Section Ⅱ Learning About Language
动词不定式作表语
Not that long ago， my first thought at mealtimes was to eat at a restaurant①.I was eager to try new restaurants.To eat out was also a social activity， allowing me to enhance the relationship with my friends.I often ate out until last month， when I came across a cooking app.A variety of recipes in the app are to be chosen②.They are uploaded by users， and offer detailed instructions so that others can follow them step by step.Now I am good at cooking a couple of dishes.My plan is to invite my friends over at the weekend③ to show them my new-found skills.I hope that they will like my cooking！
①②③处的动词不定式都是作表语，表示具体的事情或将要发生的事情。
——运用“形式—意义—使用”相结合的三维动态语法观
一、动词不定式作表语的用法
【先感悟】
①（教材典句）Perhaps the best way to understand Western art is to look at the development of Western painting over the centuries.
②（教材典句）In this work， Monet’s aim was to convey the light and movement in the scene — the subjective impression the scene gave him — but not a detailed record of the scene itself.
③（教材典句）What they attempted to do was no longer （to） show reality， but instead to ask the question， “What is art？”
④Our school will hold a Psychological Health Week next week， whose theme is how to relieve mental pressure.
⑤All she wanted was to be left alone.
⑥It is John rather than you that is to blame for the accident.
⑦There will still be lots of challenges if we are to sort out garbage in a short time.
【会发现】
以上句子中的动词不定式在句中作 表语 。
【善归纳】
1.动词不定式作表语时，一般跟在系动词be、 seem、 remain、 appear、 get等后面，用来说明主语的内容。
2.主语是以way、 aim、 duty、 hope、 dream、 idea、 intention、 purpose、 mistake、 plan、 proposal、 job、 suggestion、 task、 goal等抽象名词为中心词的名词短语，常用动词不定式作表语。
3.what 引导的名词性从句，后面的动词不定式作表语说明其内容。
4.疑问词who、 what、 which、 when、 where、 how、 why后加动词不定式构成动词不定式短语，在句中可作主语、宾语和表语。
名师点津
“疑问词＋动词不定式”中的动词不定式一般要用主动形式。
5.当主语包含定语从句且先行词为代词all或形容词最高级the least， the most时，其后可接“系动词＋动词不定式”作句子的表语。
6.有些作表语的动词不定式，如to blame、 to let，在形式上是主动的，但在意义上是被动的。
7.be to do表示“计划；安排；命令；注定；目的；应该；可能”等意义。
【运用练】 单句语法填空
①After the earthquake， the villagers didn’t know what to do （do） at all.
②The most important thing is not to give （give） up when facing difficulties.
③What surprised me most was to find （find） him volunteering at the orphanage.
④His advice is not to rely （rely） too much on AI tools for creative writing.
⑤The challenges are to balance （balance） study and extra-curricular activities.
二、动词不定式与动词-ing形式作表语的区别
【先感悟】
①As the saying goes，“To see is to believe.”
②As the saying goes，“Seeing is believing.”
③This afternoon my job is to teach you English.
④My job is teaching in a middle school.
【会发现】
（1）句①和句③中的动词不定式在句中作 表语 ；
（2）句②和句④中的动词-ing形式在句中作 表语 。
【善归纳】
1.一般情况下，动词-ing形式和动词不定式作表语区别不大，可通用。
2.动词-ing形式表示的动作较抽象或是习惯性的，而动词不定式表示某一次具体的动作。
【运用练】 单句语法填空
①Her greatest wish is to travel （travel） around the world after graduation.
②The most boring part of his job is repeating （repeat） the same data entry daily.
③Our school’s policy is to ban （ban） mobile phones during class hours.
④What I really enjoy is watching （watch） the sunset by the lakeside alone.
⑤The purpose of this tool is to simplify （simplify） complex calculations.
三、主语带do，表语省略to的情况
【先感悟】
①What I’ll do is （to） tell her the truth.
②The first thing we can do is （to） reduce waste as possible as we can.
