专题一 阅读理解-2026年高考英语总复习课件

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专题一 阅读理解
近三年新课标全国卷全方位分析表
试卷 类别 试卷 年份 篇目 文体 类型 主　题 考　点 主题语境 主题内容 细节理解题 推理判断题 主旨大意题 词义猜测题
新课标Ⅰ卷 2025 A 应用文 人与自然 交通碳排放与新能源 3
B 记叙文 人与社会 通过师生互动探讨教育本质 1 2 1
C 议论文 人与社会 城市规划的可持续性 1 2 1
D 说明文 人与自然 微塑料污染及应对方法 1 3
试卷 类别 试卷 年份 篇目 文体 类型 主　题 考　点 主题语境 主题内容 细节理解题 推理判断题 主旨大意题 词义猜测题
新课标Ⅰ卷 2024 A 应用文 人与社会 生物栖息地修复志愿者招聘 3
B 记叙文 人与社会 运用整体医学治疗动物 2 1 1
C 说明文 人与自我 纸质阅读与数字阅读的差异 2 1 1
D 说明文 人与自然 生物样本数据可用性的研究 2 2
试卷 类别 试卷 年份 篇目 文体 类型 主　题 考　点 主题语境 主题内容 细节理解题 推理判断题 主旨大意题 词义猜测题
新课标Ⅰ卷 2023 A 应用文 人与社会 自行车租赁服务 3
B 记叙文 人与自然 用生态箱净化污水 2 2
C 说明文 人与自我 数字时代的极简主义生活方式 3 1
D 说明文 人与社会 “群体智慧”效应 1 2 1
试卷 类别 试卷 年份 篇目 文体类型 主　题 考　点 主题语境 主题内容 细节理解题 推理判断题 主旨大意题 词义猜测题
新课标Ⅱ卷 2025 A 应用文 人与自然 英国值得一游的四个小镇 3
B 记叙文 人与社会 医院教师的特殊教育经历 2 1 1
C 说明文 人与自然 室内植物与身心健康的科学关联 2 1 1
D 说明文 人与自然 食物边角料的可持续转化实践 1 2 1
试卷 类别 试卷 年份 篇目 文体类型 主　题 考　点 主题语境 主题内容 细节理解题 推理判断题 主旨大意题 词义猜测题
新课标Ⅱ卷 2024 A 应用文 人与自然 秋季徒步活动介绍 3
B 说明文 人与社会 阅读小亭自助服务项目 3 1
C 说明文 人与自然 室内菜园系统的优势 2 1 1
D 说明文 人与社会 关于应对AI挑战的一本图书介绍 2 1 1
试卷 类别 试卷 年份 篇目 文体类型 主　题 考　点 主题语境 主题内容 细节理解题 推理判断题 主旨大意题 词义猜测题
新课标Ⅱ卷 2023 A 应用文 人与自然 黄石国家公园护林员项目介绍 3
B 记叙文 人与自我 学校菜园项目 2 1 1
C 说明文 人与社会 书籍介绍 1 2 1
D 说明文 人与自然 接触大自然对健康的益处 2 2
综览上表可以看出,近三年高考英语阅读理解在题材上紧跟时代步伐,始终围绕着“人与自然、人与社会、人与自我”的主题,话题新颖且与时俱进,既拓宽学生国际视野,又培养学生中国情怀;题型稳定但对思维能力要求高(如:2025年全国卷新课标Ⅰ卷,推理判断题共7道,部分判断题需要考生全面把握文章内容,理清逻辑关系才能作答);语言难度持续攀升,对词汇量与长难句分析能力要求更高。因此,考生备考时应广泛涉猎各类题材文章,强化词汇积累(尤其是派生词、熟词僻义),提升长难句分析能力,有针对性地训练细节理解、推理判断等题型,以应对不断变化的考情。
英语阅读理解第二轮复习的核心目标是 “从‘会做’到‘做对’,从‘做对’到‘稳定得分’”。相较于第一轮的全面覆盖,第二轮需聚焦薄弱环节,通过精细化复盘和针对性训练,固化解题逻辑,提升对陷阱选项的敏感度。以下是具体策略:
题型一
细节理解题
细节理解题是高考英语阅读理解中最基础、最常见的一类题型。它主要考查考生在文章中直接定位并准确理解特定信息的能力,通常占阅读理解题量的50%以上。这类题型核心考查考生 “从文本中精准定位、提取、比对具体信息” 的能力,要求答案严格对应原文细节,不依赖主观推测或过度引申。细节理解题常见的提问方式有:
According to the passage/article... (根据文章……)
Which of the following is (NOT) true (下列哪项是正确/错误的 )
What/When/Where/Who/Why/How... (针对具体细节提问)
The author says... (作者说……)
The reason for... is that... (……的原因是……)
...is because of... (……是因为……)
2025·新课标II卷阅读A篇(节选)
Hereford, Herefordshire
Hereford has remained a lively market town since 1189. Skirting the town square, you’ll find lovely shops, eateries, and the Black and White House Museum. The Hereford Cathedral is the most impressive building in town. It’s also home to an ancient library. One of the four original copies of the Magna Carta is displayed there.
21.Where can you find an original copy of the Magna Carta
A.In the Ludlow Castle.
B.In the Foodie Center of England.
C.In the Hereford Cathedral.
D.In the Black and White House Museum.
【语篇概述】
这篇阅读理解主要介绍了四个值得一游的英国小镇,其中一个是赫里福德镇(Hereford),一个有着悠久历史的集市城镇。
【技法运用】
1.题干定位关键词:where;original copy of the Magna Carta
2.读原文找对应点:The Hereford Cathedral;It’s also home to an ancient library;original copies of the Magna Carta is displayed there
3.对比选项定答案:此题为直接信息题,答案一目了然,可知Hereford Cathedral 是保存《大宪章》原始副本的地点之一。故选C。
　　 张冠李戴:将A做的事、说的话放到B身上。
偷换概念:选项与原文内容部分相似,但核心名词、动词或程度词被偷偷修改。
正反颠倒:选项的意思与原文完全相反。
无中生有:选项内容在原文中完全未提及,但看起来很有道理。
绝对化用词:选项中出现all、 never、 always、 must、 every等绝对化词汇,而原文是相对性表述(如often、 sometimes、 likely),要特别警惕。
A
(2025·北京高考节选)
Join us for TransForm, the interactive summer camp that helps you teens find your passion by participating in various activities and connecting with others.
Experience TransForm
TransForm allows you to get to focus on your chosen track through subject matter talks, hands-on workshops, and off-site experiences. However, if you are unsure what track you want, you still get to explore any workshop you want as part of our Explore Workshops. Besides, your parents will also be able to participate in workshops selected just for them to learn about cutting-edge science.
Schedule of Programming
17 July
Time　　　　　　 Activities
14:00—15:00　　　Lead to Change Kick-off
15:00—16:30　　　Programme Showcase
16:30—18:00　　　Track Workshops
18 July
Time　　　　　　Activities
9:30—11:00　　　Career Fireside Chats
13:00—14:15　　 Youth Panel
14:15—16:20　　 Track Keynotes
19 July
Time　　　　　　　　Activities
8:00—12:00　　　 Off-site Experiences
13:00—15:00　　　 Gallery Viewing
15:15—16:45　　　 Adult Workshops
20 July
Time　　　　　　　　 Activities
9:00—11:15　　　　 Explore Workshops
13:30—16:00　　　　 Keynote Speech
16:15—17:00　　　　 Celebration
　　Programming Tracks
·Agricultural Science: Introducing you to areas such as biology, urban farming, and environmental science so that you can explore the field of agriculture
·Community Booster: Guiding you to develop innovative solutions for real-world challenges and create transformative progress to benefit all communities
·Healthy Living: Empowering you to make healthy decisions in such areas as nutrition and emotional well-being, and lead healthy lifestyles
·Science Lab: Leading you to explore the skills you need to succeed in life in key areas like computer science, robotics, and physics
【语篇概述】本文是一篇应用文,介绍了青少年互动夏令营TransForm的相关信息,包括活动体验、日程安排以及课程方向等内容。
1. TransForm allows the teens to　　　.(　　)
A. select workshops for their parents
B. prepare track topics for the camp
C. design programme activities
D. attend hands-on sessions
细节理解题(直接信息题)。根据 “Experience TransForm” 部分,TransForm 通过 “主题演讲、实践工作坊和实地体验” 让参与者专注所选方向。由此可知,其允许青少年参加实践课程,故选D。
D　
细节理解题(直接信息题)。根据“Schedule of Programming”中的安排,18 July的活动安排里有“13:00—14:15 Youth Panel(13:00—14:15 青少年小组讨论)”,所以青少年可以在18日参加青少年小组讨论活动。故选B。
2. According to the schedule, which activity can the teens participate in
(　　)
A. Keynote Speech on 17 July.
B. Youth Panel on 18 July.
C. Celebration on 19 July.
D. Programme Showcase on 20 July.
B　
B
(2024·石家庄高三教学质量检测节选)
The UK has a rich literary heritage, with cities packed with bookshops, literary landmarks and comfortable cafes. If you love books, try one of these city breaks.
