Section Ⅱ Learning about Language
复习定语从句
Dear Mr White，
The website that you’ve recommended to me① is very beneficial to my English study.The online learning network， whose material involves all aspects of knowledge②， is really what I need most.I often browse the website， which greatly broadens my horizons③. In addition， I have made many new friends who are passionate about English④. I exchange a lot with them about school life， cultures， science， and so on.Now I can express myself much better than ever.In fact， I have reached the stage where I can communicate with others fluently in English⑤. I will never forget the day when I won the first prize in the speech contest⑥. The reason why I have made rapid progress in English study⑦ is that you’ve helped me a lot.I owe all my achievements to you.I’m looking forward to more advice from you！
Yours，
Li Hua
1.句①中that引导限制性定语从句，先行词为website，在从句中作宾语；
2.句②中whose引导非限制性定语从句，先行词为network，在从句中作定语；
3.句③中which引导非限制性定语从句，先行词为主句描述的内容；
4.句④中who引导限制性定语从句，先行词为friends，在从句中作主语；
5.句⑤中where引导限制性定语从句，先行词为stage，在从句中作地点状语；
6.句⑥中when引导限制性定语从句，先行词为day， 在从句中作时间状语；
7.句⑦中why引导限制性定语从句，先行词为reason，在从句中作原因状语。
——运用“形式—意义—使用”相结合的三维动态语法观
定语从句是由关系代词和关系副词引导的从句，其作用是作定语修饰主句中的某个成分。定语从句分为限制性和非限制性从句（与主句之间用逗号隔开）两种。定语从句的基本结构为：先行词＋关系代词或关系副词＋从句。关系词有三大作用：指代先行词；引导定语从句；在从句中充当句子成分。
一、定语从句的关系代词
1.关系代词的种类、功能
【先感悟】
①（教材典句）There are various reasons why people compose poetry.
②（教材典句）Some of the first poems （that） a young child learns in English are nursery rhymes.
③（教材典句）List poems have a flexible line length and repeated phrases which give both a pattern and a rhythm to the poem.
④（教材典句）Another simple form of poem that amateurs can easily write is the cinquain， which is made up of five lines.
⑤He is the man who lives next door.
⑥The man whom I admire is my English teacher.
⑦I once lived in a house whose roof has fallen in.
【会发现】
（1）句①中关系代词 why 引导定语从句，先行词为 reasons ，在从句中作 状语 ；
（2）句②中关系代词 that 引导定语从句，先行词为 poems ，在从句中作 宾语 ；
（3）句③中关系代词 which 引导定语从句，先行词为 phrases ，在从句中作 主语 ；
（4）句④中关系代词 that 引导定语从句，先行词为 poem ，在从句中作 宾语 ；
（5）句⑤中关系代词 who 引导定语从句，先行词为 man ，在从句中作 主语 ；
（6）句⑥中关系代词 whom 引导定语从句，先行词为 man ，在从句中作 宾语 ；
（7）句⑦中关系代词 whose 引导定语从句，先行词为 house ，在从句中作 定语 。
【善归纳】
所作成分 代替人 代替物 代替人或物
主语 who/that which/as/that that/as
宾语 who/whom which/as/that that/as
定语 whose whose whose
【运用练】 单句语法填空
①Yesterday I helped an old man who/that lost his way.
②He finished a novel last year which/that made him famous.
③The man who/whom you met just now is my friend.
④This is the pen that/which he bought yesterday.
⑤The station whose construction was finished the year before has already come into use.
2.关系代词的句法作用
【先感悟】
①He is such a kind person as we all like.
②The number of the people who/that come to visit the city each year is on the increase.
③Tom is one of the students who study hard.
④This is the missing boy who/whom they are searching for.
＝This is the missing boy for whom they are searching.
⑤It was a small village whose name （＝the name of which/of which the name） I have forgotten.
⑥Now she needs a person to whom she can turn for help.