【会发现】
句①和②中作表语的动词不定式可 省略to。
【善归纳】
当主语部分含有实义动词do的某种形式时，用作表语的动词不定式可以省略to。
【运用练】 单句语法填空
①All I did was give （give） him some advice， but he misunderstood my intention.
②What the program deals with is to analyse （analyse） your writing style automatically.
③The only thing she could do was apologise （apologise） for the careless mistake.
④What the machine will do is sort （sort） the packages by size within seconds.
⑤The first thing he mentioned was to call （call） the police when he saw the accident.
Ⅰ.基础题型练
1.Most people believe the best way to build a great team is to gather （gather） a group of the most talented individuals.
2.My main purpose is to help （help） them out when they get into trouble.
3.My plan for keeping healthy is to insist （insist） on working out each day.
4.Who is to blame （blame） for the accident， the driver or the passenger？
5.Anything we can do is （to） guarantee （guarantee） the task will be completed on time.
6.The girl’s intention of performing this song is to convey （convey） her deep love for her mother.
7.My habit is to read （read） English aloud for an hour after getting up and then go to school.
8.My favourite sport is climbing （climb） the mountain， but this afternoon what I want to do is （to） swim （swim） in the gym.
Ⅱ.语法与写作
1.我长大后想做的事是在计算机行业工作。
What I want to do is （to） work in the computer industry when I grow up.
2.一场汉语演讲比赛将于5月18日在市图书馆举行。
A Chinese speech contest is to be held in the City Library on 18 May .
3.这个女孩的工作就是每天回复邮件。
The girl’s job is answering/to answer emails every day .
4.电影《丝绸之路》将于下周六晚上8点在我们学校大厅上映，因此，我写信邀请您参加我们的活动。
The film，The Silk Road， is to be shown in our school hall at eight pm next Saturday ， so I’m writing to invite you to join us.
1.criticise vi.& vt.批评；指责；评价
教材原句 For a humble person， one of the hardest things might be to criticise other people.
对于一个谦虚的人来说，最难的事情之一可能就是批评别人。
【用法】
（1）criticise （...） for ...因……批评（……） （2）criticism n. 批评；指责；评论 critic n. 评论家；批评者 critical adj. 批评的；关键的；批判性的 critically adv. 关键地；批判性地
【佳句】 Their criticism did not discourage me.On the contrary， I worked even harder.
他们的批评并没有使我气馁。相反，我更加努力学习了。
【练透】 单句语法填空
①Protecting wetlands is critical （critic） to maintaining biodiversity.
②Learning to accept constructive criticism （criticise） marks a teenager’s maturity.
【写美】 完成句子
③比赛失败后，她批判性地重新评估了自己的备赛策略。
After failing the competition， she critically reevaluated her preparation strategies .
2.句型公式：there be句型
教材原句 From this we can see that there were two clear themes apparent in his work throughout his career：colours and reflections in water.
从中我们可以看出，在他整个职业生涯中，他的作品中有两个明显的主题：色彩和水中的倒影。
【用法】
（1）there be句型遵循“就近一致”原则，即与离be动词最近的名词在形式上保持一致。 （2）there be ＋名词/代词＋非谓语动词... （3）there be句型中的be可以用表示“存在”的动词替代，如live、 exist、 lie、 stand、 seem、 rise、 remain、 happen、 come、 go等，句型结构为：there＋存在类动词＋主语 ...
【品悟】 There is a mobile phone and two magazines on the table.
桌子上有一部手机和两本杂志。
【写美】 完成句子
①成功之路上总会有障碍。
There will always be obstacles on the road to success.
②我们校园旁矗立着一家百年书店。
There stands a century-old bookstore next to our campus.
③在她村子前面有一条向东流淌的河。
There is a river running to the east in front of her village.
Ⅰ.基础题型练
1.What I want to do is express/to express （express） my thanks to you for offering me the job， which gives me a chance to develop myself.
2.What he hoped was to be admitted （admit） into the university.
3.If we are to succeed （succeed）， we must rely on the masses.
