高考英语二轮复习专题攻克阅读理解第二节推理判断题课件
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| 名称 | 高考英语二轮复习专题攻克阅读理解第二节推理判断题课件 |
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| 格式 | ppt | ||
| 文件大小 | 1.4MB | ||
| 资源类型 | 试卷 | ||
| 版本资源 | 通用版 | ||
| 科目 | 英语 | ||
| 更新时间 | 2026-02-11 00:00:00 | ||
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(共96张PPT)
第二节 推理判断题
对文章内容作出合理推断是高考阅读理解解题必备关键能力之一，主要考查考生理解文章隐含意义和深层含义以及分析语篇逻辑关系的能力。《普通高中英语课程标准》明确指出，学生应能够根据上下文推断语篇中的隐含意义；根据连接词判断和猜测语篇中上下文的语义逻辑关系；根据语篇类型和特点，了解篇章的主要内容和写作意图；根据说话人的语调或用词，推断其态度和意图。
对文章内容作出合理推断类题目主要涉及以下考查角度：推断隐含意义，理解观点、态度，判断写作意图，事物性质推断。
细研真题
·解锁疑难
考法1 隐含推断题——逻辑分析推隐含
[典例1] (2025·全国一卷·B)
I walked into class believing that writing is important as a means of communication.However, my students demonstrated something more important to me.When the final bell rang in June, I walked away with a yearbook full of messages about writing's most powerful significance—the ability to connect people, to put us in another's skin, to teach us what it means to be human.
27．What does the author's experience show
A．Teaching is learning.
B．Still waters run deep.
C．Knowledge is power.
D．Practice makes perfect.
[分析] 本题问：作者的经历说明了什么？根据最后一段可知，当六月的最后一声铃响时，作者带着一本写满留言的纪念册离开——那些文字都在诉说写作最深刻的力量：它能联结心灵，让我们换位思考，教会我们何以为人。由此可知，作者作为老师，一方面在教育学生，另一方面也从学生身上学到了东西。也就是说“教学相长”。
[答案] ____
A
[典例2] (2024·新课标Ⅰ卷·C)
Digital texts，audio and video all have educational roles，especially when providing resources not available in print.However，for maximizing learning where mental focus and reflection are called for，educators shouldn't assume all media are the same，even when they contain identical words.
31．What does the author imply in the last paragraph
A．Students should apply multiple learning techniques.
B．Teachers should produce their own teaching material.
C．Print texts cannot be entirely replaced in education.
D．Education outside the classroom cannot be ignored.
[分析] 根据最后一段“Digital texts，audio and video all have educational roles，especially when providing resources not available in print. However，for maximizing learning where mental focus and reflection are called for，educators shouldn‘t assume all media are the same，even when they contain identical words.”可知，尽管数字文本、音频和视频在教育中有一定作用，但当需要精神集中和反思以最大化学习时，教育者不应假定所有媒体都是相同的，即使它们包含相同的单词。这表明作者认为纸质文本在教育中的作用仍然不可替代，暗示纸质文本在教育中具有重要性。
[答案] ____
C
[设题特点]
推断隐含信息题是高考阅读理解常见题型，难易程度不等。应在理解原文表面文字信息的基础上，做出合理的推断。需读懂原文，理解弦外之音。
[设问方式]
①题干中含有infer (推断)，suggest (表明)，imply (暗示)，conclude (推断出)等动词。
②题干中含有表推测的情态动词can，could，might或表可能性的词或短语，如probably，most likely等。
③题干中没有明确的表推测的词语，需根据某具体细节推断隐含信息。
④常见设问形式有：What can we infer/conclude from the passage ...？What does the author suggest ...
[解题技巧]
逻辑分析推隐含
[课堂点评]
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考法2 观点、态度题——依据措辞定态度
[典例1] (2024·新课标Ⅰ卷·B)
“I am not crazy，” says Dr.William Farber，shortly after performing acupuncture (针灸) on a rabbit.“I am ahead of my time.” If he seems a little defensive，it might be because even some of his coworkers occasionally laugh at his unusual methods.But Farber is certain he'll have the last laugh.He's one of a small but growing number of American veterinarians (兽医) now practicing “holistic” medicine—combining traditional Western treatments with acupuncture，chiropractic (按摩疗法) and herbal medicine.
24．What do some of Farber's coworkers think of him
A．He's odd. B．He's strict.
C．He's brave. D．He's rude.
[分析] 根据第一段的“If he seems a little defensive，it might be because even some of his coworkers occasionally laugh at his unusual methods.”可知，Farber的同事们有时会嘲笑他不寻常的方法，他们认为他很奇怪。
[答案] ____
A
[典例2] (2023·全国甲卷·C)
...
He makes philosophical thought an appealing exercise that improves the quality of our experiences，and he does so with plenty of humor.Weiner enters into conversation with some of the most important philosophers in history，and he becomes part of that crowd in the process by decoding(解读) their messages and adding his own interpretation.
The Socrates Express is a fun，sharp book that draws readers in with its apparent simplicity and gradually pulls them in deeper thoughts on desire，loneliness，and aging.The invitation is clear：Weiner wants you to pick up a coffee or tea and sit down with this book.I encourage you to take his offer.It's worth your time，even if time is something we don't have a lot of.
31．What does the author think of Weiner's book
A．Objective and plain.
B．Daring and ambitious.
C．Serious and hard to follow.
D．Humorous and straightforward.
[分析] 根据第五段的“he does so with plenty of humor”和最后一段第一句中的 “The Socrates Express is a fun，sharp book”可知，这本书很幽默；再根据最后一段第一句中的“its apparent simplicity and gradually pulls them in deeper thoughts on desire，loneliness，and aging”可知，《苏格拉底快车》因显而易见的简单而吸引读者，并逐渐将他们带入对欲望、孤独和衰老的更深层次的思考。据此可以推知，Weiner的书易懂。
[答案] ____
D
[设题特点]
高考题对观点、态度类的设问形式越来越灵活，难度也有所增加。
①推断文章作者对某事所持的态度或观点。
②推断文章中的人物对文中事物或内容的观点或看法。
[设问方式]
①What does ...say about ...
②What can we learn about sb./sth.
③What's the author's/sb.'s attitude towards ...
④What does the author/sb.think of ...
[解题技巧]
依据措辞定态度
[课堂点评]
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考法3 写作意图题——“4看”推意图
[典例1] (2024·新课标Ⅰ卷·B)
Farber is certain that the holistic approach will grow more popular with time，and if the past is any indication，he may be right: Since 1982，membership in the American Holistic Veterinary Medical Association has grown from 30 to over 700.“Sometimes it surprises me that it works so well，” he says.“I will do anything to help an animal.That's my job.”
27．Why does the author mention the American Holistic Veterinary Medical Association
A．To prove Farber's point.
B．To emphasize its importance.
C．To praise veterinarians.
D．To advocate animal protection.
[分析] 根据最后一段的内容“Farber is certain that the holistic approach will grow more popular with time，and if the past is any indication，he may be right: Since 1982，membership in the American Holistic Veterinary Medical Association has grown from 30 to over 700. ”可知，法伯认为综合疗法会越来越受欢迎，随后作者列举了美国整体兽医协会的会员已经从30个增加到700多个的例子，因此推断提美国整体兽医协会是为证明法伯的观点。
[答案] ____
A
[典例2] (2023·全国甲卷·C)
...
Weiner starts each chapter with a scene on a train ride between cities and then frames each philosopher's work in the context (背景) of one thing they can help us do better.The end result is a read in which we learn to wonder like Socrates，see like Thoreau，listen like Schopenhauer，and have no regrets like Nietzsche.This，more than a book about understanding philosophy，is a book about learning to use philosophy to improve a life.
29．Why does the author list great philosophers in paragraph 4
A．To compare Weiner with them.
B．To give examples of great works.
C．To praise their writing skills.
D．To help readers understand Weiner's book.
[分析] 根据第四段内容可知，作者列举伟大的哲学家们，是为了举例说明 Eric Weiner 在他的书《苏格拉底快车》中每一章都是以哲学家的作品为背景展开的。这些哲学家的作品被用来支撑 Weiner的论点，向读者展示了如何像这些伟大的哲学家一样思考和体验哲学以指导自身生活。故列举伟大哲学家的目的是帮助读者理解 Weiner 的书。
[答案] ____
D
[设题特点]
判断写作意图题要求考生根据文章内容，揣测作者的写作意图及作者运用某种写作手法的目的。作者一般不会直接表明自己的意图，而是通过文章的具体内容向读者传达某种观点或想法。这类题要求考生不仅要能够理解文章大意，同时还要具备对作者阐述的内容进行分析和归纳总结的能力。
[设问方式]
涉及整篇文章的写作意图：
①The writer writes this passage in order to ________．
②What is the purpose of the passage/text
涉及某段或某处细节的写作意图：
③Why does the writer use ...in the first paragraph
④Why ...is mentioned in Paragraph 1
⑤What is the purpose of the last part of the text
[解题技巧]
“4看”推意图
[课堂点评]
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A
A new study suggests classic paintings by well-known artists Joseph Mallord William Turner and Claude Monet may have been influenced by air pollution during the Industrial Revolution.
The study，published in the Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences by authors from Harvard University and Sorbonne University，analyzed 60 oil paintings by Turner from 1796 to 1850 and 38 paintings by Monet from 1864 to 1901.