York
Earning a remarkable “bookspiration” score of 9.4/10,York has claimed the title of the best UK city for book lovers. Having the highest number of reading spots per 100,000 people among all cities analysed, literary lovers will find themselves spoiled for choice in this city. Home to 20 libraries and 33 highly-rated bookshops, this serves as a significant literary resource for a city of its population size.
Books inspired by York include: The Secret Garden, Wuthering Heights, Jane Eyre
Bath
Bath comes second, receiving a final “bookspiration” score of 8.1/10. Beyond its plentiful quiet reading spots, more than seven libraries and 16 bookshops per 100,000 people,the city also offers sufficient green spaces, perfect for eager readers to dive into their favourite books. It’s a dream destination for those with a preference for Jane Austen’s works. It’s also host to the annual Jane Austen Festival in September, featuring many immersive(沉浸式的)Regency-themed experiences.
Books inspired by Bath include: Northanger Abbey, Persuasion, Vathek
Belfast
In third place is Belfast, scoring a respectable 7.3/10.The Northern Irish city has 18 libraries and 55 charming bookshops to choose from. Serving as the backdrop of inspiration for CS Lewis’s The Chronicles of Narnia, Belfast also has a bookish culture as it plays host to an annual book festival drawing in the nation’s biggest bookworms.
Books inspired by Belfast include: Eureka Street, Mystery Man, The Star Factory
Bristol
Bristol with a score of 6.8/10 secures fourth place to be a literary lover’s paradise. Thanks to its treasure of bookshops from independent to second-hand, over 17 bookshops per 100,000 people, the lively South West city makes an incredible destination for book-shopping.
Books inspired by Bristol include: Shadow Dance, Birdcage Walk, Keep Him Close
【语篇概述】本文是一篇说明文,介绍了英国四个适合文学爱好者的城市(约克、巴斯、贝尔法斯特和布里斯托),每个城市都拥有丰富的书店、图书馆和文学地标。
3.Which city is the source of the inspiration for Wuthering Heights (　　)
A. York.　　　　　 B. Bath.
C. Belfast.　　　　 D. Bristol.
细节理解题(直接信息题)。York 部分明确提到 “受约克启发的书籍包括《呼啸山庄》”。可见《呼啸山庄》的灵感来自约克,故选A。
A　
4.What can you do during Jane Austen Festival (　　)
A. Rate bookstores of the city.
B. Attend theme-based activities.
C. Dive into CS Lewis’s books.
D. Take a South West city tour.
细节理解题(直接信息题)。Bath 部分指出 “每年 9 月举办简·奥斯汀节,提供摄政主题沉浸式体验”。说明节日期间可参加主题活动,故选B。
B　
2025·新课标I卷阅读C篇(节选)
While safety improvements might have been made to our streets in recent years, transport studies also show declines in pedestrian (行人) mobility, especially among young children. Many parents say there’s too much traffic on the roads for their children to walk safely to school, so they pack them into the car instead.
28.What phenomenon does the author point out in Paragraph 1
A.Cars often get stuck on the road.
B.Traffic accidents occur frequently.
C.People walk less and drive more.
D.Pedestrians fail to follow the rules.
【语篇概述】
这篇文章探讨了现代城市交通中的矛盾现象:尽管道路安全设施有所改善,但行人(尤其是儿童)的步行活动显著减少。许多家长因担心交通风险而选择驾车接送孩子上学,导致步行出行率下降,间接加剧了道路拥堵问题。
【技法运用】
所谓间接信息题,就是一般无法在文中直接找到明确的信息,要求考生在理解的基础上,对原文信息进行加工或整理后得出结论。
1.定位题干关键词:What phenomenon;in Paragraph 1。
2.读原文找对应点:transport studies also show declines in pedestrian (行人) mobility;too much traffic on the roads;so they pack them into the car。
3.对比选项定答案:通过对原文找到的对应点的信息加工,即“化繁为简的概括”。因此,答案选C。
选项A、B明显为干扰项,文中虽然有too much traffic on the roads,但没有任何accidents、get stuck相关信息的文字描述。D选项更是属于无中生有。
　　 原文重现:直接把原文的句子拿来当选项。这通常是细节题的答案,但却是推断题的典型陷阱。
无中生有:选项内容在原文中完全找不到依据,属于主观臆断或常识判断(但可能常识是对的,文章没提就是错)。
过度推断:推理得太过火,超出了原文支持的范围。
偷换概念:使用了原文的一些词汇,但扭曲了逻辑关系或核心意思。
绝对化:使用always、 never、 must、 all、 none等绝对化词汇,往往不是正确选项。
A
(2025·上海崇明高三二模节选)
Travelling by rail holds a romantic and old-fashioned appeal that can’t be matched by flying or driving. By taking the slow route, you get to experience and interact with an area in a completely different way.
【语篇概述】本文是一篇应用文。文章主要介绍了四条很棒的铁路旅行路线。
THE ROYAL SCOTSMAN
Highlights: Possibly the most expensive train journey in the world. You’ll be treated like a member of the monarchy (王室). Superb cuisine, fine wines and carriages (火车客车厢) that look like rooms at Balmoral Castle await those willing to part with a minimum of ￡2350 per person for a two-night trip.
1.Ella, who’d like to experience first-rate service and taste excellent food on the train, is most likely to choose 　　　　.(　　)
A.The Rocky Mountaineer
B.Eastern and Oriental Express
C.The Ghan
D.The Royal Scotsman
细节理解题(间接信息题)。The Royal Scotsman 部分提到 “提供绝佳美食、美酒,车厢如城堡房间,两晚之旅每人至少 2350 英镑”。Ella 想体验一流服务和美食,该列车最符合需求,故选D。
D　
B
(2024·石家庄高三教学质量检测节选)
That gentle attendant might have said something like, Excuse me Or Pardon But I could not even register (表达出) that he was speaking to me. I, in Paris for the very first time, was apparently deaf to even the cues (提示) of vocal tone and facial expression. Though I knew that my French was not good, it was then that I realized just being able to count to 15 and say“Jem’appelle Kyla”was not going to work.
I had tried very hard to learn some French before I went on my long weekend. Despite all the available resources, I’d really had no intention of studying French in a meaningful way until I was in Paris. But as soon as I’d made up my mind, I ran into a roadblock. As a teenager, I’d learned Spanish almost passively, never receiving less than an A.Meanwhile, I’d taken Russian for a year, and learning a new alphabet and its grammar had given me an almost unshakable sense of confidence. So why, when trying to take up French, a language closest to English, could I not even remember how to use the most ordinary verb, être
When, months after my trip, I still hadn’t gotten much further, I started to wonder...am I bad at this And though I was only in my 30s, was my lack of facility a result of aging
Yet alongside my frustration (沮丧), a surprising feeling emerged. Not discouragement—but delight in my failure. At 32, having lived in the same city for over ten years, having finished school and started a career, having achieved many of the milestones of young adulthood, it had been so long since I’d been an absolute beginner that being bad at something actually felt refreshing.
