外研版高中英语选择性必修第四册Unit 6 Space and beyond Section Ⅱ Using language课件

(共57张PPT)
主题语境：人与自然——探索宇宙奥秘
[典句探究]
①Millions watched that first lunar landing...of the many things that could go wrong.
②With the eyes of students across the nation upon her，she might have inspired an entirely new generation of astronauts and space scientists.
③The world went into shock，most people having assumed that this space flight would be no more dangerous than travelling in an aeroplane.
④I can remember that day so clearly，watching the take-off on TV at school.
⑤The sacrifice of the Challenger calls to us，reminding us that we must continue to reach for the stars，no matter how distant they might seem.
复习情态动词
[我的发现]
1.句①中情态动词could表示 ；
2.句②中情态动词might＋have inspired表示对过去事情的 ；
3.句③中情态动词would表示 ；
4.句④中情态动词can表示 ；
5.句⑤中情态动词must表示 ，might表示 。
推测可能性
推测
预测
能力
必要性
推测可能性
一、情态动词概述
1.情态动词的定义
情态动词不随主语的人称和数变化(have to和be able to例外)，也没有过去分词和动词-ing形式词形变化。情态动词后接动词原形，并常与行为动词或系动词连用，构成谓语。
2.情态动词的类型
(1)只作情态动词的有：must，can (could)，may (might)，ought to。
(2)可作情态动词也可作实义动词的有：need，dare。
(3)可作情态动词也可作助动词的有：shall (should)，will (would)。
(4)具有情态动词的某些特征的有：be able to，have (has) to，used to，had better。
二、情态动词的基本用法
1.表示能力(can/could/be able to)
(1)can表示一般的能力，could泛指过去的能力。
She can solve complex math problems quickly，even without a calculator.
她可以快速解决复杂的数学问题，甚至不用计算器。
He could play tennis well when he was twelve.
他十二岁时网球就打得很好了。
(2)can在时态上只有现在时和过去时两种，而be able to则有更多的时态；be able to强调“通过努力而有能力做到”，如果表示“某事已经成功做成”应用was/were able to，而不用could。
(2024·全国甲卷)However，another way the cats are able to distinguish between situations is by looking for familiar smells.
然而，猫能够区分不同情况的另一种方式是寻找熟悉的气味。
After studying hard all week，she was able to pass the difficult exam.
努力学习了整整一周后，她得以通过了那次困难的考试。
2.表示请求、允许、允诺(can/could/may/might/shall/will/would)
(1)表示请求、允许时，在一般疑问句中could可以代替can，但could表示的语气更委婉，答语要用can。
—Can/Could I use your bike tomorrow morning
—Yes，you can.
“明早我能借用你的自行车吗？”
“好的，可以。”
(2)may表示请求、允许，意为“可以”。might表示的语气更委婉。might可以指过去的时间，也可指现在的时间。其疑问句的否定回答为I'm afraid not或用mustn't。
(2023·浙江卷1月)You may have some control over your own personal spaces to make the changes you desire.
你可以控制你自己的空间，从而实现你想要的改变。
—Might I ask for a picture of your little daughter
—Yes，you may.
“我可以要一张你小女儿的照片吗？”
“可以。”
(3)shall用于第一、三人称的疑问句，表示说话人征求对方的意见或向对方请示。
Shall I turn on the air conditioner It feels a bit warm in here.
我把空调打开好吗？这里感觉有点热。
(4)shall用于主语是第二、三人称的陈述句，表示命令、警告、允诺或威胁等。
You shall finish your homework before you watch any television.
你必须完成作业才能看电视。(命令)
Passengers shall not lean out of the windows while the train is moving.
火车行驶时乘客切勿将身体探出窗外。(警告)
Tell Jerry he shall get a gift if he is nice.
告诉杰瑞，如果他表现好，他就可以得到一件礼物。(允诺)
(5)will表示请求、建议，用于疑问句，常与第二人称连用。
Will you please explain the sentence once more
请你再把这个句子解释一遍好吗？
(6)would用于第二人称，表示委婉地提出请求、建议或看法，比will更为客气。
Would you please close the window It's getting a bit chilly in here.
