高考英语二轮复习专题攻克阅读理解第三节主旨大意题、课件
文档属性
| 名称 | 高考英语二轮复习专题攻克阅读理解第三节主旨大意题、课件 |
|
|
| 格式 | ppt | ||
| 文件大小 | 1.3MB | ||
| 资源类型 | 试卷 | ||
| 版本资源 | 通用版 | ||
| 科目 | 英语 | ||
| 更新时间 | 2026-02-11 00:00:00 | ||
图片预览
文档简介
(共93张PPT)
第三节 主旨大意题
主旨大意即作者在文章或段落中想要表达的主要内容，是文章或段落的核心思想，也是作者通过行文逻辑和各种细节信息阐明的核心内容。把握主旨大意是英语阅读理解的一项关键能力，对正确理解全文有重要意义，不可忽视。考生在解题时应通过略读捕捉文中的关键词句，把握篇章和段落结构，梳理篇章和段落的行文脉络，从而弄清作者的写作思路，最终归纳出主旨大意。高考阅读理解中，对该关键能力的考查主要有以下三种：归纳段落大意、理解全文主旨和选定最佳标题。
细研真题
·解锁疑难
考法1 标题归纳题——文章主线定标题
[典例] (2024·浙江1月卷·D)
The Stanford marshmallow (棉花糖) test was originally conducted by psychologist Walter Mischel in the late 1960s. Children aged four to six at a nursery school were placed in a room. A single sugary treat，selected by the child，was placed on a table. Each child was told if they waited for 15 minutes before eating the treat，they would be given a second treat. Then they were left alone in the room. Follow-up studies with the children later in life showed a connection between an ability to wait long enough to obtain a second treat and various forms of success.
As adults we face a version of the marshmallow test every day. We're not tempted (诱惑) by sugary treats，but by our computers，phones，and tablets—all the devices that connect us to the global delivery system for various types of information that do to us what marshmallows do to preschoolers.
We are tempted by sugary treats because our ancestors lived in a calorie-poor world，and our brains developed a response mechanism to these treats that reflected their value—a feeling of reward and satisfaction. But as we've reshaped the world around us，dramatically reducing the cost and effort involved in obtaining calories，we still have the same brains we had thousands of years ago，and this mismatch is at the heart of why so many of us struggle to resist tempting foods that we know we shouldn't eat.
A similar process is at work in our response to information. Our formative environment as a species was information－poor，so our brains developed a mechanism that prized new information. But global connectivity has greatly changed our information environment. We are now ceaselessly bombarded (轰炸) with new information. Therefore，just as we need to be more thoughtful about our caloric consumption，we also need to be more thoughtful about our information consumption，resisting the temptation of the mental “junk food” in order to manage our time most effectively.
35．Which of the following is the best title for the text
A．Eat Less，Read More
B．The Bitter Truth about Early Humans
C．The Later，the Better
D．The Marshmallow Test for Grownups
[分析] 根据第二段“As adults we face a version of the marshmallow test every day. We're not tempted (诱惑) by sugary treats，but by our computers，phones，and tablets — all the devices that connect us to the global delivery system for various types of information that do to us what marshmallows do to preschoolers.(作为成年人，我们每天都要面对棉花糖测试。诱惑我们的不是甜食，而是我们的电脑、手机和平板电脑——所有这些将我们与全球信息传递系统连接起来的设备，它们对我们的作用就像棉花糖对学龄前儿童的作用一样。)”可知，文章主要是讲在信息化时代我们作为成年人每天都在面对棉花糖测试，信息轰炸让我们摄入了太多精神“垃圾食品”。
[答案] _____
D
[设题特点]
标题是文章中心思想的精练表达。此类题目主要考查考生把握文章主旨、理解文章中心思想的能力，要求考生在理解文章的基础上运用判断、归纳、概括等方法，对文章的主题进行提炼或高度概括，最终准确地选出文章的标题。记叙文、说明文和议论文三种体裁的文章都会要求在理解文意的基础上，从所给选项中选出适合文章的标题。
[设问方式]
题干关键词为：the best/most suitable title
①Which is the best title for the text
②Which of the following can be the best/most suitable title for the passage
③What is/can be a suitable title for the text
[课堂点评]
__________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________
[解题技巧]
文章主线定标题
[课堂点评]
__________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________
考法2 段落大意题——首尾兼顾定段意
[典例] (2025·全国二卷·D)(Para.4)A study by the Food Waste Alliance determined that the average restaurant generates 33 pounds of food waste for every$1, 000 in revenue (收入), and of that waste only 15.7% is donated or recycled.Up to 84.3% is simply thrown out.Restaurants like Silo in the UK have experimented with zero-waste systems, but wastED took the concept to its logical conclusion.
(Para.5)It should be noted that none of the items on wastED's menu was technically made from garbage.Instead, all the ingredients (配料) used were examples of meat cuts and produce that most restaurants would never consider serving.Things like kale ribs, fish collars, rejected sweet potatoes, and cucumber butts were all re-appropriated and, with the help of a number of good chefs, turned into excellent cuisine.
34．What is paragraph 5 mainly about
A．Why the ingredients were used.
B．Which dishes were best liked.
C．What the dishes were made of.
D．Where the ingredients were bought.
[分析] 本题问第五段的主旨。第五段第一句先指出菜单上的菜品都不是用废物做的。结合第二句中的“meat cuts and produce that most restaurants would never consider serving”、第三句中的“Things like kale ribs，fish collars，rejected sweet potatoes，and cucumber butts”可知，该段主要介绍每道菜的食材。
[答案] ____
C
[设题特点]
段落大意题主要考查考生对段落核心信息的理解，要求考生在理解段落内容的基础上提炼出核心信息，然后对比选项，选出最契合段落主要内容的选项。该题型常在说明文和议论文中考查。
[设问方式]
①What is the main idea of the first paragraph
②What is the first paragraph mainly about
③What does the last paragraph mainly talk about
[解题技巧]
首尾兼顾定段意
[课堂点评]
__________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________
考法3 文章大意题——定位主题知文意
[典例] (2024·新课标Ⅱ卷·C)
We all know fresh is best when it comes to food. However，most produce at the store went through weeks of travel and covered hundreds of miles before reaching the table. While farmer's markets are a solid choice to reduce the journey，Babylon Micro-Farm (BMF) shortens it even more.
BMF is an indoor garden system. It can be set up for a family. Additionally，it could serve a larger audience such as a hospital，restaurant or school. The innovative design requires little effort to achieve a reliable weekly supply of fresh greens.
Specifically，it's a farm that relies on new technology. By connecting through the Cloud，BMF is remotely monitored. Also，there is a convenient app that provides growing data in real time. Because the system is automated，it significantly reduces the amount of water needed to grow plants. Rather than watering rows of soil，the system provides just the right amount to each plant. After harvest，users simply replace the plants with a new pre-seeded pod (容器) to get the next growth cycle started.
Moreover，having a system in the same building where it's eaten means zero emissions (排放) from transporting plants from soil to salad. In addition，there's no need for pesticides and other chemicals that pollute traditional farms and the surrounding environment.
BMF employees live out sustainability in their everyday lives. About half of them walk or bike to work. Inside the office，they encourage recycling and waste reduction by limiting garbage cans and avoiding single-use plastic. “We are passionate about reducing waste，carbon and chemicals in our environment，” said a BMF employee.
31．What does the text mainly talk about
A．BMF's major strengths.
B．BMF's general management.
C．BMF's global influence.
D. BMF's technical standards.
[分析] 根据第一段“While farmer‘s markets are a solid choice to reduce the journey，Babylon Micro-Farm (BMF) shortens it even more ”、第三段“By connecting through the Cloud，BMF is remotely monitored. Also，there is a convenient app that provides growing data in real time. Because the system is automated，it significantly reduces the amount of water needed to grow plants. Rather than watering rows of soil，the system provides just the right amount to each plant ”以及最后一段“BMF employees live out sustainability in their everyday lives. About half of them walk or bike to work. Inside the office，they encourage recycling and waste reduction by limiting garbage cans and avoiding single-use plastic. ‘We are passionate about reducing waste，carbon and chemicals in our environment，’said a BMF employee”可知，文章主要介绍了巴比伦微农场(BMF)的一些主要优势，包括减少食物运输距离、通过云技术远程监控、自动化系统节约水资源、减少化学污染，以及员工的环保生活方式等。
[答案] ____
A
[设题特点]
理解文章主旨类题目主要考查考生对一篇文章的整体理解，要求考生具备在速读中准确掌握全文主旨的能力。说明文、记叙文、议论文三种文体涉及的多种话题如社会文化类、人物故事类、科普说明类常考查文章大意题。
[设问方式]
①What is the main theme/topic/idea of this passage
②What is the passage/text mainly about
③What does the passage mainly focus on
④What does the story mainly tell us
[解题技巧]
定位主题知文意
[课堂点评]
__________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________
A
In August，Jason M．Allen's piece “Théatre D'opéra Spatial”—which he created with AI image generator Midjourney—won first place in the emerging artist division's “digital arts photography” category at the Colorado State Fair Fine Arts Competition.The definition for the category states that digital art refers to works that use “digital technology as part of the creative process”．
巧刷模拟
·巩固提高
Allen's award-winning image has led to debates about what，exactly，it means to be an artist and whether AI can truly make art.“It feels bad for the exact same reason we don't let robots participate in the Olympics，” one netizen wrote.“This is the literal definition of ‘pressing a few buttons to make a digital art piece’，” another wrote.
