高考英语二轮复习专题阅读七选五第一节利用外在线索解题课件

(共71张PPT)
第一节　利用外在线索解题
细研真题
·解锁疑难
考法1　段首设空题——思考是“段落主题句”还是“承上启下句”
若是针对段落小标题设空，其呈现形式应和其他小标题相同，选项短小精悍，多为名词词组、动词-ing形式短语或祈使句。若段落首句设空，段首句要么与段落标题相关联，要么是段落主题句；选项要有概括性，要么承接上段，要么是对下文的概括。
技巧1　根据一致，确定段落主题句
[典例]　(2024·全国甲卷)
...
__40__ A healthy breakfast can start your metabolism (新陈代谢)，while eating small，healthy meals keeps your energy up all day. Avoid eating late at night. Try to eat dinner earlier and fast for 14－16 hours until breakfast the next morning. Studies suggest that eating only when you're most active and giving your digestive system a long break each day may help to regulate weight.
A．Eat properly throughout the day.
B．We don't always eat just to satisfy hunger.
C．Don't swallow a meal on the way to work.
D．Most of us need to double the amount we eat.
E．Instead，surround yourself with healthy choices.
F．For many of us，moderation means eating less than we do now.
G．That won't lead to cheating or giving up on your new eating plan.
[分析]　根据文章结构可知，空处是本段小标题。通读本段内容可知，本段给出的是全天的饮食建议。
[答案]　____
A
[总结]
[课堂点评]
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技巧2　瞻前顾后，确定段落过渡句
[典例]　(新高考Ⅰ卷)Parisians are different from you and me.They never look lazy or untidy.As someone noted in this paper a couple of weeks ago，they eat great food and never gain weight.38.The food is so delicious that you don't need much of it to make you happy. French strawberries do not taste like cardboard.Instead，they explode in your mouth like little flavor bombs.
__39__ On our first morning in Paris，I went around the corner to the food market to pick up some groceries.I bought a handful of perfectly ripe small strawberries and a little sweet melon.My husband and I agreed they were the best fruit we had ever eaten.But they cost $18!
A．Not all the customers are tourists.
B．The quality of life in France is equally excellent.
C．There was a nice kitchen and a comfortable bed.
D．The amazing food is mainly consumed by local farmers.
E．That's not the only reason the French eat less than we do.
F．Our aim was to see if we could live，in some way，like real Parisians.
G．The food is so delicious that you don't need much of it to make you happy.
[分析]　根据设空处所在的位置可知，该空很可能是承上启下的过渡句。根据上文内容可知，设空处的上一段介绍了法国人吃得少的一个原因是他们的食物美味，本段继续说法国人吃得少的另一个原因，即水果价格昂贵。因此设空处应起到承上启下的作用。分析选项可知，E项符合该处语境，且E项中的That指代上文论述过的原因。
[答案]　____
E
[总结]
[课堂点评]
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技巧3　把握形似，确定段落标题句
[典例]　(2025·全国二卷)
...
·You'll feel like you have more time.
...
·__39__
Volunteering during teenage years has been linked to some major positive effects such as improved grades and increased self-confidence.These effects aren't just short-term but have been proved to affect a teen's well-being in the years to come.
·You'll have more time with family.
...
A．Helping the community lowers rates of depression.
B．Volunteering as a family may be just the thing you need.
C．Volunteering has a lifelong effect on kids and teenagers.
D．Volunteering can be the first step in breaking down prejudice.
E．For adults, volunteering can provide significant physical health benefits.
F．You may even learn that your kid has a talent you didn't know about before.
G．Volunteering makes you feel capable and inspires you to make the most of each day.