【会发现】
（1）句①中关系代词 as 引导定语从句，用于such ... as ....结构中；
（2）句②中关系代词 who/that 引导定语从句，先行词为 the people ，从句中谓语动词用 复数 ；
（3）句③中关系代词 who 引导定语从句，先行词为 the students ，从句中谓语动词用 复数 ；
（4）句④中关系代词 who/whom 引导定语从句，可转换为 for whom 引导定语从句；
（5）句⑤中关系代词 whose 引导定语从句，whose name 相当于 the name of which 或 of which the name ；
（6）句⑥中 to whom 引导定语从句，先行词为 a person 。
【善归纳】
（1）as引导限制性定语从句时，一般用于such ... as ...， the same ... as ...结构中，as为关系代词，既可指人也可指物，且在从句中既可作主语也可作宾语。
（2）关系代词在从句中作主语时，谓语动词的单复数与先行词的单复数保持一致。
（3）关系代词在从句中作主语，先行词为“one of＋复数名词”时，谓语动词的单复数与复数名词形式一致，即用复数形式；若先行词为“the only one of＋复数名词”时，谓语动词的单复数与one一致，即用单数形式。
（4）表示人的关系代词who在口语中代替whom。如果关系代词作介词的宾语，则只能用whom， 但如果把介词放在句尾，则两者都可以用；表示物的关系代词that在口语中可代替which。如果关系代词作介词的宾语，则只能用which， 但如果把介词放在句尾，则两者都可以用。
（5）当关系代词whose代替物时，实际上相当于of which；当关系代词whose代替人时，实际上相当于of whom。
（6）关系代词引导定语从句，且关系代词作介词的宾语时，先行词是人，关系代词用whom；先行词是物，关系代词用which。介词有时位于关系代词之前，有时也可位于从句中动词之后。
名师点津
介词的确定主要取决于三个原则：
一是与先行词的搭配；
二是与从句中动词的搭配；
三是上下文表达的需要。
【运用练】 单句语法填空/句型转换
①This is the same book as was bought yesterday.
②Tom is the only one of the students who studies （study） hard.
③There is a dictionary in which we can look up the new word.
④It is the TV series （that/which） we talked about just now.
→It is the TV series about which we talked just now.
⑤During our stay at the seaside city last summer， we met a fisherman whose face got sunburnt.
→During our stay at the seaside city last summer， we met a fisherman the face of whom got sunburnt.
→During our stay at the seaside city last summer， we met a fisherman of whom the face got sunburnt.
3.关系代词只用that的几种特殊情况
【先感悟】
①Tell me everything that you know.
②This is the only coat that I have.
③This is the most beautiful city that I have ever visited.
④This is the first lesson that we have this term.
⑤He hasn’t sent us the workers and equipment that we need.
⑥Which is the coat that you like best？
⑦Your disease is not the case that it used to be.
【会发现】
以上定语从句中关系代词用的都是 that 。
【善归纳】
（1）当先行词为all， everything， nothing， anything， little， much等不定代词时。
（2）当先行词被the very， the only， both， all， every， no， any， little， much， some修饰时。
（3）当先行词被形容词的最高级修饰时。
（4）当先行词被序数词修饰时。
（5）当先行词既包括人又包括物时。
（6）当主句是以who， what， which开头的特殊疑问句时。
（7）当关系代词在从句中作表语时。
名师点津
which与as引导非限制性定语从句的区别
which as
位置 只能放在先 行词的后面 位置灵活，可放在主句前，也可放在主句后，有时还可插入主句中
搭配 无动词的限制 谓语动词通常是表示感觉或心理活动的动词，如see， hear， hope， know， expect， remember等
含义 这一点 正如……，正像……
【运用练】 用适当的关系代词填空
①The little problems that we meet in our daily lives may be inspirations for great inventions.
②Last Sunday witnessed an activity with the theme of “Getting to know the plants around us”， which involved all students in Senior One.
③This is the most interesting story that I’ve ever read.
④She was late for school again， as we expected.
二、定语从句的关系副词
【先感悟】
①The day when （＝on which） we got together finally came.
②The house where （＝in which） I lived ten years ago has been pulled down.
③Please tell me the reason why （＝for which） you missed the plane.
【会发现】
（1）句①中关系副词 when 引导定语从句，先行词为 day ，在从句中作 时间状语 ；
（2）句②中关系副词 where 引导定语从句，先行词为 house ，在从句中作 地点状语 ；
（3）句③中关系副词 why 引导定语从句，先行词为 reason ，在从句中作 原因状语 。
【善归纳】
1.关系副词的种类、功能及句法作用
关系副词 被替代的先行词 在从句中的作用
when 表示时间的名词 时间状语
where 表示地点的名词 地点状语
why 表示原因的 名词（reason） 原因状语
2.关系副词的转换
关系副词when， where及why可转换为：介词＋which。when， where可根据先行词、从句的谓语及句意来决定适当的介词，但是关系副词why只可转换为for＋which。
名师点津
（1）当先行词为表示方式的the way时，从句不能用how来引导，应该用that、in which或将它们全部省略。
We admire the way （that/in which） he solved the problem.
我们敬佩他解决这一问题的方式。
（2）表示抽象地点的名词（case， scene， situation， condition， race， life， point等）作先行词，且从句中缺少地点状语时，常用关系副词where引导定语从句。
They are now in a situation where they need to make a practical plan.
他们现在处于一种需要制定一个切实可行的计划的处境。
【运用练】 单句语法填空/句型转换
①Some of our memories are funny， especially from the early years when our children were little.
②In the middle of the sitting room， there is a table where many dishes are placed.