4.Another way of setting realistic goals is to analyse （analyse） your short and long objectives.
5.According to the latest report， human beings are to blame （blame） for the abnormal climate around the whole world.
6.The lecture is to be held （hold） in Room 301 of the school library at three this Friday afternoon.
7.Tom seemed to have learned （learn） the good news.
8.All the passengers， according to the new regulation， are to be inspected （inspect） before boarding the subway.
9.If you really want to learn driving， my advice is to go （go） to a driving school.
10.A good way to make you feel more relaxed is to do （do） deep breathing exercises for ten minutes.
Ⅱ.语法与写作
1.The purpose of the activity is to strengthen the students’ awareness of protecting the environment （增强学生们保护环境的意识）.
2. I am to blame for the accident （此次事故我应承担责任）， and hence， I am writing to apologise to you.
3.Human life is regarded as part of nature and the only way for us to survive is to live in harmony with nature （与大自然和谐相处）.
4.One good way to protect our eyes is to take part in outdoor activities regularly （经常参加户外活动）.
5.The question is how to finish （如何完成） the work.
6.The mystery is which way to take （走哪条路） to reach the destination.
7.All we did was （to） wait for you （等你）.
8.What he does is （to） make people laugh （让人发笑）.
Ⅰ.完形填空
（2025·无锡江阴六校期中）In high school Norman Greenstein was a productive doodler （涂鸦手） and created lots of paintings.When he 1 his works to his teacher， the teacher responded，“The problem with modern art is that you can 2 on a canvas and call it art.” Norman felt so disappointed， but he 3 parted with art over the years.
After his 4 ， Norman spared no effort to 5 his wife and three children with devotion.Although life was sometimes hard for him， it didn’t ruin his 6 for creative expression.After being diagnosed with Parkinson’s disease， the 65-year-old social worker， decided to turn his 7 diagnosis into a positive opportunity to 8 a lifelong dream.
With the help of his son， Norman was able to start a 9 involving his whole family， in order to make his own works 10 by all people around him， as well as his 11 experience of fighting against Parkinson’s disease.
In 2021， an online 12 was launched to feature the colorful canvases and he also 13 a memoir called Spit on a Canvas： the Journey of the Parkinson’s Painter.Meanwhile， Norman began selling his first paintings， with galleries exhibiting his works.The team is also 14 releasing Norman’s first digital NFT art collection.20% of the 15 has been donated to two Parkinson’s research foundations.
语篇解读：本文是一篇记叙文。文章主要讲述了涂鸦手诺曼因为美术老师对自己的作品的糟糕评价感到非常失望，但是这并没有摧毁他对创造性表达的渴望。
1.A.offered B.showed
C.conveyed D.assigned
解析：B 根据设空处所在句中的The problem with modern art ...and call it art.可知，当他把自己的作品给老师看（showed）时得到了老师的回复。
2.A.spit B.set
C.sneeze D.skip
解析：A 根据最后一段中的a memoir called Spit on a Canvas： the Journey of the Parkinson’s Painter可知，老师的评价是“现代艺术的问题在于你可以在画布上吐口水（spit），然后称之为艺术”。
