Section Ⅱ Learning About Language
动词不定式作主语
I had a lot of hobbies when I studied in college.It was hard for me to save money to keep my hobbies.①It was foolish of me to spend plenty of time with those.②But to study hard was my first task at that time.③I often got up early to catch up with other students.It took me two terms to make up for my lost time.④I think to make the same mistake is not wise because to become a surgeon is not easy.⑤I should seize the good opportunity and do whatever I can to achieve my ambition.Now， I am a doctor and I will never forget the experience of that time.
1.蓝体句子中动词不定式都作主语。
2.句①、句②和句④中it作形式主语，真正的主语是后面的动词不定式。
——运用“形式—意义—使用”相结合的三维动态语法观
动词不定式作主语，表示具体的、一次性的或将来的动作；在很多情况下，人们通常用it作形式主语，而把动词不定式移至谓语之后，使句子结构显得平衡一些。
一、动词不定式作主语与动词-ing形式作主语时的区别
【先感悟】
①To swim in that river is dangerous on such a stormy day.
②Swimming in that river is dangerous.
③To teach you the uses of the infinitives is my job today.
④Teaching is my job.
⑤To improve your spoken English needs your constant practice.
【会发现】
句 ①③ 中的主语表示某一次具体的行为，而句 ②④ 中的主语表示抽象或经常性行为。句①③⑤中的动词不定式作主语时谓语动词用 单数 形式。
【善归纳】
1.动词不定式表示具体的某次动作，特别是将来的动作。
2.动词-ing形式表示比较抽象的、经常性的、一般性的动作。
3.动词不定式和when、 where、 how、 what、 whether等疑问词连用，在句子中作主语。
4.动词不定式短语作主语与主谓一致
单个动词不定式（短语）作主语，谓语用单数。两个或两个以上动词不定式并列作主语，若语意不一致则用复数；但如果动词不定式作为一个整体或属于同一概念，仍用单数。
【运用练】 完成句子
①我很荣幸有机会参加今天的面试。
It is a great honour for me to have an opportunity to attend the interview today.
②被选中代表他们的国家参赛是大多数运动员的最高荣誉。
To be chosen to represent their country in the competition is the highest honour for most athletes.
③对我们来说，通过反复观看来记忆新单词是一个不错的方法。
It is a good way for us to memorize new words by seeing them repeatedly.
④如何拯救这种珍稀动物仍然是一个备受关注的问题。
How to save this kind of rare and precious animal remains a great concern.
二、it作形式主语的句型
【先感悟】
①However， during this period， it can be easy for some of them to form bad habits.
②To prevent harmful habits like these from dominating a teenager’s life is essential.
③To change bad habits is never easy， even with many attempts.
④After all， it is not easy to break bad habits.
【会发现】
（1）动词不定式直接作主语的句子为句 ②③ ；
（2）由it作形式主语，动词不定式移至谓语之后的句子为句 ①④ 。
【善归纳】
1.It is/was＋形容词＋（for sb）＋动词不定式
强调动作特征的形容词（如easy、difficult、hard、important、 possible、 wise等）常用于此句型。为了强调动词不定式动作的执行者，常在动词不定式前加for sb。
2.It is/was＋形容词＋（of sb）＋动词不定式
表示心理品质或性格特征的形容词（如kind、 nice、 stupid、clever、foolish、 polite、impolite、 silly、selfish、 considerate等）常用于此句型，动作的逻辑主语与这些形容词可以构成主系表结构，因此这样的句式也可转化为“sb＋be＋形容词＋动词不定式”。
3.It is＋名词短语（如a pity/a shame/a pleasure/one’s duty/an honour等）＋动词不定式
名师点津
在It is＋no use/no good/useless/a waste of time ...句型中常用动词-ing形式作真正的主语。
It is no use waiting here doing nothing.
无所事事地在这里等待是没有用的。
4.It takes/costs/requires/makes ... sb/sth to do sth
【运用练】 完成句子
①我们有必要提高环保意识，养成垃圾分类的好习惯。
It is necessary for us to raise awareness of environmental protection and develop the good habit of garbage sorting.