What so many people experience when they travel is the realization of how big the world is and how much more of it there is than you could have imagined. That’s what I gained—an expanded sense of belief, not limited by what I had already seen; a humble belief in the power of what I didn’t yet know.
【语篇概述】这是一篇记叙文。文章主要介绍了作者法国旅行发生的事情和感受。
2.What prevented the author understanding the attendant (　　)
A.The attendant’s accent.
B.The author’s disability.
C.The author’s poor French.
D.The attendant’s low tone.
细节理解题(间接信息题)。第一段提到 “作者首次到巴黎,法语仅能数到 15、说名字,连语气和表情提示都不懂”。可推断作者因法语差,没理解服务员的意思,故选C。
C　
3.What did the author gain from the travel experience in Paris (　　)
A.An increased ability to speak French.
B.A desire to go abroad for further study.
C.A sense of openness to unknown world.
D.A feeling of accomplishment in career.
细节理解题(间接信息题)。最后一段作者提到 “获得了不受已知事物限制的扩展的信念,相信未知的力量”,可进一步概括为 “开放感”,即作者从旅行中获得对未知的开放感,故选C。
C　
2023·新课标Ⅰ卷阅读A篇(节选)
Bike Rental & Guided Tours
Welcome to Amsterdam, welcome to MacBike. You see much more from the seat of a bike! Cycling is the most economical, sustainable and fun way to explore the city, with its beautiful canals, parks, squares and countless lights. You can also bike along lovely landscapes outside of Amsterdam.
Why MacBike
MacBike has been around for almost 30 years and is the biggest bicycle rental company in Amsterdam. With over 2,500 bikes stored in our five rental shops at strategic locations, we make sure there is always a bike available for you. We offer the newest bicycles in a wide variety, including basic bikes with foot brake(刹车),bikes with hand brake and gears (排挡),bikes with child seats, and children bikes.
Prices
Hand Brake, Three Gears Foot Brake,
No Gears
1 hour 7.50 5.00
3 hours 11.00 7.50
1 day (24 hours) 14.75 9.75
Each additional day 8.00 6.00
　　Guided City Tours
The 2.5-hour tour covers the Gooyer Windmill, the Skinny Bridge, the Rijksmuseum, Heineken Brewery and much more. The tour departs from Dam Square every hour on the hour, starting at 1:00 pm every day. You can buy your ticket in a MacBike shop or book online.
22.How much do you pay for renting a bike with hand brake and three gears for two days 　　　　　　　　　　　　
A. 15.75. B. 19.50.
C. 22.75. D. 29.50.
【语篇概述】
荷兰阿姆斯特丹的MacBike公司通过提供多样化的自行车租赁服务和城市导览游,推广自行车作为经济、可持续且有趣的城市探索方式。
【技法运用】
1.题干定位关键词:How much;for renting a bike with hand brake and three gears;for two days
2.读原文找对应点:Hand Brake,Three Gears;
Each additional day 8.00
　　3.对比选项定答案:此题为数字计算题,14.75+8=22.75。故选C。
有考生忽略了Each additional day 这一栏而误选D。租赁每增加一天,不是14.75×2,而是8欧元。
偷换概念/张冠李戴:把A的价格说成是B的,把成人的价格说成是儿童的。
信息干扰:文中给出多个时间点的多个价格,但题目只问其中一种情况。
数字再现陷阱:正确计算所需的所有数字都出现在文中,但其中一个数字只是被提及,并非计算所需。
单位不一致:比如,文中说“$70”,选项中是“￥70”;文中说“per hour”,选项中是“for 3 hours”。
近似数或范围:问题可能是“about how much...”或“which of the following is the closest to...”,答案可能是一个估算值。
A
(2024·湖北黄冈高三上学期期中节选)
Rookery Bay Festival of Birds
January 1-31
Join Rookery Bay National Estuarine Research Reserve and partners in January for the 2023 Festival of Birds. All month long, festival participants can enjoy expert speaker presentations and virtual live adventures online. This 19th annual event is hybrid, so you can join Rookery Bay Research Reserve from wherever you are! A festival pass is required and it includes free admission to the Environmental Learning Center all month long!
Virtual lectures
Brown Pelican Biology by Rochelle Streker(1/6,2:00—2:45 pm)
Audubon Florida’s Rooftop Nesting Program by Rebekah Snyder(1/7,2:00—2:45 pm)
Birds Need Natural Climate Solutions by Renee Wilson(1/13,2:00—2:45 pm)
The Race to Save Seabirds Around the Globe by Adam DiNuovo(1/19,2:00—2:45 pm)
Birding Coast to Coast:The Life of a Big Year Birder by David McQuade(1/27,5:30—7:00 pm)
Live from the Field(1/11,1/19 and 1/26,11:00—11:45 am).Join Rookery Bay Research Reserve staff behind the scenes to observe how species and habitats in the Reserve are monitored and conserved for future generations.
Included with your Festival of Birds pass-$50
Children’s Book Author Signing
Bird Banding Demonstration
Eco-Tours: boat tours at Rookery Bay Research Reserve
Access to 24 trips to Area Hotspots (additional fees may apply):Big Cypress Nature Preserve, Bunche Beach Preserve, Clam Pass Park, Corkscrew Swamp Sanctuary, Donna Fiala Eagle Lakes Community Park, Harns Marsh, Rookery Bay Research Reserve, and Tigertail Beach.
Notice: If you purchase your festival pass and use your unique festival code to register, you will receive a 10% discount.
【语篇概述】本文是一篇应用文,主要介绍了一个有关鸟类保护的节日及其相关活动。
1.How much should you pay if you register with your festival code (　　)　　　　　　　　　　　　
A.$40. B.$45.
C.$50. D.$55.
数字计算题。观鸟节门票50美元,用专属代码注册可享10%折扣。计算得 50×(1-10%)=45美元,故选B。
B　
B
(2025·浙江诸暨高三一模节选)
Best Washington, D.C.Museums
Washington, D.C.has wonderful museums that appeal to virtually any visitor’s interest. From large publicly funded institutions to small historic homes, get ready to learn a great deal and find some welcome surprises and bonus.
Smithsonian National Museum of Natural History
There is something for everyone at this world-famous museum. It houses so many artifacts(手工艺品)that you can’t possibly see them all in one visit. The dinosaur exhibits are fascinating and great for kids. Then there’s amazing scenery in the IMAX films.
Visiting Tip: If you are visiting with kids, be sure to have a shot at hands-on activities.
Mount Vernon Estate and Gardens
Located outside of the city, the home of George Washington is often missed. The estate is the most scenic tourist attraction in the Washington, D.C. area. The historic residence is restored and decorated as it was when Washington lived there. The museum and education center features 25 state-of-the-art galleries and theaters that tell the story of Washington’s life.
Visiting Tip: Visit the Mansion first as it is usually the most crowded.
U.S.Holocaust Memorial Museum
The museum is a memorial to the millions of Jews who died during the Nazi regime in Germany during World War II. The exhibits tell the horrific story of genocide and teach the dangers of hatred and prejudice. Visiting this museum is an emotional experience. The permanent exhibits are not recommended for children under 11.
Visiting Tip: Timed passes are distributed for the same day on a first come, first served basis.
International Spy Museum
Kids love looking at spy devices and cameras at International Spy Museum, not to mention the interactive spy missions you can try out here.
Visiting Tip: Tickets for the museum start at $22.95 for adults, $16.95 for seniors, and $14.95 for children ages 7 to 11, and children under 6 are free.
【语篇概述】本文是一篇应用文。文章主要介绍了华盛顿特区最著名的博物馆。
2.How much should a couple with their pre-school kid pay for the Spy Museum tickets (　　)
A.$33.90. B.$37.90.
C.$45.90. D.$48.85.
