Section Ⅱ Learning About Language
现在完成进行时
I have been hearing① a strange sound for a while. It’s a deep， loud roar， like a lion’s. But there aren’t any lions here. Soon I see what is making/has been making② the noise： a howler monkey. Now I feel less worried. Realising that something is moving on my shoulder， I turn my head to look at it. It’s a giant spider！ I brush it off and it runs under some leaves. I try to bat away the huge insects， which have been flying③ around my head in a black cloud for quite a while.I take off the headset and I’m back in my living room.This is an amazing experience and a reminder of how many species there are in the rainforest. We must do all we can to protect it.
1.句①使用现在完成进行时，表示听到这个奇怪的声音已经有一段时间，可能还会持续下去；
2.句②使用现在进行时或现在完成进行时，表示这个声音正在进行或已经进行一段时间；
3.句③使用现在完成进行时，表示这些昆虫已经在“我”头上飞了一段时间，可能还会持续下去。
——运用“形式—意义—使用”相结合的三维动态语法观
一、现在完成进行时
【先感悟】
①We have been waiting for you for half an hour.
②The Chinese have been making paper for about two thousand years.
③I have been learning English since three years ago.
④You have been coughing a lot lately.
⑤Too much has been happening today.
⑥He has always been studying hard.
【会发现】
（1）以上句子中的谓语动词都使用了 现在完成进行时 ；
（2）其中句 ① 谓语动词所表示的动作刚结束；
（3）句 ②③ 谓语动词所表示的动作还将继续下去；
（4）句 ④⑤⑥ 表示一种感彩（关切、感慨、赞许等）。
【善归纳】
1.现在完成进行时的基本结构：have/has＋been＋doing；
2.表示一个在过去开始而在最近刚刚结束的动作；
3.表示一个从过去开始但仍在进行的动作；
4.表示一个从过去开始延续到现在，可以包括现在在内的一个阶段内重复发生的动作，通常表示一种感彩（关切、感慨、惊异、愤怒、赞许等）。
名师点津
现在完成进行时的特点：
（1）兼具现在完成时和现在进行时的特点；
（2）表示某一动作对现在产生的结果或影响；
（3）表示某一动作的延续性、重复性、生动性及感彩。
【运用练】 单句语法填空/完成句子
①—You are a great swimmer.
—Thanks. It’s because I have been practising （practise） a lot these days.
②从古希腊时代起，人们就开始涌入体育场馆。
People have been pouring into stadiums since the days of ancient Greece.
③尽管她已经教了20年英语，她仍然对教学充满热情。
Though she has been teaching English for twenty years， she is still passionate about teaching.
④他一直学习相声——中国的传统喜剧形式——数十年了，他想把中国相声与西方传统的单口相声融合起来。
He， who has been learning crosstalk ， the Chinese comedic tradition， for decades， wants to mix it up with the Western stand-up tradition.
二、现在完成进行时与现在完成时的区别
【先感悟】
①I have read four books up to now this semester.
②They have been building a bridge.
③The repairman has been repairing the car all the afternoon.
④The repairman has repaired your car， and you can have it now.
【会发现】
（1）句①运用了 现在完成时态 ，谓语动词表示的动作已经完成（已经读了四本书）；
（2）句②运用了 现在完成进行时态 ，谓语动词表示的动作还将继续下去（桥的建造还没有完成）；
（3）句③运用了 现在完成进行时态 ，强调谓语动词表示的动作一直在进行（一直在修车）；
（4）句④运用了 现在完成时态 ，强调谓语动词表示的动作产生的结果（现在你可以把车开走了）。
【善归纳】
1.现在完成时强调动作的完成，而现在完成进行时强调动作的延续或反复，因此，表示动作的完成，只能用现在完成时，而不能用现在完成进行时。
2.现在完成时强调动作行为的结果、影响，而现在完成进行时只强调动作行为本身。
3.现在完成进行时有时含有感彩；现在完成时一般表示平铺直叙。
名师点津
有些动词不能用于现在完成进行时，但可用于现在完成时
只可用于现在完成时的动词：
（1）状态动词：be， have， exist；
（2）情感动词：like， love， hate；
（3）感官动词：see， hear， feel， sound；
（4）短暂性动词：finish， marry， get up， come， go 等。
I have heard that he is ill.