③I have decided to visit the place again where we met each other.
→I have decided to visit the place again at which we met each other.
④Can you help to find out a way that we can solve the problem easily？
→Can you help to find out a way in which we can solve the problem easily？
⑤His illness was the reason why he had given up the chance.
→His illness was the reason for which he had given up the chance.
Ⅰ.基础题型练
1.The Digital World is a set of volumes that/which aim to describe how digital systems influence society.
2.The number of people that/who are employed in agriculture has fallen in the last decade.
3.Everyone tried to help the family whose house had burned down.
4.Happiness and success often come to those who are good at recognising their strengths.
5.Their child is at the stage where she can say individual words but not full sentences.
6.We have entered an age when dreams have the best chance of coming true.
7.I don’t know the reason why he didn’t come to the meeting yesterday morning.
8.More American troops are being sent to the Middle East， as/which I have learnt from the newspaper.
9. As is reported， a foreign delegation will visit the city.
10.He was absent from the meeting， which surprised us all.
Ⅱ.语法与写作
1.我写信是想分享上周五的一次非凡经历，那天我们班在公园里上了一堂美术课。
（2024·新课标Ⅰ卷）I’m writing to share an extraordinary experience from last Friday， when our class had an art lesson in the park .
2.总之，我们都期待着上你的课，在课上我们可以借此机会提高我们的英语口语。
（2023·新课标Ⅰ卷）In short， we are all looking forward to attending your class， where we can take this opportunity to improve our spoken English .
3.这场音乐会，其中包括由才华横溢的学生们表演的各种精彩节目，将于下周日上午在我校大厅举行。
The concert， which includes various fantastic performances played by talented students ， will be held in the school hall next Sunday morning.
4.任何想参加该活动的同学，都可以通过lihua@发邮件给李华。
Anyone who wants to take part in this activity can email Li Hua at lihua@.
5.以下是一些关于如何学习汉语的建议，我希望它们能对你大有裨益。
Here are some tips about how to learn Chinese， which I hope will be of great benefit to you .
1.blank adj.空白的；无图画（或韵律、装饰）的；没表情的n.空白；空格
教材原句 Blank verse is probably one of the most common and influential forms of English poetry.
无韵诗可能是最常见和最有影响的英文诗歌形式之一。
【用法】
go blank （脑子里）突然一片空白 look blank 显出迷茫的神情 a blank sheet of paper 一张白纸
【佳句】 Mr Pneumonia placed his icy finger on Johnsy； and she lay， barely moving， in her bed staring at a blank wall under her blanket. （北师大选必三）
“肺炎先生”把他冰冷的手指放在约翰西身上，于是她躺在床上，几乎不动，盖着毯子，眼睛盯着一堵空墙。
【写美】 完成句子
①看到考卷的瞬间，数学公式在他脑中化作一片空白，只剩恐慌的心跳如擂鼓般回响。
The math formulas went blank in his mind the moment he saw the exam paper， leaving only the echo of his panicked heartbeat pounding like a drum. （考场崩溃）
②她的咖啡杯悬在唇边，眼神突然变得茫然。
Her coffee cup froze to her lips， eyes suddenly looking blank .
2.sympathetic adj.同情的；有同情心的；赞同的
教材原句 In these poems the poet Tagore shows a sympathetic understanding of children’s feelings.
在这些诗歌中，诗人泰戈尔对儿童的情感表现出一种感同身受的理解。
【用法】
（1）be sympathetic to/towards sb/sth 同情某人；赞同某事 （2）sympathy n. 同情；赞同 feel/have sympathy for sb 同情某人 in sympathy with 赞同；支持 out of sympathy 出于同情 （3）sympathetically adv. 同情地；赞同地
【佳句】 Jack was sympathetic to Bernard， and hence， he resolved to make popcorn to help Bernard out of difficulty.杰克同情伯纳德，因此，他决定做爆米花来帮助伯纳德摆脱困境。
【练透】 单句语法填空
①She nodded sympathetically （sympathetic） when I told her about my failure.
②The public is largely sympathetic （sympathy） to the protesters’ demands for equal rights.
【写美】 完成句子
③村民们起初并不同情这个陌生人。然而，当他们看到他和一个饥饿的孩子分享最后的面包时，他们心软了。
The villagers initially had no sympathy for the stranger.Yet when they saw him share his last bread with a starving child， their hearts softened.