巧刷模拟
·巩固提高
Scientists don't know exactly how polluted the cities were during that time for lack of data.However，researchers say examining the works of Turner and Monet can give a picture of long-term environmental change with the air pollution.
In particular，researchers say changes in local sulfur dioxide (二氧化硫) emissions from burning coal may explain changes in the colour contrast and intensity of Turner's，Monet's，and others' works，even after taking the artistic trends and subject matter of the time into account.
Scientists successfully measured painters' representation of nature，focusing on differences in local weather patterns which influenced colour in works painted in different parts of Europe.Paintings done in Britain generally feature a paler blue sky than other works in other parts of the continent.Generally，artists can historically accurately represent their environment，so Turner and Monet were chosen because they are famous for their landscape and cityscape paintings and also because they were active during the Industrial Revolution，when air pollution grew at a rate never seen before.
Additionally，researchers say that as the air in London and Paris became more polluted，the cities would appear hazier to the eyes as well as in photographs.By comparing the paintings of Turner and Monet to pictures from the era，they were able to determine the artists were at least partly influenced by the change in emissions.
【语篇解读】 本文是一篇说明文。研究人员表示，通过研究特纳和莫奈的作品可以了解空气污染带来的长期环境变化。
1．How did the researchers conduct the study
A．By referring to relevant historical records.
B．By comparing the paintings of Turner and Monet.
C．By relating the paintings to the air conditions then.
D．By analyzing the data during the Industrial Revolution.
解析：C 细节理解题。根据第三段中的“However，researchers say examining the works of Turner and Monet can give a picture of long-term environmental change with the air pollution.”可知，研究人员表示，通过研究特纳和莫奈的作品，可以了解空气污染带来的长期环境变化。由此可知，研究者是通过将绘画与当时的空气条件联系起来做这个研究的。故选C。
2．What did the researchers find in the works of Turner and Monet
A．Air pollution at that time.
B．Change in subject matter.
C．Social trends of the period.
D．Development of photography.
解析：A 隐含推断题。根据第五段中的“Generally，artists can ...so Turner and Monet were...never seen before.”可知，艺术家可以准确地描绘他们所处的环境，所以特纳和莫奈被选中，因为他们以乡村风景画和城市风光画而闻名，他们活跃在工业革命时期，而当时空气污染以前所未有的速度加剧。由此再结合第一段内容可推知，研究人员在特纳和莫奈的作品中发现了当时的空气污染状况。故选A。
3．What can we learn from Paragraph 5
A．European artists preferred landscape paintings.
B．Scientists focused on studying weather patterns.
C．Turner and Monet intended to present pollution.
D．Britain suffered from air pollution most in Europe.
解析：D 隐含推断题。根据第五段前两句的内容可知，科学家们已经成功测量了画家对自然的描绘，重点关注了影响欧洲不同地区的画作中的色彩的当地天气模式的差异。在英国创作的画作中，天空的蓝色通常比欧洲其他地区的画作要淡一些。由此可推知，英国在欧洲遭受空气污染最严重。故选D。
4．What is the purpose of the text
A．To inform people of a new discovery.
B．To instruct people to appreciate paintings.
C．To introduce the Industrial Revolution.
D．To call on people to protect the environment.
解析：A 写作意图题。浏览全文可知，本文主要讲述了研究人员表示，通过研究特纳和莫奈的作品可以了解空气污染带来的长期环境变化。故作者撰写本文旨在告诉我们一个研究的新发现。故选A。
B
According to a study done by University of Michigan，shopping to reduce stress was 40 times more effective at giving people a sense of control and shoppers were three times less sad than those only looking at items.
More than half of the 1，000 consumers surveyed by Credit Karma，head researcher of the study，said they have shopped to deal with feelings of stress or depression.About 48 percent of men and 31 percent of women who have stress shopping said they had purchased alcohol when stressed.About 82 percent of women spend on clothing compared to 52 percent of men.Women also lead shopping for jewellery，42 percent，compared to 22 percent for men.
In some sense，stress shopping can actually help you live a healthier life by making sure that your blood pressure is lowered.The survey found 82 percent had only positive feelings about their purchases and that the positive mood was long-lasting.However，stress shopping，for many，could grow into a drive that uses up money，causes conflict，and therefore adds great stress to life.
Despite the in-time joy from purchases，stress shopping never proves a long-lasting cure to stress or depression.Actually it needs to be avoided anyhow.Whether you're purchasing presents or buying groceries，having the items you need written down will provide you with brightness while shopping.Reward yourself for sticking to your list and you'll be more likely to commit to it.
In addition always think about what you struggle with most financially.Do you spend too much money at the mall？Eating out？Vacations？Make a list of where your money is going and take necessary steps to resist your desire.For example，if you spend too much money on dining out on weekends，stuff your cupboard with food on Friday.So you'll be more likely to stay in and cook.And you need to give up the need to keep up with others.Everyone's financial situation is different and comparison may lead to debt and dissatisfaction with what you already have.
【语篇解读】 本文是一篇议论文。虽然压力购物可以让人降低血压，保持积极持久的情绪，但是压力购物可能会发展成一种消耗金钱、引起冲突的冲动，从而给生活增加巨大的压力。
5．Why does the author mention those numbers in Paragraph 2
A．To support an idea.
B．To attract readers.
C．To call for actions.
D．To introduce a topic.
解析：A 隐含推断题。通读第二段可知，研究员Credit Karma调查了1，000名消费者，其中超过一半的人表示，他们曾通过购物来缓解压力或抑郁。大约48%的男性和31%的女性说自己在压力下购物时会买酒。大约82%的女性会在服装上花钱，而男性的这一比例为52%。女性购买珠宝的比例为42%，男性为22%。据此可推知，这些数字是为了说明很多人通过购物来缓解压力，即为了支持第一段的观点。
6．Which of the following may help deal with stress shopping
A．Stimulating desires.
B．Recording spending.
C．Turning to medicines.
D．Comparing with others.
解析：B 细节理解题。根据第四段中的“Whether you're purchasing ...brightness while shopping.”可知，无论你是在买礼物还是买食品杂货，把你需要的东西写下来都会让你在购物时头脑清醒。据此可知，可以用记录支出的方法帮助缓解压力购物。
7．What is the author's attitude to stress shopping
A．Unclear. B．Doubtful.
C．Objective. D．Negative.
解析：D 观点、态度题。根据第三段中的“However，stress shopping...stress to life.”可知，对许多人来说，压力购物可能会发展成一种消耗金钱、引起冲突的冲动，从而给生活增加巨大的压力。根据第四段中的“Despite the in-time joy...stress or depression.”可知，尽管购物能带来及时的快乐，但压力购物从来没有被证明是一种长期治愈压力或抑郁的方法。据此可推知，作者对于压力购物的态度是否定的。
8．What is a suitable title for the text
A．Does Shopping Benefit Us
B．More Stressed，Women or Men
C．Should We Compare with Others
D．Can Stress Shopping Reduce Stress
解析：D 标题归纳题。通读全文，尤其是第一段和第四段中的“Despite the in-time...stress or depression.”可知，密歇根大学的一项研究表明，通过购物来减压能给人40倍的控制感，购物的人比只看东西(不买)的人少三倍的悲伤。尽管购物能带来及时的快乐，但压力购物从来没有被证明是一种长期治愈压力或抑郁的方法。据此可知，本文主要讨论压力购物是否能减轻压力。
训练4 推理判断题——隐含推断题
(限时：15分钟)
A
Andrew Bastawrous was 12 when he found out he could barely see.He was then socially awkward，failing at school and terrible at ball games.
Glasses turned his life around，yet even as a child he was aware of how lucky he was.Bastawrous grew up in the UK，but his family would visit poor parts of Egypt，where his parents were from.“Nobody there wore glasses，but I knew some people needed them，”he says.“It felt incredibly unfair.At 16，I decided I wasn't going to feel guilty about it any more.”He determined there and then to become an eye surgeon，and he did.
课时规范
训练4-6
In 2011，he and his wife moved with their one-year-old son to a small town 5 hours' drive from Nairobi.They had limited electricity and running water.For 18 months，every time Bastawrous and his team set up their“mobile”eye clinic in yet another new location，they had to drag heavy，fragile hospital equipment cross-country.There was another problem，as one local doctor described it，“We don't even have enough doctors and now you also want eye surgeons？That's probably a pipe dream.”
All this convinced Bastawrous that something fundamental was needed.So he started exploring ways to replace his clinic with a single，convenient device: a smartphone.He co-developed an app-based visual test that gathers as much information as the classic one，using similar principles.The critical difference is that almost anyone can carry it out after just a few minutes of training.Bastawrous co-founded a charitable company to develop and apply the technology more widely.His team also developed technologies that enabled a smartphone camera to take hospital-grade images of the back of the eye.
That's a pretty good start，but Bastawrous has set his sights sky-high.“I feel we're at a tipping point now where this enormous problem will become a historical thing.That's when I'll sleep easy，”he says.
【语篇解读】 本文是一篇记叙文。16岁那年，当Bastawrous目睹了埃及贫困地区的人们即使近视也没法佩戴眼镜的遭遇后，他就下定决心要做一名眼科医生。本文主要讲述了Bastawrous为此付出的努力及取得的成果。
1. What drove Bastawrous to become an eye surgeon
A．His personal misfortune.
B．His burning sense of injustice.
C．His ambition to turn his life around.
D．His guilt about leaving his home country.
