Section Ⅱ Learning About Language
直接引语和间接引语
“Time to hit the ice，” her uncle said.①As he helped her walk to the edge of the rink， he said，“We will hold your hands and you stand between us.”② Cali took their hands in hers and made her first step onto the smooth ice.She grinned and tried taking a few steps.“Good， Cali.Now try to glide on one foot for just a second longer on each foot as you walk，” suggested her aunt.③Then her uncle skated in front of her while her aunt guided her from behind.“Skate to your uncle now，” she said，④ pushing her on the back a little to get more speed.Cali glided unsteadily towards her uncle， taking small steps and fighting for balance.When she reached her uncle， he told her to try it on her own.⑤Cali wasn’t too sure about that.It seemed like everyone else was zooming past her.She started to get nervous.She lost her balance.
英语中常用两种方式引用别人说的话。一种是直接引语，如句①②③④；另一种是间接引语，如句⑤。
——运用“形式—意义—使用”相结合的三维动态语法观
一、概念
直接引语是直接引述别人的原话，一般前后要加引号。间接引语是用自己的话对别人的话进行转述，不用引号。
二、人称变化的三原则
【先感悟】
①Mary said，“I want to have a computer of my own.”
→Mary said that she wanted to have a computer of her own.
②Her colleague said to her，“Who did you ask for a leave？”
→Her colleague asked her who she had asked for a leave.
③Mr Li said， “Jack is a good worker.”
→Mr Li said Jack was a good worker.
【会发现】
（1）句①直接引语中为 第一 人称，间接引语中随主语改为 第三 人称；
（2）句②直接引语中为 第二 人称，间接引语中随 宾语 改为第三人称；
（3）句③直接引语中人称为 第三 人称，改为间接引语后人称 不变 。
【善归纳】
1.“第一人称随主”原则
如果从句中的主语是第一人称或被第一人称修饰，从句中的人称要按照主句中主语的人称变化。
2.“第二人称随宾”原则
如果从句中的主语及宾语是第二人称或被第二人称修饰，从句中的人称要跟引号外的主句的宾语一致。如果引号外的主句没有宾语，也可以用第一人称。
3.“第三人称不更新”原则
直接引语变间接引语时，直接引语中出现的第三人称的代词一般不需要变化。
【运用练】 将下列句子改为间接引语
①He said，“I am proud of my motherland.”
→ He said that he was proud of his motherland.
②“You are wasting your time daydreaming！” he said to Mary.
→ He told Mary that she was wasting her time daydreaming.
③Mr Smith said，“Mary’s voice is wonderful.”
→ Mr Smith said Mary’s voice was wonderful.
三、时态的变化
【先感悟】
①His friend said to him，“We are planning to have a picnic.”
→His friend told him that they were planning to have a picnic.
②The organiser said，“We have begun our plan.”
→The organiser said that they had begun their plan.
③My teacher said to us yesterday，“Early birds catch worms.”
→My teacher told us yesterday that early birds catch worms.
【会发现】
（1）句①直接引语中为 现在 进行时，间接引语中为 过去 进行时；
（2）句②直接引语中为 现在完成 时，间接引语中为 过去完成 时；
（3）句③直接引语是谚语，变成间接引语时态 不变 。
【善归纳】
1.直接引语变间接引语时动词变化如下表：
直接引语 间接引语
句子时态 一般现在时 一般过去时
现在进行时 过去进行时
现在完成时 过去完成时
一般过去时 过去完成时
过去完成时 过去完成时
一般将来时 过去将来时
2.直接引语变为间接引语时，时态不变化的情况如下：
（1）直接引语是客观真理、自然现象或名言警句；
（2）直接引语中有具体的过去的某年、某月、某日作状语。
【运用练】 将下列句子改为间接引语
①I said，“I will give her some advice tomorrow.”
→ I said that I would give her some advice the next day.
②“You have already done your duty，” he said to her.
→ He told her that she had already done her duty.
③He said，“I am living with my elder brother.”
→ He said that he was living with his elder brother.
④“Light travels much faster than sound，” he said.
→ He said that light travels much faster than sound.
⑤My friend Linda said to me，“I saw the film three days ago.”
→ My friend Linda told me that she had seen the film three days before.
四、指示代词、时间状语、地点状语及方向性动词的变化
【先感悟】
①She asked，“Is this book his？”
→She asked whether that book was his.
②“I’ll be very busy today，” said the man.
→The man said he would be very busy that day.