[分析]　根据设空处所在的位置可知，本题考查段落标题句。本段第一句陈述在青少年时期参与志愿服务的积极影响，第二句阐述这些影响不是短期的，将持续影响青少年未来的身心健康。由此可知，C项(参与志愿服务对儿童和青少年有终身影响)概括了段落主旨，适合作为该段小标题，符合语境。
[答案]　____
C
[总结]
考法2　段中设空题——明辨“七种逻辑关系”
当设空在段中时，通常考查与前后句子之间的逻辑关系和上下文的衔接。一篇文章往往是一个有机的整体，各部分之间存在着一定的联系。从逻辑意义上来看，句子与句子之间常常有并列、例证、递进、转折、总分、解释、因果等关系，有时甚至包含多种关系。因此，理解阅读材料时一定要把握文章脉络，弄清其中的逻辑关系。如果文中或选项中出现了逻辑关系词，学生就可以利用逻辑关系词来进行推断；如果文中或选项中未出现逻辑关系词，这就需要学生全面理解文章大意，根据上下文语境弄清文章内在的逻辑关系，做出正确的判断。
技巧1　根据总分关系确定答案
[典例]　 (2023·全国乙卷)
Why are indoor plants good for you
Will Spoelstra，who works at the Royal Botanic Gardens，says，“__38__．I find during the winter months，plants around the house can really lift your mood.” Several studies have backed this up and found that indoor plants can improve creativity，focus and memory.There is also research showing that pot plants can clean the air around them by removing harmful gases，such as carbon dioxide.They also remove some harmful chemicals from paints or cooking.39.Plants like peace lilies and devil's ivy are among the best．
A．All plants are different
B．Not only do they look beautiful
C．There are many benefits to growing plants indoors
D．Instead，they grow better inside，where it is warmer
E．Plants like peace lilies and devil's ivy are among the best
F．Changing the pot of your plant from time to time will also help
G．Learning about the requirements of each plant can be very rewarding
[分析]　根据本段小标题可知，本段主要介绍室内植物对人有好处的原因。空后的“lift your mood”“improve creativity，focus and memory”都是室内植物对人们的好处，由此可推知，设空处内容也应与室内植物的好处相关。C项中的“benefits to growing plants indoors”提到了室内植物的好处，且与空后内容构成总分关系。
[答案]　____
C
[总结]
技巧2　根据解释关系确定答案
[典例]　(2023·浙江卷1月)
Arrive early.Most trains operate just once a day and some run only three times a week，so missing yours can be a disaster.__39__ Note: The times listed on the schedules are departure times，not arrival times.
A．Train trips aren't for impatient types.
B．You'll have views from both sides of the train.
C．The temperature on rail cars is often hard to control.
D．That's particularly true during busy summer months.
E．You might have to wait longer than 24 hours to catch the next one.
F．Chances are the cost will be a lot less than the cost of one bedroom.
G．He may also book you in a sleeping car that's right next to the diner.
[分析]　上文提到很多火车一天只开一趟或者一周开三趟，错过自己的列车可能是个大灾难，E项(你可能要等上超过 24 小时才能赶上下一班)解释错过火车导致的后果，设空处与上文构成解释关系。
[答案]　____
E
[总结]
技巧3　根据例证关系确定答案
[典例]　(2023·全国甲卷)
Make yourself wait
Instant gratification (满足) may seem like the most “feel good”option at the time，but psychology research suggests waiting for things actually makes us happier in the long run.And the only way for us to get into the habit of waiting is to practice.__38__．Put off watching your favorite show until the weekend or wait 10 extra minutes before going for that cake.You'll soon find that the more patience you practice，the more you start to apply it to other，more annoying situations.
A．Find your causes
B．Start with small tasks
C．Accept the uncomfortable
D．All this adds up to a state of hurry
E．It can also help us practice more patience
F．This is merely uncomfortable，not intolerable
G．They're all situations where we could use a little extra patience
[分析]　前一句指出养成等待这一习惯的唯一方法就是去训练，后一句用具体的例子(推迟看最喜欢的节目，吃蛋糕前多等十分钟)说明应如何训练。由此可知，设空处应该阐述如何训练，并与下文所举的例子相呼应。B 选项就是训练指导，且 small tasks 与后文举的例子相呼应。
[答案]　____
B
[总结]
技巧4　根据转折关系确定答案
表示转折关系的连接词有but，however/whereas，nevertheless (然而，不过), though，yet，in spite of，at any rate (无论如何)，in any case (无论如何，不管怎样)，on the contrary，by contrast (相反，相比之下)，by comparison (相比之下)，otherwise，not ...but，as well等。
[典例]　(2024·新课标Ⅰ卷)
In addition，I have an old two-volume copy of the Shorter Oxford Dictionary，picked up a few years ago in a bookshop sale for just 99 pence. Of course，with its 2，672 pages，it's not exactly short. It contains around 163，000 words，plus word combinations and idiomatic phrases. __39__ However，if I need to check the origin of a word or to look up examples of its usage，there's nothing better.
A．I don't often use this dictionary.
B．It takes no account of the context.
C．But I still don't want to replace them.
D．But a dictionary can be a pleasure to read.
E．Of course，a dictionary is not only for spelling.
F．That means good grammar and no spelling mistakes.