解析：B 细节理解题。根据第二段中Bastawrous所说的话“It felt incredibly unfair.At 16，I decided I wasn't going to feel guilty about it any more.”可知，Bastawrous认为需要戴眼镜的人却无法戴眼镜，这是不公平的，这种不公正感使他做出了成为眼科医生的决定，故B项正确。
2．What can we infer about Bastawrous's first 18 months in Africa
A．It's hard and problematic.
B．It's challenging but fruitful.
C．It's adventurous and unrealistic.
D．It's fundamental but innovative.
解析：A 隐含推断题。根据第三段中的“For 18 months ...they had to drag heavy，fragile hospital equipment cross-country ...don't even have enough doctors”可以推断，起初18个月，Bastawrous和他的团队经历了一段艰难并且满是问题的时期，故A项正确。
3．Bastawrous's innovation can be described as________．
A．cheap and convenient treatments for patients
B．a virtual and complete change from a classic test
C．a smart and popularised application of technology
D．fast and effective training of medical professionals
解析：C 隐含推断题。根据第四段中的“So he started ...the technology more widely.”可以推断，Bastawrous的创新可看作对技术的一种智能化和普及化的应用，故C项正确。
4．What do Bastawrous's words in the last paragraph show
A. His modest attitude to his past achievements.
B．His optimistic views on the cure for blindness.
C．His strong belief in the effects of future technology.
D．His firm determination to carry on his challenging career.
解析：D 隐含推断题。根据最后一段中的“I feel we're at a tipping point now where this enormous problem will become a historical thing.That's when I'll sleep easy”可推知，Bastawrous对于自己从事的工作充满了信心，并会在这条道路上坚定地走下去，故D项正确。
B
City parks have long been a place for urban residents to get a small amount of green.As cities increasingly feel the impacts of rising seas and temperatures，people are rethinking the roles of urban parks.
All of the dark-gray asphalt(沥青)in cities collect heat.Dallas is one of the country's fastest-warming cities thanks in part to its extensive impervious (不透水的) surfaces，but with a new $312 million bond package，the city is hoping to change that.Using satellite data，the city is able to see what neighborhoods most need the cooling effect of green space.
Cities are increasingly flooding and city planners think parks can help with this issue too.A report published in February by The Nature Conservancy looked at the best ways to deal with flooding in Houston，a city with many neighborhoods built on floodplains and regularly flooded by rising waters.Offering affected homeowners buyouts and transforming homes into green space would save more money than installing infrastructure (基础设施) like pipes，they found.
Brendan Shane，a climate program director，says parks can create opportunities for people to exercise and play，in addition to cooling neighborhoods and absorbing floodwater.“The stronger the bonds are between neighbors，the better they are able to react to a shock，” he says.
“Not a single solution by itself will avoid the climate crisis.We see parks as an important part of it，but there is no silver bullet，”says Diane Regas，CEO of The Trust for Public Land.“Parks are an example of what we in the environmental community need to do to reach solutions that address climate change and make people's lives better at the same time.”
【语篇解读】 本文是一篇说明文。全球气候变暖影响着地球的生态环境。但研究发现，公园的绿地可以降低温度，利用公园还可以缓解洪水问题。
5．What does the city Dallas want to deal with
A．The lack of green space.
B．The way of collecting heat.
C．The effect of rising seas.
D．The bond between neighborhoods.
解析：A 细节理解题。根据第二段中的“Using satellite data ...of green space.”可知，Dallas想要解决的是该城市缺乏绿地的问题。
6．What can be inferred from the report by The Nature Conservancy
A．Cities in the world are frequently flooded.
B．City parks may help prevent city flooding.
C．Cities needn't invest much money in infrastructure.
D．City parks affect people's choice of a neighborhood.
解析：B 隐含推断题。根据第三段提及的大自然保护协会的报告内容可知，该报告探讨了休斯敦应对洪水的最佳方法。他们发现，与安装管道等基础设施相比，收购受影响的房屋并将其改成绿地会节省更多的钱。据此可以推知，城市公园有可能防止洪水。
7．What does Brendan Shane say about parks
A．They can enable people to get over a shock.
B．They can reduce air pollution effectively.
C．They can perform positive social functions.
D．They can help people to keep a cool head.
解析：C 细节理解题。根据第四段中的“Brendan Shane ...and absorbing floodwater.”可知，Brendan Shane认为公园可以为人们创造锻炼和玩耍的机会，还可以为社区降温和吸收洪水。据此可知，公园可以发挥积极的社会功能。
8．What does the underlined phrase “silver bullet”in Paragraph 5 mean
A．A fast and effective solution.
B．A successful example.
C．An immediate and clear cause.
D．An impractical method.
解析：A 词义猜测题。根据最后一段的第一句“Not a single ...the climate crisis.”可知，没有一个单独的解决方案能够避免气候危机。再结合该段第二句可知，公园是解决方案中的重要组成部分，但并没有什么快速有效的解决方案。
训练5 推理判断题——观点、态度题
(限时：15分钟)
A
Cristina，a teen who grew up in a poor neighborhood in Madrid，never imagined herself playing the violin.But today she is the first violinist in an inventive orchestra(管弦乐队)，bringing together two dozen other disadvantaged youths，using instruments made from recycled materials.“I am really happy，because the project has changed my life a lot，”said Cristina，her eyes gleaming.
Luis，18，credits the project with keeping him on a right track in a neighborhood like Vallecas，which has a high school dropout rate.“Instead of meeting up with friends，I preferred to listen to music，play it，and little by little it became a way of life，”he said.
The project，called“Music of Recycling”，is aimed at breathing new life into junk while also benefiting youths from disadvantaged backgrounds and it is run by Spanish environmental group Ecoembes and is inspired by Paraguay's Cateura Orchestra of Recycled Instruments，made up of musicians from a poor neighborhood who play instruments made from materials found in waste.
After Ecoembes invited the Cateura Orchestra of Recycled Instruments to perform in Madrid in 2014，the group decided to found its own similar ensemble(乐团) that same year，said Gil，director of Music of Recycling.The ensemble put on its first concert just four months later and“the kids could not play more than four notes，”said Gil.
Now after having performed in cities across Spain，“We already have four boys studying in scholarships at music schools，”he added.More than 100 children are taking music classes from members of the orchestra as part of the project.
The instruments are created by Soler，a third-generation instrument maker，from cans，wooden boxes and parts of abandoned instruments.He tried to make the instruments as close to their“normal”shape as possible so the children won't have difficulty playing regular equipment in the future.
【语篇解读】 本文是一篇记叙文。Music of Recycling是一个用回收的废品制作乐器的项目。通过这个项目，一群贫困而又喜欢音乐的年轻人得以在一个有创意的乐队里使用由废品制造的乐器，与音乐为伴，进而改变了自己的人生。
1．What does the author intend to do by referring to Cristina and Luis
A．Praise the teens for their efforts.
B．Introduce the launch of the project.
C．Show the effects of the project.
D．Present ways to mix music and recycling.
解析：C 推理判断题。根据第一段中的“I am really happy，because the project has changed my life a lot”“her eyes gleaming”以及第二段内容可知，这个项目对Cristina和Luis的人生产生了重要的影响。故选C。
2．Where does the project's inspiration come from
A．A group of musicians.
B．A children's orchestra.
C．Disadvantaged youths.
D．An environmental group.
解析：A 细节理解题。根据第三段中的“it is run by Spanish environmental group Ecoembes and is inspired by Paraguay's Cateura Orchestra of Recycled Instruments”可知，这个项目的灵感来自于一个乐团的音乐家们。故选A。
3．What can we learn about the project
A．It was started in 2014.
B．It was funded by the government.
C．It spread across the world.
D．It made a large amount of money.
解析：A 细节理解题。根据第四段中的“After Ecoembes invited ...in 2014，the group decided to found its own similar ensemble(乐团)that same year”可知，他们建立自己的乐队是在2014年。故选A。
4．What's Soler's attitude towards the project
A．Doubtful. B．Supportive.
C．Tolerant. D．Uncaring.
解析：B 观点、态度题。根据最后一段中的“He tried to make the instruments ...equipment in the future.”可知，Soler尽力为这一项目贡献自己的力量。由此可推知，他对这一项目是持支持态度的。故选B。
B
An individual from an unknown hominid(人科) species walked across a field of wet，volcanic ash in what is now East Africa around 3.66 million years ago，leaving behind a handful of footprints.
Those five ancient footprints，largely ignored since they were partly unearthed at Tanzania's Laetoli site in 1976，show features of upright walking by a hominid，a new study finds.Researchers had previously considered them hard to classify，because they possibly were produced by a young bear that took a few steps while standing.But the latest analysis refutes that suggestion.
McNutt，DeSilva，who started the new investigation as a Dartmouth College graduate student，and their colleagues fully dug out and cleaned the five Laetoli footprints in June 2019.Then they measured，photographed and 3-D scanned the ancient tracks.McNutt's group focused on two footprints that were particularly well-preserved.Foot shapes，sizes，and walking characteristics of the Laetoli individual differed in various ways from those of other hominid individuals at the same site.The prints also didn't match those from modern black bears and modern chimps(黑猩猩)walking upright.
The Laetoli individual possessed a wider，more chimplike foot than humans，these researchers say.Its big toe(脚趾)stuck out slightly from the second toe，but not to the degree observed in chimps.On one step，the Laetoli individual's left leg crossed in front of the right leg，leaving a left footprint directly in front of the previous track.People may cross-step in this way when trying to regain balance.And bears and chimps assume relatively wide standing due to knee and other bone arrangements that prevent them from walking like the Laetoli individual and probably from cross-stepping，the scientists say.