数字计算题。间谍博物馆成人票22.95美元,6岁以下儿童免费。一对夫妇(2 张成人票)需 22.95×2=45.90 美元,故选C。
C　
题型二
主旨大意题
　　高考阅读理解的主旨大意题考查考生理解文章整体内容、把握作者写作意图、概括文章中心思想的宏观能力,主要有“段落大意”“文章主旨”“最佳标题”三个考点。主旨大意题的解题关键是找到正确的主题句或文章的写作主题,即作者围绕什么主题,表达了什么核心观点或描述了什么主要内容。
不同的文体(说明文、议论文、记叙文),其主旨的呈现方式也略有不同:
①说明文:解释事物、现象或原理,主旨大都出现在首段;
②议论文:表达观点并论证。主旨出现在首段/尾段的观点句(如“I think...”“In conclusion...”)或转折词后的内容(部分文章会先铺垫细节,最后总结主旨);
③记叙文:讲述故事(含人物、事件)。主旨一般为结尾的感悟句或事件的结果。
因此,阅读和解题时须结合不同文体,确定查找主旨或段落大意的线索和解题的方法。
2025·新课标Ⅱ卷阅读C篇(节选)
When Sonja Detrinidad opened her online shop selling houseplants, she didn’t have high hopes for it. But the opposite happened: She was flooded, shipping out 1,200 orders in June of 2020 alone. In the past year, Detrinidad sent out more than 70,000 plants. Her success is just one example of increased time at home leading to an explosion in the houseplant industry.
“Plants are in fashion right now,” says Dr. Melinda Knuth, a researcher from the University of Florida. “People who live in plant-rich environments report a higher life satisfaction rating, ” she says. “Adding more nature to our environment can change our mood and how we think.” Plants can improve our state of mind in a few ways but the biggest is by decreasing our level of cortisol, the stress hormone (激素) in our body.
“Students who are around plants perform better academically than students who are in a classroom without plants,” says Knuth. “This productivity also translates into the workplace for adults. Our study showed that there was a 30% decrease in sick leave for people who were in plant-rich workplaces.”
If you’re among the groups of people who are enjoying the mental and physical health benefits of surrounding yourself with plants, don’t beat yourself up if one (or a few!) doesn’t make it. “Doctors practice medicine and lawyers practice law and you should allow yourself the practice it takes to sustain a plant. Tending to plants is an exercise in patience and learning. Be invested in taking care of it, but if it dies, go get another one,” Detrinidad says.
31.What can be a suitable title for the text
A.Time to Replace Houseplants
B.Plants Boost Your Mood
C.Tips on Choosing Houseplants
D.Plants Brighten Your Home
【语篇概述】
本文是一篇说明文。文章主要通过Detrinidad的创业经历和专家研究,说明室内植物对人们心理健康和工作效率的积极影响,同时指出近年来居家趋势推动了室内植物产业的发展。
【技法运用】
这是一道标题归纳题。
第一段:以Detrinidad的成功为例,引出室内植物行业的兴起话题;第二、三段:表明Knuth的研究说明植物能通过降低皮质醇水平改善心情、提升生产率;第四段:鼓励人们尝试种植植物。 核心词plants、improve、mood及其相关的信息词贯穿全文,答案B最能概括文章主旨,即文章的标题。
以偏概全:用细节、例子或段落大意代替全文主旨。
笼统宽泛:范围过大,缺乏针对性。
无中生有:选项中的关键词或观点在文章中没有依据。
断章取义:扭曲作者观点或事实,可能混入个别文章中的词来迷惑考生。
情感错位:与作者的整体态度不符。
A
(2024·安徽省“江南十校”联考节选)
Power often boosts an employee’s creativity because being powerful liberates the individual from restriction. However, new research shows that employees who are not in positions of power can become more creative when given time to “warm up” to a task by engaging in the creative task more than once.
“This is important because when people with more power are able to express their creative ideas more than those with less power which leads to rich-get-richer dynamics that strengthen these power imbalances,” said Brian Lucas, assistant professor in Cornell University. “Understanding ways to boost the creativity of lower-power workers can help them find the right way to deal with this low power disadvantage,” Lucas said.
Lucas and his colleagues conducted two studies to reach their conclusion. In the first study, they divided the creative idea generation session into two rounds consisting of a one-minute “warm up” followed by a second round in which the participants could take as long as they wanted. Participants were randomly assigned to a high-power condition or a low-power condition, and feelings of power were generated with a role manipulation(操纵)where participants were given a leadership role and control over resources (high power) or an employee role with no control over resources (low power). The study found that high-power individuals were more creative than low-power individuals in the warm-up round. There was no difference, though, in creativity in the second round.
In the second study, the researchers gave them a different creative task and increased the number of rounds from two sessions to five, taking as long as they like to complete the task. Similar to the first study, the study found that high-power individuals were more creative than low-power individuals in the first round. But the creativity of low-power individuals caught up to the creativity of the high-power individuals after the first round.
The low-power warm-up effect suggests a simple intervention that empowers all employees to tap their creative potential and overcomes power imbalances in the workplace: when pursuing creative work, let employees warm up first,” Lucas said.
【语篇概述】本文是一篇说明文。文章指出,权力通常能提升员工的创造力,因为它能让人摆脱束缚。但新研究表明,缺乏权力的员工通过多次尝试“热身”后,创造力也能显著提升,从而弥补权力失衡带来的差距。
1.Which of the following is the best title for the text (　　)
A.Power Tends to Encourage Creative Ideas
B.Changing Tasks Boosts All the Employees’ Creativity
C.Warm-up Time Corrects Creativity Power Imbalances
D.Low-power Individuals Outperform the High-power Ones
主旨大意题。文章核心是新研究发现——“无权力员工经多次‘热身’,创造力可提升,弥补权力差距”。结构为 “总(研究结论)—分(研究原因、过程)—总(研究意义)”。选项 C 包含 “权力、热身时间、创造力” 关键词,概括全文核心,最适合做标题。
C　
B
(2025·安徽省名校联考)
Some great apes (猿) realize when a human partner doesn’t know something and are capable of communicating information to him to change his behavior, a new study shows. Researchers from Johns Hopkins University studying a species of apes, bonobos, found that they would point to where treats were hidden if they saw their human partner didn’t know where they were.
Working with three male bonobos, study co-author Luke Townrow would sit across a table from one of the animals as another person placed a treat under one of three cups. In some cases, Townrow would be allowed to see which cup the treat was under, and the bonobo would wait for him to pass it the food. At other times, he would not be able to see where the treat was, and the bonobo would point to the right cup to help him find the food. The seemingly simple experiment demonstrated for the first time that apes will communicate unknown information in the name of teamwork.
Chris Krupenye, another co-author, said that the study “is one of the clearest pieces of evidence that a non-human primate (灵长类动物) understands when someone else is ignorant.” This ability to discover gaps in others’ knowledge is known as theory of mind. “As humans, we have theory of mind,” Krupenye said. “It’s a key feature of human psychology,” he added, explaining that it allows us to cooperate with each other and teach people things that we understand they do not know.
Theory of mind has previously been considered unique to humans, but the study shows that bonobos share this capability. “The evidence we have is a good indication that they do have theory of mind,” said Krupenye.
The team plans to explore the bonobos’ motivations for sharing information and the way that they think about other individuals’ minds. “What we’ve shown here is that apes will communicate with a partner to change their behavior,” Townrow said, “but a key open question for further research is whether apes are also pointing to change their partner’s mental state or their beliefs.”