②这是一个接触新文化和认识新朋友的好机会。
It is a good chance to come into contact with new cultures and meet new friends.
③控制全球变暖需要多年的努力。
It takes years of work to control global warming.
④停止使用一次性筷子对于保护森林至关重要。
It is vital to stop using disposable chopsticks to protect forests.
⑤当你在公众场合演讲时，一开始感到紧张是正常的。
It is normal for you to feel nervous at first when making a speech in public.
Ⅰ.基础题型练
1.In summary， it is high time for us to treasure （treasure） and develop our own valuable culture.
2.Fortunately， nowadays it is much easier to make （make） eco-friendly lifestyle choices.
3.More importantly， improving （improve） ourselves is a good way to make us more civilized.
4.It is up to his parents， rather than him， to determine （determine） which school to attend.
5. To experience （experience） pure minority life is what I have been dreaming of.
6.It was brave of this young guy to quit （quit） his job and start his own business on his own.
7.It’s a great shame for me to be laughed （laugh） at in front of so many people.
8.It might be worthwhile considering/to consider （consider） your attitude to an insurance policy.
9.It took the doctor about half an hour to examine （examine） the eyes of the baby.
10.It is no use arguing （argue） with him， for he is so stubborn.
Ⅱ.语法与写作
1.It’s a great honour to be invited （被邀请） to Mary’s birthday party.
2.It is difficult for us to finish writing the composition in a quarter of an hour （在15分钟内写完这篇作文）.
3.It is unwise of you to write down everything the teacher says （你把老师说的所有东西都记下来）.
4. To be misunderstood by my headteacher （被我的班主任误解） made me unaware of how to defend myself.
5.As the saying goes， it is no use crying over spilt milk （覆水难收）.
6.It is a great honour for me to share with you my opinions （与你分享我的观点） on how to get along well with your parents.
1.make up one’s mind 下定决心
教材原句 We need to make up our minds and show some discipline， and make small changes over time.
我们需要下定决心，表现出一些自律，并且随着时间的推移作出一些小的改变。
【用法】
change one’s mind 改变主意 bear/keep ...in mind 牢记…… have ...in mind 考虑；打算 fix one’s mind on/upon 将注意力集中于…… have it in mind to do sth 想做某事
【佳句】 Inspired by his actions， she made up her mind to save lives when she grew up. （心理描写）
他的行为让她备受鼓舞，她下定决心长大后要拯救他人生命。
【练透】 单句语法填空
①Peter changed his （he） mind after a phone call at the last minute.
②With his mind fixed （fix） on the things not related to his studies， his marks have fallen rapidly.
【写美】 完成句子
③为了成为像你一样伟大的人，我已经下定决心更加努力学习。
I have made up my mind to study harder so as to be a great person like you.
2.be composed of 由……组成（或构成）的
教材原句 Life is composed of many elements， such as family， friends， study， work， entertainment， and so on. 生活是由许多要素组成的，比如家庭、朋友、学习、工作、娱乐等等。
【用法】
compose vt.& vi. 组成；作曲；撰写 composition n. 作文；作曲；作品；成分 composer n. 作曲家；作家
【佳句】 The team， composed of participants throughout the country， rushed to the rescue of people trapped in the ruins.
这支由全国各地的参与者组成的队伍，迅速赶去救援被困在废墟中的人们。
【练透】 单句语法填空
①The team consisting （consist） of young players showed great potential in the competition.
②It takes the musician several years to finish the composition （compose） of this symphony.
【写美】 完成句子
③我们的足球俱乐部由四十位热爱这项运动的成员组成。
Our football club is made up of/is composed of/is comprised of/consists of forty members who are enthusiastic about the sport.
3.disturb vt.打扰；搅乱；使烦恼
教材原句 It was not polite to disturb your neighbours with loud music last night.
昨天晚上用大声的音乐干扰你的邻居是不礼貌的。
【用法】
（1）disturb the peace 扰乱治安 （2）disturbing adj. 引起烦恼的；令人不安的 disturbed adj. 困扰的 disturbance n. 打扰；扰乱
【佳句】 The restaurant has large separate rooms with a quiet atmosphere， where you can enjoy your party without being disturbed. （推荐信）
这家餐厅设有宽敞独立的房间，氛围安静，在那里你可以在不受打扰的情况下享受你的派对。
【练透】 单句语法填空
①The sudden disturbance （disturb） during the exam made it difficult for students to concentrate.