我已经听说他生病了。
They have finished the work.
他们已经完成了这份工作。
【运用练】 单句语法填空
①—The machine is working again！
—Yes， it broke down yesterday， but it has been fixed （fix）.
②The manager has been telling （tell） the workers how to improve the program since 9 am.
③In the last five years，Cao has been （be） to 34 countries in six continents.
④I have been teaching （teach） English for almost twenty years， and I will step in another new teaching year.
⑤There has existed （exist） an old temple since the Ming Dynasty.
Ⅰ.基础题型练
1.I have been writing （write） this report since yesterday， but I still haven’t finished it.
2.She has worked/has been working （work） in this company for five years.
3.They have been looking （look） for their lost dog for two days， but they haven’t found it yet.
4.We have lived/have been living （live） in this city for ten years.
5.He has studied/has been studying （study） English for three years and can speak it quite well now.
6.The scientist has been conducting （conduct） experiments in the lab since early morning.
7.My parents have been （be） married for twenty years.
8.I have been waiting （wait） for you for over an hour. Where have you been？
9.She has read （read） the book several times.
10.The students have been preparing （prepare） for the exam for a long time and they are still busy with it.
Ⅱ.语法与写作
1.我好累。我整个上午都在打扫房子。
I’m so tired. I have been cleaning the house all morning.
2.我姐姐学法语已经三年了。
My sister has studied/has been studying French for three years.
3.他们还没有决定去哪里度假。
They haven’t decided where to go for their holiday yet.
4.这几个月来，他一直在努力实现自己的目标。
He has been working hard to achieve his goal these months.
5.工人们从去年开始就在建这座桥，但还没有完工。
The workers have been building the bridge since last year and it’s still not finished.
Ⅰ.基础题型练
1.For the past two years，Gordon’s students have been studying （study） ways to kill bacteria in zero gravity， and they think they’re close to a solution.
2.—Let’s take a coffee break.
—You said it. We have been working （work） for hours.
3.She has been writing （write） the letter since four o’clock in the afternoon.
4.—You look dirty. What have you been doing？
—I have been cleaning （clean） the garage.
5.I have been waiting （wait） for you since morning.
6.He has been painting （paint） the room all the morning.
Ⅱ.语法与写作
1. I have learnt 2，000 English words （我已经学了2，000个英语单词） so far and can make up some sentences.
2.What happened to you？ Have you been crying （你在哭泣） all the time ？
3.They have been widening the road （一直在拓宽道路） these days.
4. Have they been expecting the news （他们一直在期待这个消息） for some time？
5.Tom has been phoning Alice （给艾丽斯打电话） every night for several months.
6.My mother has been cooking dinner （已经做晚饭） in the kitchen for an hour.
7.We have been discussing this issue （已经讨论这个问题） at the meeting for two hours.
8.Since humankind started gardening， we have been trying to make our environment more beautiful （我们一直都在努力让我们的环境更美丽）.
9.Where have you been？ I have been waiting for you in the rain for two hours （我在雨中等了你两个小时）.
10. He has been working as a volunteer for fifteen years （他已经做了十五年的志愿者）， which really isn’t an easy thing.
11. I’ve been doing homework for an hour （我已经写了一个小时作业） but she still hasn’t come.
12.She has been playing tennis （一直在打网球） since she was eight.
13.You have been daydreaming （一直在做白日梦） but never make an effort.
Ⅰ.完形填空
It was late October in 1997. Mike Coots was surfing with his friends near his home in Hawaii when he was 1 by a shark. As Mike struggled to swim back， he 2 his lower right leg was gone. 3 ， his friends rushed to his aid and drove him to hospital.