重点句型解构
◇句型公式：动词不定式（短语）作后置定语
教材原句 Tagore was the first Asian to win the Nobel Prize in Literature.泰戈尔是第一个获得诺贝尔文学奖的亚洲人。
【用法】
（1）被修饰词为序数词、形容词最高级或被序数词、形容词最高级修饰时，常用动词不定式（短语）作后置定语； （2）不定代词something、 nothing、 little等后常用动词不定式（短语）作后置定语； （3）抽象名词way、 chance、 ability、 courage、 opportunity、 wish等后常用动词不定式（短语）作后置定语； （4）被修饰词前有the only、 the very、 the next等词对其进行修饰时，动词不定式（短语）作后置定语。
【品悟】 If you could take my application into consideration， I would cherish the precious opportunity to be a volunteer. 如果您能考虑我的申请，我将珍惜这次成为一名志愿者的宝贵机会。
【写美】 完成句子
①众所周知，学习语言是保持大脑敏锐的方式之一。
As is known to us all， learning languages is one of the ways to keep the brain sharp .
②那封用来表达歉意的未完成信件在抽屉里被发现，墨迹已随时间褪色。
The unfinished letter to express his apology was found in the drawer， its ink faded with time.
③制订锻炼计划时，首先要考虑的是你期望在哪些方面有所改善：心肺功能，肌肉力量还是柔韧性。
When you plan an exercise routine， the first thing to consider is what you expect to improve：heart and lung efficiency， muscle strength or flexibility.
Ⅰ.基础题型练
1.It was a time when people were divided geographically， leading to many varieties of dialects and characters.
2.Above all， choose activities that/which you enjoy because you are more likely to stick with them.
3.Those who want to lose weight should exercise regularly and keep a balanced diet.
4.She found herself in a position where she had to choose between her career and her family.
5.I’m very grateful to the boy whose bright smile gave me so much confidence.
6.Zhang Guimei is regarded as a moral model who uses love and wisdom to help thousands of girl students.
7.There comes a time when the old must give way to the new.
8.The teacher was satisfied with all the homework that had been finished by us.
9.There are many reasons why people learn a foreign language.
10.Do you know the English teacher with whom Jay talked just now？
Ⅱ.语法与写作
1.We are in a position where we have to make our own decisions （我们不得不自己做决定的境地）.
2. The reason why I was late （我迟到的原因） was that I was caught in the traffic jam.
3. There was a time when （曾经有一段时间） I was tired of doing homework.
4.The first thing I would say is that the way/the way in which/the way that you begin the conversation （你开始谈话的方式） is very important.
5.Last weekend， I took part in an event held by the Students’ Union which was aimed at （活动旨在） teaching us more about daily biology.
6.They enjoyed beautiful scenery in the mountain area where they also did some climbing （在那里他们还爬了山）.
7.We will put off the picnic in the park until next week when the weather may be better （那个时候天气可能会更好一些）.
Ⅰ.完形填空
He， Pablo Neruda （1904－1973）， was once referred to as the Picasso of poetry.Beloved by Chileans of all classes， he is one of the most 1 poets in history.
2 with the name Neftalí Ricardo Reyes Basoalto， he was a tall boy， who was shy and lonely.He loved to 3 and started to write poetry when he was ten.The American poet Walt Whitman， whose framed picture Neruda later kept on his table， had a major 4 on his works.
However， his father did not like the idea of his son being a poet and tried to 5 him from writing.To 6 the publication of his first poem， he took the pen name Pablo Neruda.
In 1924 Neruda 7 fame with his most widely read work Twenty Love Poems and a Song of Despair.Yet his 8 experience as a diplomat （外交官） and exile （流亡者） made him go beyond the theme of 9 .His work also reflected the 10 struggle of the Left （左派） and development of South America.He was 11 the Nobel Prize in Literature in 1971.
Neruda loved the sea which he saw as 12 ， destructive and forever moving.He found 13 in the power of the waves and the freedom of the seabirds on the coast.“I need the sea because it teaches me，” he wrote.“I move in the universe of the 14 .”He loved how the sea forever 15 itself， a renewal echoed in his works.
