高考英语二轮复习专题阅读提速过三关第一讲三个维度突破词汇关课件
文档属性
| 名称 | 高考英语二轮复习专题阅读提速过三关第一讲三个维度突破词汇关课件 |
|
|
| 格式 | ppt | ||
| 文件大小 | 472.0KB | ||
| 资源类型 | 试卷 | ||
| 版本资源 | 通用版 | ||
| 科目 | 英语 | ||
| 更新时间 | 2026-02-11 00:00:00 | ||
图片预览
文档简介
(共18张PPT)
第一讲 三个维度突破词汇关
阅读涉及词汇、句子、段落、语篇四个层次的理解问题，而其中最根本的是词汇，词汇是构成语言的基本元素。近三年高考中，一般来说，考生在阅读文章时，总会碰到一些自己不认识的词汇，其中包括高考文章允许出现的3%的超纲词汇、课标词汇的派生词、熟词生义和一词多义、课标低频词以及一些固定搭配。因此在备考及考试中，掌握一定的学习策略及应试技巧，能够有效地助力考生突破词汇关。
维度1 熟词探源引生义，语境之中定含义
高考语篇中生词的数量是有限制的，但是高考对课标词汇的义项考查是没有限制的。很多单词本身有很多释义，我们所熟知的通常是教材中给出的最常用的释义，而命题人在设计试题时，所给单词的含义不会局限于考生熟悉的含义。有时基于命题的需要或者有意考查考生对词汇的掌握能力，命题者会在试题中给出一些熟悉的单词，但其含义却是考生较为陌生的。有些单词的生义与熟义相近，考生根据单词的熟义和语境很容易就能推测出生义，但有些单词的生义与熟义大相径庭，需要考生结合语境仔细推敲来确定单词的含义。
[典例1] (2025·全国一卷)Describing her alarm at its proposed replacement with an expressway, Jane Jacobs called on her mayor (市长) to champion “New York as a decent place to live, and not just rush through.” Similar campaigns occurred in Australia in the late 1960s and 1970s as well.
[分析] 选段中包含对熟词生义的考查。champion一词熟义为“冠军；优胜者”，在此意为“捍卫；维护；支持”。
[对点突破] 本句意为：在描述她对用高速公路取代原有规划的震惊时，简·雅各布斯呼吁市长捍卫“纽约作为一个宜居城市，而不仅仅是一个匆匆经过的地方”。结合语境可知，champion在此为动词，表示“捍卫；维护；支持”之意。
[典例2] (2025·全国二卷)When Sonja Detrinidad opened her online shop selling houseplants, she didn't have high hopes for it.But the opposite happened: She was flooded, shipping out 1, 200 orders in June of 2020 alone.In the past year, Detrinidad sent out more than 70, 000 plants.
[分析] 选段中包含对熟词生义的考查。flood一词熟义为“洪水”，在此意为“淹没；充斥”。
[对点突破]本句意为：当索尼娅·德特里尼达德开设她的室内绿植网店时，并未抱太大期望。但结果恰恰相反：订单蜂拥而至，仅2020年6月就发运了1200单。过去一年间，她寄出的植物总量超过7万株。结合语境可知，这里flood为动词，表示“淹没；充斥”之意。
维度2 长难单词巧拆解，利用构词猜词义
在阅读过程中，考生可以根据构词法猜测出有些长难单词的含义。构词法主要有三种：派生、合成和转化。派生是指由一个词或词根加上前缀或后缀构成另一个词；合成则是由两个或更多的词合成一个新词；转化是由一种词性转化为另一种词性。掌握构词法有助于我们准确地猜测生词的意思，高效阅读。
[典例] (2025·全国一卷)This energy transition (变革) is global, and the amount of renewable energy the world will need is “a little bit mind-blowing，” says mechanical engineer Keith Wipke at the National Renewable Energy Laboratory.It's estimated that the global demand for electricity could more than double by 2050.Fortunately, analyses suggest that renewables are up to the task.“We need to speed up the development of green energy, and it will all get used，” says Wipke.
[分析] 利用构词法猜测词义：
1．派生法：renew(重新开始)＋-able(可……的；能……的)→renewable adj.可再生的；
2．转化法：demand v．需求→n.需求；
3．合成法：mind(思想，思维)＋blow(炸开)→mind-blowing令人难以置信的。
[对点突破] mind-blowing是一个英语口语常用词，字面意思是“让大脑爆炸的”，实际用来形容 “极其震撼、令人难以置信、颠覆认知” 的事物或体验。“a little bit mind-blowing”译为“有些令人难以置信”，既保留口语化特点(“有些”对应“a little bit”)，又准确传达“mind-blowing”的夸张语义。
维度3 全然陌生莫慌张，巧用逻辑判意义
高考阅读理解越来越注重能力的考查。高考阅读理解常含有一些生僻词，不能通过构词法来猜测，这些词就是考生做题的拦路虎，应借助上下文提供的线索猜测词义。
[典例1] (2022·全国乙卷·C) That includes huge savings in maintenance costs and better protection of railway personnel safety.It is calculated that European railways alone spend approximately 20 billion euros a year on maintenance，including sending maintenance staff，often at night，to inspect and repair the rail infrastructure.That can be dangerous work that could be avoided with drones assisting the crews' efforts.