【会发现】
（1）句①直接引语中用this，间接引语中改为 that ；
（2）句②直接引语中用today，间接引语中改为 that day 。
【善归纳】
引语 用词 直接引语 间接引语
指示代词 this 这个 that 那个
these 这些 those 那些
时间状语 now 现在 then 那时
today今天 that day 那天
this morning 今天上午 that morning 那天上午
tonight 今天晚上 that night 那天晚上
tomorrow 明天 the next/following day 第二天
yesterday 昨天 the day before 前一天
last night 昨天晚上 the night before 前一天晚上
the day before yesterday 前天 two days before 两天前
three days ago 三天前 three days before 三天前
next week 下一周 the next/following week 第二周
ago （至今）以前 before （那时）以前
地点状语 here 这儿 there 那儿
方向性 动词 bring 带来 take 带走
come 来 go去
【运用练】 将下列句子改为间接引语
①They said，“We arrived this morning.”
→ They said that they had arrived that morning.
②John said，“I wrote back telling him about it yesterday.”
→ John said that he had written back telling him about it the day before.
③He said，“It’s ten o’clock now.”
→ He said that it was ten o’clock then.
④She said，“I’ll do it tonight.”
→ She said that she would do it that night.
⑤He said，“I brought it home with me.”
→ He said that he had taken it home with him.
五、连接词的选择
【先感悟】
①“I don’t want to set down a series of facts in a diary，” said Anne.
→Anne said that she didn’t want to set down a series of facts in a diary.
②“Does a friend always have to be a person？” the writer asks us.
→The writer asks us if/whether a friend always has to be a person.
③“What do you call your diary？” Anne’s sister asked her.
→Anne’s sister asked her what she called her diary.
【会发现】
（1）直接引语为陈述句时，间接引语变成 that 引导的宾语从句，如句①；
（2）直接引语为一般疑问句时，间接引语变成 if/whether 引导的宾语从句，如句②；
（3）直接引语为特殊疑问句时，间接引语仍由原来的 特殊疑问词 引导宾语从句，如句③。
【善归纳】
1.直接引语是陈述句，变为间接引语时，常变成由that引导的宾语从句，在口语中，that可以省略。直接引语是陈述句时，若变为间接引语，主句谓语动词said to sb常改为told sb。
2.直接引语是一般疑问句、选择疑问句或反意疑问句时，间接引语中用 whether（ ...or ...或...or not）或if引导。如果主句中谓语动词是said，则将其改为asked。
3.直接引语为特殊疑问句时，间接引语仍用原句中的特殊疑问词来引导，其余的变化遵照直接引语和间接引语之间的转换规则来进行。疑问句的直接引语变间接引语时，要把疑问语序变成陈述句语序。
【运用练】 将下列句子改为间接引语
①“Where are you going？” the father asked his son.
→ The father asked his son where he was going.
②Mother said to her daughter， “Are you satisfied with your new room？”
→ Mother asked her daughter whether/if she was satisfied with her new room.
六、祈使句变间接引语
【先感悟】
①“Finish the task in ten minutes，” the manager said to the clerk.
→The manager told the clerk to finish the task in ten minutes.
②“Keep silent！” said the chairman.
→The chairman ordered us to keep silent.
③Mary said，“Let’s go to the art exhibition this afternoon.”
→Mary suggested our going to the art exhibition that afternoon.
→Mary suggested that we （should） go to the art exhibition that afternoon.
④“Please have a rest，” she said to us.
→She asked us to have a rest.
⑤The leader said to the workers，“Don’t speak while working.”
→The leader warned the workers not to speak while working.
⑥“Take an umbrella in case of rain，” his mother said to him.
→His mother reminded him to take an umbrella in case of rain.
【会发现】
以上句子中，句①和句②是表示 命令 的祈使句；句③和句④是表示 建议 的祈使句；句⑤和句⑥是表示 警告 和 提醒 的祈使句。
【善归纳】
如果直接引语是表示命令、建议或提议、请求、警告或提醒的祈使句，变为间接引语时通常要使祈使句的动词原形变成带to的动词不定式，并在动词不定式前根据句意以及说话者当时的语气或态度加上ask、 tell、 order、 suggest、 advise、 beg、 warn、 remind、 invite、 request、 command、 encourage等动词。
1.引述表示命令的祈使句，变间接引语时常采用ask/tell/order sb to do sth的形式。
2.当直接引语为表示建议、提议、请求、劝告的祈使句时，多用suggest＋doing/that从句（suggest后接that从句时，从句使用虚拟语气should＋动词原形，should可以省略）和ask/advise/want/beg＋sb＋to do等结构。
3.引述表示警告或提醒的祈使句用warn、 remind等词转述。
名师点津
（1）无论是否定祈使句，还是表示委婉语气的否定疑问句，在变为间接引语时，要用动词不定式的否定形式：not/never to do sth。
（2）直接引语中的称呼语变为间接引语时，一般把它当作主句谓语动词的宾语用。
She said， “Don’t make so much noise， children！”
→She told the children not to make so much noise.