For the next few weeks， Mike spent time with his family and 4 the future. As soon as Mike was given the OK by his doctors， he did what many of us might consider 5 ： he started riding the waves again. In fact， his first time back was near the 6 of the attack. But Mike was unshaken. Instead， he was curious and tried to 7 why he was attacked.
His 8 led him to research sharks， and he did learn something that would 9 his life： Humans are far more 10 to sharks than the other way around. About 70 million sharks a year are killed for their fins on tables alone. His unique situation as a shark 11 empowered him to give sharks a voice. He 12 with other like-minded shark attack survivors and biologists， to create a nationwide 13 protecting sharks.
After the attack， Mike also 14 how much he loved photography， and it has become his 15 . He enjoys using his photos to show sharks are an important part of biodiversity.
语篇解读：本文是一篇记叙文。文章讲述了Mike Coots在夏威夷冲浪时被鲨鱼咬掉右腿，康复后他重新开始冲浪并研究鲨鱼，意识到人类对鲨鱼威胁更大后，他与他人合作发起保护鲨鱼运动，此外他还发现自己对摄影的热爱并将其发展为职业。
1.A.searched B.attacked
C.guided D.threatened
解析：B 根据第二段最后一句可知，Mike被鲨鱼袭击了。
2.A.guessed B.imagined
C.predicted D.realized
解析：D 根据his lower right leg was gone可推知，在Mike挣扎着游回来时，他意识到自己的右小腿不见了。
3.A.Fortunately B.Obviously
C.Undoubtedly D.Surprisingly
解析：A 根据his friends rushed to his aid and drove him to hospital可知，朋友们赶来帮助Mike，开车把他送到了医院，这是件幸运的事。
4.A.compared B.identified
C.considered D.suspected
解析：C 根据下句可知，之后，Mike在医生的批准下，又开始冲浪了。由此可知，他是在这几个星期里，考虑自己的未来。
5.A.unthinkable B.uncomfortable
C.unfair D.unhappy
解析：A 根据上下文可知，Mike虽然失去了一条腿，但又开始冲浪了，这是我们许多人可能无法想象的事。
6.A.condition B.environment
C.background D.spot
解析：D 根据his first time back可推知，Mike第一次回归冲浪是在被鲨鱼袭击的地点附近。
7.A.carry out B.figure out
C.point out D.call out
解析：B 根据he was curious可知，Mike很好奇，因此他试图弄清楚他为什么被鲨鱼袭击。
8.A.anxiety B.independence
C.curiosity D.confidence
解析：C 根据he was curious可知，Mike研究鲨鱼是受到好奇心的推动。
9.A.change B.continue
C.challenge D.lose
解析：A 根据下文可知，Mike为鲨鱼发声，保护鲨鱼。由此可知，他了解到的东西改变了他的生活。
10.A.puzzling B.important
C.terrible D.dangerous
解析：D 根据下句可知，仅为了餐桌上的鱼翅，每年就有大约7，000万条鲨鱼被捕杀，因此人类对鲨鱼而言更危险。
11.A.fighter B.survivor
C.hunter D.consumer
解析：B 根据下文other like-minded shark attack survivors可知，Mike是一名鲨鱼袭击幸存者。
12.A.discussed B.exchanged
C.partnered D.debated
解析：C 根据语境可推知，Mike是与其他志同道合的鲨鱼袭击幸存者和生物学家合作，一起去保护鲨鱼。
13.A.motion B.connection
C.situation D.argument
解析：A 根据语境可推知，他们发起了一项全国性的保护鲨鱼的运动。
14.A.appreciated B.doubted
C.decided D.discovered
解析：D 根据下句可知，Mike用自己的照片展示鲨鱼对生物多样性的重要意义。因此他发现自己很热爱摄影，而且摄影已成为他的职业。
15.A.reaction B.profession
C.observation D.version
解析：B 参见上题解析。
Ⅱ.语法填空
When the plane arrived in Beijing， we took a taxi to the Sichuan restaurant recommended by my friend. Tired， hungry， and not 16. （know） a word of Chinese， we had no idea how to order， so the chef just began filling our table with the best food we 17. （eat）. We experienced wonderful local dishes， ranging from Shandong pancake rolls 18. （stuff） with sliced Chinese green onions to elegant dim sum in Guangdong， but 19. impressed us most was the great friendship we gained there.