②The disturbing （disturb） news about the environmental pollution made us realize the urgency of protection.
【写美】 完成句子
③读了那封来历不明令人不安的信后，她感到困扰。
She felt disturbed after reading the disturbing letter from an unknown sender.
Ⅰ.基础题型练
1. To teach （teach） you the uses of the infinitive is my job today.
2. To look （look） after the safety of the community is his responsibility.
3. To solve （solve） this annoying problem is really out of the question.
4.How to cure （cure） this kind of illness is still unknown.
5.Whether to do （do） it or not has not been decided.
6.How to deal （deal） with such a person isn’t known yet.
7. It was careless of you to leave your umbrella in the train.
8. It is natural for a mother to worry about her own children.
Ⅱ.语法与写作
1. To be admitted to/into a key university （被一所重点大学录取） is the goal I have been pursuing.
2.It is kind of you to selflessly help me out of the difficulty （无私地帮助我摆脱困境）.
3. It is no use crying （哭没有用）， and it is hard work that can change your present terrible situation.
4. When to hold the fruit-picking activity （什么时候举行水果采摘活动） has been decided.
5.It is our duty to protect endangered animals （保护濒危动物） from dying out.
6.It must be great fun to fly to the moon in a spaceship （乘宇宙飞船飞往月球）.
7.It is a great honour to be invited to your family （被邀请到你家）.
8.It seems relaxing to be lying on the beach （躺在沙滩上） and enjoying the sun.
9.It was silly of us to believe him （我们相信了他）.
10. Why to leave so early （为什么这么早离开） needs to be explained clearly.
Ⅰ.完形填空
Two years ago， Kiah Twisselman was working for the Kentucky Beef Council， when she reached the weight of 285 pounds.Kiah was responsible for their nutrition program， which meant 1 the health benefits of beef and it wasn’t sitting well with her.She had to stand up in front of a group of registered 2 ， a group of influencers， and tell them about the nutritional benefits of beef， and it made her so 3 .
While on a flight， Kiah read a book by motivational speaker Rachel Hollis.“That book was kind of my 4 call to me that if you want to change your life， it is 100 percent in your 5 and nobody else’s，” said Kiah.
She started 6 Hollis on social media and decided to try her Five To Thrive plan， which 7 her to adopt five simple habits and commit to 8 them every day for 90 days.
Kiah started waking up earlier， 9 ， began daily journaling， drank water according to the instruction.In just a few months， she lost 25 pounds， which 10 her to keep going， 11 when she hit a plateau （停滞期）.
To 12 things up， Kiah started trying out harder workout videos.Unlike previously blaming herself for her failure， this time， she started from a place of 13 .“When I failed， I was more willing to 14 myself and say， ‘What can I learn from this？’” said Kiah.