【运用练】 将下列句子改为间接引语
①“Follow his instructions，” she said to me.
→ She asked me to follow his instructions.
②The officer said，“Go away.”
→ The officer ordered us to go away.
③“Do some shopping for me， please，” he said to her.
→ He asked her to do some shopping for him.
④Jack said，“Let’s go to the cinema tonight.”
→ Jack suggested that we （should） go to the cinema that night.
→ Jack suggested our going to the cinema that night.
⑤“Don’t forget to take your book with you，”she said.
→ She reminded me not to forget to take my book with me.
⑥“Don’t break the rules，” said the headmaster.
→ The headmaster warned not to break the rules.
七、表示请求的一般疑问句变间接引语
【先感悟】
①“Would you buy some bread for me？” he said to her.
→He asked her to buy some bread for him.
②“Would you sleep and get up early， children？” Father said.
→Father asked the children to sleep and get up early.
【会发现】
句①和句②变为直接引语时，谓语动词均使用了动词 asked 。
【善归纳】
若直接引语是Could/Can/Will/Would ...please？型一般疑问句，变间接引语时常用ask sb to do sth结构，且please要去掉。
【运用练】 将下列句子改为间接引语
①“Can you lend me two yuan？” he asked me.
→ He asked me to lend him two yuan.
②Mike asked，“Can you tell me the way to the post office， Bob？”
→ Mike asked Bob to tell him the way to the post office.
③Jack said to me，“Will you please do it for me？”
→ Jack asked me to do it for him.
八、感叹句变间接引语
【先感悟】
“What a beautiful dress it is！” the girl said to her friend.
→The girl told her friend what a beautiful dress it was.
→The girl told her friend that it was a very beautiful dress.
【会发现】
上面what开头的感叹句变为直接引语时，引导词可以用 what ，也可以用 that 。
【善归纳】
直接引语为感叹句时，间接引语可用what或how引导，也可以用that引导。
【运用练】 将下列句子改为间接引语
①He said，“What a beautiful view it is！”
→ He said what a beautiful view it was.
→ He said that it was a beautiful view.
②“How interesting a story it is！” she said.
→ She said how interesting a story it was.
→ She said that it was an interesting story.
Ⅰ.基础题型练
1.The teacher asked the students not to look （look） out of the windows in class.
2.The geography teacher told us that the Earth travels （travel） around the sun.
3.Mr Wang told the children that he would leave （leave） for Shanghai on business the next month.
Ⅱ.将下列直接引语变为间接引语
1.He asked her，“Where are you going？”
→ He asked her where she was going.
2.“A friend in need is a friend indeed，” Mother said to me.
→ Mother told me that a friend in need is a friend indeed.
3.“You must finish it today，” the boss said to his secretary.
→ The boss told his secretary that she/he had to finish it that day.
4.“How long have you worked in the company？” he asked me.
→ He asked me how long I had worked in the company.
5.“Will Mr Chen come to give us a lecture next week？” I asked Sara.
→ I asked Sara whether/if Mr Chen would come to give us a lecture the next/following week.
Ⅲ.将下列间接引语变为直接引语
1.He asked the boy why he had been late again.
He asked the boy，“Why were you late again？”
2.He asked me to shut the window.
He said to me，“Shut the window， please.”
3.The doctor told me not to drink too much.
The doctor said to me，“Don’t drink too much.”
4.The old man said that the boys over there were playing football.
The old man said，“The boys over there are playing football.”
5.The teacher told us that we would have an English test the following Saturday.
The teacher said to us，“You will have an English test next Saturday.”
1.harmonious adj.和谐的
教材原句 ...aiming to restrict coal consumption， promote a harmonious relationship between man and nature， build a sustainable energy system， and advocate a moderate， green， and low-carbon lifestyle.