请您关上窗户好吗？这里有点冷了。
3.表示必要性(must/need/should/ought to)
(1) must表示必要、命令或强制，意为“必须，应该”(指说话人的主观意志)。在回答must引导的问句时，如果是否定的回答，通常不用mustn't，而要用needn't或don't have to。mustn't表示“不许，禁止”，是强制的命令。
(2024·新课标Ⅰ卷)Groups of five or more require special arrangements and must be confirmed in advance.
五人或五人以上的团体需要特殊安排，必须提前确认。
—Must we finish the work today
—Yes，you must./No，you needn't/don't have to.
“我们今天必须完成这项工作吗？”
“是的，你们必须(完成)。”/“不，你们不必。”
(2)need用作情态动词时，没有词形的变化，后面跟不带to的不定式(即跟动词原形)，通常用于否定句和疑问句中。
This is a free service; you needn't pay for it.
这是免费服务，你不必付款。
(3)should表示义务、责任或劝告、建议、命令等，意为“应该”，用于各种人称。
(2024·全国甲卷)You should feel satisfied at the end of a meal，but not too full.
你应该在用餐结束时感到满意，但不要太饱。
(4)ought to表示义务，意为“应该”，口气比should稍重。
We ought to exercise regularly by participating in activities like jogging or swimming to stay healthy.
我们应该定期锻炼，包括慢跑或游泳等活动来保持健康。
4.表示意愿或勇气(will/would/dare)
(1)will表示主观意志、意愿，用于各种人称的陈述句。
You are my good friend.I will do my best to help you.
你是我的好朋友，我愿意尽一切努力来帮助你。
(2)would作为will的过去式，用于过去时中，表示主观愿望或意志。
Days later，my brother called to say he was all right，but would not say where he was.
数天后，我哥哥打电话说他很好，但不肯说他在哪里。
(3)dare既可作情态动词，也可作实义动词。作情态动词时表示“敢，敢于”，主要用于否定句、疑问句以及条件句中，没有人称和数的变化，但有过去式dared，dare的过去式也可与原形一样，不作任何变化。
I dare not walk through the wood at night，even with a lantern held in my trembling hand.
即使我颤抖的手里拿着灯笼，我也不敢在夜里穿过树林。
5.表示推测(can/could/may/might/must/should/would/ought to)
(1)can/could表示可能性，主要用于否定句和疑问句。
—Can he be in the reading room now
—No，he can't be in it because I saw him in the office just now.
“他现在在阅览室吗？”
“不，他不可能在阅览室里，因为我刚才在办公室看到他了。”
(2)may/might表示推测时主要用于肯定句或否定句中，might的可能性比may小。
Students may feel uncomfortable or less motivated if paired with someone they don't get along with or have difficulty communicating with.
如果和一个相处不好或沟通有困难的人搭档，学生们可能会感到不舒服或缺乏动力。
Life is unpredictable; even the poorest might become the richest.
人生难以预料，即便是最穷的人也有可能成为最富有的人。
(3)must表示有把握的推测，意为“想必，准是，一定”等，只用于肯定句中。对目前情况的推测用must do；对正在发生的事情的推测用must be doing；对过去情况的推测用must have done。
(2023·全国乙卷)So Robert，I guess you must be well into your third decade as a writer.
所以，罗伯特，我想你一定已经进入了你作为作家的第三个十年了。
Someone must have used my umbrella yesterday.I found it wet.
昨天一定有人用了我的伞。我发现它湿了。
(4)should表示有一定根据的推测、推论或可能性，意为“想必，一定，照说应该，估计”等(肯定的语气没有must表示推测时强)。
The new dictionary should come out next month.
新词典估计下个月出版。
(5)would表示预料或猜想，意为“也许，大概”。
That would be his sister—they have the same smile.