Yet while Allen didn't use a paintbrush，there was plenty of work involved.First，Allen played around with phrasing that led Midjourney to generate images of women in elegant dresses and space helmets，in an attempt to mix Victorian-style costuming with space themes.Over time，with many slight changes to his written prompt (提示符)，he created 900 different versions of what led to his final image.Then he improved its resolution through Gigapixel AI and finally had the images printed.
Allen is glad the debate over whether AI can be used to make art is attracting so much attention.“Rather than hating on the technology，we need to recognize that it's a powerful tool and use it for good so we can all move forward，” Allen said.
Cal Duran，one of the judges for the competition，said that while Allen's piece included a mention of AI，he didn't realize that when judging it.Still，he stuck by his decision to award it first place.“I think the AI technology may give more opportunities to people who may not find themselves artists in the conventional way，” he said.
【语篇解读】 本文是一篇议论文。Jason M．Allen用人工智能创作的画在科罗拉多州博览会美术比赛中获得一等奖，其引发了争议和讨论。
1．Why has Allen's work led to debates
A．It was a copy of a photograph.
B．He challenged the older artists.
C．It was created with the help of AI.
D．He broke the rule of the competition.
解析：C 推理判断题。根据第二段中的“led to debates about what，exactly，it means to be an artist and whether AI can truly make art”可以推断，Allen 的作品引发大众讨论的原因是这幅画是在人工智能帮助下完成的，故C项正确。
2．What can best describe Allen's creating process
A．Cooperative. B．Energy-consuming.
C．Straightforward. D．Imagination-lacking.
解析：B 推理判断题。根据第三段中的“there was plenty of work involved...and finally had the images printed”可以推断，Allen的创作过程耗时耗力，故B项正确。
3．What can we learn about AI from the last paragraph
A．It is a double-edged sword.
B．It attracts conventional artists.
C．It strikes art judges as no surprise.
D．It may open a new world to artists.
解析：D 细节理解题。根据最后一段中Cal Duran所说的话“I think the AI technology may give more opportunities to people who may not find themselves artists in the conventional way”可知Cal Duran认为人工智能可以打破常规，给艺术家带去不同的视角和创作机会，故D项正确。
4．What is the text mainly about
A．A trend to be AI artists.
B．An AI-generated art contest.
C．Responses to a winning AI artwork.
D．Curiosity about an image generator.
解析：C 文章大意题。本文第一段讲Jason M．Allen用人工智能创作的画在科罗拉多州博览会美术比赛中获得一等奖；第二段讲其引发了争议；第三段讲Allen的创作过程；第四段陈述了Allen的见解；最后一段讲专家评委Cal Duran的观点，故C项“对AI获奖作品的反应”能够概括文章大意。
B
Foods high in sugar are unhealthy，but these additives are too delicious for many of us to give up or reduce in a way.What if we could somehow enjoy their taste without actually eating them？A student team has now designed a spoon with a structure that stimulates taste buds (味蕾) to produce a sense of sweetness without adding calories or chemicals.The project follows previous work involving flavor-enhancing cutlery like chopsticks that increase sweetness with a mild electric current.
The five undergraduate and graduate research students wanted to create a new spoon called Sugarware for people with such disorders as diabetes，with which sugar is largely off their menu.
The new spoon would have several bumps (凸块)on its underside to press against the tongue.The bumps can be covered with a permanent layer of molecules (分子) called ligands.These ligands bond with taste-cell receptor proteins that typically react to sugar molecules or artificial sweeteners.The bond can activate nerve signals，causing the brain to register a sense of sweetness.A diner could thus stimulate sweetness receptors without actual intake of sugar or artificial sweeteners.
This idea is similar to the previous work in that they all use cutlery to enhance taste without a user having to actually consume any sugar.“But the mechanism for stimulating the taste buds is completely different，”Shiyu Xu，one of the student researchers，says.“It uses bumps and taste-bud-stimulating molecules rather than electricity.”
The idea is “very creative，” says Paola Almeida，who is the global director of corporate innovation at candy maker Mars.But the product's commercial success would require a significant behavioral shift among consumers: instead of adding the usual sugar or artificial sweeteners，“now we're saying，‘Use this cutlery’，” Almeida says.“It remains to be seen whether flavor-enhancing cutlery will catch on.”
【语篇解读】 本文是一篇说明文。由本科生和研究生组成的五人小组研发了一种可通过刺激味蕾产生甜味的新勺子，其工作机制是用餐者可以在不摄入糖或人工甜味剂的情况下刺激甜味受体。
5．What is Paragraph 3 mainly about
A．How the new invention works.
B．How a diner feels sweetness.
C．How ligands and proteins link.
D．How sugar molecules function.
解析：A 段落大意题。通读第三段可知，此段主要介绍了Sugarware底部的凸块以及凸块的作用，即这种勺子的工作原理。故选A。
6．In what way is the previous flavor-enhancing cutlery different from Sugarware
A．It makes food more delicious.
B．It sends out signals to the brain.
C．It uses electricity to enhance taste.
D．It reduces users' food consumption.
解析：C 细节理解题。根据第四段的内容，尤其是该段中的“It uses bumps and taste-bud-stimulating molecules rather than electricity.”可知，Sugarware使用凸块和刺激味蕾的分子，而以前的调味餐具使用电，由此可知，不同于Sugarware，以前的调味餐具使用电刺激味蕾。故选C。
7．What is Paola Almeida's attitude to the future of Sugarware
A．Positive. B．Uncertain.
C．Critical. D．Worried.
解析：B 观点、态度题。根据最后一段中Paola Almeida所说的话“It remains to be seen whether flavor-enhancing cutlery will catch on.”可知，Paola Almeida认为调味餐具是否会流行起来还有待观察，即她对这种勺子的未来持不确定的观点。故选B。
8．What's the best title for the text
A．Struggling for Low Sugar？—Try This Spoon
B．Looking for Delicious Food？—This Is How
C．Working for Commercial Success？—Be Creative
D．Dieting for Better Health？—Mind Sweeteners
解析：A 标题归纳题。这篇文章主要介绍了一种新型调味勺子，可使用餐者在不摄入糖的情况下刺激甜味受体。A项“在为低糖挣扎？——试试这个勺子吧”点明文章主题，最适合作本文标题。故选A。
训练7 主旨大意题——标题归纳题
(限时：15分钟)
A
At St.Francis High School，there's something to be said about the math teacher Jim Connor.
The truth is，Connor can be a bit of a drudge.But the 70-year-old Vietnam vet says he's not here to entertain his students.“It drives me crazy when people say school should be fun，”he says.“I mean，it's nice if it could be，but you can't make school fun.”
课时规范
训练7-9
And for years，the kids thought that's all there was to him—until last November，when senior Pat McGoldrick learned they didn't know the half of him.
Pat was in charge of a student blood drive and had just come to Children's Hospital Los Angeles for a meeting.And he says it was weird：Whenever he told someone he went to St.Francis High School，they all said，“Oh，you must know Jim Connor.Isn't he wonderful？”
“It was really unbelievable，”Pat says.“It was almost kind of finding this alter ego (个性的另一面) that he has.”Inside the blood donor center，Pat found a plaque listing all the top blood donors at the hospital，including the record holder，Jim Connor.Then he learned something even more unbelievable：Whenever Connor isn't torturing kids with calculus (微积分)，he's cuddling sick babies.Three days a week for the past 20 years，Jim has volunteered at the hospital，stepping in when parents can't，to hold，feed and comfort their children.
“They tend to calm for him，”Nurse Erin says.“They tend to relax with him.They fall asleep with him.”
“I just like them and relate to them somehow，” Connor says.
Connor has never been married；he has no kids of his own.But he has fallen hard for these babies.
“I've always respected him，but now it's to an even different degree—really to the point where I try to emulate him，”Pat says.“He's the epitome of a man of service.”
【语篇解读】 本文是一篇记叙文。数学老师Jim Connor是一个对学生要求严格的人，但是他却热心公益，非常令人尊重。
1．What do we learn from Paragraph 2
A．School can never be fun.
B．Connor is highly demanding.
C．Connor's students drive him crazy.
D．Connor thinks education is for all.
解析：B 推理判断题。根据第二段中的“he's not here to entertain his students.‘It drives me crazy when people say school should be fun，’he says”可知，Connor认为他去学校不是为了取悦学生，且他不认为上学应该是享乐的事，据此可以推断，Connor是一个要求严格的人，故B项正确。
2．What did Pat find out about Mr.Connor
A．Mr.Connor donated blood as well as his time.
B．Mr.Connor was awarded for his love toward babies.
C．Mr.Connor used to be a very strict teacher.
D．Mr.Connor had a unique teaching philosophy.