G．Dictionaries don't always give you enough information.
[分析]　下文“However，if I need to check the origin of a word or to look up examples of its usage，there's nothing better.(然而，如果我需要检查一个单词的来源或查找其用法的例子，没有什么比这更好的了。)”提到了字典的使用情况，A选项“I don't often use this dictionary.”是对字典使用频率的说明，与下文构成转折关系。
[答案]　____
A
[总结]
技巧5　根据因果关系确定答案
表示因果关系的连接词有as a result/consequently，thus/therefore，so，so (such) ...that ...等。
[典例] 　(新高考Ⅰ卷)My husband and I just spent a week in Paris.__36__So the first thing we did was rent a fantastically expensive sixth-floor apartment the size of a cupboard.It was so tiny that we had to leave our suitcases in the hallway.
A．Not all the customers are tourists.
B．The quality of life in France is equally excellent.
C．There was a nice kitchen and a comfortable bed.
D．The amazing food is mainly consumed by local farmers.
E．That's not the only reason the French eat less than we do.
F．Our aim was to see if we could live，in some way，like real Parisians.
G．The food is so delicious that you don't need much of it to make you happy.
[分析]　根据空后的So可知，设空处与空后一句之间构成因果关系。故F项(我们的目的是想看看我们能否，在某种程度上，像真正的巴黎人一样生活)是作者和她丈夫在巴黎租住公寓的原因。
[答案]　____
F
[总结]
技巧6　根据递进关系确定答案
表示递进关系的连接词有also，further，furthermore，similarly，moreover，in addition，what's more，too，either，neither，not only ...but also ...，the more ...the more ...等。
[典例]　 (2023·全国乙卷)
Indoor plants might look as if they just sit around not doing much，but in many ways they are the unsung heroes of the home.__36__，but studies have shown that they can promote people's wellbeing by improving their mood(心情)，reducing stress and helping their memory.What's more，indoor plants are easy to look after and are not very expensive.
A．All plants are different
B．Not only do they look beautiful
C．There are many benefits to growing plants indoors
D．Instead，they grow better inside，where it is warmer
E．Plants like peace lilies and devil's ivy are among the best
F．Changing the pot of your plant from time to time will also help
G．Learning about the requirements of each plant can be very rewarding
[分析]　根据空后的but并分析选项可知，此处为固定句式“Not only ....but(also) ....”，且下文 they can promote people's wellbeing 中的代词they指代的是上文提到的Indoor plants，所以空处所填也应介绍室内植物的优点。
[答案]　____
B
[总结]
技巧7　根据并列关系确定答案
[典例]　(2022·新高考Ⅰ卷)
So，how do you find a workout partner
First of all，decide what you want from that person.__37__ Or do you just want to be physically fit，able to move with strength and flexibility？Think about the exercises you would like to do with your workout partner.
A．Your first meeting may be a little awkward.
B．A workout partner usually needs to live close by.
C．You'll work harder if you train with someone else.
D．Do you want to be a better athlete in your favorite sport
E．How can you write a good “seeking training partner” notice
F．Just accept your differences and learn to work with each other.
G．Any notice for a training partner should include such information.
[分析]　选段第一段提到关于如何找到一个健身伙伴，第二段提到首先要决定你想要从那个人那里得到什么。根据空后一句“Or do you just want to be physically fit ...？”可知，设空处与空后一句之间是并列关系，设空处也应是一般疑问句，是对本段首句的进一步解释。
[答案]　____
D
[总结]
考法3　段尾设空题——思考是“总结概括句”还是“过渡衔接句”
技巧1　利用段落过渡句确定答案
当设空在非尾段末尾时，就有可能是考查承上启下的过渡句。假如所缺的是段落间的过渡句，首先可以关注表示逻辑关系的衔接词，再结合词汇复现等原则进行答案的选择。
[典例]　(2022·浙江卷1月)I have the same 24 hours in a day as you do，but I have made specific choices that allow me to make the most of every day，and still feel happy and relaxed.__31__
·Pick the most important.
32．Make choices about what is meaningful in your life. Focus on spending time that for you is fun and productive.I chose the life of an adviser because I like to work with companies，but don't want the life of a big company CEO.My choices are based on the lifestyle I want.
A．Speed up.
B．Be an active learner.
C．Stop trying to balance time between them all.
D．Make choices about what is meaningful in your life.
E．The things you do well usually give you greater joy.
F．Perhaps these tips will help you make the most of your time.
G．This is why making lists is important in any productivity handbook.