语篇解读：本文是一篇记叙文。文章主要讲述了诗人Pablo Neruda的个人经历以及取得的成就。
1.A.disturbed B.injured
C.respected D.absorbed
解析：C 根据Beloved by Chileans of all classes可知，深受人民的爱戴，说明受人尊敬。
2.A.Born B.Met
C.Hated D.Broken
解析：A 根据语境可知，Neftalí Ricardo Reyes Basoalto是他出生时的名字。
3.A.perform B.read
C.imagine D.dream
解析：B 根据and started to write poetry when he was ten可知，写诗发生在喜欢上阅读之后。
4.A.feature B.relationship
C.awareness D.influence
解析：D 根据上文The American poet Walt Whitman， whose framed picture Neruda later kept on his table可知，桌子上放着美国诗人沃尔特·惠特曼的镶框照片，说明惠特曼对他的作品影响很大。
5.A.persuade B.protect
C.advise D.discourage
解析：D 根据上文his father did not like the idea of his son being a poet可知，父亲不喜欢他写诗，试图阻挠他写诗。
6.A.cover up B.dig up
C.give up D.pick up
解析：A 根据he took the pen name Pablo Neruda以及上文提到父亲不让他写诗可知，他为了掩盖第一首诗的发表，用了笔名。
7.A.blamed B.deleted
C.gained D.implied
解析：C 根据his most widely read work Twenty Love Poems and a Song of Despair可知，他因为这两首诗而获得了名誉。
8.A.rich B.powerful
C.harmful D.logical
解析：A 根据下文as a diplomat and exile可知，他有着外交官和流亡者的丰富经历。
9.A.reality B.love
C.belief D.patience
解析：B 根据with his most widely read work Twenty Love Poems可知，他以爱情诗歌出名，但是外交官和流亡者经历使他超越了爱情的主题。
10.A.personal B.popular
C.political D.complicated
解析：C 根据struggle of the Left可知，作品也反映了左派的政治斗争。
11.A.arrested B.punished
C.cheated D.awarded
解析：D 根据the Nobel Prize in Literature可知，此处指被授予诺贝尔文学奖。
12.A.creative B.sympathetic
C.humorous D.disappointed
解析：A 下文提到他喜欢大海的不断自我更新，都体现了大海具有创造性，永远在改变。
13.A.trust B.honor
C.inspiration D.ideal
解析：C 根据下文I need the sea because it teaches me可知，他在海浪的力量和海岸上自由飞翔的海鸟中找到了灵感。
14.A.storms B.waves
C.sadness D.shock
解析：B 根据上文in the power of the waves可知，他把自己比喻成在波浪的宇宙中前行。
15.A.grasped B.destroyed
C.recovered D.renewed
解析：D 根据上文forever moving可知，大海永远在移动，即永远自我更新。
Ⅱ.语法填空
World Poetry Day takes place each year 16. 21 March to promote the teaching of poetry， as well as the publishing， writing， and reading of this form of writing around the world.
It 17. （declare） by UNESCO in 1999 in the hopes of supporting language diversity through poetic expression and increasing the opportunity for endangered languages 18. （hear）.World Poetry Day was about giving fresh drive and 19. （recognise） to international， regional， and national poetry movements.It also focused on promoting a return to the oral tradition of poetry recitals， as well as 20. （strengthen） the association between poetry and other forms of expression， such as dance， music， and painting.
The day is celebrated 21. （global）.Government agencies， community groups and individuals get involved in promoting or participating in the day， 22. enables children to learn and enjoy a variety of poetry.It is a time 23. students are busy examining poets and learning about different types of poetry.Poets may be invited to read and share their work with audiences at bookstores and schools.Ceremonies are held to honour the memory of poets who have made 24. （amaze） achievements.
All in all， it’s a day for poetry： 25. ancient art form that still enriches our understanding of humanity today.
语篇解读：本文是一篇说明文。文章主要介绍了世界诗歌日的设立目的及意义。
16.on 考查介词。空后的21 March为具体某一天。故填on。
17.was declared 考查时态和语态。空处为句子的谓语，根据后面的时间状语in 1999可知，此处应用一般过去时；主语It与declare之间为被动关系，应用被动语态；主语为It，谓语用第三人称单数形式。故填was declared。
18.to be heard 考查非谓语动词。opportunity to do sth 为固定表达，意为“做某事的机会”，此处为动词不定式作后置定语，修饰opportunity， endangered languages 与hear之间为逻辑上的被动关系，此处应用动词不定式的被动语态。故填to be heard。
19.recognition 考查名词。空处和drive并列，共同作giving的宾语，应用名词形式。故填recognition。
20.strengthening 考查非谓语动词。as well as连接两个并列成分，此处与promoting并列，应用动词-ing形式作介词on的宾语。故填strengthening。
21.globally 考查副词。此处修饰动词celebrated，作状语，应用副词形式。故填globally。
22.which 考查定语从句。分析句子可知，空处引导非限制性定语从句，先行词为前面整句话，在从句中作主语成分。故填which。
23.when 考查定语从句。分析句子结构可知，空处引导定语从句，修饰先行词time，关系词在从句中作时间状语。故填when。
24.amazing 考查形容词。根据句意可知，此处应用形容词作定语修饰achievements，意为“惊人的，了不起的”。故填amazing。
25.an 考查冠词。此处泛指一种古老的艺术形式，应用不定冠词修饰，且ancient的发音以元音音素开头。故填an。