解析：A 细节理解题。根据第五段中的“the top blood donors at the hospital，including the record holder，Jim Connor...Three days a week for the past 20 years，Jim has volunteered at the hospital ...comfort their children”可知，Connor是献血纪录保持者，且在过去20年里每周花3天时间在医院里做志愿者，故A项正确。
3．Which of the following is true about Mr.Connor
A．He works two shifts every day for a living.
B．He has his alter ego in the eyes of his students all the time.
C．He has the ability to connect with those kids he holds.
D．He falls hard for those sick kids so he decided not to have his own.
解析：C 推理判断题。根据第六段中Nurse Erin所说的“They tend to calm for him”“They tend to relax with him.They fall asleep with him.”可以推断，Connor和他负责的那些孩子们建立了良好的关系，故C项正确。
4．What is the best title for the text
A．Bonding with Babies in Need of Love
B．A Real Lesson Is Life Through Learning Calculus
C．Everybody Keeps Something under His Hat
D．The Tough Teacher Has a Soft Heart
解析：D 标题归纳题。通读全文可知，本文主要讲述了数学老师Jim Connor是一个对学生要求非常严格的人，但是他热心公益，是一所医院的献血纪录保持者，还在医院做志愿者，非常令人尊重，D项“严师有颗慈悲心”用矛盾修辞法既能引起读者的阅读兴趣，又能概括整篇文章，最适合作本文的标题。keep sth.under one's hat“将某事保密”。故D项正确。
B
Open-air jazz，locally-grown vegetables，focaccia bread，goat cheeses，and Narcan training all competed against a rainstorm last Tuesday at Westside Farmers Market's annual College Night.
And the vendors (摊贩) held out pretty well.Even as the raindrops intensified，folks kept exploring the tables stationed in the parking lot.Among the crowd were a number of college students，mostly from the University of Rochester，likely brought in by the College Night awards being offered — a five-dollar token (购物卡)，a handbag，and a prize raffle entry，all free of charge.
Now in its 15th year，Westside volunteer Jackie Farrell said the market partners merely local farms，businesses，and community groups to populate its tables.“Our mission really is to serve the people in the community，getting them health and nutrition information，and connecting them to the farmers who grow the produce，”Farrell said.“Everything has to be local.It's a producer-only market，so you have to grow or produce whatever you're going to sell here.”Those producers had diverse offerings.Vegetables，of course，were abundant but sellers also had cheeses，bread，prepared pasta dishes，and much more.
The community groups offering information were diverse too.Recovery All Ways，a local nonprofit organization with a stated“mission to support anyone affected by substance use disorder”handed out Narcan training and trained people in its use.Their station was next to a Moms Demand Action tent，where staffers provided information on physical safety.SNAP-Ed nutrition and benefit educators also ran a table.
The activities of the stations were accompanied by live music.The university's Midnight Ramblers performed，and a local jazz band played away as the rain showers started rolling in.
Farrell hoped that the College Night promotion would help make students more comfortable in crossing the bridge into the Rochester community.“We love college students，and we keep encouraging them that all they have to do is go across the bridge.”
【语篇解读】 本文是一篇新闻报道。文章介绍了西区农贸市场一年一度的大学之夜活动，其目的是为社区的人们服务，向他们提供健康和营养信息并将他们与种植农产品的农民联系起来。
5．What attracted college students to the College Night
A．Free prizes.
B．Scenery in the rain.
C．Interesting books.
D．Featured goods.
解析：A 细节理解题。根据第二段中的“Among the crowd were ...all free of charge.”可知，大学生参加大学之夜活动可能是被该活动提供的免费奖品吸引来的。故选A。
6．What is the characteristic of Westside Farmers Market
A．It is managed by farmers themselves.
B．Its visitors are mostly university students.
C．Its offerings are locally grown or prepared.
D．Farmers provide more vegetables than corn.
解析：C 细节理解题。根据第三段中的“Everything has to be local ...to sell here.”可知，西区农贸市场的特色是一切都必须是本地化的，人们必须种植或生产要在这里销售的任何东西，故选C，即它的出售物是在当地种植或准备的。
7．Which of the following can best describe the College Night
A．Crowded and chaotic.
B．Busy and festive.
C．Luxurious and splendid.
D．Romantic and peaceful.
解析：B 推理判断题。根据第一段、第二段中的“Even as the ...exploring the tables”和倒数第三段中的“Their station was next to ...on physical safety.”可知，在活动中人们很忙碌；根据倒数第二段中的“The activities of the ...band played away”可知，该活动还有音乐演奏，很喜庆。由此可知，故选B。
8．What might be a suitable title for the text
A．Westside Farmers Market Is Flowering Rapidly
B．College Night Channels Products into the Community
C．College Night Bridges University and the Community
D．Westside Farmers Market Is Expanding Nationwide
解析：C 标题归纳题。通读全文可知，文章介绍了大学之夜活动，其目的是为社区的人们服务，向他们提供健康和营养信息并将他们与种植农产品的农民联系起来；该活动也被希望能帮助学生们更舒服地融入社区。故C项作本篇的标题较为恰当，即大学之夜连接大学和社区。
训练8 主旨大意题——段落大意题
(限时：15分钟)
A
Feeling overloaded by your to-do list can certainly make you unhappy，but new research suggests that more free time might not be the elixir many of us dream it could be.
In a new study released last week，researchers analyzed data from two large-scale(大规模的)surveys about how Americans spend their time.Together，the surveys included more than 35，000 respondents.The researchers found that people with more free time generally had higher levels of subjective well-being—but only up to a point.People who had around two hours of free time a day generally reported they felt better than those who had less time.But people who had five or more hours of free time a day generally said they felt worse.So ultimately the free-time “sweet spot” might be two to three hours per day，the findings suggest.
Part of finding this seemingly tricky “sweet spot” has to do with how people spend the extra time they have，the researchers behind the new study argue.They conducted several smaller online experiments.In one they asked participants to imagine having 3.5 to 7 free hours per day.They were asked to imagine spending that time doing“productive” things (like exercising)or to imagine doing“unproductive” activities (like watching TV)．Study participants believed their well-being would suffer if they had a lot of free time during the day—but only if they used it unproductively.Though that experiment was hypothetical，which is one limitation of the new research，it's certainly in line with other research showing that being in a state of“flow”can be good for people's mental health.
Of course，what feels“productive”is up to you.Many traditionally productive or purposeful activities can be easy and fun.Engaging in a bit of low-key cardio，like walking and jogging，can help reduce stress.Free- time activities like reading or cooking are also known to put people in a state of“flow”．
【语篇解读】 本文是一篇说明文。研究发现人的幸福感跟空闲时间的长短无关，而跟空闲时间的使用率相关。
1. What does the underlined word“elixir”in Paragraph 1 refer to
A．Magic solution.
B．Physical power.
C．Psychological test.
D．Relaxed atmosphere.
解析：A 词义猜测题。画线词位于but之后，根据逗号前面的“Feeling overloaded by your to-do list can certainly make you unhappy”和语境可知，任务太多会让人不快乐，但是，研究发现太多的空闲时间也不见得就是解决问题的灵丹妙药，故A项与画线词的意思最为接近。
2. How did the researchers carry out the new study
A．By doing large-scale online surveys.
B．By giving interviews and mental tests.
C．By comparing respondents' backgrounds.
D．By conducting experiments and analyzing data.
解析：D 细节理解题。结合第二段中的“researchers analyzed data from two large-scale(大规模的)surveys”和第三段中的“They conducted several smaller online experiments.”可知，研究者通过实验和数据分析进行了相关研究，故D项正确。
3．What is a distinct finding of the new research
A．Doing unproductive things leads to unhappiness.
B．Being in a state of “flow” benefits people's mental health.
C．Man's well-being is positively related to the free time they have.
D．How people spend their free time affects their sense of well-being.
解析：D 细节理解题。根据第三段中的“Part of finding this seemingly tricky‘sweet spot’has to do with how people spend the extra time they have”可知，新的研究的一个独特发现是人们如何度过空闲时间决定了他们是否快乐，故D项正确。
4. What is the focus of the last paragraph
A. The importance of reducing stress.
B．Easy and fun activities to kill time.
C．Further explanation of being productive.
D．The benefits of engaging in free-time activities.
解析：C 段落大意题。根据最后一段首句中的“what feels ‘productive’is up to you”和后面列举的具体活动可知，尾段内容主要是对productive的进一步解释说明。故C项正确。
B
Suppose you are out shopping and come across an acquaintance who starts telling you a story that seems to be dragging on and on.You want to seem interested，so you offer the occasional“Oh”or“I see”．To your surprise，though，this person angrily stops in their tracks and says，“Sorry if I'm boring you！”
Where did this come from？Clearly，your body language must have betrayed you.The idea that verbal(口头的)and nonverbal messages can conflict was the inspiration for a recently published study from Yale University's Lucylle Armentano.As part of her study of communication in relationships，Armentano's research also examined communication channels in people's meeting for the first time.
To test the role of the verbal-nonverbal mismatch on emotional communication，Armentano and her partner created experimental conditions to see what would happen when someone asked for help from strangers.The research team created videotapes of a fellow Yale student expressing his nervousness in his words，bodily gestures，or both.The bodily gestures included running his hands through his hair，grabbing his arm，and facially expressing uneasiness.The key question was whether the other participants，another 82 Yale students，would believe the student and provide the help he was requesting.They needed to give their responses.