3.A.still B.occasionally
C.frequently D.never
解析：D 根据第二段第二句可知，尽管生活有时对他来说很艰难，但这并没有摧毁他对创造性表达的渴望。说明这些年来，他从未（never）放弃艺术。
4.A.retirement B.exhibition
C.marriage D.graduation
解析：C 根据语境可知，结婚（marriage）后，诺曼不遗余力地全心全意地供养（support）他的妻子和三个孩子。
5.A.remove B.support
C.judge D.replace
解析：B 参见上题解析。
6.A.calling B.praying
C.longing D.waiting
解析：C 根据上段最后一句可知，这些年来，他从未放弃艺术，说明这并没有摧毁他对创造性表达的渴望（longing）。
7.A.rare B.embarrassing
C.dark D.unsolved
解析：C 根据空前的After being diagnosed with Parkinson’s disease可知，他被诊断患有帕金森病，这是一个黑暗的（dark）时刻。
8.A.restore B.refresh
C.release D.realize
解析：D 根据空后的lifelong dream可知，用realize dream“实现梦想”表示这位65岁的社会工作者决定将他的黑暗诊断结果转化为实现一生梦想的积极的机会。
9.A.request B.project
C.competition D.reform
解析：B 根据空后的involving his whole family可知，在儿子的帮助下，诺曼开始了一个涉及他的整个家庭的项目（project）。
10.A.recommended B.spotted
C.developed D.regarded
解析：B 根据空后的by all people around him可知，这里指的是使他自己的作品以及他对抗帕金森病的艰辛经历被周围所有人发现（spotted）。
11.A.thrilling B.plain
C.stressful D.tough
解析：D 根据常识及空后的experience of fighting against Parkinson’s disease可知，与帕金森病做斗争的经历必然是艰辛的（tough）。
12.A.drama B.contest
C.gallery D.programme
解析：C 根据下句中的with galleries exhibiting his works可知，画廊展出了他的作品，说明2021年，推出了一个在线画廊（gallery）。
13.A.copied B.published
C.revised D.examined
解析：B 根据空后的a memoir called Spit on a Canvas： the Journey of the Parkinson’s Painter可知，他还出版（published）了一本名为《画布上的印记：一位帕金森画家的抗争之旅》的回忆录。
14.A.working on B.ending with
C.relying on D.paying for
解析：A 根据空后的releasing Norman’s first digital NFT art collection可知，该团队还致力于（working on）发布诺曼的首个数字NFT艺术收藏。
15.A.sale B.reward
C.salary D.allowance
解析：A 根据空后的has been donated to two Parkinson’s research foundations可知，所有销售（sale）额的20%捐赠给了两个帕金森研究基金会。
Ⅱ.语法填空
In eastern China， there is a sea of flowers blooming in the water.Every spring， this amazing sea of flowers attracts 16. （count） tourists to appreciate the beautiful scenery.17. people are admiring is in fact a great example of Chinese intelligence — China’s ancient philosophy interacts with nature.
1，000 years ago，18. （prevent） floods， the hard-working and wise people in Xinghua， Jiangsu Province 19. （dig） a network of deep ditches （沟） or streams in the swamps （沼泽）， and piled up the soil on one side，20. （form） fields suitable for farming.
These fields have different shapes and sizes.Big fields can be a kilometer wide，21. the smaller ones are just a few meters.They all have one thing in common， and that is， they 22. （surround） by water.The fields are not connected to each other， and look like islands on the sea.
Taking the local natural conditions 23. account， local ancestors transformed low-lying wetlands into farmlands in order to maintain the surrounding natural environment， so that now it has formed a new landscape representing the 24. （unite） of man and nature.People often say，“Boats walk in the water and people swim in the flowers.” It is no wonder that the tourists always enjoy 25. （they） in this sea of flowers all year round.