Given that only two of the ancient footprints are complete enough to analyze thoroughly，the possibility that a chimp other than a hominid made the Laetoli footprints can't be ruled out，says William Harcourt-Smith，a scientist at Lehman College.But evidence of cross-stepping is enough to prove that it was a hominid track maker，he says.
【语篇解读】 本文是一篇说明文。美国达特茅斯学院的研究团队在坦桑尼亚发现了五个古代脚印，这些脚印显示出原始双足人类的小型跨步。
5．What does the underlined word “refutes” in Paragraph 2 mean
A．Objects to. B．Supports.
C．Puts forward. D．Criticizes.
解析：A 词义猜测题。根据画线词前的“because they possibly were produced by a young bear that took a few steps while standing”和“But”可知，此处形成转折，画线词所在句应该是对这个观点的反驳，且下文的“The prints also didn't ...walking upright.”也印证了这一点，因此，画线词的意思应该与A项最为接近，故A项正确。
6．Why do researchers think the footprints were unlike those of bears or chimps
A．They are less chimplike.
B．They have toes sticking out.
C．They show relatively wide standing.
D．They possess features of cross-stepping.
解析：D 细节理解题。根据第四段中的“the Laetoli individual's left leg crossed in front of the right leg ...And bears and chimps ...prevent them from ...cross-stepping”可知，莱托利人具有小型跨步的特征，而熊和黑猩猩没办法像莱托利人那样行走，很可能也不能跨步，这就是研究人员认为这些足迹不像熊和黑猩猩足迹的原因，故D项正确。
7．What does William think of the new research finding
A．It's convincing. B．It's challenging.
C．It's confusing. D．It's conflicting.
解析：A 观点、态度题。根据最后一段中的“evidence of cross-stepping is enough to prove that it was a hominid track maker”可以推断，William认为新的研究发现还是很有说服力的，故A项正确。
8．What is the purpose of the text
A．To describe a major event.
B．To share a new discovery.
C．To introduce an unknown species.
D．To settle a huge disagreement.
解析：B 写作意图题。通读全文并根据本文的主旨句，即第二段中的“Those five ancient footprints ...show features of upright walking by a hominid，a new study finds.”可知，本文旨在向读者介绍最新的研究结果，故B项正确。
训练6 推理判断题——写作意图题
(限时：15分钟)
A
The rhino census (犀牛普查) is out，bearing good news for the greater one-horned rhinos！In September，2022，the International Rhino Foundation (IRF) recorded in a report that there is a baby boom in this population，representing an increase of 167 percent.
According to the report，there are a total of 4，014 greater one-horned rhinos living in India，Nepal，and Bhutan.Although this is positive news，their IUCN (International Union for Conservation of Nature) status still remains vulnerable.
In India alone，the home to 70 percent of the world's greater one-horned rhinos，there has been an increase of 274 rhinos since the last biannual census，according to the organization Rhino Review.
An important reason for this baby boom is the fact that Assam，India，has enlarged Kaziranga National Park，home to the world's largest one-horned rhino population.The park went from 430 square kilometers to 1，040 square kilometers.This gives more breeding areas for the rhinos，and they are closed to visitors during the breeding season.
India and Nepal are also protecting the rhinos by enforcing wildlife crime laws.To reduce rhino death by poaching (偷猎)，the IRF donates vehicles and equipment，plus education including guard training and crime investigation.
The IRF data for other rhino species is not as promising，although the greater one-horned rhino numbers are encouraging for future conservation.According to the report，there is a decline in Sumatran rhinos，while the Javan rhino population is stable and threatened by the loss of habitat.
The State of the Rhino report offers hope for these other species.Given that the greater one-horned rhinos were once close to extinction，with fewer than 100 living in the world，their recovery is incredible.This demonstrates that there are solutions when organizations and people work together.Let us hope that this successful rhino baby boom will affect other endangered wildlife species around the globe.
【语篇解读】 本文为一篇说明文。介绍关于独角犀牛数目增加了这一好消息。
1．What contributes to the baby boom of one-horned rhinos in Assam，India
A．Extending the protected areas for rhinos.
B．Raising funds to set up more reserves for rhinos.
C．Leaving the one-horned rhinos alone in the wild.
D．Keeping visitors away from the Kaziranga National Park.
解析：A 细节理解题。根据第四段中的“An important reason for this baby boom is the fact that Assam，India，has enlarged Kaziranga National Park ...rhino population.”可知，犀牛保护区的扩大促成了独角犀牛数目的增加，故选A。
2．How does the IRF help protect the one-horned rhinos
A．By cooperating with other organizations.
B．By enhancing anti-poaching efforts.
C．By transferring the rhinos to other habitats.
D．By guarding the rhinos with new equipment.
解析：B 细节理解题。根据第五段中的“To reduce rhino death by poaching (偷猎)，the IRF donates vehicles and equipment，plus education including guard training and crime investigation.”可知，IRF在加强反偷猎方面做出努力来帮助保护独角犀牛，故选B。
3．What can we learn from the rhino report
A．Rhinos are no longer a vulnerable species.
B．Rhinos will affect other wildlife species in the world.
C．Everyone can play a role in protecting nature.
D．It is possible to protect other endangered species.
解析：D 推理判断题。根据最后一段内容尤其是其中的“The State of the Rhino report offers hope for these other species.”“there are solutions...around the globe”可推知，保护全球其他濒危野生物种是可能的，故选D。
4．What is the purpose of this text
A．To inform good news on the greater one-horned rhinos.
B．To show the measures taken to protect the one-horned rhinos.
C．To introduce an endangered species—the greater one-horned rhinos.
D．To indicate the decline of other species of the rhino population.
解析：A 写作意图题。第一段中的“The rhino census (犀牛普查) is out，bearing good news for the greater one-horned rhinos！”点明了文章中心。紧接着作者介绍了独角犀牛数量增加的原因及独角犀牛数量增加给保护其他濒危物种带来的启示。由此可以推断，作者写这篇文章是为了让人们了解独角犀牛数量增加这个好消息，故选A。
B
An economist，Adam Smith，famously wrote that“It is not from the benevolence(仁慈)of the butcher，the brewer or the baker，that we expect our dinner，but from their regard to their own interest.”Like Smith，many economists today believe one's self-interest is what drives competition and growth in market economies.Yet，in an increasingly interconnected society，it is even more crucial to have cooperative skills.Thus we should encourage cooperation to better prepare children for the future.
Firstly，cooperation is an especially prized soft skill in the present age.As a study proves，soft skills such as good communication and empathy (同情) indicate outstanding employees as compared to technical skills or knowledge.In contrast，extremely competitive and individualistic behavior may damage social relations in the community of co-workers.Even the most competent employee may fail to pursue his goals effectively without others' help.
Moreover，encouraging cooperation can boost children's self-respect that better prepares them for the competitive world.Many modern societies are consumed by a crazy drive for success and the pressure to perform has infiltrated both classrooms and offices，causing higher rates of anxiety and depression among people.Teamwork can help an individual realize each has his or her own unique abilities and that another person's strengths don't discount his or her talents.Thus，cooperation can confirm children's self-worth by correcting the insight that the paper achievement is the only measure of success.
However，critics may claim adapting to competition should be given priority in education and parenting.To achieve one's ambitions，one has to actively fight for opportunities and distinguish oneself from others.Nevertheless，since passion can already stimulate children to fulfill their ambitions，the need to encourage competition may be at the end of the day.As much as external competition can drive people to pursue excellence，internal motivation is at least equally or even more essential，and cooperation plays an instrumental role in helping one uncover one's motivations.
【语篇解读】 本文是一篇议论文。在联系日益紧密的社会中，教育孩子们树立合作意识是非常重要的。
5．What can be inferred from Adam Smith's words
A．Our society is increasingly interconnected.
B．Our dinner is made out of the regard to markets.
C．Self-interest pushes the development of economies.
D．The butcher，the brewer or the baker is not sympathetic.
解析：C 推理判断题。根据第一段中的“Like Smith”可知，Adam Smith的话与当今许多经济学家的观点相似，即“one's self-interest is what drives competition and growth in market economies”。因此，从Adam Smith的话中可推断出自我利益推动经济的发展，故C项正确。
6．What does the underlined word“infiltrated”in Paragraph 3 probably mean
A．Brightened. B．Decorated.
C．Defended. D．Entered.
解析：D 词义猜测题。画线词前讲到了“modern societies”，而画线词后提到“both classrooms and offices”，并陈述了“the pressure to perform”的危害，即“causing higher rates of anxiety and depression among people”，因此，代入选项验证可知，与画线词意思最为接近的应该是“进入”，故D项正确。
7．Which of the following might the author agree with
A．The paper achievement is the only measure of success.
B．One's ambitions can be achieved through cooperation.
C．Competition is not necessary for people to pursue excellence.
D．Actively fighting for distinguishing oneself should be prioritized.
解析：B 推理判断题。根据第二段最后一句和第三段中的“Teamwork can help an individual realize each has his or her own unique abilities ...confirm children's self-worth”可推知，作者可能会同意合作可以帮助一个人实现目标，故选B。
8．What is the author's purpose of writing this passage
A．To introduce the advantages of cooperation.
B．To compare cooperation with competition.
C．To suggest enhancing competitive skills.
D．To advocate teaching children to cooperate.