……力求限制煤炭消耗，倡导人与自然的和谐关系，构建可持续能源体系，并倡导一种适度、绿色和低碳的生活方式。
【用法】
harmony n. 融洽；和谐；协调 in harmony with sb/sth 与某人/某物协调；与某人/某物和谐相处 live/work in harmony 融洽地生活/工作
【佳句】 Both men were happy to withdraw from contemporary life， seeking a harmonious relationship with nature in the quietness of their lives. （外研选必三）
两个人都乐于从当下的生活中抽身而退，在平静的生活中寻求与自然的和谐关系。
【练透】 单句语法填空
①The harmonious （harmony） dance of fireflies in the dusk made the forest more peaceful.
②Traditional Chinese medicine believes health comes from living in harmony with the seasons’ changes.
【写美】 完成句子
③为了实现目标，我们需结合自身实际能力合理规划，而非仅仅遵循他人的期待。
To achieve goals， we must plan in harmony with our actual abilities ， not just follow others’ expectations.
2.on behalf of代表（代替）某人
教材原句 I’m doing a project on behalf of my school about global warming.
我正在代表学校做一个关于全球变暖的项目。
【用法】
（1）on behalf of sb＝on sb’s behalf （英） in behalf of sb＝in sb’s behalf （美） 做某人的代表或代言人；为某人之利益 （2）represent v. 代表；象征；表示
【佳句】 I’m honoured to be here to extend a warm welcome to you on behalf of our school.在这里我很荣幸地代表我们学校向你们表示热烈的欢迎。
【练透】 单句语法填空
①I did all I could in behalf of my friend.
②He spoke on behalf of his government.
【写美】 完成句子
③长城代表中华文明的坚韧。
The Great Wall represents the perseverance of Chinese civilization .
Ⅰ.基础题型练
1.She asked me whether the man was （be） a cheater.
2.Tom said that Mary would come （come） five days later.
3.The policeman asked him what he was doing （do） when the robber came in.
4.He applauded me， saying that I had done （do） something wonderful.
5.He suggested we （should） wait （wait） a while before we made the final decision.
6.He said after a short space of silence he would consider （consider） the problem again.
7.The teacher asked Tom why he （had） made （make） so many mistakes in his homework.
8.My mother told me that my classmate was waiting （wait） for me in the sitting room then.
9.Mr Smith said that China is （be） the biggest developing country in the world.
Ⅱ.语法与写作
1.My mother asked me whether/if I could tolerate such bad working conditions （是否能忍受那么恶劣的工作条件）.
2.My father asked me to study ecology in my spare time （在空闲时间研究生态学）.
3.The geography teacher told us that the sun rises in the east and sets in the west （太阳从东方升起，从西方落下）.
4.He told me that he had taught English since he came here （自从他来到这里就一直在教英语）.
5.John said that he was going to London with his father （他要和他的父亲去伦敦）.
6.The teacher told us that the earth moves around the sun （地球围绕太阳转）.
7.The manager warned that I had to finish the project by the next day （我必须在第二天前完成项目）， or else there would be serious consequences.
8.He confided to his friend that he wasn’t sure whether he should accept the job offer in another country （是否应该接受另一个国家的工作邀请）.
9.The students said that they had gone hiking the previous weekend （他们前一个周末去徒步旅行了）.
Ⅰ.完形填空
Sometime last year， Michael Blonder began giving out reusable fabric bags with each purchase instead of disposable plastic bags at A.L.Goodies General Store，the souvenir shop he 1 on Main Street.
The move， Blonder said， was in anticipation of a ban on plastic bags， 2 the city has not made an effort to do so in more than a decade.
Eight states around the country have already 3 them.And in neighboring Montgomery County and Washington D.C.，fees have been levied （征收） to 4 consumers away from using the single-use plastic bags that can 5 their way into nearby waterways， 6 storm drains and getting stuck in tree branches.
On Monday，Annapolis Alderman Rob Savidge introduced a 7 that would prevent any 8 in the city — who owns grocers，convenience stores and others from 9 plastic bags at the point of sale.The Annapolis bill also 10 a 20-cent fee for each paper bag that’s issued only for 11 businesses—those with a footprint of 20，000 square feet or more.
Savidge hopes the bill will cut off the public’s 12 on plastic bags and help clean up pollution.But a city bill does not become a（n） 13 until more procedures are done.
A ban is a（n） 14 part of environmental protection， said Rick Kissel， the former vice-chair of the Anne Arundel County Sierra Club.He recommended a delay in placing the ban so customers could 15 .