[分析]　空前一句提到作者能够充分利用时间，并感到快乐和轻松；下文各段是作者就如何高效利用时间给出的几条建议。由此可知，设空处应是段末过渡句。故F项(也许这些建议将帮助你充分利用时间)承上启下，符合语境。
[答案]　____
F
[总结]
技巧2　利用补充信息句确定答案
段末设空还有可能是对上文内容进行补充说明，这时要选择补充性的语句。
[典例]　 (2023·全国乙卷)
What are indoor plants
Indoor plants，also known as houseplants or pot plants，are plants that like to grow indoors.Many of these species(物种) are not ideally suited to growing outside in the UK，especially in the winter.__37__．
A．All plants are different
B．Not only do they look beautiful
C．There are many benefits to growing plants indoors
D．Instead，they grow better inside，where it is warmer
E．Plants like peace lilies and devil's ivy are among the best
F．Changing the pot of your plant from time to time will also help
G．Learning about the requirements of each plant can be very rewarding
[分析]　根据本段小标题可知，本段主要介绍的是室内植物的概念以及属性。设空前提到室内植物不适合生长在寒冷的地方。设空处的内容应该对上文内容进行补充说明。分析各选项可知，D项中的“Instead”符合行文逻辑，其后的“grow better inside”和上文中的“are not ideally suited to growing outside”相呼应，形成对比。
[答案]　____
D
[总结]
技巧3　利用主题句或总结句确定答案
当设空在段尾时，通常是结论性、概括性语句，是对上文的概括总结。如果缺的是结论性、概括性的语句，学生应快速浏览选项，注意选项中是否出现表示结果、结论、总结等的信号词(如so, therefore，in a word)，快速缩小选择范围，再根据段落主题一致性原则，从而确定正确选项。
[典例]　 (2022·新高考Ⅰ卷)My partner posted her request on the notice board of a local park.Her notice included what kind of training she wanted to do，how many days a week and how many hours she wanted to spend on each session，and her age.It also listed her favorite sports and activities，and provided her phone number.__39__
A．Your first meeting may be a little awkward.
B．A workout partner usually needs to live close by.
C．You'll work harder if you train with someone else.
D．Do you want to be a better athlete in your favorite sport
E．How can you write a good “seeking training partner” notice
F．Just accept your differences and learn to work with each other.
G．Any notice for a training partner should include such information.
[分析]　空处位于段尾，一般具有总结和归纳的作用。上文以“我”的伙伴的做法为例，说明如何寻找锻炼伙伴，伙伴的启事中包括她想要做什么样的锻炼、一周(锻炼)多少天、每次花几个小时、她的年龄、她最喜欢的运动和活动、她的电话号码，这些信息都是为了寻找锻炼伙伴提供的。G项是对这类启事所包含信息的归纳和概括，并起到强调作用。
[答案]　____
G
[总结]
A
Back pain can make it difficult for many people to function in everyday life.__1__ If you suffer from back pain，read on for four everyday fixes.
Our bodies need adequate movement throughout the day to avoid the stiffness (僵硬) that contributes to aches and pains.If the weather is good，don't hunt for the nearest parking spot；don't take the elevator when you have the option of one or two flights of stairs.When you need to sit for long periods，set a timer to get up every hour and be active for just a few minutes.__2__
巧刷模拟
·巩固提高
When we overuse our dominant side，we create muscle patterns of weakness and tension that increase pain，especially in our backs.Consider the actions you take repeatedly throughout the day that shift your weight to one side.__3__ And use your opposite hand every so often for basic activities，such as opening doors.
Psychological stress is a noted risk factor for back pain，according to research.Most mental stress is caused by focusing on the past or future.__4__A few minutes a day of mindfulness can go a long way toward minimizing the impact of stress.Additionally，mindfulness practices like tai chi have all shown effectiveness in reducing back pain.
__5__That is，you can create a game plan of daily activities to practice for back health.If your back hurts at the end of the day，don't just decide it is a “bad” day.Ask yourself if you have practiced the activities to help you avoid the stress and tension.Taking an active，daily-life approach to maintaining a healthy body is the key to keeping back pain at bay.
A．Switch sides when you carry things.
B．It affects how you move，feel and think.
C．You should learn more about the cause of your pain.
D．Approach the health of your back as a responsibility.
E．So actively being mindful of the present reduces stress.
F．You'd better take a quick break to check in with your breathing.
G．More minutes of movement add up to big health benefits over time.