Over the next year， Kiah lost 103 pounds and the physical transformation was so 15 ！
语篇解读：本文是一篇记叙文。文章讲述了Kiah Twisselman通过自己的努力减肥成功的故事。
1.A.believing B.improving
C.ensuring D.advocating
解析：D 根据tell them about the nutritional benefits of beef可知，该项目是要提倡牛肉对健康的好处。
2.A.nutritionists B.tourists
C.farmers D.partners
解析：A 根据上下文语境可知，她是为肯塔基牛肉协会工作。因此她的工作对象应是有影响力的人和专业的营养学家。
3.A.unfortunate B.successful
C.uncomfortable D.appealing
解析：C 根据上文尤其是it wasn’t sitting well with her可知，体重285磅的Kiah要在一群营养学家面前宣传牛肉的营养价值，这让她很不舒服。
4.A.business B.wake-up
C.first-aid D.conference
解析：B 根据语境可知，Kiah开启了她的减肥之旅，这说明Rachel Hollis的书唤醒了Kiah，给她的生活敲响了警钟，让她行动起来。
5.A.favor B.diet
C.control D.opinion
解析：C 根据if you want to change your life可知，如果你想改变自己的生活，那么百分之百要由自己掌控，与别人无关。
6.A.following B.assisting
C.blaming D.interviewing
解析：A 根据语境可知，Kiah开始在社交媒体上关注Hollis，并决定尝试其五维计划。
7.A.forbade B.qualified
C.permitted D.challenged
解析：D 根据下文Kiah started waking up earlier ...according to the instruction.可知，此处指该计划要求她养成五个简单的习惯，并坚持每天练习，坚持90天。
8.A.overcoming B.practicing
C.celebrating D.correcting
解析：B 参考上题解析。
9.A.watched out B.dashed out
C.worked out D.spoke out
解析：C 根据下文Kiah started trying out harder workout videos可知，此处指早起后锻炼。
10.A.forced B.fueled
C.promised D.reminded
解析：B 根据语境可知，Kiah成功减重25磅，这刺激她继续坚持下去，甚至在到达停滞期之后也在坚持。
11.A.thus B.yet
C.merely D.even
解析：D 参见上题解析。
12.A.fix B.divide
C.switch D.sum
解析：C 根据上下文语境可知，Kiah减重到了停滞期，为了改变现状，她开始尝试难度更大的锻炼视频。
13.A.self-criticism B.self-love
C.self-respect D.self-doubt
解析：B 根据语境可知，Kiah不再像以前那样因失败而自责，这次她从自爱开始。
14.A.save B.protect
C.introduce D.forgive
解析：D 根据语境可知，Kiah现在选择爱自己，所以当她失败的时候，她不再责备自己了，而是原谅自己。
15.A.apparent B.awkward
C.slight D.gradual
解析：A 根据第一段中的when she reached the weight of 285 pounds和本句中的Kiah lost 103 pounds可知，体重285磅的Kiah减了103磅，这种身体的变化是很明显的。
Ⅱ.语法填空
There has been a recent trend in the food service industry toward lower fat content and less salt.This trend 16. （start） by the medical community （医学界） as a method of fighting heart disease has had some unintended side 17. （effect） such as overweight and heart disease — the very thing the medical community was trying to fight.
Fat and salt are very important parts of a diet.They are required 18. （process） the food that we eat，to recover from injury and for several other bodily functions.When fat and salt 19. （remove） from food， the food tastes as if it is missing something.As 20. result， people will eat more food to try to make up for that something missing.Even 21. （bad）， the amount of fast food that people eat goes up.Fast food 22. （be） full of fat and salt； by 23. （eat） more fast food people will get more salt and fat 24. they need in their diet.
Having enough fat and salt in your meals will reduce the urge to snack （吃点心） between meals and will improve the taste of your food.However， be careful not to go to extremes.Like anything， it is possible to have too much of both， 25. is not good for the health.
语篇解读：本文是一篇说明文。文章分析了低脂、少盐饮食对人体健康的影响。
16.started 考查非谓语动词。此处作后置定语修饰名词trend， trend与start是被动关系，应用过去分词，故填started。
17.effects 考查名词复数。side effect意为“副作用”，由前面的some和下文中的两个例子可知，应用复数形式，故填effects。
18.to process 考查非谓语动词。require sth to do sth需要某物做某事，此处用了其被动语态结构作主语补足语，故填to process。
19.are removed 考查时态、语态和主谓一致。根据语境可知，此处用一般现在时；由于主语fat and salt与remove是被动关系，所以用被动语态；且主语是复数，故填are removed。
20.a 考查冠词。as a result意为“结果”，是固定搭配，故填a。
21.worse 考查副词比较级。根据Even可知，此处表示程度的加深，应用比较级形式，故填worse。
22.is 考查时态和主谓一致。根据上下文的时态可知，此处用一般现在时；句子的主语Fast food是不可数名词短语，故填is。
23.eating 考查非谓语动词。表示方式的介词by之后接动词-ing形式作宾语，故填eating。
24.than 考查介词。根据此处的比较级more salt and fat可知，此处应用介词than。
25.which 考查定语从句。分析句子结构可知，空处引导非限制性定语从句并在从句中作主语，指代上文的句子，故填which。
1 / 2Section Ⅱ Learning About Language
动词不定式作主语
I had a lot of hobbies when I studied in college.It was hard for me to save money to keep my hobbies.①It was foolish of me to spend plenty of time with those.②But to study hard was my first task at that time.③I often got up early to catch up with other students.It took me two terms to make up for my lost time.④I think to make the same mistake is not wise because to become a surgeon is not easy.⑤I should seize the good opportunity and do whatever I can to achieve my ambition.Now， I am a doctor and I will never forget the experience of that time.