[典例2] (2021·全国乙卷·A)People have been pouring into stadiums since the days of ancient Greece.In around 8 A．D.，the Romans built the Colosseum，which remains the world's best known stadium and continues to inform contemporary design.Rome's Colosseum was 157 feet tall and had 80 entrances，seating 50，000 people.However，that was small fry compared with the city's Circus Maximus，which accommodated around 250，000 people.
[分析] 1.maintenance 在本段中出现了三次，第一处“maintenance costs”和后面的“better protection”并列；第二处后文作定语的“including ...”进一步提醒我们 maintenance 具体包括什么，是对 maintenance 的解释说明。根据后文的“inspect and repair”可以推测出maintenance与“检查并修理”意思相近，结合语境可推测，maintenance表示“维护，保养”。
2．根据“However”提示的转折关系以及“seating 50，000 people”“compared with”“accommodated around 250，000 people”可推测，small fry表示 “(相比较之下)不重要的人(或事物)”。
[对点突破] 考生在考场上遇见完全陌生的词语时不要慌张，这类词中一部分是专有名词，不理解其含义往往对文意的理解影响不大；另一部分通常可以根据语法关系(如定语从句、同位语等)和逻辑关系(如递进、转折、因果等)推断出其含义，所以考生要学会先从整体上把握语篇含义，再在语境中体会词语的含义。
猜测加黑词汇含义
1．MacBike has been around for almost 30 years and is the biggest bicycle rental company in Amsterdam.__________
2．Then you let these new systems develop their own ways to self-repair.________
3．Somehow，these arguments and reasoning resulted in a global reduction in error.______________
微考场
——知微见著 增分提能一遍过
租赁；出租
自行修复
整体的，全面的
4．More recently，as books have become inexpensive or even throwaway，artists have used them as the raw material for artworks—transforming covers，pages or even complete volumes into paintings and sculptures.______ ________
5．As cities balloon with growth，access to nature for people living in urban areas is becoming harder to find.___________
便宜的
一次性的
膨胀，涨大
第一讲 三个维度突破词汇关
阅读涉及词汇、句子、段落、语篇四个层次的理解问题，而其中最根本的是词汇，词汇是构成语言的基本元素。近三年高考中，一般来说，考生在阅读文章时，总会碰到一些自己不认识的词汇，其中包括高考文章允许出现的3%的超纲词汇、课标词汇的派生词、熟词生义和一词多义、课标低频词以及一些固定搭配。因此在备考及考试中，掌握一定的学习策略及应试技巧，能够有效地助力考生突破词汇关。
维度1 熟词探源引生义，语境之中定含义
高考语篇中生词的数量是有限制的，但是高考对课标词汇的义项考查是没有限制的。很多单词本身有很多释义，我们所熟知的通常是教材中给出的最常用的释义，而命题人在设计试题时，所给单词的含义不会局限于考生熟悉的含义。有时基于命题的需要或者有意考查考生对词汇的掌握能力，命题者会在试题中给出一些熟悉的单词，但其含义却是考生较为陌生的。有些单词的生义与熟义相近，考生根据单词的熟义和语境很容易就能推测出生义，但有些单词的生义与熟义大相径庭，需要考生结合语境仔细推敲来确定单词的含义。
[典例1] (2025·全国一卷)Describing her alarm at its proposed replacement with an expressway, Jane Jacobs called on her mayor (市长) to champion “New York as a decent place to live, and not just rush through.” Similar campaigns occurred in Australia in the late 1960s and 1970s as well.
[分析] 选段中包含对熟词生义的考查。champion一词熟义为“冠军；优胜者”，在此意为“捍卫；维护；支持”。
[对点突破] 本句意为：在描述她对用高速公路取代原有规划的震惊时，简·雅各布斯呼吁市长捍卫“纽约作为一个宜居城市，而不仅仅是一个匆匆经过的地方”。结合语境可知，champion在此为动词，表示“捍卫；维护；支持”之意。
[典例2] (2025·全国二卷)When Sonja Detrinidad opened her online shop selling houseplants, she didn't have high hopes for it.But the opposite happened: She was flooded, shipping out 1, 200 orders in June of 2020 alone.In the past year, Detrinidad sent out more than 70, 000 plants.