【语篇概述】本文是一篇说明文。一项新研究表明,某些类人猿能够识别人类伙伴是否知晓某件事,并会通过指向隐藏食物的位置等方式主动传递信息,以改变对方的行为。
2.What can be the best title for the text (　　)
A.Apes Can Recognize Ignorance in Humans
B.Bonobos Have Mastered Teamwork in the Wild
C.Primates Can Be Taught to Read Human Minds
D.Apes Prove Themselves to Be Better Partners
主旨大意题。第一段点明 “新研究显示,部分类人猿能识别人类伙伴的无知,并通过传递信息改变其行为”,全文围绕此展开。选项 A 概括核心,最适合做标题。
A　
C
(2023·新课标Ⅱ卷)
Turning soil, pulling weeds, and harvesting cabbage sound like tough work for middle and high school kids. And at first it is, says Abby Jaramillo, who with another teacher started Urban Sprouts, a school garden program at four low-income schools. The program aims to help students develop science skills, environmental awareness, and healthy lifestyles.
Jaramillo’s students live in neighborhoods where fresh food and green space are not easy to find and fast food restaurants outnumber grocery stores. “The kids literally come to school with bags of snacks and large bottles of soft drinks,” she says. “They come to us thinking vegetables are awful, dirt is awful, insects are awful.” Though some are initially scared of the insects and turned off by the dirt, most are eager to try something new.
Urban Sprouts’ classes, at two middle schools and two high schools, include hands-on experiments such as soil testing, flower-and-seed dissection, tastings of fresh or dried produce, and work in the garden. Several times a year, students cook the vegetables they grow, and they occasionally make salads for their entire schools.
Program evaluations show that kids eat more vegetables as a result of the classes. “We have students who say they went home and talked to their parents and now they’re eating differently,” Jaramillo says.
She adds that the program’s benefits go beyond nutrition. Some students get so interested in gardening that they bring home seeds to start their own vegetable gardens. Besides, working in the garden seems to have a calming effect on Jaramillo’s special education students, many of whom have emotional control issues. “They get outside,” she says, “and they feel successful.”
【语篇概述】 这篇文章主要介绍了由教师Abby Jaramillo创立的“Urban Sprouts”学校菜园项目。该项目在四所低收入学校开展,旨在通过让学生参与翻土、除草、收割等园艺活动,帮助他们培养科学技能、增强环保意识并养成健康的生活习惯。
3.What can be a suitable title for the text (　　)
A.Rescuing School Gardens
B.Experiencing Country Life
C.Growing Vegetable Lovers
D.Changing Local Landscape
主旨大意题。文章介绍 “Urban Sprouts 项目让低收入学校学生参与园艺,培养技能、环保意识和健康习惯,学生从不爱蔬菜变得爱吃、会种”。选项 C “越来越多的蔬菜爱好者” 贴合内容,适合做标题。
C　
2024·新课标Ⅱ卷阅读C篇(节选)
We all know fresh is best when it comes to food. However, most produce at the store went through weeks of travel and covered hundreds of miles before reaching the table.While farmer’s markets are a solid choice to reduce the journey, Babylon Micro-Farm (BMF) shortens it even more.
BMF is an indoor garden system. It can be set up for a family. Additionally, it could serve a larger audience such as a hospital, restaurant or school. The innovative design requires little effort to achieve a reliable weekly supply of fresh greens.
Specifically, it’s a farm that relies on new technology. By connecting through the Cloud, BMF is remotely monitored. Also, there is a convenient app that provides growing data in real time. Because the system is automated, it significantly reduces the amount of water needed to grow plants. Rather than watering rows of soil, the system provides just the right amount to each plant. After harvest, users simply replace the plants with a new pre-seeded pod (容器) to get the next growth cycle started.
Moreover, having a system in the same building where it’s eaten means zero emissions (排放) from transporting plants from soil to salad. In addition, there’s no need for pesticides and other chemicals that pollute traditional farms and the surrounding environment.
BMF employees live out sustainability in their everyday lives. About half of them walk or bike to work. Inside the office, they encourage recycling and waste reduction by limiting garbage cans and avoiding single-use plastic. “We are passionate about reducing waste, carbon and chemicals in our environment,” said a BMF employee.
31.What does the text mainly talk about
A.BMF’s major strengths.
B.BMF’s general management.
C.BMF’s global influence.
D.BMF’s technical standards.
【语篇概述】
本文是一篇说明文。针对传统食物运输耗时长、距离远的问题,文章介绍了一种创新解决方案——巴比伦微型农场(BMF)。
【技法运用】
1.仔细阅读首段,定位 “主题句” :
首段引出BMF的核心优势[Babylon Micro-Farm (BMF) shortens it even more缩短运输距离]。
2.快速浏览后续段落,分析文章结构是“总—分”:
后续几段从“技术、环保、员工行为”几个维度展开,认证BMF优势。
3.甄别选项定答案(排除“干扰项”):
选项B太片面,只涵盖“管理模式”的细节,非全文核心;选项 D(技术标准):技术细节是优势的一部分,非主旨;选项C属于无关信息,文章未提及 BMF 的国际推广或影响。只有选项 A(主要优势)精准概括文章大意。
范围过宽:选项内容超出了文章讨论的范围。
范围过窄:选项只是文章某个细节,不能概括全文。
表述绝对:使用过于绝对化的词语(如never、 always、 all、 completely),往往不是正确选项。
偷换概念:选项中的关键词与文章主题看似相关,实则偏离。
A
I always looked forward to Thanksgiving, it was never just for my immediate family my parents invited whoever else was left in the neighborhood. All stragglers(掉队者) were welcome. My mom made the big American Thanksgiving meal, though her prized side was a rutabaga(a large round yellow vegetable) dish that I only remember my dad eating, and not always willingly.
In November 2012, I wasn’t going to make it to our home in Pass Christian, Miss. I had just been released from the hospital after spending 30 days in isolation(隔离)following a bone marrow transplant(骨髓移植). My only goal was to make it to 100 days post-transplant—my survival depended on it.
During my journey to rebuild my immune system, my doctors required me to be home in New York with limited outside contact(接触). Hand wash and face masks were handed out to all visitors, and hugs were not allowed.
In early November, I got a call from my sisters, who live down South. They were planning on bringing a small group to come and stay with me for Thanksgiving. At first I was hesitant. Disease had taken away my health and my holiday spirit. Without an appetite(食欲) and my hair, I couldn’t imagine gathering around the table in a festive sweater. This would also be the first holiday without my mother, who passed away a week before my transplant. I felt a pressure to be joyful, and all I felt was sick. I was mourning my health, and I was mourning Momma.
Thanksgiving Day came; the doorbell rang; in stormed my family. I felt instant relief—they were warm, joyful and, above all, understanding. They didn’t expect me to play host or carry the conversation. They simply wanted me to know that they were there for me.
Sitting at the dinner table, I was struck with a feeling something Momma used to say after my father died. I was feeling happy sorrow. Thanksgiving didn’t have to be sad, it just had to be different. At least for a while. So, just remember: this too shall pass, but now would be good.
【语篇概述】本文是一篇记叙文。作者在文中回忆了自己 2012 年生病后无法回家过感恩节,之后姐妹们打电话要求与其一起过节,当时因为生病毫无过节心情的作者,最终还是接受了亲人的好心安排。亲人的团聚让作者如沐春风,也有了新的感悟。
1.What is the text mainly about (　　)
A.After disaster, try a simpler holiday celebration.
B.Care for yourself before looking after everyone else.
C.If misfortune changes your traditions, build new ones.
D.Remember lost loved ones while enjoying those you have
主旨大意题。全文核心是:传统可以被改变,新的支持与过节方式依然可以带来慰藉,可知C项所述概括了文章主旨。
C　
B
(2024·江苏南通二模节选)
The science of why insects gather around lights at night has never been nailed down.Popular theories propose that moths and other insects navigate(导航) by the moon and mistake lamps for moonlight, or that the insects fly towards light to escape coming danger. Now researchers believe they have a more convincing answer: contrary to current theories, insects are not attracted to light from far away, but become trapped if they fly close to an artificial light source.
According to Dr Samuel Fabian, study co-author and Imperial College London entomologist, moths and many other insects that fly at night evolved into tilting(倾斜) their backs to wherever is the brightest. For hundreds of millions of years, this was the sky rather than the ground. The trick told insects which way was up and ensured they flew level. But then came artificial lighting. Moths found themselves tilting their backs to street lamps. This caused them to circle around the lamps endlessly, the insects were trapped by their evolution.