Li Daiyu and Li Qian went on a pleasant rail journey across Canada， the home 20. many different rare creatures， exotic cultures， many great fresh lakes， and natural resources. 21. was not only the breathtaking scenery but also the wonderful crafts and antiques shops that added to their 22. （please）. It was 23. （awesome） journey they had ever taken.
Immediate first aid can make a real difference. 24. is an urgent need to learn some fundamental 25. （technique） used in first aid when victims can’t go to the hospital at once.
语篇解读：本文是一篇说明文。文章介绍了作者的中国之行、两名中国人的加拿大火车旅行和及时的急救所起的作用。
16.knowing 考查非谓语动词。根据句中谓语had可知，空处应用非谓语动词形式，作伴随状语，且与we之间为逻辑上的主谓关系，应用动词-ing形式。故填knowing。
17.had eaten 考查时态。空处为定语从句的谓语动词，与主语we之间为主动关系，根据主句谓语动词began和句意可知，空处表示在厨师开始上菜之间所吃过的，应用过去完成时，表示过去的过去。故填had eaten。
18.stuffed 考查非谓语动词。be stuffed with表示“填满……、装满”；根据谓语动词experienced可知，应用非谓语动词形式，作后置定语修饰Shandong pancake rolls，并与其之间为被动关系，表示“被装满大葱的煎饼”，应用过去分词。故填stuffed。
19.what 考查主语从句。空处引导主语从句，并在从句中作主语。故填what。
20.to 考查介词。the home to ...表示“……的故乡”，后接名词短语作宾语。故填to。
21.It 考查代词。该句为It be ... that强调句；句首字母大写。故填It。
22.pleasure 考查名词。空处应用名词作宾语；pleasure为名词，表示“快乐、愉快”，为不可数名词。故填pleasure。
23.the most awesome 考查形容词最高级。空处应用形容词作定语修饰名词journey；由句意可知，应用最高级形式。故填the most awesome。
24.There 考查固定句型。固定句型there is a need to do sth表示“有必要做某事”；句首字母大写。故填There。
25.techniques 考查名词复数。空处应用名词作宾语；由some可知，应用复数形式。故填techniques。
7 / 7Section Ⅱ Learning About Language
现在完成进行时
I have been hearing① a strange sound for a while. It’s a deep， loud roar， like a lion’s. But there aren’t any lions here. Soon I see what is making/has been making② the noise： a howler monkey. Now I feel less worried. Realising that something is moving on my shoulder， I turn my head to look at it. It’s a giant spider！ I brush it off and it runs under some leaves. I try to bat away the huge insects， which have been flying③ around my head in a black cloud for quite a while.I take off the headset and I’m back in my living room.This is an amazing experience and a reminder of how many species there are in the rainforest. We must do all we can to protect it.
1.句①使用现在完成进行时，表示听到这个奇怪的声音已经有一段时间，可能还会持续下去；
2.句②使用现在进行时或现在完成进行时，表示这个声音正在进行或已经进行一段时间；
3.句③使用现在完成进行时，表示这些昆虫已经在“我”头上飞了一段时间，可能还会持续下去。
——运用“形式—意义—使用”相结合的三维动态语法观
一、现在完成进行时
【先感悟】
①We have been waiting for you for half an hour.
②The Chinese have been making paper for about two thousand years.
③I have been learning English since three years ago.
④You have been coughing a lot lately.
⑤Too much has been happening today.
⑥He has always been studying hard.