1.黑体句子中动词不定式都作主语。
2.句①、句②和句④中it作形式主语，真正的主语是后面的动词不定式。
——运用“形式—意义—使用”相结合的三维动态语法观
动词不定式作主语，表示具体的、一次性的或将来的动作；在很多情况下，人们通常用it作形式主语，而把动词不定式移至谓语之后，使句子结构显得平衡一些。
一、动词不定式作主语与动词-ing形式作主语时的区别
【先感悟】
①To swim in that river is dangerous on such a stormy day.
②Swimming in that river is dangerous.
③To teach you the uses of the infinitives is my job today.
④Teaching is my job.
⑤To improve your spoken English needs your constant practice.
【会发现】
句 中的主语表示某一次具体的行为，而句 中的主语表示抽象或经常性行为。句①③⑤中的动词不定式作主语时谓语动词用 形式。
【善归纳】
1.动词不定式表示具体的某次动作，特别是将来的动作。
2.动词-ing形式表示比较抽象的、经常性的、一般性的动作。
3.动词不定式和when、 where、 how、 what、 whether等疑问词连用，在句子中作主语。
4.动词不定式短语作主语与主谓一致
单个动词不定式（短语）作主语，谓语用单数。两个或两个以上动词不定式并列作主语，若语意不一致则用复数；但如果动词不定式作为一个整体或属于同一概念，仍用单数。
【运用练】 完成句子
①我很荣幸有机会参加今天的面试。
an opportunity to attend the interview today.
②被选中代表他们的国家参赛是大多数运动员的最高荣誉。
their country in the competition is the highest honour for most athletes.
③对我们来说，通过反复观看来记忆新单词是一个不错的方法。
new words by seeing them repeatedly.
④如何拯救这种珍稀动物仍然是一个备受关注的问题。
this kind of rare and precious animal remains a great concern.
二、it作形式主语的句型
【先感悟】
①However， during this period， it can be easy for some of them to form bad habits.
②To prevent harmful habits like these from dominating a teenager’s life is essential.
③To change bad habits is never easy， even with many attempts.
④After all， it is not easy to break bad habits.
【会发现】
（1）动词不定式直接作主语的句子为句 ；
（2）由it作形式主语，动词不定式移至谓语之后的句子为句 。
【善归纳】
1.It is/was＋形容词＋（for sb）＋动词不定式
强调动作特征的形容词（如easy、difficult、hard、important、 possible、 wise等）常用于此句型。为了强调动词不定式动作的执行者，常在动词不定式前加for sb。
2.It is/was＋形容词＋（of sb）＋动词不定式
表示心理品质或性格特征的形容词（如kind、 nice、 stupid、clever、foolish、 polite、impolite、 silly、selfish、 considerate等）常用于此句型，动作的逻辑主语与这些形容词可以构成主系表结构，因此这样的句式也可转化为“sb＋be＋形容词＋动词不定式”。
3.It is＋名词短语（如a pity/a shame/a pleasure/one’s duty/an honour等）＋动词不定式
名师点津
在It is＋no use/no good/useless/a waste of time ...句型中常用动词-ing形式作真正的主语。
It is no use waiting here doing nothing.
无所事事地在这里等待是没有用的。
4.It takes/costs/requires/makes ... sb/sth to do sth
【运用练】 完成句子
①我们有必要提高环保意识，养成垃圾分类的好习惯。
awareness of environmental protection and develop the good habit of garbage sorting.
②这是一个接触新文化和认识新朋友的好机会。
new cultures and meet new friends.