语篇解读：本文是一篇记叙文。江苏省兴化市的水上花海每年都吸引着成千上万的游客，它是一个代表中国智慧的绝佳范例，体现了人与自然的和谐统一。
16.countless 考查形容词。分析句子结构可知，空处作定语，修饰名词tourists，应用形容词形式；根据句意可知，此处是指这片令人赞叹的花海会吸引“无数”游客前来欣赏这美景。故填countless。
17.What 考查主语从句。分析句子结构可知，空处引导主语从句，在从句中作宾语，故填What。
18.to prevent 考查非谓语动词。分析语境可知，挖深沟或溪流的目的是阻止洪水的侵袭，所以此处应用动词不定式表目的。故填to prevent。
19.dug 考查时态。根据时间状语1，000 years ago可知，事情发生在过去，句子应用一般过去时。故填dug。
20.forming 考查非谓语动词。分析句子结构可知，此处应用动词-ing形式作结果状语，表示自然而然的结果，故填forming。
21.while 考查连词。根据句意可知，空处前后两个句子为对比关系。故填while。
22.are surrounded 考查时态、语态和主谓一致。分析句子结构可知，空处在句中作谓语，且they与surround之间是动宾关系，应用被动语态；主语为they，且空处前后句子的时态为一般现在时。故填are surrounded。
23.into 考查介词。take sth into account为固定短语，意为“把某事物考虑进去”。故填into。
24.unity 考查名词。分析句子结构可知，此处应用所给词的名词形式，表示“人与自然的和谐统一”。故填unity。
25.themselves 考查代词。enjoy oneself为固定短语，意为“玩得高兴”。主语为the tourists，故填themselves。
1 / 2Section Ⅱ Learning About Language
动词不定式作表语
Not that long ago， my first thought at mealtimes was to eat at a restaurant①.I was eager to try new restaurants.To eat out was also a social activity， allowing me to enhance the relationship with my friends.I often ate out until last month， when I came across a cooking app.A variety of recipes in the app are to be chosen②.They are uploaded by users， and offer detailed instructions so that others can follow them step by step.Now I am good at cooking a couple of dishes.My plan is to invite my friends over at the weekend③ to show them my new-found skills.I hope that they will like my cooking！
①②③处的动词不定式都是作表语，表示具体的事情或将要发生的事情。
——运用“形式—意义—使用”相结合的三维动态语法观
一、动词不定式作表语的用法
【先感悟】
①（教材典句）Perhaps the best way to understand Western art is to look at the development of Western painting over the centuries.
②（教材典句）In this work， Monet’s aim was to convey the light and movement in the scene — the subjective impression the scene gave him — but not a detailed record of the scene itself.
③（教材典句）What they attempted to do was no longer （to） show reality， but instead to ask the question， “What is art？”
④Our school will hold a Psychological Health Week next week， whose theme is how to relieve mental pressure.
⑤All she wanted was to be left alone.
⑥It is John rather than you that is to blame for the accident.
⑦There will still be lots of challenges if we are to sort out garbage in a short time.
【会发现】
以上句子中的动词不定式在句中作 。
【善归纳】
1.动词不定式作表语时，一般跟在系动词be、 seem、 remain、 appear、 get等后面，用来说明主语的内容。
2.主语是以way、 aim、 duty、 hope、 dream、 idea、 intention、 purpose、 mistake、 plan、 proposal、 job、 suggestion、 task、 goal等抽象名词为中心词的名词短语，常用动词不定式作表语。
3.what 引导的名词性从句，后面的动词不定式作表语说明其内容。
4.疑问词who、 what、 which、 when、 where、 how、 why后加动词不定式构成动词不定式短语，在句中可作主语、宾语和表语。
名师点津“疑问词＋动词不定式”中的动词不定式一般要用主动形式。
5.当主语包含定语从句且先行词为代词all或形容词最高级the least， the most时，其后可接“系动词＋动词不定式”作句子的表语。
6.有些作表语的动词不定式，如to blame、 to let，在形式上是主动的，但在意义上是被动的。
7.be to do表示“计划；安排；命令；注定；目的；应该；可能”等意义。
【运用练】 单句语法填空
①After the earthquake， the villagers didn’t know what （do） at all.
②The most important thing is not （give） up when facing difficulties.
③What surprised me most was （find） him volunteering at the orphanage.
④His advice is not （rely） too much on AI tools for creative writing.
⑤The challenges are （balance） study and extra-curricular activities.
二、动词不定式与动词-ing形式作表语的区别
【先感悟】
①As the saying goes，“To see is to believe.”
②As the saying goes，“Seeing is believing.”
③This afternoon my job is to teach you English.
④My job is teaching in a middle school.
【会发现】
（1）句①和句③中的动词不定式在句中作 ；
（2）句②和句④中的动词-ing形式在句中作 。
【善归纳】
1.一般情况下，动词-ing形式和动词不定式作表语区别不大，可通用。
2.动词-ing形式表示的动作较抽象或是习惯性的，而动词不定式表示某一次具体的动作。
【运用练】 单句语法填空
①Her greatest wish is （travel） around the world after graduation.