Turning to the findings，those nonverbal cues(暗示)of nervousness had a greater impact on helping behavior than the verbal cues.Surprisingly，helping behavior was the highest when verbal expressions of nervousness were low but nonverbal cues were high.
Recognizing that your body language can outweigh your words means that you need to be mindful of what your body is doing when you're interacting with others.Generally，when someone is speaking to you，you want to look like you're interested.Not only should you maintain eye contact，but you should keep your body still and face toward the other person.If you're not trying to look interested，it may be more polite to say you have to be somewhere else.
【语篇解读】 本文是一篇说明文。耶鲁大学的Lucylle Armentano最近发表了一项研究，该研究表明与人互动时，你的肢体语言可以胜过你的口头语言。
5．What is Paragraph 1 mainly about
A．The obvious advantages of body language.
B．A situation where body language is a must.
C．An example of the verbal-nonverbal mismatch.
D．The proper way to interact with old friends.
解析：C 段落大意题。根据文章第一段最后两句可知，这是一个言语和行为不一致的举例，即言语和非言语不匹配的例子。故选C项。
6．What were the 82 Yale students asked to do
A．Express nervousness in their words.
B．Identify the type of body language.
C．Try to win the nervous student's trust.
D．Respond to the nervous student's request.
解析：D 细节理解题。根据文章第三段最后两句“The key question ...give their responses.”可知，关键问题是，其他的参与者，即另外82名耶鲁学生，是否会相信这个学生，并提供他所要求的帮助。他们需要给出自己的反应。由此可知，这82名耶鲁学生被要求对紧张的学生的要求作出回应。故选D项。
7．What played the most important role in helping the student win kindness
A．His sincere verbal expressions.
B．His bodily gestures of nervousness.
C．His positive attitude to nervousness.
D．His good manners in front of others.
解析：B 细节理解题。根据文章第四段最后一句“Surprisingly，helping behavior ...cues were high.”可知，令人惊讶的是，当紧张的言语表达较少而非言语暗示较多时，帮助行为最高。由此可知，非语言暗示，即紧张的肢体动作是赢得善意最重要的因素。故选B项。
8．What does the author intend to do in the last paragraph
A．Make a prediction.
B．Offer suggestions.
C．Present some facts.
D．Give some warnings.
解析：B 推理判断题。文章最后一段第一句讲了意识到你的肢体语言可以胜过你说的话意味着当你与他人互动时，你需要注意你的身体在做什么，再结合下文内容可推知，作者在本段主要是给出一些建议。故选B项。
训练9 主旨大意题——文章大意题
(限时：15分钟)
A
I was not worried about the American education system until after I started writing a column，because that's when I found out there are English teachers who assign my column as reading material.I regularly get e-mails from students asking about my use of writing techniques and other things I've never heard of.And I respond，“Transfer(转学)to high schools immediately！To one that teaches Shakespeare and Homer instead of the thoughtful commentary of the first-rate modern wisdom！”
I can expect to be sending more of these e-mails because of the Common Core State Standards(共同核心国家标准)，which public schools are encouraged to follow.The new curriculum standards dramatically shift about half the nation's high school English reading lists toward an emphasis on nonfiction.In a speech last year，David Coleman，the new president of the College Board，who was one of the chief creators of the Common Core State Standards Initiative，said，“It is rare in a working environment that someone says，‘Johnson，I need a market analysis by Friday，but before that I need a vivid account of your childhood.’”I agree with this，but no one has ever asked me for a market analysis.
Coleman's idea is that by reading clear，tightly structured nonfiction，kids will learn how to write clear，tightly structured nonfiction.And indeed，the first time I wrote in a new format—a travel essay，a screenplay，an apology e-mail—I read a bunch of examples.But when I want my writing to improve，I read something that forces me to think about words differently：a novel，a poem，a George W．Bush's speech.Fiction teaches you how to tell a story，which is how we express and remember nearly everything.Anyway，school isn't merely training for work；it's training for communication throughout our lives.
【语篇解读】 本文是一篇议论文。针对美国教育系统问题，作者认为，提高写作水平可以阅读各种类型的读物，如小说、诗歌、演讲等，以促使自己用不同的方式思考词汇。高中阅读应该提倡实践而不是虚构的小说，学校的工作更应强调教会学生沟通。
1．How did the author feel after his column was used as students' assignment
A．Proud. B．Satisfied.
C．Concerned. D．Disappointed.
解析：C 细节理解题。根据第一段中的“I was not worried about ...reading material.”可知，当自己的专栏作品被用于学生的作业时，作者对此很担心。
2．What should high schools do according to David Coleman
A．Stress nonfiction.
B．Read more fiction.
C．Teach market analysis.
D．Encourage writing.
解析：A 推理判断题。根据第二段中的“The new curriculum ...emphasis on nonfiction.”可知，新课程标准使高中英语阅读清单转向强调非小说类纪实作品。而David Coleman作为新课程标准的其中一个首席创造者，他应该也强调非小说类纪实作品。
3．Why does the writer turn to a George W．Bush's speech
A．To create words.
B．To better his writing.
C．To tell a story.
D．To follow the format.
解析：B 细节理解题。根据尾段中的“But when I want ...a George W．Bush's speech.”可知，为了提高写作水平，使自己能用不同的方式思考词汇，作者阅读小说、诗歌并听乔治·布什的演讲。
4．What is the passage mainly about
A．The shift of teaching techniques.
B．The trend of reading Shakespeare.
C．The effects of the new curriculum standards.
D．The problem with American education system.
解析：D 文章大意题。通读全文可知，本文首句“I was not worried ...my column as reading material.”是文章主题句。结合下文内容可知，本文主要讲述了作者对美国教育系统问题的担心。新课程标准使高中英语阅读清单转向强调非小说类纪实作品，但作者认为学校不应该仅仅教会学生工作，更应该教会学生沟通。
B
Age-related macular degeneration，or AMD，is an eye condition that affects millions of people around the world.In the UK，it is the biggest cause of sight loss.It's caused by the loss of the nerves at the back of the eye.Even though it affects only a tiny area around the width of a human hair，its impact is life-changing.Patients experience blurring (模糊) of vision，initially at the center of their gaze，which expands and worsens as time goes on.Recognizing faces or watching television can rapidly become impossible.
“This is why it's such a difficult disease to deal with for patients: It affects the best bit first，” explains Lyndon Da Cruz，a surgeon at Moorfields Eye Hospital in London，UK，“because nerve cells don't regenerate (再生)，and the body cannot heal the condition itself.” However，scientists at King's College London and Moorfields are working on a new technique to implant stem cells into the back of the eye.
A trial has already been successfully tested on two patients，both of whom went from being unable to read at all even with glasses to reading 60 to 80 words per minute with normal reading glasses.
Operating on the eye is always delicate，but the precision involved in inserting the stem cells is right at the edge of the ability of even the most talented surgeons.Therefore the team has been working with the university's robotics department to create machines that can work with minute accuracy.
“It's as if you cut the human hair 10 times and then you need to go with one of those tools in between those layers for two or three minutes stably while the patient is awake.And that's not something that humans just can do.That's where robots come in，” says Christos Bergeles，a robotics researcher at King's.
Bergeles' team has created a working model of an operating room equipped with a robotic arm that can translate the movement of a surgeon.For the moment，they operate only on the model but one day they hope to be able to be restoring sight one cell at a time.
【语篇解读】 本文是一篇说明文。AMD使人丧失视力，但是通过机器人高精度植入干细胞，人们的视力可得到恢复。
5．How does AMD affect people's health
A．It prevents cells from healing.
B．It can make people go blind.
C．It causes nerve problems.
D．It can damage human hair.
解析：B 细节理解题。根据第一段中的“Age-related macular degeneration...the biggest cause of sight loss.”可知，AMD 对人体健康的影响主要表现在使人视力丧失，故选B。
6．What's the real difficulty in operating on the eye
A．The precision needed in the operation.
B．Lacking the right stem cells.
C．The stable movement of the surgeon.
D．Cutting hair into very thin layers.
解析：A 细节理解题。根据第四段中的“Operating on the eye is always delicate...even the most talented surgeons.”可知，眼科手术最大的困难在于植入干细胞操作中所需的精确度，故选A。
7．What can we infer about inserting the stem cells
A．It is a piece of cake for brilliant surgeons.
B．It can simply be carried out by a professional robot.
C．It is almost a mission impossible for any surgeons alone.
D．It can be done by a robotic arm translating a surgeon's movement.
解析：C 推理判断题。根据第四段中的“right at the edge of the ability of even the most talented surgeons”和第五段中Christos Bergeles 所说的话“And that's not something that humans just can do.That's where robots come in”可以推断，植入干细胞需要高精确度，哪怕技艺精湛的外科医生也不可能独立完成，故选C。
8．What's the main idea of the text
A．A working model will be created to perform surgery.
B．A trial on two patients has successfully been tested.
C．The cause of sight loss has been found out.
D．Robots and stem cells can be combined to restore eyesight.