解析：D 写作意图题。本文是一篇议论文。根据本文论点，即第一段中的“we should encourage cooperation to better prepare children for the future”可知，作者写这篇文章旨在支持教育儿童多合作，故D项正确。
第二节 推理判断题
对文章内容作出合理推断是高考阅读理解解题必备关键能力之一，主要考查考生理解文章隐含意义和深层含义以及分析语篇逻辑关系的能力。《普通高中英语课程标准》明确指出，学生应能够根据上下文推断语篇中的隐含意义；根据连接词判断和猜测语篇中上下文的语义逻辑关系；根据语篇类型和特点，了解篇章的主要内容和写作意图；根据说话人的语调或用词，推断其态度和意图。
对文章内容作出合理推断类题目主要涉及以下考查角度：推断隐含意义，理解观点、态度，判断写作意图，事物性质推断。
细研真题
·解锁疑难
考法1 隐含推断题——逻辑分析推隐含
[典例1] (2025·全国一卷·B)
I walked into class believing that writing is important as a means of communication.However, my students demonstrated something more important to me.When the final bell rang in June, I walked away with a yearbook full of messages about writing's most powerful significance—the ability to connect people, to put us in another's skin, to teach us what it means to be human.
27．What does the author's experience show
A．Teaching is learning.
B．Still waters run deep.
C．Knowledge is power.
D．Practice makes perfect.
[分析] 本题问：作者的经历说明了什么？根据最后一段可知，当六月的最后一声铃响时，作者带着一本写满留言的纪念册离开——那些文字都在诉说写作最深刻的力量：它能联结心灵，让我们换位思考，教会我们何以为人。由此可知，作者作为老师，一方面在教育学生，另一方面也从学生身上学到了东西。也就是说“教学相长”。
[答案] ____
A
[典例2] (2024·新课标Ⅰ卷·C)
Digital texts，audio and video all have educational roles，especially when providing resources not available in print.However，for maximizing learning where mental focus and reflection are called for，educators shouldn't assume all media are the same，even when they contain identical words.
31．What does the author imply in the last paragraph
A．Students should apply multiple learning techniques.
B．Teachers should produce their own teaching material.
C．Print texts cannot be entirely replaced in education.
D．Education outside the classroom cannot be ignored.
[分析] 根据最后一段“Digital texts，audio and video all have educational roles，especially when providing resources not available in print. However，for maximizing learning where mental focus and reflection are called for，educators shouldn‘t assume all media are the same，even when they contain identical words.”可知，尽管数字文本、音频和视频在教育中有一定作用，但当需要精神集中和反思以最大化学习时，教育者不应假定所有媒体都是相同的，即使它们包含相同的单词。这表明作者认为纸质文本在教育中的作用仍然不可替代，暗示纸质文本在教育中具有重要性。
[答案] ____
C
[设题特点]
推断隐含信息题是高考阅读理解常见题型，难易程度不等。应在理解原文表面文字信息的基础上，做出合理的推断。需读懂原文，理解弦外之音。
[设问方式]
①题干中含有infer (推断)，suggest (表明)，imply (暗示)，conclude (推断出)等动词。
②题干中含有表推测的情态动词can，could，might或表可能性的词或短语，如probably，most likely等。
③题干中没有明确的表推测的词语，需根据某具体细节推断隐含信息。
④常见设问形式有：What can we infer/conclude from the passage ...？What does the author suggest ...
[解题技巧]
逻辑分析推隐含
[课堂点评]
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考法2 观点、态度题——依据措辞定态度
[典例1] (2024·新课标Ⅰ卷·B)
“I am not crazy，” says Dr.William Farber，shortly after performing acupuncture (针灸) on a rabbit.“I am ahead of my time.” If he seems a little defensive，it might be because even some of his coworkers occasionally laugh at his unusual methods.But Farber is certain he'll have the last laugh.He's one of a small but growing number of American veterinarians (兽医) now practicing “holistic” medicine—combining traditional Western treatments with acupuncture，chiropractic (按摩疗法) and herbal medicine.
24．What do some of Farber's coworkers think of him
A．He's odd. B．He's strict.
C．He's brave. D．He's rude.
[分析] 根据第一段的“If he seems a little defensive，it might be because even some of his coworkers occasionally laugh at his unusual methods.”可知，Farber的同事们有时会嘲笑他不寻常的方法，他们认为他很奇怪。
[答案] ____
A
[典例2] (2023·全国甲卷·C)
...
He makes philosophical thought an appealing exercise that improves the quality of our experiences，and he does so with plenty of humor.Weiner enters into conversation with some of the most important philosophers in history，and he becomes part of that crowd in the process by decoding(解读) their messages and adding his own interpretation.
The Socrates Express is a fun，sharp book that draws readers in with its apparent simplicity and gradually pulls them in deeper thoughts on desire，loneliness，and aging.The invitation is clear：Weiner wants you to pick up a coffee or tea and sit down with this book.I encourage you to take his offer.It's worth your time，even if time is something we don't have a lot of.
31．What does the author think of Weiner's book
A．Objective and plain.
B．Daring and ambitious.
C．Serious and hard to follow.
D．Humorous and straightforward.
[分析] 根据第五段的“he does so with plenty of humor”和最后一段第一句中的 “The Socrates Express is a fun，sharp book”可知，这本书很幽默；再根据最后一段第一句中的“its apparent simplicity and gradually pulls them in deeper thoughts on desire，loneliness，and aging”可知，《苏格拉底快车》因显而易见的简单而吸引读者，并逐渐将他们带入对欲望、孤独和衰老的更深层次的思考。据此可以推知，Weiner的书易懂。
[答案] ____
D
[设题特点]
高考题对观点、态度类的设问形式越来越灵活，难度也有所增加。
①推断文章作者对某事所持的态度或观点。
②推断文章中的人物对文中事物或内容的观点或看法。
[设问方式]
①What does ...say about ...
②What can we learn about sb./sth.
③What's the author's/sb.'s attitude towards ...
④What does the author/sb.think of ...
[解题技巧]
依据措辞定态度
[课堂点评]
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考法3 写作意图题——“4看”推意图
[典例1] (2024·新课标Ⅰ卷·B)
Farber is certain that the holistic approach will grow more popular with time，and if the past is any indication，he may be right: Since 1982，membership in the American Holistic Veterinary Medical Association has grown from 30 to over 700.“Sometimes it surprises me that it works so well，” he says.“I will do anything to help an animal.That's my job.”
27．Why does the author mention the American Holistic Veterinary Medical Association
A．To prove Farber's point.
B．To emphasize its importance.
C．To praise veterinarians.
D．To advocate animal protection.
[分析] 根据最后一段的内容“Farber is certain that the holistic approach will grow more popular with time，and if the past is any indication，he may be right: Since 1982，membership in the American Holistic Veterinary Medical Association has grown from 30 to over 700. ”可知，法伯认为综合疗法会越来越受欢迎，随后作者列举了美国整体兽医协会的会员已经从30个增加到700多个的例子，因此推断提美国整体兽医协会是为证明法伯的观点。
[答案] ____
A
[典例2] (2023·全国甲卷·C)
...
Weiner starts each chapter with a scene on a train ride between cities and then frames each philosopher's work in the context (背景) of one thing they can help us do better.The end result is a read in which we learn to wonder like Socrates，see like Thoreau，listen like Schopenhauer，and have no regrets like Nietzsche.This，more than a book about understanding philosophy，is a book about learning to use philosophy to improve a life.
29．Why does the author list great philosophers in paragraph 4
A．To compare Weiner with them.
B．To give examples of great works.
C．To praise their writing skills.
D．To help readers understand Weiner's book.
[分析] 根据第四段内容可知，作者列举伟大的哲学家们，是为了举例说明 Eric Weiner 在他的书《苏格拉底快车》中每一章都是以哲学家的作品为背景展开的。这些哲学家的作品被用来支撑 Weiner的论点，向读者展示了如何像这些伟大的哲学家一样思考和体验哲学以指导自身生活。故列举伟大哲学家的目的是帮助读者理解 Weiner 的书。
[答案] ____
D
[设题特点]
判断写作意图题要求考生根据文章内容，揣测作者的写作意图及作者运用某种写作手法的目的。作者一般不会直接表明自己的意图，而是通过文章的具体内容向读者传达某种观点或想法。这类题要求考生不仅要能够理解文章大意，同时还要具备对作者阐述的内容进行分析和归纳总结的能力。
[设问方式]
涉及整篇文章的写作意图：
①The writer writes this passage in order to ________．
②What is the purpose of the passage/text
涉及某段或某处细节的写作意图：
③Why does the writer use ...in the first paragraph
④Why ...is mentioned in Paragraph 1
⑤What is the purpose of the last part of the text
[解题技巧]
“4看”推意图
[课堂点评]
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A
A new study suggests classic paintings by well-known artists Joseph Mallord William Turner and Claude Monet may have been influenced by air pollution during the Industrial Revolution.
The study，published in the Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences by authors from Harvard University and Sorbonne University，analyzed 60 oil paintings by Turner from 1796 to 1850 and 38 paintings by Monet from 1864 to 1901.
巧刷模拟
·巩固提高
Scientists don't know exactly how polluted the cities were during that time for lack of data.However，researchers say examining the works of Turner and Monet can give a picture of long-term environmental change with the air pollution.