那也许是他姐姐——他们的笑容一模一样。
(6)ought to表示推测，暗含很大的可能，语气较强。
If he started out at nine，he ought to be here by now.
他如果九点出发，现在应该到这里了。
[即时演练1]　单句语法填空
①You said we watch TV when we finished our homework.
②The sign over there says，“No person bring drinks into the chemistry lab.”
③— the traffic accident have happened last evening
—Yes.The man was badly injured in the accident.
④—I've told him many times about the meeting，but he still forgot it!
—Actually，anyone be very forgetful at times.
⑤The children be thirsty after playing for such a long time.
⑥—Must I finish my homework this afternoon
—No，you (not).
could
shall
Could
can
must
needn't
三、情态动词的特殊用法
1.can的特殊用法
(1)表示可能性(理论上或是逻辑判断上)。
As we all know，everyone can make a mistake.
众所周知，人人都可能会犯错误。
(2)can't...too/enough表示“无论……也不过分；越……越好”。
When you cross the road，you can't be too careful/you can't be careful enough.
过马路时，你再小心都不为过。
2.may的特殊用法
(1)“may well＋动词原形”意为“很可能，大可以，完全能，理应，有足够的理由”。
Without professional training，you may well not pass the advanced exam.
未经专业训练，你很可能无法通过这项高级考试。
(2)“may/might as well＋动词原形”意为“最好，不妨，干脆”。
It's raining so hard，we may as well stay indoors and watch a movie.
雨下得这么大，我们干脆待在室内看电影吧。
3.must的特殊用法
must表示“偏要，硬要”做某事，指令人不快的事情。
Why must you ask so many questions when I'm trying to concentrate
为什么我正想集中精力的时候，你偏要问这么多问题？
4.should的特殊用法
表示惊讶、忧虑、惋惜等情绪，意为“竟会，竟然”。
It's surprising that he should be so rude in public.
太令人惊讶了，他竟然在公共场合如此粗鲁。
5.will/would的特殊用法
will/would表示某种倾向或习惯性动作，意为“经常，惯于，总是”。will用来叙述目前的习惯；would表示过去的习惯。
Rose will always be late for school.
罗斯上学总迟到。
In those days，the old woman would sit at the gate for hours，waiting for her son to return from the front.
在那些日子里，那个老妇人在门口一坐就是好几个小时，等待着儿子从前线归来。
[即时演练2]　完成句子
①我们不在家时你对我儿子的帮助，我真是感激不尽。
I for all your help to my son while we were away from home.
②她的外貌变化太大了，你很可能认不出她来。
Her appearance has changed so much that you .
③几年前我们在同一家公司工作时，每个周末我们都会一起去看电影。
When we worked in the same firm several years ago，we__________________________
every weekend.
④你无法想象一个举止得体的绅士竟然会对一位女士如此粗鲁。
You can't imagine that a well-behaved gentleman .
can't thank you too much
may well not recognize her
would go to the cinema together
should be so rude to a lady
四、“情态动词＋have done”的用法
对过去发生的事情或状态进行推测 must have done sth“(过去)一定做了某事”；语气比较肯定；用于肯定句中
may (might) have done sth“(过去)可能/也许做了某事”；语气不确定；用于肯定句和否定句中
can (could) not have done sth“(过去)不可能做某事”；用于否定句和疑问句，表示对过去发生的行为的怀疑或不确定
表示“与过去事实相反” could have done sth (过去)本可以做某事但实际上没做
needn't have done sth (过去)本不必做某事但实际上做了
ought to/should have done sth (过去)本应该做某事但实际上没做
oughtn't to/shouldn't have done sth (过去)本不应该做某事但实际上做了
might have done sth (过去)可能做某事但实际上没做
It must have rained last night，for the road is quite muddy.
昨晚一定是下雨了，因为路上很泥泞。
I didn't see her in the meeting room this morning.She couldn't have spoken at the meeting.
今天早晨我在会议室没有看到她，她不可能在会议上发言了。
You could have done better，but you didn't try your best.