解析：D 文章大意题。本文第一段讲述了AMD会使人丧失视力；第二段指出治疗这种疾病的难处及原因；第三段讲述了干细胞植入眼部后的实验测试；第四、五段讲述了植入干细胞需要的精度非常高，需要机器人操作；最后一段讲述了配备机械臂的手术室。综上可知，本文主要讲述了通过机器人高精度植入干细胞，人们的视力可被恢复，故选D。
第三节 主旨大意题
主旨大意即作者在文章或段落中想要表达的主要内容，是文章或段落的核心思想，也是作者通过行文逻辑和各种细节信息阐明的核心内容。把握主旨大意是英语阅读理解的一项关键能力，对正确理解全文有重要意义，不可忽视。考生在解题时应通过略读捕捉文中的关键词句，把握篇章和段落结构，梳理篇章和段落的行文脉络，从而弄清作者的写作思路，最终归纳出主旨大意。高考阅读理解中，对该关键能力的考查主要有以下三种：归纳段落大意、理解全文主旨和选定最佳标题。
细研真题
·解锁疑难
考法1 标题归纳题——文章主线定标题
[典例] (2024·浙江1月卷·D)
The Stanford marshmallow (棉花糖) test was originally conducted by psychologist Walter Mischel in the late 1960s. Children aged four to six at a nursery school were placed in a room. A single sugary treat，selected by the child，was placed on a table. Each child was told if they waited for 15 minutes before eating the treat，they would be given a second treat. Then they were left alone in the room. Follow-up studies with the children later in life showed a connection between an ability to wait long enough to obtain a second treat and various forms of success.
As adults we face a version of the marshmallow test every day. We're not tempted (诱惑) by sugary treats，but by our computers，phones，and tablets—all the devices that connect us to the global delivery system for various types of information that do to us what marshmallows do to preschoolers.
We are tempted by sugary treats because our ancestors lived in a calorie-poor world，and our brains developed a response mechanism to these treats that reflected their value—a feeling of reward and satisfaction. But as we've reshaped the world around us，dramatically reducing the cost and effort involved in obtaining calories，we still have the same brains we had thousands of years ago，and this mismatch is at the heart of why so many of us struggle to resist tempting foods that we know we shouldn't eat.
A similar process is at work in our response to information. Our formative environment as a species was information－poor，so our brains developed a mechanism that prized new information. But global connectivity has greatly changed our information environment. We are now ceaselessly bombarded (轰炸) with new information. Therefore，just as we need to be more thoughtful about our caloric consumption，we also need to be more thoughtful about our information consumption，resisting the temptation of the mental “junk food” in order to manage our time most effectively.
35．Which of the following is the best title for the text
A．Eat Less，Read More
B．The Bitter Truth about Early Humans
C．The Later，the Better
D．The Marshmallow Test for Grownups
[分析] 根据第二段“As adults we face a version of the marshmallow test every day. We're not tempted (诱惑) by sugary treats，but by our computers，phones，and tablets — all the devices that connect us to the global delivery system for various types of information that do to us what marshmallows do to preschoolers.(作为成年人，我们每天都要面对棉花糖测试。诱惑我们的不是甜食，而是我们的电脑、手机和平板电脑——所有这些将我们与全球信息传递系统连接起来的设备，它们对我们的作用就像棉花糖对学龄前儿童的作用一样。)”可知，文章主要是讲在信息化时代我们作为成年人每天都在面对棉花糖测试，信息轰炸让我们摄入了太多精神“垃圾食品”。
[答案] _____
D
[设题特点]
标题是文章中心思想的精练表达。此类题目主要考查考生把握文章主旨、理解文章中心思想的能力，要求考生在理解文章的基础上运用判断、归纳、概括等方法，对文章的主题进行提炼或高度概括，最终准确地选出文章的标题。记叙文、说明文和议论文三种体裁的文章都会要求在理解文意的基础上，从所给选项中选出适合文章的标题。
[设问方式]
题干关键词为：the best/most suitable title
①Which is the best title for the text
②Which of the following can be the best/most suitable title for the passage
③What is/can be a suitable title for the text
[课堂点评]
__________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________
[解题技巧]
文章主线定标题
[课堂点评]
__________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________
考法2 段落大意题——首尾兼顾定段意
[典例] (2025·全国二卷·D)(Para.4)A study by the Food Waste Alliance determined that the average restaurant generates 33 pounds of food waste for every$1, 000 in revenue (收入), and of that waste only 15.7% is donated or recycled.Up to 84.3% is simply thrown out.Restaurants like Silo in the UK have experimented with zero-waste systems, but wastED took the concept to its logical conclusion.
(Para.5)It should be noted that none of the items on wastED's menu was technically made from garbage.Instead, all the ingredients (配料) used were examples of meat cuts and produce that most restaurants would never consider serving.Things like kale ribs, fish collars, rejected sweet potatoes, and cucumber butts were all re-appropriated and, with the help of a number of good chefs, turned into excellent cuisine.
34．What is paragraph 5 mainly about
A．Why the ingredients were used.
B．Which dishes were best liked.
C．What the dishes were made of.
D．Where the ingredients were bought.
[分析] 本题问第五段的主旨。第五段第一句先指出菜单上的菜品都不是用废物做的。结合第二句中的“meat cuts and produce that most restaurants would never consider serving”、第三句中的“Things like kale ribs，fish collars，rejected sweet potatoes，and cucumber butts”可知，该段主要介绍每道菜的食材。
[答案] ____
C
[设题特点]
段落大意题主要考查考生对段落核心信息的理解，要求考生在理解段落内容的基础上提炼出核心信息，然后对比选项，选出最契合段落主要内容的选项。该题型常在说明文和议论文中考查。
[设问方式]
①What is the main idea of the first paragraph
②What is the first paragraph mainly about
③What does the last paragraph mainly talk about
[解题技巧]
首尾兼顾定段意
[课堂点评]
__________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________
考法3 文章大意题——定位主题知文意
[典例] (2024·新课标Ⅱ卷·C)
We all know fresh is best when it comes to food. However，most produce at the store went through weeks of travel and covered hundreds of miles before reaching the table. While farmer's markets are a solid choice to reduce the journey，Babylon Micro-Farm (BMF) shortens it even more.
BMF is an indoor garden system. It can be set up for a family. Additionally，it could serve a larger audience such as a hospital，restaurant or school. The innovative design requires little effort to achieve a reliable weekly supply of fresh greens.
Specifically，it's a farm that relies on new technology. By connecting through the Cloud，BMF is remotely monitored. Also，there is a convenient app that provides growing data in real time. Because the system is automated，it significantly reduces the amount of water needed to grow plants. Rather than watering rows of soil，the system provides just the right amount to each plant. After harvest，users simply replace the plants with a new pre-seeded pod (容器) to get the next growth cycle started.
Moreover，having a system in the same building where it's eaten means zero emissions (排放) from transporting plants from soil to salad. In addition，there's no need for pesticides and other chemicals that pollute traditional farms and the surrounding environment.
BMF employees live out sustainability in their everyday lives. About half of them walk or bike to work. Inside the office，they encourage recycling and waste reduction by limiting garbage cans and avoiding single-use plastic. “We are passionate about reducing waste，carbon and chemicals in our environment，” said a BMF employee.
31．What does the text mainly talk about
A．BMF's major strengths.
B．BMF's general management.
C．BMF's global influence.
D. BMF's technical standards.
[分析] 根据第一段“While farmer‘s markets are a solid choice to reduce the journey，Babylon Micro-Farm (BMF) shortens it even more ”、第三段“By connecting through the Cloud，BMF is remotely monitored. Also，there is a convenient app that provides growing data in real time. Because the system is automated，it significantly reduces the amount of water needed to grow plants. Rather than watering rows of soil，the system provides just the right amount to each plant ”以及最后一段“BMF employees live out sustainability in their everyday lives. About half of them walk or bike to work. Inside the office，they encourage recycling and waste reduction by limiting garbage cans and avoiding single-use plastic. ‘We are passionate about reducing waste，carbon and chemicals in our environment，’said a BMF employee”可知，文章主要介绍了巴比伦微农场(BMF)的一些主要优势，包括减少食物运输距离、通过云技术远程监控、自动化系统节约水资源、减少化学污染，以及员工的环保生活方式等。
[答案] ____
A
[设题特点]
理解文章主旨类题目主要考查考生对一篇文章的整体理解，要求考生具备在速读中准确掌握全文主旨的能力。说明文、记叙文、议论文三种文体涉及的多种话题如社会文化类、人物故事类、科普说明类常考查文章大意题。
[设问方式]
①What is the main theme/topic/idea of this passage
②What is the passage/text mainly about
③What does the passage mainly focus on
④What does the story mainly tell us
[解题技巧]
定位主题知文意
[课堂点评]
__________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________
A
In August，Jason M．Allen's piece “Théatre D'opéra Spatial”—which he created with AI image generator Midjourney—won first place in the emerging artist division's “digital arts photography” category at the Colorado State Fair Fine Arts Competition.The definition for the category states that digital art refers to works that use “digital technology as part of the creative process”．
巧刷模拟
·巩固提高
Allen's award-winning image has led to debates about what，exactly，it means to be an artist and whether AI can truly make art.“It feels bad for the exact same reason we don't let robots participate in the Olympics，” one netizen wrote.“This is the literal definition of ‘pressing a few buttons to make a digital art piece’，” another wrote.