③控制全球变暖需要多年的努力。
global warming.
④停止使用一次性筷子对于保护森林至关重要。
using disposable chopsticks to protect forests.
⑤当你在公众场合演讲时，一开始感到紧张是正常的。
nervous at first when making a speech in public.
Ⅰ.基础题型练
1.In summary， it is high time for us （treasure） and develop our own valuable culture.
2.Fortunately， nowadays it is much easier （make） eco-friendly lifestyle choices.
3.More importantly， （improve） ourselves is a good way to make us more civilized.
4.It is up to his parents， rather than him， （determine） which school to attend.
5. （experience） pure minority life is what I have been dreaming of.
6.It was brave of this young guy （quit） his job and start his own business on his own.
7.It’s a great shame for me （laugh） at in front of so many people.
8.It might be worthwhile （consider） your attitude to an insurance policy.
9.It took the doctor about half an hour （examine） the eyes of the baby.
10.It is no use （argue） with him， for he is so stubborn.
Ⅱ.语法与写作
1.It’s a great honour （被邀请） to Mary’s birthday party.
2.It is difficult for us （在15分钟内写完这篇作文）.
3.It is unwise of you （你把老师说的所有东西都记下来）.
4. （被我的班主任误解） made me unaware of how to defend myself.
5.As the saying goes， （覆水难收）.
6.It is a great honour for me （与你分享我的观点） on how to get along well with your parents.
1.make up one’s mind 下定决心
教材原句 We need to make up our minds and show some discipline， and make small changes over time.我们需要下定决心，表现出一些自律，并且随着时间的推移作出一些小的改变。
【用法】
change one’s mind 改变主意
bear/keep ...in mind 牢记……
have ...in mind 考虑；打算
fix one’s mind on/upon 将注意力集中于……
have it in mind to do sth 想做某事
【佳句】 Inspired by his actions， she made up her mind to save lives when she grew up. （心理描写）
他的行为让她备受鼓舞，她下定决心长大后要拯救他人生命。
【练透】 单句语法填空
①Peter changed （he） mind after a phone call at the last minute.
②With his mind （fix） on the things not related to his studies， his marks have fallen rapidly.
【写美】 完成句子
③为了成为像你一样伟大的人，我已经下定决心更加努力学习。
I have so as to be a great person like you.
2.be composed of 由……组成（或构成）的
教材原句 Life is composed of many elements， such as family， friends， study， work， entertainment， and so on. 生活是由许多要素组成的，比如家庭、朋友、学习、工作、娱乐等等。
【用法】
compose vt.& vi. 组成；作曲；撰写
composition n. 作文；作曲；作品；成分
composer n. 作曲家；作家
【佳句】 The team， composed of participants throughout the country， rushed to the rescue of people trapped in the ruins.
这支由全国各地的参与者组成的队伍，迅速赶去救援被困在废墟中的人们。
【练透】 单句语法填空
①The team （consist） of young players showed great potential in the competition.
②It takes the musician several years to finish the （compose） of this symphony.
【写美】 完成句子
③我们的足球俱乐部由四十位热爱这项运动的成员组成。
Our football club forty members who are enthusiastic about the sport.
3.disturb vt.打扰；搅乱；使烦恼
教材原句 It was not polite to disturb your neighbours with loud music last night.
昨天晚上用大声的音乐干扰你的邻居是不礼貌的。
【用法】
（1）disturb the peace 扰乱治安
（2）disturbing adj. 引起烦恼的；令人不安的
disturbed adj. 困扰的
disturbance n. 打扰；扰乱
【佳句】 The restaurant has large separate rooms with a quiet atmosphere， where you can enjoy your party without being disturbed.（推荐信）
这家餐厅设有宽敞独立的房间，氛围安静，在那里你可以在不受打扰的情况下享受你的派对。
【练透】 单句语法填空
①The sudden （disturb） during the exam made it difficult for students to concentrate.
②The （disturb） news about the environmental pollution made us realize the urgency of protection.
【写美】 完成句子
③读了那封来历不明令人不安的信后，她感到困扰。
She from an unknown sender.
提示：完成课后作业 UNIT 2 Section Ⅱ
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