1 / 2Section Ⅱ Learning about Language
复习定语从句
Dear Mr White，
The website that you’ve recommended to me① is very beneficial to my English study.The online learning network， whose material involves all aspects of knowledge②， is really what I need most.I often browse the website， which greatly broadens my horizons③. In addition， I have made many new friends who are passionate about English④. I exchange a lot with them about school life， cultures， science， and so on.Now I can express myself much better than ever.In fact， I have reached the stage where I can communicate with others fluently in English⑤. I will never forget the day when I won the first prize in the speech contest⑥. The reason why I have made rapid progress in English study⑦ is that you’ve helped me a lot.I owe all my achievements to you.I’m looking forward to more advice from you！
Yours，
Li Hua
1.句①中that引导限制性定语从句，先行词为website，在从句中作宾语；
2.句②中whose引导非限制性定语从句，先行词为network，在从句中作定语；
3.句③中which引导非限制性定语从句，先行词为主句描述的内容；
4.句④中who引导限制性定语从句，先行词为friends，在从句中作主语；
5.句⑤中where引导限制性定语从句，先行词为stage，在从句中作地点状语；
6.句⑥中when引导限制性定语从句，先行词为day， 在从句中作时间状语；
7.句⑦中why引导限制性定语从句，先行词为reason，在从句中作原因状语。
——运用“形式—意义—使用”相结合的三维动态语法观
定语从句是由关系代词和关系副词引导的从句，其作用是作定语修饰主句中的某个成分。定语从句分为限制性和非限制性从句（与主句之间用逗号隔开）两种。定语从句的基本结构为：先行词＋关系代词或关系副词＋从句。关系词有三大作用：指代先行词；引导定语从句；在从句中充当句子成分。
一、定语从句的关系代词
1.关系代词的种类、功能
【先感悟】
①（教材典句）There are various reasons why people compose poetry.
②（教材典句）Some of the first poems （that） a young child learns in English are nursery rhymes.
③（教材典句）List poems have a flexible line length and repeated phrases which give both a pattern and a rhythm to the poem.
④（教材典句）Another simple form of poem that amateurs can easily write is the cinquain， which is made up of five lines.
⑤He is the man who lives next door.
⑥The man whom I admire is my English teacher.
⑦I once lived in a house whose roof has fallen in.
【会发现】
（1）句①中关系代词 引导定语从句，先行词为 ，在从句中作 ；
（2）句②中关系代词 引导定语从句，先行词为 ，在从句中作 ；
（3）句③中关系代词 引导定语从句，先行词为 ，在从句中作 ；
（4）句④中关系代词 引导定语从句，先行词为 ，在从句中作 ；
（5）句⑤中关系代词 引导定语从句，先行词为 ，在从句中作 ；
（6）句⑥中关系代词 引导定语从句，先行词为 ，在从句中作 ；
（7）句⑦中关系代词 引导定语从句，先行词为 ，在从句中作 。
【善归纳】
所作成分 代替人 代替物 代替人或物
主语 who/that which/as/that that/as
宾语 who/whom which/as/that that/as
定语 whose whose whose
【运用练】 单句语法填空
①Yesterday I helped an old man lost his way.
②He finished a novel last year made him famous.
③The man you met just now is my friend.
④This is the pen he bought yesterday.
⑤The station construction was finished the year before has already come into use.
2.关系代词的句法作用
【先感悟】
①He is such a kind person as we all like.
②The number of the people who/that come to visit the city each year is on the increase.
③Tom is one of the students who study hard.
④This is the missing boy who/whom they are searching for.
＝This is the missing boy for whom they are searching.
⑤It was a small village whose name （＝the name of which/of which the name） I have forgotten.
⑥Now she needs a person to whom she can turn for help.
【会发现】
（1）句①中关系代词 引导定语从句，用于such ... as ....结构中；
（2）句②中关系代词 引导定语从句，先行词为 ，从句中谓语动词用 ；
（3）句③中关系代词 引导定语从句，先行词为 ，从句中谓语动词用 ；
（4）句④中关系代词 引导定语从句，可转换为 引导定语从句；
（5）句⑤中关系代词 引导定语从句，whose name 相当于 或 ；
（6）句⑥中 引导定语从句，先行词为 。
【善归纳】
（1）as引导限制性定语从句时，一般用于such ... as ...， the same ... as ...结构中，as为关系代词，既可指人也可指物，且在从句中既可作主语也可作宾语。
（2）关系代词在从句中作主语时，谓语动词的单复数与先行词的单复数保持一致。
（3）关系代词在从句中作主语，先行词为“one of＋复数名词”时，谓语动词的单复数与复数名词形式一致，即用复数形式；若先行词为“the only one of＋复数名词”时，谓语动词的单复数与one一致，即用单数形式。
（4）表示人的关系代词who在口语中代替whom。如果关系代词作介词的宾语，则只能用whom， 但如果把介词放在句尾，则两者都可以用；表示物的关系代词that在口语中可代替which。如果关系代词作介词的宾语，则只能用which， 但如果把介词放在句尾，则两者都可以用。
（5）当关系代词whose代替物时，实际上相当于of which；当关系代词whose代替人时，实际上相当于of whom。
（6）关系代词引导定语从句，且关系代词作介词的宾语时，先行词是人，关系代词用whom；先行词是物，关系代词用which。介词有时位于关系代词之前，有时也可位于从句中动词之后。
名师点津
介词的确定主要取决于三个原则：
一是与先行词的搭配；
二是与从句中动词的搭配；
三是上下文表达的需要。
【运用练】 单句语法填空/句型转换
①This is the same book was bought yesterday.