Fabian and his colleagues filmed insect flight paths around lights in the lab. The videos reveal that time and again, moths and dragonflies turned their backs to artificial lights, which appeared to greatly change their flight paths. If the light is above them, they might start orbiting it. But if it’s behind them, they start tilting backwards and end up flying in circles or diving toward the ground.
Researchers have long warned that light pollution is a big driving force in the dramatic decline in insect populations. Moths and other insects that become trapped around lamps become easily caught by bats. The artificial lighting can also fool them into thinking it is daytime, causing them to bed down and skip a night’s feeding.
There are, Fabian believes, helpful lessons from the research. “What this tells us is that the direction of artificial light matters. Could we change lighting environments to not trap insects For we’re facing a massive decline in insects around the world, and artificial light at night is one of the factors that could potentially be leading to this decline,” Fabian said.
【语篇概述】本文是一篇说明文。文章主要介绍了一项关于昆虫夜晚趋光的新发现:昆虫夜晚趋光并非被吸引,而是因为靠近人造光源时被困住了。
2.What is the text mainly about (　　)
A.Why insects lose their ability to fly at night.
B.Why artificial light and evolution trap insects.
C.How artificial light impacts insect populations.
D.How insects evolved distinct strategies of flight.
主旨大意题。全文核心是 “昆虫夜晚趋光并非被吸引,而是人造光源与自身进化(向最亮处飞)共同导致其被困”。选项 B 概括这一原因,符合主旨。
B　
C
(2024·江西省八校高三第一次联考节选)
Whether it is the slow drifting apart from a childhood friend, the sudden, sharp distance created by a disagreement, or one of the many relationships that have quietly fallen away during the pandemic, losing someone that you thought would always be in your life is deeply jarring.
But friendship breakups will happen over the course of our lives, and we need to start learning how to deal with them in healthy ways, says friendship coach Danielle Bayard Jackson.
The most significant thing we need to do, says Jackson, is normalize the fact that sometimes friendships do end and that can actually be healthy. However, we haven’t been taught to carry this expectation into our friend relationships.
“We’re not looking at our friends through a lens (透镜) of ‘Gosh, I hope this works out’, but we will do that with a romantic partner for sure,” says Jackson.“With a partner, we wonder if they’re going to be the one. But with friends, we assume they’re the one from the minute we establish that we like each other.”
And because we don’t view the loss of a friendship as a normal occurrence, it feels like a personal failing when it happens and something we should be ashamed of. Or, as Jackson puts it,“If friendship is supposed to be easy and yours ended, what did you do wrong ”
But that is not the case.
Friendships, like any relationship, sometimes are not meant to be and even if they are, maintaining them takes real work. Kristen Newton has been interested in this work for years and founded HEART Convos, which aims to help people who feel stuck in unsatisfying friendships have the kind of open and honest communication that keeps a friendship healthy.
“I think we feel blindsided because we belittle the value and significance of our social connections and friendship. Yet we recognize the weight that they carry when they don’t work out, and we experience that hurt and disappointment,” she says.
【语篇概述】本文是一篇说明文。文章主要探讨了友谊结束(friendship breakup)的普遍性及其带来的心理冲击,并强调应以更健康的态度看待这一问题。
3.What is the text mainly about (　　)
A.How to regain a friendship that has ended.
B.The loss of a friendship is a normal occurrence.
C.Why friendship breaks up over the course of our lives.
D.Many relationships have fallen away during the pandemic.
主旨大意题。第一段提 “友谊结束的多种情况及心理冲击”,第二段点明 “友谊结束在人生中很常见”,全文围绕此展开,可知选项 B 概括主旨。
B　
2022·新课标Ⅰ卷阅读D篇(节选)
Human speech contains more than 2,000 different sounds, from the common “m” and “a” to the rare clicks of some southern African languages. But why are certain sounds more common than others A ground-breaking five-year study shows that diet-related changes in human bite led to new speech sounds that are now found in half the world’s languages.
More than 30 years ago, the scholar Charles Hockett noted that speech sounds called labiodentals, such as “f” and “v”, were more common in the languages of societies that ate softer foods. Now a team of researchers led by Damián Blasi at the University of Zurich, Switzerland, has found how and why this trend arose.
They discovered that the upper and lower front teeth of ancient human adults were aligned (对齐), making it hard to produce labiodentals, which are formed by touching the lower lip to the upper teeth. Later, our jaws changed to an overbite structure (结构), making it easier to produce such sounds.
The team showed that this change in bite was connected with the development of agriculture in the Neolithic period. Food became easier to chew at this point. The jawbone didn’t have to do as much work and so didn’t grow to be so large.
Analyses of a language database also confirmed that there was a global change in the sound of world languages after the Neolithic age, with the use of “f” and “v” increasing remarkably during the last few thousand years. These sounds are still not found in the languages of many hunter-gatherer people today.
This research overturns the popular view that all human speech sounds were present when human beings evolved around 300,000 years ago. “The set of speech sounds we use has not necessarily remained stable since the appearance of human beings, but rather the huge variety of speech sounds that we find today is the product of a complex interplay of things like biological change and cultural evolution,” said Steven Moran, a member of the research team.
34.What is Paragraph 5 mainly about
A.Supporting evidence for the research results.
B.Potential application of the research findings.
C.A further explanation of the research methods.
D.A reasonable doubt about the research process.
【语篇概述】
一项历时五年的突破性研究发现,人类饮食变化导致的咬合结构改变(从上下列前齿对齐变为上齿覆盖下齿的过咬合结构)使得发音方式发生变化,从而产生了如今全球半数语言中存在的唇齿音(如“f”和“v”)。
【技法运用】
本题为段落大意题,答案选A。
1.定位段落核心:抓主题句“Analyses of a language database also confirmed that...”。
2.关注逻辑词:第五段的 “also confirmed” 提示其作用是补充证据,而非提出新方法或质疑。
3.排除干扰项:选项B为过度联想,段落内容陈述的是客观事实,不可加入自己的主观推测;选项C为张冠李戴,第五段谈论的不是methods,而是分析后的结果;选项D属无中生有,第五段没有涉及任何doubt。
　 以偏概全:选项只提到了段落中的某个细节、例子,而不是整体观点。
范围过大:选项内容超出了段落讨论的范围,过于空泛。
无中生有:选项中的信息在段落中根本没有出现。
表述绝对:使用always、never、all、none等绝对化词汇,而原文是相对委婉的表述。
反向干扰:与段落表达的意思完全相反。
情感错误:作者的态度是客观的,选项却是批判的或赞扬的,反之亦然。
A
(2024·安徽省名校模考节选)
When I was a kid, a sycamore (枫树) grew in front of my home. At the age of 10,I was just tall enough to reach its lowest branch and lift myself into its embrace. Sometimes two or three of my friends would join me in the sycamore, or in the maple down the street, or Mrs.DiMarco’s old peach tree, some of whose stout horizontal branches allowed us to sit shoulder to shoulder, eating sweet fruit.
In my small town there are some kinds of trees, their branches spreading wide, open for business. But I have not yet seen a climber. Perhaps computer games have replaced tree climbing, or maybe the activity went the way of monkey bars, which came to be viewed as too risky and have largely disappeared from playgrounds.
It is a sad loss. I have always believed that, since low-hanging branches provide no benefit to the tree, they must be meant for the child. Robert Frost understood this when he wrote:
When I see baches (桦树) bend to left and right,
Across the lines of straighter darker trees,
I like to think some boy has been swinging them.
My only disagreement with Frost is his inference that tree climbing is a gender-specific task. Both boys and girls make a joyful climb.
The campus of the university where I teach has all sorts of trees. During a recent walk, I found myself bending under the branch of an immense spruce (云杉).I grabbed the thing, and a moment later was sitting on a branch. Then the memories came flooding back. The old sycamore, the friends,and finally, the reluctance to return to earth when the parental call to supper came.