②The most boring part of his job is （repeat） the same data entry daily.
③Our school’s policy is （ban） mobile phones during class hours.
④What I really enjoy is （watch） the sunset by the lakeside alone.
⑤The purpose of this tool is （simplify） complex calculations.
三、主语带do，表语省略to的情况
【先感悟】
①What I’ll do is （to） tell her the truth.
②The first thing we can do is （to） reduce waste as possible as we can.
【会发现】
句①和②中作表语的动词不定式可 to。
【善归纳】
当主语部分含有实义动词do的某种形式时，用作表语的动词不定式可以省略to。
【运用练】 单句语法填空
①All I did was （give） him some advice， but he misunderstood my intention.
②What the program deals with is （analyse） your writing style automatically.
③The only thing she could do was （apologise） for the careless mistake.
④What the machine will do is （sort） the packages by size within seconds.
⑤The first thing he mentioned was （call） the police when he saw the accident.
Ⅰ.基础题型练
1.Most people believe the best way to build a great team is （gather） a group of the most talented individuals.
2.My main purpose is （help） them out when they get into trouble.
3.My plan for keeping healthy is （insist） on working out each day.
4.Who is （blame） for the accident， the driver or the passenger？
5.Anything we can do is （guarantee） the task will be completed on time.
6.The girl’s intention of performing this song is （convey） her deep love for her mother.
7.My habit is （read） English aloud for an hour after getting up and then go to school.
8.My favourite sport is （climb） the mountain， but this afternoon what I want to do is （swim） in the gym.
Ⅱ.语法与写作
1.我长大后想做的事是在计算机行业工作。
What I want to do is when I grow up.
2.一场汉语演讲比赛将于5月18日在市图书馆举行。
A Chinese speech contest is .
3.这个女孩的工作就是每天回复邮件。
The girl’s job is .
4.电影《丝绸之路》将于下周六晚上8点在我们学校大厅上映，因此，我写信邀请您参加我们的活动。
The film，The Silk Road， is ， so I’m writing to invite you to join us.
1.criticise vi.& vt.批评；指责；评价
教材原句 For a humble person， one of the hardest things might be to criticise other people.
对于一个谦虚的人来说，最难的事情之一可能就是批评别人。
【用法】
（1）criticise （...） for ...因……批评（……）
（2）criticism n. 批评；指责；评论
critic n. 评论家；批评者
critical adj. 批评的；关键的；批判性的
critically adv. 关键地；批判性地
【佳句】 Their criticism did not discourage me.On the contrary， I worked even harder.
他们的批评并没有使我气馁。相反，我更加努力学习了。
【练透】 单句语法填空
①Protecting wetlands is （critic） to maintaining biodiversity.
②Learning to accept constructive （criticise） marks a teenager’s maturity.
【写美】 完成句子
③比赛失败后，她批判性地重新评估了自己的备赛策略。
After failing the competition， .
2.句型公式：there be句型
教材原句 From this we can see that there were two clear themes apparent in his work throughout his career：colours and reflections in water.
从中我们可以看出，在他整个职业生涯中，他的作品中有两个明显的主题：色彩和水中的倒影。
【用法】
（1）there be句型遵循“就近一致”原则，即与离be动词最近的名词在形式上保持一致。
（2）there be ＋名词/代词＋非谓语动词...
（3）there be句型中的be可以用表示“存在”的动词替代，如live、 exist、 lie、 stand、 seem、 rise、 remain、 happen、 come、 go等，句型结构为：there＋存在类动词＋主语 ...
【品悟】 There is a mobile phone and two magazines on the table.
桌子上有一部手机和两本杂志。
【写美】 完成句子
①成功之路上总会有障碍。
on the road to success.
②我们校园旁矗立着一家百年书店。
next to our campus.
③在她村子前面有一条向东流淌的河。
in front of her village.
提示：完成课后作业 UNIT 1 Section Ⅱ
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