Yet while Allen didn't use a paintbrush，there was plenty of work involved.First，Allen played around with phrasing that led Midjourney to generate images of women in elegant dresses and space helmets，in an attempt to mix Victorian-style costuming with space themes.Over time，with many slight changes to his written prompt (提示符)，he created 900 different versions of what led to his final image.Then he improved its resolution through Gigapixel AI and finally had the images printed.
Allen is glad the debate over whether AI can be used to make art is attracting so much attention.“Rather than hating on the technology，we need to recognize that it's a powerful tool and use it for good so we can all move forward，” Allen said.
Cal Duran，one of the judges for the competition，said that while Allen's piece included a mention of AI，he didn't realize that when judging it.Still，he stuck by his decision to award it first place.“I think the AI technology may give more opportunities to people who may not find themselves artists in the conventional way，” he said.
【语篇解读】 本文是一篇议论文。Jason M．Allen用人工智能创作的画在科罗拉多州博览会美术比赛中获得一等奖，其引发了争议和讨论。
1．Why has Allen's work led to debates
A．It was a copy of a photograph.
B．He challenged the older artists.
C．It was created with the help of AI.
D．He broke the rule of the competition.
解析：C 推理判断题。根据第二段中的“led to debates about what，exactly，it means to be an artist and whether AI can truly make art”可以推断，Allen 的作品引发大众讨论的原因是这幅画是在人工智能帮助下完成的，故C项正确。
2．What can best describe Allen's creating process
A．Cooperative. B．Energy-consuming.
C．Straightforward. D．Imagination-lacking.
解析：B 推理判断题。根据第三段中的“there was plenty of work involved...and finally had the images printed”可以推断，Allen的创作过程耗时耗力，故B项正确。
3．What can we learn about AI from the last paragraph
A．It is a double-edged sword.
B．It attracts conventional artists.
C．It strikes art judges as no surprise.
D．It may open a new world to artists.
解析：D 细节理解题。根据最后一段中Cal Duran所说的话“I think the AI technology may give more opportunities to people who may not find themselves artists in the conventional way”可知Cal Duran认为人工智能可以打破常规，给艺术家带去不同的视角和创作机会，故D项正确。
4．What is the text mainly about
A．A trend to be AI artists.
B．An AI-generated art contest.
C．Responses to a winning AI artwork.
D．Curiosity about an image generator.
解析：C 文章大意题。本文第一段讲Jason M．Allen用人工智能创作的画在科罗拉多州博览会美术比赛中获得一等奖；第二段讲其引发了争议；第三段讲Allen的创作过程；第四段陈述了Allen的见解；最后一段讲专家评委Cal Duran的观点，故C项“对AI获奖作品的反应”能够概括文章大意。
B
Foods high in sugar are unhealthy，but these additives are too delicious for many of us to give up or reduce in a way.What if we could somehow enjoy their taste without actually eating them？A student team has now designed a spoon with a structure that stimulates taste buds (味蕾) to produce a sense of sweetness without adding calories or chemicals.The project follows previous work involving flavor-enhancing cutlery like chopsticks that increase sweetness with a mild electric current.
The five undergraduate and graduate research students wanted to create a new spoon called Sugarware for people with such disorders as diabetes，with which sugar is largely off their menu.
The new spoon would have several bumps (凸块)on its underside to press against the tongue.The bumps can be covered with a permanent layer of molecules (分子) called ligands.These ligands bond with taste-cell receptor proteins that typically react to sugar molecules or artificial sweeteners.The bond can activate nerve signals，causing the brain to register a sense of sweetness.A diner could thus stimulate sweetness receptors without actual intake of sugar or artificial sweeteners.
This idea is similar to the previous work in that they all use cutlery to enhance taste without a user having to actually consume any sugar.“But the mechanism for stimulating the taste buds is completely different，”Shiyu Xu，one of the student researchers，says.“It uses bumps and taste-bud-stimulating molecules rather than electricity.”
The idea is “very creative，” says Paola Almeida，who is the global director of corporate innovation at candy maker Mars.But the product's commercial success would require a significant behavioral shift among consumers: instead of adding the usual sugar or artificial sweeteners，“now we're saying，‘Use this cutlery’，” Almeida says.“It remains to be seen whether flavor-enhancing cutlery will catch on.”
【语篇解读】 本文是一篇说明文。由本科生和研究生组成的五人小组研发了一种可通过刺激味蕾产生甜味的新勺子，其工作机制是用餐者可以在不摄入糖或人工甜味剂的情况下刺激甜味受体。
5．What is Paragraph 3 mainly about
A．How the new invention works.
B．How a diner feels sweetness.
C．How ligands and proteins link.
D．How sugar molecules function.
解析：A 段落大意题。通读第三段可知，此段主要介绍了Sugarware底部的凸块以及凸块的作用，即这种勺子的工作原理。故选A。
6．In what way is the previous flavor-enhancing cutlery different from Sugarware
A．It makes food more delicious.
B．It sends out signals to the brain.
C．It uses electricity to enhance taste.
D．It reduces users' food consumption.
解析：C 细节理解题。根据第四段的内容，尤其是该段中的“It uses bumps and taste-bud-stimulating molecules rather than electricity.”可知，Sugarware使用凸块和刺激味蕾的分子，而以前的调味餐具使用电，由此可知，不同于Sugarware，以前的调味餐具使用电刺激味蕾。故选C。
7．What is Paola Almeida's attitude to the future of Sugarware
A．Positive. B．Uncertain.
C．Critical. D．Worried.
解析：B 观点、态度题。根据最后一段中Paola Almeida所说的话“It remains to be seen whether flavor-enhancing cutlery will catch on.”可知，Paola Almeida认为调味餐具是否会流行起来还有待观察，即她对这种勺子的未来持不确定的观点。故选B。
8．What's the best title for the text
A．Struggling for Low Sugar？—Try This Spoon
B．Looking for Delicious Food？—This Is How
C．Working for Commercial Success？—Be Creative
D．Dieting for Better Health？—Mind Sweeteners
解析：A 标题归纳题。这篇文章主要介绍了一种新型调味勺子，可使用餐者在不摄入糖的情况下刺激甜味受体。A项“在为低糖挣扎？——试试这个勺子吧”点明文章主题，最适合作本文标题。故选A。
训练7 主旨大意题——标题归纳题
(限时：15分钟)
A
At St.Francis High School，there's something to be said about the math teacher Jim Connor.
The truth is，Connor can be a bit of a drudge.But the 70-year-old Vietnam vet says he's not here to entertain his students.“It drives me crazy when people say school should be fun，”he says.“I mean，it's nice if it could be，but you can't make school fun.”
课时规范
训练7-9
And for years，the kids thought that's all there was to him—until last November，when senior Pat McGoldrick learned they didn't know the half of him.
Pat was in charge of a student blood drive and had just come to Children's Hospital Los Angeles for a meeting.And he says it was weird：Whenever he told someone he went to St.Francis High School，they all said，“Oh，you must know Jim Connor.Isn't he wonderful？”
“It was really unbelievable，”Pat says.“It was almost kind of finding this alter ego (个性的另一面) that he has.”Inside the blood donor center，Pat found a plaque listing all the top blood donors at the hospital，including the record holder，Jim Connor.Then he learned something even more unbelievable：Whenever Connor isn't torturing kids with calculus (微积分)，he's cuddling sick babies.Three days a week for the past 20 years，Jim has volunteered at the hospital，stepping in when parents can't，to hold，feed and comfort their children.
“They tend to calm for him，”Nurse Erin says.“They tend to relax with him.They fall asleep with him.”
“I just like them and relate to them somehow，” Connor says.
Connor has never been married；he has no kids of his own.But he has fallen hard for these babies.
“I've always respected him，but now it's to an even different degree—really to the point where I try to emulate him，”Pat says.“He's the epitome of a man of service.”
【语篇解读】 本文是一篇记叙文。数学老师Jim Connor是一个对学生要求严格的人，但是他却热心公益，非常令人尊重。
1．What do we learn from Paragraph 2
A．School can never be fun.
B．Connor is highly demanding.
C．Connor's students drive him crazy.
D．Connor thinks education is for all.
解析：B 推理判断题。根据第二段中的“he's not here to entertain his students.‘It drives me crazy when people say school should be fun，’he says”可知，Connor认为他去学校不是为了取悦学生，且他不认为上学应该是享乐的事，据此可以推断，Connor是一个要求严格的人，故B项正确。
2．What did Pat find out about Mr.Connor
A．Mr.Connor donated blood as well as his time.
B．Mr.Connor was awarded for his love toward babies.
C．Mr.Connor used to be a very strict teacher.
D．Mr.Connor had a unique teaching philosophy.
解析：A 细节理解题。根据第五段中的“the top blood donors at the hospital，including the record holder，Jim Connor...Three days a week for the past 20 years，Jim has volunteered at the hospital ...comfort their children”可知，Connor是献血纪录保持者，且在过去20年里每周花3天时间在医院里做志愿者，故A项正确。
3．Which of the following is true about Mr.Connor
A．He works two shifts every day for a living.
B．He has his alter ego in the eyes of his students all the time.