I was so lost in my thoughts that I didn’t hear the student calling to me from below. He asked what I was doing. I didn’t waste time on explanations. “Come on up,” I said, “The air is fine.” But he only laughed and waved me off.He didn’t know what he was missing.
【语篇概述】本文是一篇记叙文。作者通过回忆童年时爬树的快乐经历,对比当下孩子们不再爬树的现象,表达了对这种童年乐趣消失的惋惜之情。
1.What is the second paragraph mainly about (　　)
A.Why kids don’t climb trees.
B.Why monkey bars are dangerous.
C.Why there is no business under trees.
D.Why kids are addicted to computer games.
段落大意题。第二段提到 “镇上有适合爬的树,但没看到爬树的人”,并推测原因是 “被电脑游戏取代” 或 “爬树被视为有风险”。可见段落核心是 “孩子们不再爬树及可能的原因”,故选A。
A　
B
(2023·全国乙卷D篇节选)
If you want to tell the history of the whole world, a history that does not privilege one part of humanity, you cannot do it through texts alone, because only some of the world has ever had texts, while most of the world, for most of the time, has not. Writing is one of humanity’s later achievements, and until fairly recently even many literate (有文字的) societies recorded their concerns not only in writing but in things.
Ideally a history would bring together texts and objects, and some chapters of this book are able to do just that, but in many cases we simply can’t. The clearest example of this between literate and non-literate history is perhaps the first conflict, at Botany Bay, between Captain Cook’s voyage and the Australian Aboriginals. From the English side, we have scientific reports and the captain’s record of that terrible day. From the Australian side, we have only a wooden shield (盾) dropped by a man in flight after his first experience of gunshot. If we want to reconstruct what was actually going on that day, the shield must be questioned and interpreted as deeply and strictly as the written reports.
In addition to the problem of miscomprehension from both sides, there are victories accidentally or deliberately twisted, especially when only the victors know how to write. Those who are on the losing side often have only their things to tell their stories. The Caribbean Taino, the Australian Aboriginals, the African people of Benin and the Incas, all of whom appear in this book, can speak to us now of their past achievements most powerfully through the objects they made: a history told through things gives them back a voice. When we consider contact (联系) between literate and non-literate societies such as these, all our first-hand accounts are necessarily twisted, only one half of a dialogue. If we are to find the other half of that conversation, we have to read not just the texts, but the objects.
【语篇概述】本文是一篇议论文。本文讨论了仅仅依靠书面文本来讲述世界历史的局限性,并强调了将物品纳入历史叙事,以更好地理解无文字社会的重要性。
2.What is the first paragraph mainly about (　　)
A.How past events should be presented.
B.What humanity is concerned about.
C.Whether facts speak louder than words.
D.Why written language is reliable.
段落大意题。第一段指出 “讲述世界历史不能仅靠文本(多数地区无文本),有文字社会也会用物件记录”。核心是 “如何呈现世界历史”,故选A。
A　
C
(2020·新课标Ⅰ卷节选)
The connection between people and plants has long been the subject of scientific research. Recent studies have found positive effects. A study conducted in Youngstown, Ohio, for example, discovered that greener areas of the city experienced less crime. In another, employees were shown to be 15% more productive when their workplaces were decorated with houseplants.
The engineers at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT) have taken it a step further—changing the actual composition of plants in order to get them to perform diverse, even unusual functions. These include plants that have sensors printed onto their leaves to show when they’re short of water and a plant that can detect harmful chemicals in groundwater. “We’re thinking about how we can engineer plants to replace functions of the things that we use every day,” explained Michael Strano, a professor of chemical engineering at MIT.
One of his latest projects has been to make plants glow(发光) in experiments using some common vegetables. Strano’s team found that they could create a faint light for three-and-a-half hours. The light, about one-thousandth of the amount needed to read by, is just a start. The technology, Strano said, could one day be used to light the rooms or even to turn trees into self-powered street lamps.
In the future, the team hopes to develop a version of the technology that can be sprayed onto plant leaves in a one-off treatment that would last the plant’s lifetime. The engineers are also trying to develop an on and off “switch” where the glow would fade when exposed to daylight.
Lighting accounts for about 7% of the total electricity consumed in the US. Since lighting is often far removed from the power source(电源)—such as the distance from a power plant to street lamps on a remote highway—a lot of energy is lost during transmission(传输).Glowing plants could reduce this distance and therefore help save energy.
【语篇概述】本文是一篇说明文。文章讲述了麻省理工学院的工程师正在开发植物的新功能,包括取代路灯的发光植物。
3.What is the first paragraph mainly about (　　)
A.A new study of different plants.
B.A big fall in crime rates.
C.Employees from various workplaces.
D.Benefits from green plants.
段落大意题。第一段用 “城市绿化好的地区犯罪率低”“有植物的工作场所生产力高” 两个实例,说明 “绿植带来积极影响”。核心是 “绿植的好处”,故选D。
D　
题型三
推理判断题
　　推理判断题是高考英语阅读理解的核心题型(占比约 20%~30%),与细节理解题的 “直接提取”不同,它要求考生根据文章中的已知信息(事实、细节、作者态度等)进行逻辑分析、推导和判断,从而得出文章中没有明确陈述但隐含的结论,核心考查“逻辑思维与深层理解能力”,需避免主观臆断或过度解读。
2023·新课标Ⅰ卷阅读D篇(节选)
On March 7 (1907) the English statistician Francis Galton published a paper which illustrated what has come to be known as the “wisdom of crowds” effect. The experiment of estimation he conducted showed that in some cases, the average of a large number of independent estimates could be quite accurate.
This effect capitalizes on the fact that when people make errors, those errors aren’t always the same. Some people will tend to overestimate, and some to underestimate. When enough of these errors are averaged together, they cancel each other out, resulting in a more accurate estimate. If people are similar and tend to make the same errors, then their errors won’t cancel each other out. In more technical terms, the wisdom of crowds requires that people’s estimates be independent. If for whatever reasons, people’s errors become correlated or dependent, the accuracy of the estimate will go down.
But a new study led by Joaquin Navajas offered an interesting twist (转折) on this classic phenomenon. The key finding of the study was that when crowds were further divided into smaller groups that were allowed to have a discussion, the averages from these groups were more accurate than those from an equal number of independent individuals. For instance, the average obtained from the estimates of four discussion groups of five was significantly more accurate than the average obtained from 20 independent individuals.
In a follow-up study with 100 university students, the researchers tried to get a better sense of what the group members actually did in their discussion. Did they tend to go with those most confident about their estimates This happened some of the time, but it wasn’t the dominant response. Most frequently, the groups reported that they “shared arguments and reasoned together”. Somehow, these arguments and reasoning resulted in a global reduction in error.
Although the studies led by Navajas have limitations and many questions remain, the potential implications for group discussion and decision-making are enormous.
13.Navajas’ study found that the average accuracy could increase even if 　　　　.
A.the crowds were relatively small
B.there were occasional underestimates
C.individuals did not communicate
D.estimates were not fully independent
【语篇概述】
这是一篇说明文。文章以1907年弗朗西斯·高尔顿提出的“群体智慧”效应开篇,指出当大量个体的独立估计被平均时,其错误会相互抵消,从而产生准确的结果,但前提是估计必须独立且错误不相关。
【技法运用】
第一步:精准定位题干关键词(the average accuracy,could increase):
查找原文对应点(第三段)→when crowds were further divided into smaller groups that were allowed to have a discussion, the averages from these groups were more accurate than those from an equal number of independent individuals。
第二步,基于原文做逻辑推测:
从上面画线词可以分析出:如果允许小组成员进行讨论( were allowed to have a discussion),那么评估就不是完全独立的了(not fully independent )。
第三步,排除干扰项:
选项A混淆了small的概念,原文是divided into small;选项B属无中生有,occasional underestimates 没有内容涉及;选项C与原文矛盾,原文为four discussion groups of five,正是在小组内进行沟通,并非个体间没有沟通。因此,选项D是正确答案。
　　 原文直接信息:明明白白写出来的,不需要推断的。这是张冠李戴,把细节题答案放在推断题里。
过度推断:推理步骤过多,远远超出了原文支持的范围。
常识判断:选项本身正确,但原文并未提供相关依据。
无中生有:原文完全没提到。
绝对化表述:使用always、never、all、none、must等绝对词汇,通常都是错误的。
A
(2025·广东深圳高三月考节选)
Perhaps no one knows the power of imagination better than Chinese writer Liu Cixin. Until four years ago, Liu worked full-time as a computer engineer at a power plant in Shanxi province. He only wrote science fiction in his spare time. But it was during this time that Liu’s imagination took flight. He did what he might never have the chance to do in real life—wander in space, fight with aliens, and visit planets light-years away.