[分析] 选段中包含对熟词生义的考查。flood一词熟义为“洪水”，在此意为“淹没；充斥”。
[对点突破]本句意为：当索尼娅·德特里尼达德开设她的室内绿植网店时，并未抱太大期望。但结果恰恰相反：订单蜂拥而至，仅2020年6月就发运了1200单。过去一年间，她寄出的植物总量超过7万株。结合语境可知，这里flood为动词，表示“淹没；充斥”之意。
维度2 长难单词巧拆解，利用构词猜词义
在阅读过程中，考生可以根据构词法猜测出有些长难单词的含义。构词法主要有三种：派生、合成和转化。派生是指由一个词或词根加上前缀或后缀构成另一个词；合成则是由两个或更多的词合成一个新词；转化是由一种词性转化为另一种词性。掌握构词法有助于我们准确地猜测生词的意思，高效阅读。
[典例] (2025·全国一卷)This energy transition (变革) is global, and the amount of renewable energy the world will need is “a little bit mind-blowing，” says mechanical engineer Keith Wipke at the National Renewable Energy Laboratory.It's estimated that the global demand for electricity could more than double by 2050.Fortunately, analyses suggest that renewables are up to the task.“We need to speed up the development of green energy, and it will all get used，” says Wipke.
[分析] 利用构词法猜测词义：
1．派生法：renew(重新开始)＋-able(可……的；能……的)→renewable adj.可再生的；
2．转化法：demand v．需求→n.需求；
3．合成法：mind(思想，思维)＋blow(炸开)→mind-blowing令人难以置信的。
[对点突破] mind-blowing是一个英语口语常用词，字面意思是“让大脑爆炸的”，实际用来形容 “极其震撼、令人难以置信、颠覆认知” 的事物或体验。“a little bit mind-blowing”译为“有些令人难以置信”，既保留口语化特点(“有些”对应“a little bit”)，又准确传达“mind-blowing”的夸张语义。
维度3 全然陌生莫慌张，巧用逻辑判意义
高考阅读理解越来越注重能力的考查。高考阅读理解常含有一些生僻词，不能通过构词法来猜测，这些词就是考生做题的拦路虎，应借助上下文提供的线索猜测词义。
[典例1] (2022·全国乙卷·C) That includes huge savings in maintenance costs and better protection of railway personnel safety.It is calculated that European railways alone spend approximately 20 billion euros a year on maintenance，including sending maintenance staff，often at night，to inspect and repair the rail infrastructure.That can be dangerous work that could be avoided with drones assisting the crews' efforts.
[典例2] (2021·全国乙卷·A)People have been pouring into stadiums since the days of ancient Greece.In around 8 A．D.，the Romans built the Colosseum，which remains the world's best known stadium and continues to inform contemporary design.Rome's Colosseum was 157 feet tall and had 80 entrances，seating 50，000 people.However，that was small fry compared with the city's Circus Maximus，which accommodated around 250，000 people.
[分析] 1.maintenance 在本段中出现了三次，第一处“maintenance costs”和后面的“better protection”并列；第二处后文作定语的“including ...”进一步提醒我们 maintenance 具体包括什么，是对 maintenance 的解释说明。根据后文的“inspect and repair”可以推测出maintenance与“检查并修理”意思相近，结合语境可推测，maintenance表示“维护，保养”。
2．根据“However”提示的转折关系以及“seating 50，000 people”“compared with”“accommodated around 250，000 people”可推测，small fry表示 “(相比较之下)不重要的人(或事物)”。
[对点突破] 考生在考场上遇见完全陌生的词语时不要慌张，这类词中一部分是专有名词，不理解其含义往往对文意的理解影响不大；另一部分通常可以根据语法关系(如定语从句、同位语等)和逻辑关系(如递进、转折、因果等)推断出其含义，所以考生要学会先从整体上把握语篇含义，再在语境中体会词语的含义。
猜测加黑词汇含义
1．MacBike has been around for almost 30 years and is the biggest bicycle rental company in Amsterdam.__________
2．Then you let these new systems develop their own ways to self-repair.________
3．Somehow，these arguments and reasoning resulted in a global reduction in error.______________
微考场
——知微见著 增分提能一遍过
租赁；出租
自行修复
整体的，全面的
4．More recently，as books have become inexpensive or even throwaway，artists have used them as the raw material for artworks—transforming covers，pages or even complete volumes into paintings and sculptures.______ ________
5．As cities balloon with growth，access to nature for people living in urban areas is becoming harder to find.___________
便宜的
一次性的
膨胀，涨大