In particular，researchers say changes in local sulfur dioxide (二氧化硫) emissions from burning coal may explain changes in the colour contrast and intensity of Turner's，Monet's，and others' works，even after taking the artistic trends and subject matter of the time into account.
Scientists successfully measured painters' representation of nature，focusing on differences in local weather patterns which influenced colour in works painted in different parts of Europe.Paintings done in Britain generally feature a paler blue sky than other works in other parts of the continent.Generally，artists can historically accurately represent their environment，so Turner and Monet were chosen because they are famous for their landscape and cityscape paintings and also because they were active during the Industrial Revolution，when air pollution grew at a rate never seen before.
Additionally，researchers say that as the air in London and Paris became more polluted，the cities would appear hazier to the eyes as well as in photographs.By comparing the paintings of Turner and Monet to pictures from the era，they were able to determine the artists were at least partly influenced by the change in emissions.
【语篇解读】 本文是一篇说明文。研究人员表示，通过研究特纳和莫奈的作品可以了解空气污染带来的长期环境变化。
1．How did the researchers conduct the study
A．By referring to relevant historical records.
B．By comparing the paintings of Turner and Monet.
C．By relating the paintings to the air conditions then.
D．By analyzing the data during the Industrial Revolution.
解析：C 细节理解题。根据第三段中的“However，researchers say examining the works of Turner and Monet can give a picture of long-term environmental change with the air pollution.”可知，研究人员表示，通过研究特纳和莫奈的作品，可以了解空气污染带来的长期环境变化。由此可知，研究者是通过将绘画与当时的空气条件联系起来做这个研究的。故选C。
2．What did the researchers find in the works of Turner and Monet
A．Air pollution at that time.
B．Change in subject matter.
C．Social trends of the period.
D．Development of photography.
解析：A 隐含推断题。根据第五段中的“Generally，artists can ...so Turner and Monet were...never seen before.”可知，艺术家可以准确地描绘他们所处的环境，所以特纳和莫奈被选中，因为他们以乡村风景画和城市风光画而闻名，他们活跃在工业革命时期，而当时空气污染以前所未有的速度加剧。由此再结合第一段内容可推知，研究人员在特纳和莫奈的作品中发现了当时的空气污染状况。故选A。
3．What can we learn from Paragraph 5
A．European artists preferred landscape paintings.
B．Scientists focused on studying weather patterns.
C．Turner and Monet intended to present pollution.
D．Britain suffered from air pollution most in Europe.
解析：D 隐含推断题。根据第五段前两句的内容可知，科学家们已经成功测量了画家对自然的描绘，重点关注了影响欧洲不同地区的画作中的色彩的当地天气模式的差异。在英国创作的画作中，天空的蓝色通常比欧洲其他地区的画作要淡一些。由此可推知，英国在欧洲遭受空气污染最严重。故选D。
4．What is the purpose of the text
A．To inform people of a new discovery.
B．To instruct people to appreciate paintings.
C．To introduce the Industrial Revolution.
D．To call on people to protect the environment.
解析：A 写作意图题。浏览全文可知，本文主要讲述了研究人员表示，通过研究特纳和莫奈的作品可以了解空气污染带来的长期环境变化。故作者撰写本文旨在告诉我们一个研究的新发现。故选A。
B
According to a study done by University of Michigan，shopping to reduce stress was 40 times more effective at giving people a sense of control and shoppers were three times less sad than those only looking at items.
More than half of the 1，000 consumers surveyed by Credit Karma，head researcher of the study，said they have shopped to deal with feelings of stress or depression.About 48 percent of men and 31 percent of women who have stress shopping said they had purchased alcohol when stressed.About 82 percent of women spend on clothing compared to 52 percent of men.Women also lead shopping for jewellery，42 percent，compared to 22 percent for men.
In some sense，stress shopping can actually help you live a healthier life by making sure that your blood pressure is lowered.The survey found 82 percent had only positive feelings about their purchases and that the positive mood was long-lasting.However，stress shopping，for many，could grow into a drive that uses up money，causes conflict，and therefore adds great stress to life.
Despite the in-time joy from purchases，stress shopping never proves a long-lasting cure to stress or depression.Actually it needs to be avoided anyhow.Whether you're purchasing presents or buying groceries，having the items you need written down will provide you with brightness while shopping.Reward yourself for sticking to your list and you'll be more likely to commit to it.
In addition always think about what you struggle with most financially.Do you spend too much money at the mall？Eating out？Vacations？Make a list of where your money is going and take necessary steps to resist your desire.For example，if you spend too much money on dining out on weekends，stuff your cupboard with food on Friday.So you'll be more likely to stay in and cook.And you need to give up the need to keep up with others.Everyone's financial situation is different and comparison may lead to debt and dissatisfaction with what you already have.
【语篇解读】 本文是一篇议论文。虽然压力购物可以让人降低血压，保持积极持久的情绪，但是压力购物可能会发展成一种消耗金钱、引起冲突的冲动，从而给生活增加巨大的压力。
5．Why does the author mention those numbers in Paragraph 2
A．To support an idea.
B．To attract readers.
C．To call for actions.
D．To introduce a topic.
解析：A 隐含推断题。通读第二段可知，研究员Credit Karma调查了1，000名消费者，其中超过一半的人表示，他们曾通过购物来缓解压力或抑郁。大约48%的男性和31%的女性说自己在压力下购物时会买酒。大约82%的女性会在服装上花钱，而男性的这一比例为52%。女性购买珠宝的比例为42%，男性为22%。据此可推知，这些数字是为了说明很多人通过购物来缓解压力，即为了支持第一段的观点。
6．Which of the following may help deal with stress shopping
A．Stimulating desires.
B．Recording spending.
C．Turning to medicines.
D．Comparing with others.
解析：B 细节理解题。根据第四段中的“Whether you're purchasing ...brightness while shopping.”可知，无论你是在买礼物还是买食品杂货，把你需要的东西写下来都会让你在购物时头脑清醒。据此可知，可以用记录支出的方法帮助缓解压力购物。
7．What is the author's attitude to stress shopping
A．Unclear. B．Doubtful.
C．Objective. D．Negative.
解析：D 观点、态度题。根据第三段中的“However，stress shopping...stress to life.”可知，对许多人来说，压力购物可能会发展成一种消耗金钱、引起冲突的冲动，从而给生活增加巨大的压力。根据第四段中的“Despite the in-time joy...stress or depression.”可知，尽管购物能带来及时的快乐，但压力购物从来没有被证明是一种长期治愈压力或抑郁的方法。据此可推知，作者对于压力购物的态度是否定的。
8．What is a suitable title for the text
A．Does Shopping Benefit Us
B．More Stressed，Women or Men
C．Should We Compare with Others
D．Can Stress Shopping Reduce Stress
解析：D 标题归纳题。通读全文，尤其是第一段和第四段中的“Despite the in-time...stress or depression.”可知，密歇根大学的一项研究表明，通过购物来减压能给人40倍的控制感，购物的人比只看东西(不买)的人少三倍的悲伤。尽管购物能带来及时的快乐，但压力购物从来没有被证明是一种长期治愈压力或抑郁的方法。据此可知，本文主要讨论压力购物是否能减轻压力。
训练4 推理判断题——隐含推断题
(限时：15分钟)
A
Andrew Bastawrous was 12 when he found out he could barely see.He was then socially awkward，failing at school and terrible at ball games.
Glasses turned his life around，yet even as a child he was aware of how lucky he was.Bastawrous grew up in the UK，but his family would visit poor parts of Egypt，where his parents were from.“Nobody there wore glasses，but I knew some people needed them，”he says.“It felt incredibly unfair.At 16，I decided I wasn't going to feel guilty about it any more.”He determined there and then to become an eye surgeon，and he did.
课时规范
训练4-6
In 2011，he and his wife moved with their one-year-old son to a small town 5 hours' drive from Nairobi.They had limited electricity and running water.For 18 months，every time Bastawrous and his team set up their“mobile”eye clinic in yet another new location，they had to drag heavy，fragile hospital equipment cross-country.There was another problem，as one local doctor described it，“We don't even have enough doctors and now you also want eye surgeons？That's probably a pipe dream.”
All this convinced Bastawrous that something fundamental was needed.So he started exploring ways to replace his clinic with a single，convenient device: a smartphone.He co-developed an app-based visual test that gathers as much information as the classic one，using similar principles.The critical difference is that almost anyone can carry it out after just a few minutes of training.Bastawrous co-founded a charitable company to develop and apply the technology more widely.His team also developed technologies that enabled a smartphone camera to take hospital-grade images of the back of the eye.
That's a pretty good start，but Bastawrous has set his sights sky-high.“I feel we're at a tipping point now where this enormous problem will become a historical thing.That's when I'll sleep easy，”he says.
【语篇解读】 本文是一篇记叙文。16岁那年，当Bastawrous目睹了埃及贫困地区的人们即使近视也没法佩戴眼镜的遭遇后，他就下定决心要做一名眼科医生。本文主要讲述了Bastawrous为此付出的努力及取得的成果。
1. What drove Bastawrous to become an eye surgeon
A．His personal misfortune.
B．His burning sense of injustice.
C．His ambition to turn his life around.
D．His guilt about leaving his home country.
解析：B 细节理解题。根据第二段中Bastawrous所说的话“It felt incredibly unfair.At 16，I decided I wasn't going to feel guilty about it any more.”可知，Bastawrous认为需要戴眼镜的人却无法戴眼镜，这是不公平的，这种不公正感使他做出了成为眼科医生的决定，故B项正确。
2．What can we infer about Bastawrous's first 18 months in Africa
A．It's hard and problematic.