C．He has the ability to connect with those kids he holds.
D．He falls hard for those sick kids so he decided not to have his own.
解析：C 推理判断题。根据第六段中Nurse Erin所说的“They tend to calm for him”“They tend to relax with him.They fall asleep with him.”可以推断，Connor和他负责的那些孩子们建立了良好的关系，故C项正确。
4．What is the best title for the text
A．Bonding with Babies in Need of Love
B．A Real Lesson Is Life Through Learning Calculus
C．Everybody Keeps Something under His Hat
D．The Tough Teacher Has a Soft Heart
解析：D 标题归纳题。通读全文可知，本文主要讲述了数学老师Jim Connor是一个对学生要求非常严格的人，但是他热心公益，是一所医院的献血纪录保持者，还在医院做志愿者，非常令人尊重，D项“严师有颗慈悲心”用矛盾修辞法既能引起读者的阅读兴趣，又能概括整篇文章，最适合作本文的标题。keep sth.under one's hat“将某事保密”。故D项正确。
B
Open-air jazz，locally-grown vegetables，focaccia bread，goat cheeses，and Narcan training all competed against a rainstorm last Tuesday at Westside Farmers Market's annual College Night.
And the vendors (摊贩) held out pretty well.Even as the raindrops intensified，folks kept exploring the tables stationed in the parking lot.Among the crowd were a number of college students，mostly from the University of Rochester，likely brought in by the College Night awards being offered — a five-dollar token (购物卡)，a handbag，and a prize raffle entry，all free of charge.
Now in its 15th year，Westside volunteer Jackie Farrell said the market partners merely local farms，businesses，and community groups to populate its tables.“Our mission really is to serve the people in the community，getting them health and nutrition information，and connecting them to the farmers who grow the produce，”Farrell said.“Everything has to be local.It's a producer-only market，so you have to grow or produce whatever you're going to sell here.”Those producers had diverse offerings.Vegetables，of course，were abundant but sellers also had cheeses，bread，prepared pasta dishes，and much more.
The community groups offering information were diverse too.Recovery All Ways，a local nonprofit organization with a stated“mission to support anyone affected by substance use disorder”handed out Narcan training and trained people in its use.Their station was next to a Moms Demand Action tent，where staffers provided information on physical safety.SNAP-Ed nutrition and benefit educators also ran a table.
The activities of the stations were accompanied by live music.The university's Midnight Ramblers performed，and a local jazz band played away as the rain showers started rolling in.
Farrell hoped that the College Night promotion would help make students more comfortable in crossing the bridge into the Rochester community.“We love college students，and we keep encouraging them that all they have to do is go across the bridge.”
【语篇解读】 本文是一篇新闻报道。文章介绍了西区农贸市场一年一度的大学之夜活动，其目的是为社区的人们服务，向他们提供健康和营养信息并将他们与种植农产品的农民联系起来。
5．What attracted college students to the College Night
A．Free prizes.
B．Scenery in the rain.
C．Interesting books.
D．Featured goods.
解析：A 细节理解题。根据第二段中的“Among the crowd were ...all free of charge.”可知，大学生参加大学之夜活动可能是被该活动提供的免费奖品吸引来的。故选A。
6．What is the characteristic of Westside Farmers Market
A．It is managed by farmers themselves.
B．Its visitors are mostly university students.
C．Its offerings are locally grown or prepared.
D．Farmers provide more vegetables than corn.
解析：C 细节理解题。根据第三段中的“Everything has to be local ...to sell here.”可知，西区农贸市场的特色是一切都必须是本地化的，人们必须种植或生产要在这里销售的任何东西，故选C，即它的出售物是在当地种植或准备的。
7．Which of the following can best describe the College Night
A．Crowded and chaotic.
B．Busy and festive.
C．Luxurious and splendid.
D．Romantic and peaceful.
解析：B 推理判断题。根据第一段、第二段中的“Even as the ...exploring the tables”和倒数第三段中的“Their station was next to ...on physical safety.”可知，在活动中人们很忙碌；根据倒数第二段中的“The activities of the ...band played away”可知，该活动还有音乐演奏，很喜庆。由此可知，故选B。
8．What might be a suitable title for the text
A．Westside Farmers Market Is Flowering Rapidly
B．College Night Channels Products into the Community
C．College Night Bridges University and the Community
D．Westside Farmers Market Is Expanding Nationwide
解析：C 标题归纳题。通读全文可知，文章介绍了大学之夜活动，其目的是为社区的人们服务，向他们提供健康和营养信息并将他们与种植农产品的农民联系起来；该活动也被希望能帮助学生们更舒服地融入社区。故C项作本篇的标题较为恰当，即大学之夜连接大学和社区。
训练8 主旨大意题——段落大意题
(限时：15分钟)
A
Feeling overloaded by your to-do list can certainly make you unhappy，but new research suggests that more free time might not be the elixir many of us dream it could be.
In a new study released last week，researchers analyzed data from two large-scale(大规模的)surveys about how Americans spend their time.Together，the surveys included more than 35，000 respondents.The researchers found that people with more free time generally had higher levels of subjective well-being—but only up to a point.People who had around two hours of free time a day generally reported they felt better than those who had less time.But people who had five or more hours of free time a day generally said they felt worse.So ultimately the free-time “sweet spot” might be two to three hours per day，the findings suggest.
Part of finding this seemingly tricky “sweet spot” has to do with how people spend the extra time they have，the researchers behind the new study argue.They conducted several smaller online experiments.In one they asked participants to imagine having 3.5 to 7 free hours per day.They were asked to imagine spending that time doing“productive” things (like exercising)or to imagine doing“unproductive” activities (like watching TV)．Study participants believed their well-being would suffer if they had a lot of free time during the day—but only if they used it unproductively.Though that experiment was hypothetical，which is one limitation of the new research，it's certainly in line with other research showing that being in a state of“flow”can be good for people's mental health.
Of course，what feels“productive”is up to you.Many traditionally productive or purposeful activities can be easy and fun.Engaging in a bit of low-key cardio，like walking and jogging，can help reduce stress.Free- time activities like reading or cooking are also known to put people in a state of“flow”．
【语篇解读】 本文是一篇说明文。研究发现人的幸福感跟空闲时间的长短无关，而跟空闲时间的使用率相关。
1. What does the underlined word“elixir”in Paragraph 1 refer to
A．Magic solution.
B．Physical power.
C．Psychological test.
D．Relaxed atmosphere.
解析：A 词义猜测题。画线词位于but之后，根据逗号前面的“Feeling overloaded by your to-do list can certainly make you unhappy”和语境可知，任务太多会让人不快乐，但是，研究发现太多的空闲时间也不见得就是解决问题的灵丹妙药，故A项与画线词的意思最为接近。
2. How did the researchers carry out the new study
A．By doing large-scale online surveys.
B．By giving interviews and mental tests.
C．By comparing respondents' backgrounds.
D．By conducting experiments and analyzing data.
解析：D 细节理解题。结合第二段中的“researchers analyzed data from two large-scale(大规模的)surveys”和第三段中的“They conducted several smaller online experiments.”可知，研究者通过实验和数据分析进行了相关研究，故D项正确。
3．What is a distinct finding of the new research
A．Doing unproductive things leads to unhappiness.
B．Being in a state of “flow” benefits people's mental health.
C．Man's well-being is positively related to the free time they have.
D．How people spend their free time affects their sense of well-being.
解析：D 细节理解题。根据第三段中的“Part of finding this seemingly tricky‘sweet spot’has to do with how people spend the extra time they have”可知，新的研究的一个独特发现是人们如何度过空闲时间决定了他们是否快乐，故D项正确。
4. What is the focus of the last paragraph
A. The importance of reducing stress.
B．Easy and fun activities to kill time.
C．Further explanation of being productive.
D．The benefits of engaging in free-time activities.
解析：C 段落大意题。根据最后一段首句中的“what feels ‘productive’is up to you”和后面列举的具体活动可知，尾段内容主要是对productive的进一步解释说明。故C项正确。
B
Suppose you are out shopping and come across an acquaintance who starts telling you a story that seems to be dragging on and on.You want to seem interested，so you offer the occasional“Oh”or“I see”．To your surprise，though，this person angrily stops in their tracks and says，“Sorry if I'm boring you！”
Where did this come from？Clearly，your body language must have betrayed you.The idea that verbal(口头的)and nonverbal messages can conflict was the inspiration for a recently published study from Yale University's Lucylle Armentano.As part of her study of communication in relationships，Armentano's research also examined communication channels in people's meeting for the first time.
To test the role of the verbal-nonverbal mismatch on emotional communication，Armentano and her partner created experimental conditions to see what would happen when someone asked for help from strangers.The research team created videotapes of a fellow Yale student expressing his nervousness in his words，bodily gestures，or both.The bodily gestures included running his hands through his hair，grabbing his arm，and facially expressing uneasiness.The key question was whether the other participants，another 82 Yale students，would believe the student and provide the help he was requesting.They needed to give their responses.
Turning to the findings，those nonverbal cues(暗示)of nervousness had a greater impact on helping behavior than the verbal cues.Surprisingly，helping behavior was the highest when verbal expressions of nervousness were low but nonverbal cues were high.