②Tom is the only one of the students who （study） hard.
③There is a dictionary we can look up the new word.
④It is the TV series （that/which） we talked about just now.
→It is the TV series we talked just now.
⑤During our stay at the seaside city last summer， we met a fisherman whose face got sunburnt.
→During our stay at the seaside city last summer， we met a fisherman got sunburnt.
→During our stay at the seaside city last summer， we met a fisherman got sunburnt.
3.关系代词只用that的几种特殊情况
【先感悟】
①Tell me everything that you know.
②This is the only coat that I have.
③This is the most beautiful city that I have ever visited.
④This is the first lesson that we have this term.
⑤He hasn’t sent us the workers and equipment that we need.
⑥Which is the coat that you like best？
⑦Your disease is not the case that it used to be.
【会发现】
以上定语从句中关系代词用的都是 。
【善归纳】
（1）当先行词为all， everything， nothing， anything， little， much等不定代词时。
（2）当先行词被the very， the only， both， all， every， no， any， little， much， some修饰时。
（3）当先行词被形容词的最高级修饰时。
（4）当先行词被序数词修饰时。
（5）当先行词既包括人又包括物时。
（6）当主句是以who， what， which开头的特殊疑问句时。
（7）当关系代词在从句中作表语时。
名师点津
which与as引导非限制性定语从句的区别
which as
位置 只能放在先行词的后面 位置灵活，可放在主句前，也可放在主句后，有时还可插入主句中
搭配 无动词的限制 谓语动词通常是表示感觉或心理活动的动词，如see， hear， hope， know， expect， remember等
含义 这一点 正如……，正像……
【运用练】 用适当的关系代词填空
①The little problems we meet in our daily lives may be inspirations for great inventions.
②Last Sunday witnessed an activity with the theme of “Getting to know the plants around us”， involved all students in Senior One.
③This is the most interesting story I’ve ever read.
④She was late for school again， we expected.
二、定语从句的关系副词
【先感悟】
①The day when （＝on which） we got together finally came.
②The house where （＝in which） I lived ten years ago has been pulled down.
③Please tell me the reason why （＝for which） you missed the plane.
【会发现】
（1）句①中关系副词 引导定语从句，先行词为 ，在从句中作 ；
（2）句②中关系副词 引导定语从句，先行词为 ，在从句中作 ；
（3）句③中关系副词 引导定语从句，先行词为 ，在从句中作 。
【善归纳】
1.关系副词的种类、功能及句法作用
关系副词 被替代的先行词 在从句中的作用
when 表示时间的名词 时间状语
where 表示地点的名词 地点状语
why 表示原因的 名词（reason） 原因状语
2.关系副词的转换
关系副词when， where及why可转换为：介词＋which。when， where可根据先行词、从句的谓语及句意来决定适当的介词，但是关系副词why只可转换为for＋which。
名师点津
（1）当先行词为表示方式的the way时，从句不能用how来引导，应该用that、in which或将它们全部省略。
We admire the way （that/in which） he solved the problem.
我们敬佩他解决这一问题的方式。
（2）表示抽象地点的名词（case， scene， situation， condition， race， life， point等）作先行词，且从句中缺少地点状语时，常用关系副词where引导定语从句。
They are now in a situation where they need to make a practical plan.
他们现在处于一种需要制定一个切实可行的计划的处境。
【运用练】 单句语法填空/句型转换
①Some of our memories are funny， especially from the early years our children were little.
②In the middle of the sitting room， there is a table many dishes are placed.
③I have decided to visit the place again where we met each other.
→I have decided to visit the place again we met each other.
④Can you help to find out a way that we can solve the problem easily？
→Can you help to find out a way we can solve the problem easily？
⑤His illness was the reason why he had given up the chance.
→His illness was the reason he had given up the chance.
Ⅰ.基础题型练
1.The Digital World is a set of volumes aim to describe how digital systems influence society.
2.The number of people are employed in agriculture has fallen in the last decade.
3.Everyone tried to help the family house had burned down.
4.Happiness and success often come to those are good at recognising their strengths.
5.Their child is at the stage she can say individual words but not full sentences.
6.We have entered an age dreams have the best chance of coming true.
7.I don’t know the reason he didn’t come to the meeting yesterday morning.