语篇解读：本文是一篇新闻报道。一家纪念品店的店主Michael Blonder给顾客发放布袋，并希望政府能够禁止使用一次性塑料袋。
1.A.builds B.enters
C.visits D.runs
解析：D 根据giving out reusable fabric bags with each purchase可推知，Michael Blonder是纪念品店的店主，即他经营这家店。
2.A.though B.until
C.unless D.after
解析：A 根据句意可知，空处前后存在意义上的转折，应用though引导让步状语从句。
3.A.sold B.banned
C.reduced D.produced
解析：B 根据上文a ban on plastic bags可推知，此处表示全国有8个州实施了禁塑令，禁止使用塑料袋。
4.A.introduce B.announce
C.interview D.direct
解析：D 根据fees have been levied （征收） to可推知，征收费用的目的是引导消费者不使用一次性塑料袋。
5.A.lose B.find
C.fight D.wind
解析：B 根据their way into nearby waterways可知，此处表示一次性塑料袋会进入附近的水道。find one’s way to/into进入，到达，无意中处于。
6.A.making up B.building up
C.blocking up D.showing up
解析：C 根据storm drains并结合常识可知，一次性塑料袋会堵塞雨水管道。
7.A.bill B.note
C.letter D.measure
解析：A 根据下文Savidge hopes the bill可知，议员Rob Savidge提出了一项法案。
8.A.teacher B.officer
C.doctor D.shopkeeper
解析：D 根据who owns grocers， convenience stores and others可知，拥有杂货店、便利店或其他店铺的是店主。
9.A.providing B.producing
C.recycling D.employing
解析：A 根据语境可知，此处指该法案阻止店主向顾客提供塑料袋。
10.A.looks for B.calls for
C.makes for D.hopes for
解析：B 根据a 20-cent fee for each paper bag可知，此处表示法案要求对每个纸袋征收20美分。
11.A.cleaner B.private
C.public D.larger
解析：D 根据those with a footprint of 20，000 square feet or more可知，占地面积在2万平方英尺以上的公司是规模较大的公司。
12.A.dependence B.promise
C.opinion D.income
解析：A 根据上文描述的法案的内容及语境可推知，此处表示Savidge希望这项法案能够中断公众对塑料袋的依赖。
13.A.notice B.law
C.information D.rule
解析：B 根据until more procedures are done可推知，此处指市级法案要成为法律还需要更多程序。
14.A.meaningless B.impossible
C.essential D.immediate
解析：C 根据语境可知，一项禁令是环境保护必不可少的一部分。
15.A.refuse B.learn
C.adjust D.understand
解析：C 根据so可推知，他建议推迟实施这一禁令的目的是让消费者可以逐渐适应。
Ⅱ.语法填空
With seasonal temperatures breaking records almost every year，tree species 16. （expect） to adapt to the changes by slowly shifting their population centers northward.But 17. recent survey shows the trend towards westward movement is even 18. （strong） than expected — in some cases，species have shifted their ranges to west by as much as 73 percent.
The survey shows that roughly three-quarters of the 86 tree species 19. （survey） have shifted their population centers westward 20. 1980.
Obviously， trees aren’t uprooting 21. （them） and moving elsewhere.The survey provides insight into general population trends as young trees continue to take root in westward land， while some of the older 22. （plant） of the species in the eastern areas are slowly dying out.In this way，the center of a species’ range can gradually shift over time.
Though scientists aren’t sure 23. is causing this change， the publishers of the study think that it’s connected to rainfall.Rainfall totals across the United States have changed，24. （cause） areas such as the Southeast to experience significantly less rain annually， while the Great Plains is getting far more than its historical average.For this reason， most trees are moving towards the 25. （increasing） watery plains.