B．It's challenging but fruitful.
C．It's adventurous and unrealistic.
D．It's fundamental but innovative.
解析：A 隐含推断题。根据第三段中的“For 18 months ...they had to drag heavy，fragile hospital equipment cross-country ...don't even have enough doctors”可以推断，起初18个月，Bastawrous和他的团队经历了一段艰难并且满是问题的时期，故A项正确。
3．Bastawrous's innovation can be described as________．
A．cheap and convenient treatments for patients
B．a virtual and complete change from a classic test
C．a smart and popularised application of technology
D．fast and effective training of medical professionals
解析：C 隐含推断题。根据第四段中的“So he started ...the technology more widely.”可以推断，Bastawrous的创新可看作对技术的一种智能化和普及化的应用，故C项正确。
4．What do Bastawrous's words in the last paragraph show
A. His modest attitude to his past achievements.
B．His optimistic views on the cure for blindness.
C．His strong belief in the effects of future technology.
D．His firm determination to carry on his challenging career.
解析：D 隐含推断题。根据最后一段中的“I feel we're at a tipping point now where this enormous problem will become a historical thing.That's when I'll sleep easy”可推知，Bastawrous对于自己从事的工作充满了信心，并会在这条道路上坚定地走下去，故D项正确。
B
City parks have long been a place for urban residents to get a small amount of green.As cities increasingly feel the impacts of rising seas and temperatures，people are rethinking the roles of urban parks.
All of the dark-gray asphalt(沥青)in cities collect heat.Dallas is one of the country's fastest-warming cities thanks in part to its extensive impervious (不透水的) surfaces，but with a new $312 million bond package，the city is hoping to change that.Using satellite data，the city is able to see what neighborhoods most need the cooling effect of green space.
Cities are increasingly flooding and city planners think parks can help with this issue too.A report published in February by The Nature Conservancy looked at the best ways to deal with flooding in Houston，a city with many neighborhoods built on floodplains and regularly flooded by rising waters.Offering affected homeowners buyouts and transforming homes into green space would save more money than installing infrastructure (基础设施) like pipes，they found.
Brendan Shane，a climate program director，says parks can create opportunities for people to exercise and play，in addition to cooling neighborhoods and absorbing floodwater.“The stronger the bonds are between neighbors，the better they are able to react to a shock，” he says.
“Not a single solution by itself will avoid the climate crisis.We see parks as an important part of it，but there is no silver bullet，”says Diane Regas，CEO of The Trust for Public Land.“Parks are an example of what we in the environmental community need to do to reach solutions that address climate change and make people's lives better at the same time.”
【语篇解读】 本文是一篇说明文。全球气候变暖影响着地球的生态环境。但研究发现，公园的绿地可以降低温度，利用公园还可以缓解洪水问题。
5．What does the city Dallas want to deal with
A．The lack of green space.
B．The way of collecting heat.
C．The effect of rising seas.
D．The bond between neighborhoods.
解析：A 细节理解题。根据第二段中的“Using satellite data ...of green space.”可知，Dallas想要解决的是该城市缺乏绿地的问题。
6．What can be inferred from the report by The Nature Conservancy
A．Cities in the world are frequently flooded.
B．City parks may help prevent city flooding.
C．Cities needn't invest much money in infrastructure.
D．City parks affect people's choice of a neighborhood.
解析：B 隐含推断题。根据第三段提及的大自然保护协会的报告内容可知，该报告探讨了休斯敦应对洪水的最佳方法。他们发现，与安装管道等基础设施相比，收购受影响的房屋并将其改成绿地会节省更多的钱。据此可以推知，城市公园有可能防止洪水。
7．What does Brendan Shane say about parks
A．They can enable people to get over a shock.
B．They can reduce air pollution effectively.
C．They can perform positive social functions.
D．They can help people to keep a cool head.
解析：C 细节理解题。根据第四段中的“Brendan Shane ...and absorbing floodwater.”可知，Brendan Shane认为公园可以为人们创造锻炼和玩耍的机会，还可以为社区降温和吸收洪水。据此可知，公园可以发挥积极的社会功能。
8．What does the underlined phrase “silver bullet”in Paragraph 5 mean
A．A fast and effective solution.
B．A successful example.
C．An immediate and clear cause.
D．An impractical method.
解析：A 词义猜测题。根据最后一段的第一句“Not a single ...the climate crisis.”可知，没有一个单独的解决方案能够避免气候危机。再结合该段第二句可知，公园是解决方案中的重要组成部分，但并没有什么快速有效的解决方案。
训练5 推理判断题——观点、态度题
(限时：15分钟)
A
Cristina，a teen who grew up in a poor neighborhood in Madrid，never imagined herself playing the violin.But today she is the first violinist in an inventive orchestra(管弦乐队)，bringing together two dozen other disadvantaged youths，using instruments made from recycled materials.“I am really happy，because the project has changed my life a lot，”said Cristina，her eyes gleaming.
Luis，18，credits the project with keeping him on a right track in a neighborhood like Vallecas，which has a high school dropout rate.“Instead of meeting up with friends，I preferred to listen to music，play it，and little by little it became a way of life，”he said.
The project，called“Music of Recycling”，is aimed at breathing new life into junk while also benefiting youths from disadvantaged backgrounds and it is run by Spanish environmental group Ecoembes and is inspired by Paraguay's Cateura Orchestra of Recycled Instruments，made up of musicians from a poor neighborhood who play instruments made from materials found in waste.
After Ecoembes invited the Cateura Orchestra of Recycled Instruments to perform in Madrid in 2014，the group decided to found its own similar ensemble(乐团) that same year，said Gil，director of Music of Recycling.The ensemble put on its first concert just four months later and“the kids could not play more than four notes，”said Gil.
Now after having performed in cities across Spain，“We already have four boys studying in scholarships at music schools，”he added.More than 100 children are taking music classes from members of the orchestra as part of the project.
The instruments are created by Soler，a third-generation instrument maker，from cans，wooden boxes and parts of abandoned instruments.He tried to make the instruments as close to their“normal”shape as possible so the children won't have difficulty playing regular equipment in the future.
【语篇解读】 本文是一篇记叙文。Music of Recycling是一个用回收的废品制作乐器的项目。通过这个项目，一群贫困而又喜欢音乐的年轻人得以在一个有创意的乐队里使用由废品制造的乐器，与音乐为伴，进而改变了自己的人生。
1．What does the author intend to do by referring to Cristina and Luis
A．Praise the teens for their efforts.
B．Introduce the launch of the project.
C．Show the effects of the project.
D．Present ways to mix music and recycling.
解析：C 推理判断题。根据第一段中的“I am really happy，because the project has changed my life a lot”“her eyes gleaming”以及第二段内容可知，这个项目对Cristina和Luis的人生产生了重要的影响。故选C。
2．Where does the project's inspiration come from
A．A group of musicians.
B．A children's orchestra.
C．Disadvantaged youths.
D．An environmental group.
解析：A 细节理解题。根据第三段中的“it is run by Spanish environmental group Ecoembes and is inspired by Paraguay's Cateura Orchestra of Recycled Instruments”可知，这个项目的灵感来自于一个乐团的音乐家们。故选A。
3．What can we learn about the project
A．It was started in 2014.
B．It was funded by the government.
C．It spread across the world.
D．It made a large amount of money.
解析：A 细节理解题。根据第四段中的“After Ecoembes invited ...in 2014，the group decided to found its own similar ensemble(乐团)that same year”可知，他们建立自己的乐队是在2014年。故选A。
4．What's Soler's attitude towards the project
A．Doubtful. B．Supportive.
C．Tolerant. D．Uncaring.
解析：B 观点、态度题。根据最后一段中的“He tried to make the instruments ...equipment in the future.”可知，Soler尽力为这一项目贡献自己的力量。由此可推知，他对这一项目是持支持态度的。故选B。
B
An individual from an unknown hominid(人科) species walked across a field of wet，volcanic ash in what is now East Africa around 3.66 million years ago，leaving behind a handful of footprints.
Those five ancient footprints，largely ignored since they were partly unearthed at Tanzania's Laetoli site in 1976，show features of upright walking by a hominid，a new study finds.Researchers had previously considered them hard to classify，because they possibly were produced by a young bear that took a few steps while standing.But the latest analysis refutes that suggestion.
McNutt，DeSilva，who started the new investigation as a Dartmouth College graduate student，and their colleagues fully dug out and cleaned the five Laetoli footprints in June 2019.Then they measured，photographed and 3-D scanned the ancient tracks.McNutt's group focused on two footprints that were particularly well-preserved.Foot shapes，sizes，and walking characteristics of the Laetoli individual differed in various ways from those of other hominid individuals at the same site.The prints also didn't match those from modern black bears and modern chimps(黑猩猩)walking upright.
The Laetoli individual possessed a wider，more chimplike foot than humans，these researchers say.Its big toe(脚趾)stuck out slightly from the second toe，but not to the degree observed in chimps.On one step，the Laetoli individual's left leg crossed in front of the right leg，leaving a left footprint directly in front of the previous track.People may cross-step in this way when trying to regain balance.And bears and chimps assume relatively wide standing due to knee and other bone arrangements that prevent them from walking like the Laetoli individual and probably from cross-stepping，the scientists say.