【语篇解读】　本文是一篇说明文。文章介绍了背部疼痛的应对策略。
1．解析：B　空前“Back pain can make it difficult for many people to function in everyday life.”提到了背部疼痛会使许多人在日常生活中难以正常工作。B项中It指代上文中的“Back pain”，进一步解释背痛的影响，符合语境。故选B。
2．解析：G　空前讲要每小时站起来一下，活跃几分钟就行，故空处可能会与“积少成多”有关，G项“运动时间的增加对健康有很大的好处”符合语境。故选G。
3．解析：A　上文“Consider the actions you take repeatedly throughout the day that shift your weight to one side.”提到考虑一下你每天重复做的那些让你的体重向一边转移的动作。下文“And use your opposite hand every so often for basic activities，such as opening doors.”提到经常用另一只手做一些基本的活动，比如开门。A项中的“Switch”是关键词，与上文的“shift ...to ...”和下文的“opposite hand”相呼应，故选A项“拿东西的时候换一边”。
4．解析：E　上文“Most mental stress is caused by focusing on the past or future.”提到引起精神压力的因素是聚焦于过去或将来，所以E项“所以，积极地关注当下可以减少压力”能承接上文内容，符合语境。E选项中的“the present”是关键词，与上文的“the past or future” 呼应。
5．解析：D　此处考查本段的主旨句。空后讲述了采取积极的日常生活方式来保持健康的身体是防止背痛的关键。D项中“responsibility”是关键词，与下文呼应，故选D项“把处理背部健康视为一种责任”。
B
Wildlife workers in Florida are feeding manatees to keep them from starving.__6__ So far, the rescue workers have already given out 25 tons of lettuce.
Manatees are huge sea mammals that can be as long as 4 meters when grown.__7__ In spite of their size, manatees only eat plants that live in the sea.That's one reason they're sometimes called “sea cows”．They spend most of their time in warm shallow water looking for food.
But Florida's manatees have been on the US government's list of endangered animals since 1967.Most threats to manatees come from humans.One of the biggest problems facing the creatures are boats.__8__ Manatees are curious and fairly slow, which has led to thousands of manatees being injured or killed.
__9__At one point, there were only about 2，000 manatees left in Florida.But by 2016, there were roughly 8，800 manatees.
But now manatees are facing a new challenge: they can't get enough to eat.Many of the beds of sea grass that manatees depend upon have been killed by human-caused pollution.Sea grass began to disappear around 2011.Warming seas, combined with polluted water and fertilizers that have washed off of farmlands, have created huge growths of algae on the ocean's surface.
Last year, 1，101 manatees died from starving.__10__ Many of the manatees that remain are so thin that their ribs can be seen.Often they have trouble swimming.
So last December, wildlife experts came up with a plan to get emergency food to the manatees.They decided to feed them green vegetables like lettuce and cabbage.Long term, Florida is working to help restore sea grass beds.But that will take time.
A．That was a record.
B．They can weigh up to 590 kilograms.
C．The feeding station has been very successful.
D．With protection，manatees managed to bounce back.
E．It blocks the sunlight that allows the sea grass to grow.
F．But feeding these massive sea creatures takes a lot of food.
G．Research needs to be done to determine what food would be best.
【语篇解读】　本文是一篇说明文。文章主要介绍了海牛这种海洋动物，介绍了它们的特点以及习性等情况。
6．解析：F　根据“So far, the rescue workers have already given out 25 tons of lettuce.”可知，后文提到了投喂海牛的庞大食物数量，可见这些海洋生物需要的食物量很大。故F选项承接下文。
7．解析：B　根据本段上下文可知，本段主要是在说明海牛的身体特点，上文提到了身长，因此推测本句是在说明体重。故B选项符合语境。
8．解析：E　根据上文“But Florida‘s manatees have been on the US government’s list of endangered animals since 1967.Most threats to manatees come from humans.One of the biggest problems facing the creatures are boats.”可知，本句应具体说明人类船只是如何影响海牛的生存的：阻挡了让海草生长的阳光。故E选项符合语境。
9．解析：D　根据后文“At one point, there were only about 2，000 manatees left in Florida.But by 2016, there were roughly 8，800 manatees.”可知，后文提到了海牛数量有所增加，说明保护措施起效了。故D选项符合语境。
10．解析：A　根据上文“Last year, 1，101 manatees died from starving.”可知，上文具体说明了死于饥饿的海牛数量，可知本句对此进行评价：这是一个记录。故A选项符合语境。