【会发现】
（1）以上句子中的谓语动词都使用了 ；
（2）其中句 谓语动词所表示的动作刚结束；
（3）句 谓语动词所表示的动作还将继续下去；
（4）句 表示一种感彩（关切、感慨、赞许等）。
【善归纳】
1.现在完成进行时的基本结构：have/has＋been＋doing；
2.表示一个在过去开始而在最近刚刚结束的动作；
3.表示一个从过去开始但仍在进行的动作；
4.表示一个从过去开始延续到现在，可以包括现在在内的一个阶段内重复发生的动作，通常表示一种感彩（关切、感慨、惊异、愤怒、赞许等）。
名师点津
现在完成进行时的特点：
（1）兼具现在完成时和现在进行时的特点；
（2）表示某一动作对现在产生的结果或影响；
（3）表示某一动作的延续性、重复性、生动性及感彩。
【运用练】 单句语法填空/完成句子
①—You are a great swimmer.
—Thanks. It’s because I （practise） a lot these days.
②从古希腊时代起，人们就开始涌入体育场馆。
People into stadiums since the days of ancient Greece.
③尽管她已经教了20年英语，她仍然对教学充满热情。
Though she for twenty years， she is still passionate about teaching.
④他一直学习相声——中国的传统喜剧形式——数十年了，他想把中国相声与西方传统的单口相声融合起来。
He， who ， the Chinese comedic tradition， for decades， wants to mix it up with the Western stand-up tradition.
二、现在完成进行时与现在完成时的区别
【先感悟】
①I have read four books up to now this semester.
②They have been building a bridge.
③The repairman has been repairing the car all the afternoon.
④The repairman has repaired your car， and you can have it now.
【会发现】
（1）句①运用了 ，谓语动词表示的动作已经完成（已经读了四本书）；
（2）句②运用了 ，谓语动词表示的动作还将继续下去（桥的建造还没有完成）；
（3）句③运用了 ，强调谓语动词表示的动作一直在进行（一直在修车）；
（4）句④运用了 ，强调谓语动词表示的动作产生的结果（现在你可以把车开走了）。
【善归纳】
1.现在完成时强调动作的完成，而现在完成进行时强调动作的延续或反复，因此，表示动作的完成，只能用现在完成时，而不能用现在完成进行时。
2.现在完成时强调动作行为的结果、影响，而现在完成进行时只强调动作行为本身。
3.现在完成进行时有时含有感彩；现在完成时一般表示平铺直叙。
名师点津
有些动词不能用于现在完成进行时，但可用于现在完成时
只可用于现在完成时的动词：
（1）状态动词：be， have， exist；
（2）情感动词：like， love， hate；
（3）感官动词：see， hear， feel， sound；
（4）短暂性动词：finish， marry， get up， come， go 等。
I have heard that he is ill.
我已经听说他生病了。
They have finished the work.
他们已经完成了这份工作。
【运用练】 单句语法填空
①—The machine is working again！
—Yes， it broke down yesterday， but it （fix）.
②The manager （tell） the workers how to improve the program since 9 am.
③In the last five years，Cao （be） to 34 countries in six continents.
④I （teach） English for almost twenty years， and I will step in another new teaching year.
⑤There （exist） an old temple since the Ming Dynasty.
Ⅰ.基础题型练
1.I （write） this report since yesterday， but I still haven’t finished it.
2.She （work） in this company for five years.
3.They （look） for their lost dog for two days， but they haven’t found it yet.
4.We （live） in this city for ten years.
5.He （study） English for three years and can speak it quite well now.
6.The scientist （conduct） experiments in the lab since early morning.
7.My parents （be） married for twenty years.
8.I （wait） for you for over an hour. Where have you been？
9.She （read） the book several times.
10.The students （prepare） for the exam for a long time and they are still busy with it.
Ⅱ.语法与写作
1.我好累。我整个上午都在打扫房子。
I’m so tired. I all morning.
2.我姐姐学法语已经三年了。
My sister for three years.
3.他们还没有决定去哪里度假。
They for their holiday yet.
4.这几个月来，他一直在努力实现自己的目标。
He these months.
5.工人们从去年开始就在建这座桥，但还没有完工。
The workers since last year and it’s still not finished.
提示：完成课后作业 UNIT 4 Section Ⅱ
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