．Policies may help drivers gain control of their data．
B．Car owners will release control over their vehicle data．
C．Drivers should realize the value of their personal data．
D．Carmakers may share vehicle data with drivers in no way．
√
A [推理判断题。根据最后一段中“It is clear that because of its value...not just so that they can keep their data private but also so that they can share it with the people who want to see it．”可推知，作者认为政策制定者可以让驾驶员掌握对数据的控制权，因此政策可以帮助司机控制他们的数据。]
词句积累
(一)
高频词汇 1．outgoing adj．外向的
2．overcome v．使受巨大影响
3．denial n．否认
4．deserving adj．值得的
5．assume v．假设
熟词生义 slip (生)v．失控 (熟) n．滑倒
重点短语 1．at first glance 乍一看
2．associate with与……有联系
3．make every effort to 竭尽全力
难句分析 We shouldn't have to “look autistic” for you to believe we are autistic，nor should whether we look like it or not，and are all equally deserving of empathy and support．
难句 分析 分析：本句是由并列连词nor连接的并列复合句，We shouldn't have to “look autistic” for you to believe we are autistic为第一分句，for you to believe we are autistic作目的状语，we are autistic为宾语从句，作believe的宾语；nor引导第二个分句的倒装句，whether we look like it or not为主语从句，are all equally deserving of empathy and support承前省略了主语we。
译文：我们不应该必须“看起来像自闭症”才能让你相信我们是自闭症患者，无论我们看起来如何，所有人都同样值得共情和支持。
(二)
高频词汇 1．feature n．功能；特征
2．automatic adj．自动的
3．financial adj．金融的；财务的
4．independent adj．独立的
熟词生义 release (生) v．放弃(控制权) (熟) v．发布，释放
重点短语 1．sign away签字放弃(权利)
2．trade A for B用 A 交换 B
3．take in for service送去维修/保养
4．have an advantage in在……方面有优势
难句分析 Policymakers，however，have the chance to give drivers control—not just so that they can keep their data private but also so that they can share it with the people who want to see it．
分析：本句为主从复合句。not just...but also...连接两个so that引导的目的状语从句，who want to see it为who引导的定语从句，修饰先行词people。
译文：然而，政策制定者有机会让司机获得控制权——不仅是为了让他们能够保护数据隐私，也是为了让他们能够与希望查看数据的人分享数据。
谢 谢！