语篇解读：本文是一篇说明文。调查显示大多数的树种向西迁移，一项研究认为这种变化可能与降雨有关。
16.are expected 考查时态、语态和主谓一致。根据语境可知，此处用一般现在时；本句中主语与谓语动词是被动关系，应用被动语态。主语tree species是复数，故填are expected。
17.a 考查冠词。分析语境可知，此处泛指一项调查，且recent的发音以辅音音素开头，故填a。
18.stronger 考查形容词的比较级。根据than可知，应用比较级，故填stronger。
19.surveyed 考查非谓语动词。分析句子可知，空处应用非谓语动词形式，tree species与survey之间是被动关系，所以应用过去分词作后置定语。故填surveyed。
20.since 考查连词。“since （自从）＋过去的时间”作状语，主句用现在完成时。故填since。
21.themselves 考查反身代词。分析语境可知，树木不会自己连根拔起搬到别处去。故填themselves。
22.plants 考查名词复数。根据some of the older ...可知，应用名词的复数。故填plants。
23.what 考查宾语从句。sure后的宾语从句中缺少主语，且意为“什么”，故填what。
24.causing 考查非谓语动词。分析句子可知，空处应用非谓语动词形式作状语，表示自然而然的结果。故填causing。
25.increasingly 考查副词。修饰形容词watery，应用副词作状语。故填increasingly。
1 / 2Section Ⅱ Learning About Language
直接引语和间接引语
“Time to hit the ice，” her uncle said.①As he helped her walk to the edge of the rink， he said，“We will hold your hands and you stand between us.”② Cali took their hands in hers and made her first step onto the smooth ice.She grinned and tried taking a few steps.“Good， Cali.Now try to glide on one foot for just a second longer on each foot as you walk，” suggested her aunt.③Then her uncle skated in front of her while her aunt guided her from behind.“Skate to your uncle now，” she said，④ pushing her on the back a little to get more speed.Cali glided unsteadily towards her uncle， taking small steps and fighting for balance.When she reached her uncle， he told her to try it on her own.⑤Cali wasn’t too sure about that.It seemed like everyone else was zooming past her.She started to get nervous.She lost her balance.
英语中常用两种方式引用别人说的话。一种是直接引语，如句①②③④；另一种是间接引语，如句⑤。
——运用“形式—意义—使用”相结合的三维动态语法观
一、概念
直接引语是直接引述别人的原话，一般前后要加引号。间接引语是用自己的话对别人的话进行转述，不用引号。
二、人称变化的三原则
【先感悟】
①Mary said，“I want to have a computer of my own.”
→Mary said that she wanted to have a computer of her own.
②Her colleague said to her，“Who did you ask for a leave？”
→Her colleague asked her who she had asked for a leave.
③Mr Li said， “Jack is a good worker.”
→Mr Li said Jack was a good worker.
【会发现】
（1）句①直接引语中为 人称，间接引语中随主语改为 人称；
（2）句②直接引语中为 人称，间接引语中随 改为第三人称；
（3）句③直接引语中人称为 人称，改为间接引语后人称 。
【善归纳】
1.“第一人称随主”原则
如果从句中的主语是第一人称或被第一人称修饰，从句中的人称要按照主句中主语的人称变化。
2.“第二人称随宾”原则
如果从句中的主语及宾语是第二人称或被第二人称修饰，从句中的人称要跟引号外的主句的宾语一致。如果引号外的主句没有宾语，也可以用第一人称。
3.“第三人称不更新”原则
直接引语变间接引语时，直接引语中出现的第三人称的代词一般不需要变化。
【运用练】 将下列句子改为间接引语
①He said，“I am proud of my motherland.”
→
②“You are wasting your time daydreaming！” he said to Mary.
→
③Mr Smith said，“Mary’s voice is wonderful.”
→
三、时态的变化
【先感悟】
①His friend said to him，“We are planning to have a picnic.”
→His friend told him that they were planning to have a picnic.
②The organiser said，“We have begun our plan.”
→The organiser said that they had begun their plan.
③My teacher said to us yesterday，“Early birds catch worms.”
→My teacher told us yesterday that early birds catch worms.
【会发现】
（1）句①直接引语中为 进行时，间接引语中为 进行时；
（2）句②直接引语中为 时，间接引语中为 时；
（3）句③直接引语是谚语，变成间接引语时态 。
【善归纳】
1.直接引语变间接引语时动词变化如下表：
直接引语 间接引语
句子时态 一般现在时 一般过去时
现在进行时 过去进行时
现在完成时 过去完成时
一般过去时 过去完成时
过去完成时 过去完成时
一般将来时 过去将来时
2.直接引语变为间接引语时，时态不变化的情况如下：
（1）直接引语是客观真理、自然现象或名言警句；
（2）直接引语中有具体的过去的某年、某月、某日作状语。
【运用练】 将下列句子改为间接引语
①I said，“I will give her some advice tomorrow.”
→
②“You have already done your duty，” he said to her.
→
③He said，“I am living with my elder brother.”
→
④“Light travels much faster than sound，” he said.
→
⑤My friend Linda said to me，“I saw the film three days ago.”
→
四、指示代词、时间状语、地点状语及方向性动词的变化
【先感悟】
①She asked，“Is this book his？”
→She asked whether that book was his.
②“I’ll be very busy today，” said the man.
→The man said he would be very busy that day.