8.More American troops are being sent to the Middle East， I have learnt from the newspaper.
9. is reported， a foreign delegation will visit the city.
10.He was absent from the meeting， surprised us all.
Ⅱ.语法与写作
1.我写信是想分享上周五的一次非凡经历，那天我们班在公园里上了一堂美术课。
（2024·新课标Ⅰ卷）I’m writing to share an extraordinary experience from last Friday， .
2.总之，我们都期待着上你的课，在课上我们可以借此机会提高我们的英语口语。
（2023·新课标Ⅰ卷）In short， we are all looking forward to attending your class， .
3.这场音乐会，其中包括由才华横溢的学生们表演的各种精彩节目，将于下周日上午在我校大厅举行。
The concert， ， will be held in the school hall next Sunday morning.
4.任何想参加该活动的同学，都可以通过lihua@发邮件给李华。
Anyone can email Li Hua at lihua@.
5.以下是一些关于如何学习汉语的建议，我希望它们能对你大有裨益。
Here are some tips about how to learn Chinese， .
1.blank adj.空白的；无图画（或韵律、装饰）的；没表情的n.空白；空格
教材原句 Blank verse is probably one of the most common and influential forms of English poetry.无韵诗可能是最常见和最有影响的英文诗歌形式之一。
【用法】
go blank （脑子里）突然一片空白
look blank 显出迷茫的神情
a blank sheet of paper 一张白纸
【佳句】 Mr Pneumonia placed his icy finger on Johnsy； and she lay， barely moving， in her bed staring at a blank wall under her blanket. （北师大选必三）
“肺炎先生”把他冰冷的手指放在约翰西身上，于是她躺在床上，几乎不动，盖着毯子，眼睛盯着一堵空墙。
【写美】 完成句子
①看到考卷的瞬间，数学公式在他脑中化作一片空白，只剩恐慌的心跳如擂鼓般回响。
the moment he saw the exam paper， leaving only the echo of his panicked heartbeat pounding like a drum. （考场崩溃）
②她的咖啡杯悬在唇边，眼神突然变得茫然。
Her coffee cup froze to her lips， .
2.sympathetic adj.同情的；有同情心的；赞同的
教材原句 In these poems the poet Tagore shows a sympathetic understanding of children’s feelings.在这些诗歌中，诗人泰戈尔对儿童的情感表现出一种感同身受的理解。
【用法】
（1）be sympathetic to/towards sb/sth 同情某人；赞同某事
（2）sympathy n. 同情；赞同
feel/have sympathy for sb 同情某人
in sympathy with 赞同；支持
out of sympathy 出于同情
（3）sympathetically adv. 同情地；赞同地
【佳句】 Jack was sympathetic to Bernard， and hence， he resolved to make popcorn to help Bernard out of difficulty.
杰克同情伯纳德，因此，他决定做爆米花来帮助伯纳德摆脱困境。
【练透】 单句语法填空
①She nodded （sympathetic） when I told her about my failure.
②The public is largely （sympathy） to the protesters’ demands for equal rights.
【写美】 完成句子
③村民们起初并不同情这个陌生人。然而，当他们看到他和一个饥饿的孩子分享最后的面包时，他们心软了。
The villagers initially .Yet when they saw him share his last bread with a starving child， their hearts softened.
重点句型解构
◇句型公式：动词不定式（短语）作后置定语
教材原句 Tagore was the first Asian to win the Nobel Prize in Literature.
泰戈尔是第一个获得诺贝尔文学奖的亚洲人。
【用法】
（1）被修饰词为序数词、形容词最高级或被序数词、形容词最高级修饰时，常用动词不定式（短语）作后置定语；
（2）不定代词something、 nothing、 little等后常用动词不定式（短语）作后置定语；
（3）抽象名词way、 chance、 ability、 courage、 opportunity、 wish等后常用动词不定式（短语）作后置定语；
（4）被修饰词前有the only、 the very、 the next等词对其进行修饰时，动词不定式（短语）作后置定语。
【品悟】 If you could take my application into consideration， I would cherish the precious opportunity to be a volunteer.
如果您能考虑我的申请，我将珍惜这次成为一名志愿者的宝贵机会。
【写美】 完成句子
①众所周知，学习语言是保持大脑敏锐的方式之一。
As is known to us all， learning languages is one of .
②那封用来表达歉意的未完成信件在抽屉里被发现，墨迹已随时间褪色。
was found in the drawer， its ink faded with time.
③制订锻炼计划时，首先要考虑的是你期望在哪些方面有所改善：心肺功能，肌肉力量还是柔韧性。
When you plan an exercise routine， is what you expect to improve：heart and lung efficiency， muscle strength or flexibility.
提示：完成课后作业 UNIT 5 Section Ⅱ
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