Recognizing that your body language can outweigh your words means that you need to be mindful of what your body is doing when you're interacting with others.Generally，when someone is speaking to you，you want to look like you're interested.Not only should you maintain eye contact，but you should keep your body still and face toward the other person.If you're not trying to look interested，it may be more polite to say you have to be somewhere else.
【语篇解读】 本文是一篇说明文。耶鲁大学的Lucylle Armentano最近发表了一项研究，该研究表明与人互动时，你的肢体语言可以胜过你的口头语言。
5．What is Paragraph 1 mainly about
A．The obvious advantages of body language.
B．A situation where body language is a must.
C．An example of the verbal-nonverbal mismatch.
D．The proper way to interact with old friends.
解析：C 段落大意题。根据文章第一段最后两句可知，这是一个言语和行为不一致的举例，即言语和非言语不匹配的例子。故选C项。
6．What were the 82 Yale students asked to do
A．Express nervousness in their words.
B．Identify the type of body language.
C．Try to win the nervous student's trust.
D．Respond to the nervous student's request.
解析：D 细节理解题。根据文章第三段最后两句“The key question ...give their responses.”可知，关键问题是，其他的参与者，即另外82名耶鲁学生，是否会相信这个学生，并提供他所要求的帮助。他们需要给出自己的反应。由此可知，这82名耶鲁学生被要求对紧张的学生的要求作出回应。故选D项。
7．What played the most important role in helping the student win kindness
A．His sincere verbal expressions.
B．His bodily gestures of nervousness.
C．His positive attitude to nervousness.
D．His good manners in front of others.
解析：B 细节理解题。根据文章第四段最后一句“Surprisingly，helping behavior ...cues were high.”可知，令人惊讶的是，当紧张的言语表达较少而非言语暗示较多时，帮助行为最高。由此可知，非语言暗示，即紧张的肢体动作是赢得善意最重要的因素。故选B项。
8．What does the author intend to do in the last paragraph
A．Make a prediction.
B．Offer suggestions.
C．Present some facts.
D．Give some warnings.
解析：B 推理判断题。文章最后一段第一句讲了意识到你的肢体语言可以胜过你说的话意味着当你与他人互动时，你需要注意你的身体在做什么，再结合下文内容可推知，作者在本段主要是给出一些建议。故选B项。
训练9 主旨大意题——文章大意题
(限时：15分钟)
A
I was not worried about the American education system until after I started writing a column，because that's when I found out there are English teachers who assign my column as reading material.I regularly get e-mails from students asking about my use of writing techniques and other things I've never heard of.And I respond，“Transfer(转学)to high schools immediately！To one that teaches Shakespeare and Homer instead of the thoughtful commentary of the first-rate modern wisdom！”
I can expect to be sending more of these e-mails because of the Common Core State Standards(共同核心国家标准)，which public schools are encouraged to follow.The new curriculum standards dramatically shift about half the nation's high school English reading lists toward an emphasis on nonfiction.In a speech last year，David Coleman，the new president of the College Board，who was one of the chief creators of the Common Core State Standards Initiative，said，“It is rare in a working environment that someone says，‘Johnson，I need a market analysis by Friday，but before that I need a vivid account of your childhood.’”I agree with this，but no one has ever asked me for a market analysis.
Coleman's idea is that by reading clear，tightly structured nonfiction，kids will learn how to write clear，tightly structured nonfiction.And indeed，the first time I wrote in a new format—a travel essay，a screenplay，an apology e-mail—I read a bunch of examples.But when I want my writing to improve，I read something that forces me to think about words differently：a novel，a poem，a George W．Bush's speech.Fiction teaches you how to tell a story，which is how we express and remember nearly everything.Anyway，school isn't merely training for work；it's training for communication throughout our lives.
【语篇解读】 本文是一篇议论文。针对美国教育系统问题，作者认为，提高写作水平可以阅读各种类型的读物，如小说、诗歌、演讲等，以促使自己用不同的方式思考词汇。高中阅读应该提倡实践而不是虚构的小说，学校的工作更应强调教会学生沟通。
1．How did the author feel after his column was used as students' assignment
A．Proud. B．Satisfied.
C．Concerned. D．Disappointed.
解析：C 细节理解题。根据第一段中的“I was not worried about ...reading material.”可知，当自己的专栏作品被用于学生的作业时，作者对此很担心。
2．What should high schools do according to David Coleman
A．Stress nonfiction.
B．Read more fiction.
C．Teach market analysis.
D．Encourage writing.
解析：A 推理判断题。根据第二段中的“The new curriculum ...emphasis on nonfiction.”可知，新课程标准使高中英语阅读清单转向强调非小说类纪实作品。而David Coleman作为新课程标准的其中一个首席创造者，他应该也强调非小说类纪实作品。
3．Why does the writer turn to a George W．Bush's speech
A．To create words.
B．To better his writing.
C．To tell a story.
D．To follow the format.
解析：B 细节理解题。根据尾段中的“But when I want ...a George W．Bush's speech.”可知，为了提高写作水平，使自己能用不同的方式思考词汇，作者阅读小说、诗歌并听乔治·布什的演讲。
4．What is the passage mainly about
A．The shift of teaching techniques.
B．The trend of reading Shakespeare.
C．The effects of the new curriculum standards.
D．The problem with American education system.
解析：D 文章大意题。通读全文可知，本文首句“I was not worried ...my column as reading material.”是文章主题句。结合下文内容可知，本文主要讲述了作者对美国教育系统问题的担心。新课程标准使高中英语阅读清单转向强调非小说类纪实作品，但作者认为学校不应该仅仅教会学生工作，更应该教会学生沟通。
B
Age-related macular degeneration，or AMD，is an eye condition that affects millions of people around the world.In the UK，it is the biggest cause of sight loss.It's caused by the loss of the nerves at the back of the eye.Even though it affects only a tiny area around the width of a human hair，its impact is life-changing.Patients experience blurring (模糊) of vision，initially at the center of their gaze，which expands and worsens as time goes on.Recognizing faces or watching television can rapidly become impossible.
“This is why it's such a difficult disease to deal with for patients: It affects the best bit first，” explains Lyndon Da Cruz，a surgeon at Moorfields Eye Hospital in London，UK，“because nerve cells don't regenerate (再生)，and the body cannot heal the condition itself.” However，scientists at King's College London and Moorfields are working on a new technique to implant stem cells into the back of the eye.
A trial has already been successfully tested on two patients，both of whom went from being unable to read at all even with glasses to reading 60 to 80 words per minute with normal reading glasses.
Operating on the eye is always delicate，but the precision involved in inserting the stem cells is right at the edge of the ability of even the most talented surgeons.Therefore the team has been working with the university's robotics department to create machines that can work with minute accuracy.
“It's as if you cut the human hair 10 times and then you need to go with one of those tools in between those layers for two or three minutes stably while the patient is awake.And that's not something that humans just can do.That's where robots come in，” says Christos Bergeles，a robotics researcher at King's.
Bergeles' team has created a working model of an operating room equipped with a robotic arm that can translate the movement of a surgeon.For the moment，they operate only on the model but one day they hope to be able to be restoring sight one cell at a time.
【语篇解读】 本文是一篇说明文。AMD使人丧失视力，但是通过机器人高精度植入干细胞，人们的视力可得到恢复。
5．How does AMD affect people's health
A．It prevents cells from healing.
B．It can make people go blind.
C．It causes nerve problems.
D．It can damage human hair.
解析：B 细节理解题。根据第一段中的“Age-related macular degeneration...the biggest cause of sight loss.”可知，AMD 对人体健康的影响主要表现在使人视力丧失，故选B。
6．What's the real difficulty in operating on the eye
A．The precision needed in the operation.
B．Lacking the right stem cells.
C．The stable movement of the surgeon.
D．Cutting hair into very thin layers.
解析：A 细节理解题。根据第四段中的“Operating on the eye is always delicate...even the most talented surgeons.”可知，眼科手术最大的困难在于植入干细胞操作中所需的精确度，故选A。
7．What can we infer about inserting the stem cells
A．It is a piece of cake for brilliant surgeons.
B．It can simply be carried out by a professional robot.
C．It is almost a mission impossible for any surgeons alone.
D．It can be done by a robotic arm translating a surgeon's movement.
解析：C 推理判断题。根据第四段中的“right at the edge of the ability of even the most talented surgeons”和第五段中Christos Bergeles 所说的话“And that's not something that humans just can do.That's where robots come in”可以推断，植入干细胞需要高精确度，哪怕技艺精湛的外科医生也不可能独立完成，故选C。
8．What's the main idea of the text
A．A working model will be created to perform surgery.
B．A trial on two patients has successfully been tested.
C．The cause of sight loss has been found out.
D．Robots and stem cells can be combined to restore eyesight.
解析：D 文章大意题。本文第一段讲述了AMD会使人丧失视力；第二段指出治疗这种疾病的难处及原因；第三段讲述了干细胞植入眼部后的实验测试；第四、五段讲述了植入干细胞需要的精度非常高，需要机器人操作；最后一段讲述了配备机械臂的手术室。综上可知，本文主要讲述了通过机器人高精度植入干细胞，人们的视力可被恢复，故选D。