【会发现】
（1）句①直接引语中用this，间接引语中改为 ；
（2）句②直接引语中用today，间接引语中改为 。
【善归纳】
引语 用词 直接引语 间接引语
指示代词 this 这个 that 那个
these 这些 those 那些
时间状语 now 现在 then 那时
today今天 that day 那天
this morning 今天上午 that morning 那天上午
tonight 今天晚上 that night 那天晚上
tomorrow 明天 the next/following day 第二天
yesterday 昨天 the day before 前一天
last night 昨天晚上 the night before 前一天晚上
the day before yesterday 前天 two days before 两天前
three days ago 三天前 three days before 三天前
next week 下一周 the next/following week 第二周
ago （至今）以前 before （那时）以前
地点状语 here 这儿 there 那儿
方向性 动词 bring 带来 take 带走
come 来 go去
【运用练】 将下列句子改为间接引语
①They said，“We arrived this morning.”
→
②John said，“I wrote back telling him about it yesterday.”
→
③He said，“It’s ten o’clock now.”
→
④She said，“I’ll do it tonight.”
→
⑤He said，“I brought it home with me.”
→
五、连接词的选择
【先感悟】
①“I don’t want to set down a series of facts in a diary，” said Anne.
→Anne said that she didn’t want to set down a series of facts in a diary.
②“Does a friend always have to be a person？” the writer asks us.
→The writer asks us if/whether a friend always has to be a person.
③“What do you call your diary？” Anne’s sister asked her.
→Anne’s sister asked her what she called her diary.
【会发现】
（1）直接引语为陈述句时，间接引语变成 引导的宾语从句，如句①；
（2）直接引语为一般疑问句时，间接引语变成 引导的宾语从句，如句②；
（3）直接引语为特殊疑问句时，间接引语仍由原来的 引导宾语从句，如句③。
【善归纳】
1.直接引语是陈述句，变为间接引语时，常变成由that引导的宾语从句，在口语中，that可以省略。直接引语是陈述句时，若变为间接引语，主句谓语动词said to sb常改为told sb。
2.直接引语是一般疑问句、选择疑问句或反意疑问句时，间接引语中用 whether（ ...or ...或...or not）或if引导。如果主句中谓语动词是said，则将其改为asked。
3.直接引语为特殊疑问句时，间接引语仍用原句中的特殊疑问词来引导，其余的变化遵照直接引语和间接引语之间的转换规则来进行。疑问句的直接引语变间接引语时，要把疑问语序变成陈述句语序。
【运用练】 将下列句子改为间接引语
①“Where are you going？” the father asked his son.
→
②Mother said to her daughter， “Are you satisfied with your new room？”
→
六、祈使句变间接引语
【先感悟】
①“Finish the task in ten minutes，” the manager said to the clerk.
→The manager told the clerk to finish the task in ten minutes.
②“Keep silent！” said the chairman.
→The chairman ordered us to keep silent.
③Mary said，“Let’s go to the art exhibition this afternoon.”
→Mary suggested our going to the art exhibition that afternoon.
→Mary suggested that we （should） go to the art exhibition that afternoon.
④“Please have a rest，” she said to us.
→She asked us to have a rest.
⑤The leader said to the workers，“Don’t speak while working.”
→The leader warned the workers not to speak while working.
⑥“Take an umbrella in case of rain，” his mother said to him.
→His mother reminded him to take an umbrella in case of rain.
【会发现】
以上句子中，句①和句②是表示 的祈使句；句③和句④是表示 的祈使句；句⑤和句⑥是表示 和 的祈使句。
【善归纳】
如果直接引语是表示命令、建议或提议、请求、警告或提醒的祈使句，变为间接引语时通常要使祈使句的动词原形变成带to的动词不定式，并在动词不定式前根据句意以及说话者当时的语气或态度加上ask、 tell、 order、 suggest、 advise、 beg、 warn、 remind、 invite、 request、 command、 encourage等动词。
1.引述表示命令的祈使句，变间接引语时常采用ask/tell/order sb to do sth的形式。
2.当直接引语为表示建议、提议、请求、劝告的祈使句时，多用suggest＋doing/that从句（suggest后接that从句时，从句使用虚拟语气should＋动词原形，should可以省略）和ask/advise/want/beg＋sb＋to do等结构。
3.引述表示警告或提醒的祈使句用warn、 remind等词转述。
名师点津
（1）无论是否定祈使句，还是表示委婉语气的否定疑问句，在变为间接引语时，要用动词不定式的否定形式：not/never to do sth。
（2）直接引语中的称呼语变为间接引语时，一般把它当作主句谓语动词的宾语用。
She said， “Don’t make so much noise， children！”
→She told the children not to make so much noise.