Given that only two of the ancient footprints are complete enough to analyze thoroughly，the possibility that a chimp other than a hominid made the Laetoli footprints can't be ruled out，says William Harcourt-Smith，a scientist at Lehman College.But evidence of cross-stepping is enough to prove that it was a hominid track maker，he says.
【语篇解读】 本文是一篇说明文。美国达特茅斯学院的研究团队在坦桑尼亚发现了五个古代脚印，这些脚印显示出原始双足人类的小型跨步。
5．What does the underlined word “refutes” in Paragraph 2 mean
A．Objects to. B．Supports.
C．Puts forward. D．Criticizes.
解析：A 词义猜测题。根据画线词前的“because they possibly were produced by a young bear that took a few steps while standing”和“But”可知，此处形成转折，画线词所在句应该是对这个观点的反驳，且下文的“The prints also didn't ...walking upright.”也印证了这一点，因此，画线词的意思应该与A项最为接近，故A项正确。
6．Why do researchers think the footprints were unlike those of bears or chimps
A．They are less chimplike.
B．They have toes sticking out.
C．They show relatively wide standing.
D．They possess features of cross-stepping.
解析：D 细节理解题。根据第四段中的“the Laetoli individual's left leg crossed in front of the right leg ...And bears and chimps ...prevent them from ...cross-stepping”可知，莱托利人具有小型跨步的特征，而熊和黑猩猩没办法像莱托利人那样行走，很可能也不能跨步，这就是研究人员认为这些足迹不像熊和黑猩猩足迹的原因，故D项正确。
7．What does William think of the new research finding
A．It's convincing. B．It's challenging.
C．It's confusing. D．It's conflicting.
解析：A 观点、态度题。根据最后一段中的“evidence of cross-stepping is enough to prove that it was a hominid track maker”可以推断，William认为新的研究发现还是很有说服力的，故A项正确。
8．What is the purpose of the text
A．To describe a major event.
B．To share a new discovery.
C．To introduce an unknown species.
D．To settle a huge disagreement.
解析：B 写作意图题。通读全文并根据本文的主旨句，即第二段中的“Those five ancient footprints ...show features of upright walking by a hominid，a new study finds.”可知，本文旨在向读者介绍最新的研究结果，故B项正确。
训练6 推理判断题——写作意图题
(限时：15分钟)
A
The rhino census (犀牛普查) is out，bearing good news for the greater one-horned rhinos！In September，2022，the International Rhino Foundation (IRF) recorded in a report that there is a baby boom in this population，representing an increase of 167 percent.
According to the report，there are a total of 4，014 greater one-horned rhinos living in India，Nepal，and Bhutan.Although this is positive news，their IUCN (International Union for Conservation of Nature) status still remains vulnerable.
In India alone，the home to 70 percent of the world's greater one-horned rhinos，there has been an increase of 274 rhinos since the last biannual census，according to the organization Rhino Review.
An important reason for this baby boom is the fact that Assam，India，has enlarged Kaziranga National Park，home to the world's largest one-horned rhino population.The park went from 430 square kilometers to 1，040 square kilometers.This gives more breeding areas for the rhinos，and they are closed to visitors during the breeding season.
India and Nepal are also protecting the rhinos by enforcing wildlife crime laws.To reduce rhino death by poaching (偷猎)，the IRF donates vehicles and equipment，plus education including guard training and crime investigation.
The IRF data for other rhino species is not as promising，although the greater one-horned rhino numbers are encouraging for future conservation.According to the report，there is a decline in Sumatran rhinos，while the Javan rhino population is stable and threatened by the loss of habitat.
The State of the Rhino report offers hope for these other species.Given that the greater one-horned rhinos were once close to extinction，with fewer than 100 living in the world，their recovery is incredible.This demonstrates that there are solutions when organizations and people work together.Let us hope that this successful rhino baby boom will affect other endangered wildlife species around the globe.
【语篇解读】 本文为一篇说明文。介绍关于独角犀牛数目增加了这一好消息。
1．What contributes to the baby boom of one-horned rhinos in Assam，India
A．Extending the protected areas for rhinos.
B．Raising funds to set up more reserves for rhinos.
C．Leaving the one-horned rhinos alone in the wild.
D．Keeping visitors away from the Kaziranga National Park.
解析：A 细节理解题。根据第四段中的“An important reason for this baby boom is the fact that Assam，India，has enlarged Kaziranga National Park ...rhino population.”可知，犀牛保护区的扩大促成了独角犀牛数目的增加，故选A。
2．How does the IRF help protect the one-horned rhinos
A．By cooperating with other organizations.
B．By enhancing anti-poaching efforts.
C．By transferring the rhinos to other habitats.
D．By guarding the rhinos with new equipment.
解析：B 细节理解题。根据第五段中的“To reduce rhino death by poaching (偷猎)，the IRF donates vehicles and equipment，plus education including guard training and crime investigation.”可知，IRF在加强反偷猎方面做出努力来帮助保护独角犀牛，故选B。
3．What can we learn from the rhino report
A．Rhinos are no longer a vulnerable species.
B．Rhinos will affect other wildlife species in the world.
C．Everyone can play a role in protecting nature.
D．It is possible to protect other endangered species.
解析：D 推理判断题。根据最后一段内容尤其是其中的“The State of the Rhino report offers hope for these other species.”“there are solutions...around the globe”可推知，保护全球其他濒危野生物种是可能的，故选D。
4．What is the purpose of this text
A．To inform good news on the greater one-horned rhinos.
B．To show the measures taken to protect the one-horned rhinos.
C．To introduce an endangered species—the greater one-horned rhinos.
D．To indicate the decline of other species of the rhino population.
解析：A 写作意图题。第一段中的“The rhino census (犀牛普查) is out，bearing good news for the greater one-horned rhinos！”点明了文章中心。紧接着作者介绍了独角犀牛数量增加的原因及独角犀牛数量增加给保护其他濒危物种带来的启示。由此可以推断，作者写这篇文章是为了让人们了解独角犀牛数量增加这个好消息，故选A。
B
An economist，Adam Smith，famously wrote that“It is not from the benevolence(仁慈)of the butcher，the brewer or the baker，that we expect our dinner，but from their regard to their own interest.”Like Smith，many economists today believe one's self-interest is what drives competition and growth in market economies.Yet，in an increasingly interconnected society，it is even more crucial to have cooperative skills.Thus we should encourage cooperation to better prepare children for the future.
Firstly，cooperation is an especially prized soft skill in the present age.As a study proves，soft skills such as good communication and empathy (同情) indicate outstanding employees as compared to technical skills or knowledge.In contrast，extremely competitive and individualistic behavior may damage social relations in the community of co-workers.Even the most competent employee may fail to pursue his goals effectively without others' help.
Moreover，encouraging cooperation can boost children's self-respect that better prepares them for the competitive world.Many modern societies are consumed by a crazy drive for success and the pressure to perform has infiltrated both classrooms and offices，causing higher rates of anxiety and depression among people.Teamwork can help an individual realize each has his or her own unique abilities and that another person's strengths don't discount his or her talents.Thus，cooperation can confirm children's self-worth by correcting the insight that the paper achievement is the only measure of success.
However，critics may claim adapting to competition should be given priority in education and parenting.To achieve one's ambitions，one has to actively fight for opportunities and distinguish oneself from others.Nevertheless，since passion can already stimulate children to fulfill their ambitions，the need to encourage competition may be at the end of the day.As much as external competition can drive people to pursue excellence，internal motivation is at least equally or even more essential，and cooperation plays an instrumental role in helping one uncover one's motivations.
【语篇解读】 本文是一篇议论文。在联系日益紧密的社会中，教育孩子们树立合作意识是非常重要的。
5．What can be inferred from Adam Smith's words
A．Our society is increasingly interconnected.
B．Our dinner is made out of the regard to markets.
C．Self-interest pushes the development of economies.
D．The butcher，the brewer or the baker is not sympathetic.
解析：C 推理判断题。根据第一段中的“Like Smith”可知，Adam Smith的话与当今许多经济学家的观点相似，即“one's self-interest is what drives competition and growth in market economies”。因此，从Adam Smith的话中可推断出自我利益推动经济的发展，故C项正确。
6．What does the underlined word“infiltrated”in Paragraph 3 probably mean
A．Brightened. B．Decorated.
C．Defended. D．Entered.
解析：D 词义猜测题。画线词前讲到了“modern societies”，而画线词后提到“both classrooms and offices”，并陈述了“the pressure to perform”的危害，即“causing higher rates of anxiety and depression among people”，因此，代入选项验证可知，与画线词意思最为接近的应该是“进入”，故D项正确。
7．Which of the following might the author agree with
A．The paper achievement is the only measure of success.
B．One's ambitions can be achieved through cooperation.
C．Competition is not necessary for people to pursue excellence.
D．Actively fighting for distinguishing oneself should be prioritized.
解析：B 推理判断题。根据第二段最后一句和第三段中的“Teamwork can help an individual realize each has his or her own unique abilities ...confirm children's self-worth”可推知，作者可能会同意合作可以帮助一个人实现目标，故选B。
8．What is the author's purpose of writing this passage
A．To introduce the advantages of cooperation.
B．To compare cooperation with competition.
C．To suggest enhancing competitive skills.
D．To advocate teaching children to cooperate.
解析：D 写作意图题。本文是一篇议论文。根据本文论点，即第一段中的“we should encourage cooperation to better prepare children for the future”可知，作者写这篇文章旨在支持教育儿童多合作，故D项正确。