But even with such a powerful imagination, Liu, 55, probably hadn’t expected that he would become the first Asian to win the Hugo Award, science fiction’s highest prize, in 2015. Perhaps neither did he think that former US president Barack Obama would read his novel The Three-Body Problem, nor that on Nov 9 in Washington DC, he would win the 2018 Arthur C.Clarke Award for Imagination in Service to Society. It’s the first time a Chinese writer has ever won the award.
In his acceptance speech, Liu said that he owed his imagination to Arthur C.Clarke (1917—2008), a famous UK sci-fi author. He said that reading Clarke’s 1968 classic novel 2001: A Space Odyssey in the early 1980s had a great effect on him.
“My mind opened up like never before. I felt like a narrow river finally seeing the sea,” Liu said. “That night, in my eyes, the starry sky was completely different from the past. For the first time in my life, I was awed (充满敬畏的) by the mystery of the universe.”
But no matter how far away Liu’s imagination takes him, somehow his novels always stay rational (理性的). In The Three-Body Problem, for example, Liu tells a tale of aliens invading Earth. But unlike other alien stories, Liu talks more about relationships between civilizations, rules of survival, and the meanings of life. And in The Wandering Earth, Liu looks ahead to the day when our solar system comes to an end and humans have to look for a new place to live. However, all his visions and solutions are based on “hard science”. Liu’s works aren’t simply daydreams.
【语篇概述】本文是一篇记叙文,主要介绍了中国科幻作家刘慈欣的成就、创作灵感来源以及其作品的特点,展现了他在科幻文学领域的影响力。
1.What can be inferred about Liu Cixin’s professional background as a computer engineer and his sci-fi writing (　　)
A.His engineering job provided technical knowledge that grounded his sci-fi in “hard science”.
B.His work at the power plant directly inspired the plots of The Three-Body Problem and The Wandering Earth.
C.He quit his job immediately after winning the Hugo Award to focus full-time on writing.
D.His engineering skills made him more critical of traditional sci-fi’s lack of scientific rigor.
A　
细节推断题。刘慈欣曾是发电厂计算机工程师,且其作品构想基于 “硬科学”。可推断工程师工作为他提供了技术知识,支撑作品的 “硬科学” 基础,故选A。
2.The passage mentions that Liu Cixin “stayed rational” in his novels despite his vast imagination. Which of the following best explains the significance of this balance (　　)
A.It distinguishes his works from other sci-fi that prioritize emotional storytelling over logic.
B.It allows his speculative ideas (e.g., alien invasions, solar system collapse) to explore deeper themes like civilization survival.
C.It reflects his belief that imagination without scientific basis is unworthy of being called “sci-fi”.
D.It makes his novels more accessible to readers unfamiliar with complex scientific concepts.
B　
细节推断题。刘慈欣的小说(如《三体》《流浪地球》)虽有 “外星人入侵”“太阳系终结” 等想象,但始终保持理性,且基于 “硬科学”。这种 “理性与想象的平衡” 让他能探讨文明关系、生存规则等深层主题,故选B。
3.Why does the author highlight that Liu Cixin was the “first Asian” to win the Hugo Award and the first Chinese writer to win the Arthur C.Clarke Award (　　)
A.To emphasize the global recognition of Chinese sci-fi’s growing influence.
B.To criticize Western-dominated literary awards for overlooking Asian authors previously.
C.To suggest that Liu’s success was due to his unique cultural perspective as a Chinese writer.
D.To imply that these awards are less prestigious than others he might have won.
A　
细节推断题。刘慈欣是首位获雨果奖的亚洲人、首位获阿瑟·C·克拉克奖的中国作家,且作品被奥巴马阅读。可推断作者强调这些是为了突出 “中国科幻的全球影响力获国际认可”,故选A。
B
(2025·广州部分中学高三模考节选)
Tilapia (罗非鱼) skin is rich in collagen (胶原蛋白), a protein that helps build and repair tissues. Because of this, tilapia skin has become popular in medicine. Researchers have used it for various treatments, including helping burn victims and fixing problems related to the stomach and heart.
Inspired by colleagues in other medical fields, Mirza Melo, an eye doctor for animals in Brazil, decided to try using tilapia skin to treat eye problems in dogs. She focused on eye problems like corneal ulcers and perforations, which are common in dogs with short noses. “These dogs have eyes sticking out from their faces,” she says. “So they get injured often.”
Normally, doctors treat these eye injuries by placing a piece of horse placenta (胎盘) over the damaged area to help it recover. But in 2019, Melo tried using tilapia skin instead. She successfully treated a Shih Tzu (a species of dog) with a severe eye injury.
Brazil’s Burn Support Institute and the Federal University of Ceará, which started the Tilapia Skin Project to treat burns, supported her work. With their help, Melo developed a special membrane (膜) called the acellular dermal matrix (ADM), made from pure collagen taken from tilapia skin.
Collagen is known to help cells grow and repair tissues. Tilapia skin has a high and consistent quality of collagen throughout the fish’s life, while the quality of horse placental collagen can vary depending on the horse’s age and weight.
So far, Melo has treated over 400 dogs using tilapia skin. The dogs showed no pain or infection after surgery and healed quickly with minimal scarring. Melo is now planning to use this technique on cats and is even discussing how to adapt it for treating human eyes, which are very sensitive and difficult to treat.
【语篇概述】本文是一篇说明文。文章介绍了巴西的一位动物眼科医生Mirza Melo受到其他医学领域同事的启发,尝试使用罗非鱼皮来治疗狗的眼部问题,并详细介绍了罗非鱼皮中的胶原蛋白在治疗中的应用及其优势。
4.What can we infer about horse placental collagen (　　)
A.It is only related to horses’ weight.
B.It is easier to obtain than tilapia collagen.
C.It is not affected by horses’ type and weight.
D.It is not always available at any stage of horses’ growth.
细节推断题。罗非鱼皮胶原蛋白质量稳定,而马胎盘胶原蛋白质量受马的年龄、体重影响。可推断 “马胎盘胶原蛋白质量不稳定,难以稳定获取符合要求的”,故选D。
D　
2020·新课标Ⅱ卷阅读C篇(节选)
In May 1987 the Golden Gate Bridge had a 50th birthday party. The bridge was closed to motor traffic so people could enjoy a walk across it. Organizers expected perhaps 50,000 people to show up. Instead, as many as 800,000 crowded the roads to the bridge. By the time 250,000 were on the bridge, engineers noticed something terrible: the roadway was flattening under what turned out to be the heaviest load it had ever been asked to carry. Worse, it was beginning to sway (晃动). The authorities closed access to the bridge and tens of thousands of people made their way back to land. A disaster was avoided.
The story is one of scores in To Forgive Design: Understanding Failure, a book that is at once a love letter to engineering and a paean (赞歌) to its breakdowns. Its author, Dr. Henry Petroski, has long been writing about disasters. In this book, he includes the loss of the space shuttles (航天飞机) Challenger and Columbia, and the sinking of the Titanic.
Though he acknowledges that engineering works can fail because the person who thought them up or engineered them simply got things wrong, in this book Dr.Petroski widens his view to consider the larger context in which such failures occur. Sometimes devices fail because a good design is constructed wi