【运用练】 将下列句子改为间接引语
①“Follow his instructions，” she said to me.
→
②The officer said，“Go away.”
→
③“Do some shopping for me， please，” he said to her.
→
④Jack said，“Let’s go to the cinema tonight.”
→
→
⑤“Don’t forget to take your book with you，”she said.
→
⑥“Don’t break the rules，” said the headmaster.
→
七、表示请求的一般疑问句变间接引语
【先感悟】
①“Would you buy some bread for me？” he said to her.
→He asked her to buy some bread for him.
②“Would you sleep and get up early， children？” Father said.
→Father asked the children to sleep and get up early.
【会发现】
句①和句②变为直接引语时，谓语动词均使用了动词 。
【善归纳】
若直接引语是Could/Can/Will/Would ...please？型一般疑问句，变间接引语时常用ask sb to do sth结构，且please要去掉。
【运用练】 将下列句子改为间接引语
①“Can you lend me two yuan？” he asked me.
→
②Mike asked，“Can you tell me the way to the post office， Bob？”
→
③Jack said to me，“Will you please do it for me？”
→
八、感叹句变间接引语
【先感悟】
“What a beautiful dress it is！” the girl said to her friend.
→The girl told her friend what a beautiful dress it was.
→The girl told her friend that it was a very beautiful dress.
【会发现】
上面what开头的感叹句变为直接引语时，引导词可以用 ，也可以用 。
【善归纳】
直接引语为感叹句时，间接引语可用what或how引导，也可以用that引导。
【运用练】 将下列句子改为间接引语
①He said，“What a beautiful view it is！”
→
→
②“How interesting a story it is！” she said.
→
→
Ⅰ.基础题型练
1.The teacher asked the students not （look） out of the windows in class.
2.The geography teacher told us that the Earth （travel） around the sun.
3.Mr Wang told the children that he （leave） for Shanghai on business the next month.
Ⅱ.将下列直接引语变为间接引语
1.He asked her，“Where are you going？”
→
2.“A friend in need is a friend indeed，” Mother said to me.
→
3.“You must finish it today，” the boss said to his secretary.
→
4.“How long have you worked in the company？” he asked me.
→
5.“Will Mr Chen come to give us a lecture next week？” I asked Sara.
→
Ⅲ.将下列间接引语变为直接引语
1.He asked the boy why he had been late again.
2.He asked me to shut the window.
3.The doctor told me not to drink too much.
4.The old man said that the boys over there were playing football.
5.The teacher told us that we would have an English test the following Saturday.
1.harmonious adj.和谐的
教材原句 ...aiming to restrict coal consumption， promote a harmonious relationship between man and nature， build a sustainable energy system， and advocate a moderate， green， and low-carbon lifestyle.……力求限制煤炭消耗，倡导人与自然的和谐关系，构建可持续能源体系，并倡导一种适度、绿色和低碳的生活方式。
【用法】
harmony n. 融洽；和谐；协调
in harmony with sb/sth 与某人/某物协调；与某人/某物和谐相处
live/work in harmony 融洽地生活/工作
【佳句】 Both men were happy to withdraw from contemporary life， seeking a harmonious relationship with nature in the quietness of their lives. （外研选必三）
两个人都乐于从当下的生活中抽身而退，在平静的生活中寻求与自然的和谐关系。
【练透】 单句语法填空
①The （harmony） dance of fireflies in the dusk made the forest more peaceful.
②Traditional Chinese medicine believes health comes from living harmony with the seasons’ changes.
【写美】 完成句子
③为了实现目标，我们需结合自身实际能力合理规划，而非仅仅遵循他人的期待。
To achieve goals， we must ， not just follow others’ expectations.
2.on behalf of代表（代替）某人
教材原句 I’m doing a project on behalf of my school about global warming.
我正在代表学校做一个关于全球变暖的项目。
【用法】
（1）on behalf of sb＝on sb’s behalf （英）
in behalf of sb＝in sb’s behalf （美）
做某人的代表或代言人；为某人之利益
（2）represent v. 代表；象征；表示
【佳句】 I’m honoured to be here to extend a warm welcome to you on behalf of our school.
在这里我很荣幸地代表我们学校向你们表示热烈的欢迎。
【练透】 单句语法填空
①I did all I could behalf of my friend.
②He spoke behalf of his government.
【写美】 完成句子
③长城代表中华文明的坚韧。
The Great Wall .
提示：完成课后作业 UNIT 3 Section Ⅱ
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