你本可以做得更好，但是你并没有尽力。
You needn't have taken a taxi here，for it is very near to your house.
你本不必打出租车来这里的，因为这里离你家很近。
I might have won the race if I hadn't tripped near the finish line.
要是我没在终点线附近绊倒的话，我可能就赢了那场比赛。
(2023·新课标Ⅰ卷)Melanie Bailey should have finished the course earlier than she did.梅兰妮·贝利本应该要早一点完成比赛的。
[即时演练3]　完成句子
①他看起来很困乏。昨天晚上，他一定睡得很晚。
He looks sleepy.He very late last night.
②乔治不可能走太远。他的咖啡还是温的。
George too far.His coffee is still warm.
③本来她能够通过驾照考试的，但是她太紧张了。
She but she was too nervous.
④你昨天本该和我们一起去听音乐会的。太遗憾了！
You with us yesterday.What a pity!
⑤他们本不必赶早班火车；会议被推迟到下午了。
They ; the meeting was postponed to the afternoon.
must have gone to bed
can't have gone
could have passed the driving test
should have gone to the concert
needn't have taken the early train
submit v.提交，呈递；屈服[→submission n.提交(物)；呈递(书)；屈服]
[教材原句]　Submit a three-minute video introducing yourself and saying why you would be an ideal space candidate.
提交一段三分钟的视频，介绍自己，并说明为什么你会成为理想的太空候选人。
submit sth to sb　　把某物提交给某人
submit (oneself) to...向……屈服/服从，不得已接受
[即学即练]　单句语法填空/完成句子
①All (submit) must be handed in by the end of this week.(应用文写作之告知信)
②These stories can relieve my stress and broaden my horizons.Besides，I even submitted my own fiction Youth.
③No country would submit to (control) by other countries.
④绝望之下，她接受了右膝手术以缓解疼痛。
In desperation，she on her right knee to relieve the pain.
submission(s)
to
being controlled
submitted herself to an operation
(满分：64.5分)
Ⅰ.单句语法填空(每小题1.5分，共9分)
1.Hurry up! We go to school right away.
2.The weather in Shanghai be very cold in winter.
3.Only by talking face to face we have the chance to persuade him to change his mind.
4.If you think the price of beef is too high，you as well buy some pork.It depends on you!
5.No one answers the phone.They must (go) out.
6.We could (face) the difficulty together，but why didn't you tell me
must
can/could
can
may/might
have gone
have faced
Ⅱ.完成句子(每小题3分，共18分)
1.任何读者不得未经允许将书带出图书馆。
No reader from the library without permission.
2.现代汉语有5万多个汉字，但幸运的是，中国孩子不需要为日常用途学习所有的汉字。
There are over 50，000 characters in modern Chinese but luckily，Chinese children _______________________ for everyday purpose.
3.恐怕史密斯先生现在不能见您。他很忙。
I'm afraid Mr Smith now.He's busy.
shall take a book away
need not learn all of them
can't see you
4.那位老人过去总是坐在那里好几个小时，什么也不说。
The old man for hours，saying nothing.
5.你们用过塑料袋之后，不准到处乱扔。
After you use plastic bags，you .
6.你最好保持学习和放松的均衡。
You of your study and relaxation.
would/used to sit there
mustn't throw them about
had better keep balance
Ⅲ.阅读理解(每小题2.5分，共10分)
Astronaut McCandless at last reached his destination：some 320 feet out in space，170 miles above the Atlantic，a human satellite in orbit，traveling at 23 times the speed of sound.Yet the astronaut felt no sense of movement until he looked down and saw the planet beneath his feet，a pin-sharp relief map unfolding at four miles per second.“Looks like Florida.It is Florida！” he said，his calmness disappearing immediately as he spotted Cape Canaveral below.
Looking out，pilot Robert L.“Hoot” Gibson centered the distant figure in the viewfinder (取景器) of his camera Hasselblad—but then pulled the camera away from his eye，briefly startled by the power and clarity of the image he had framed.He had never seen so clearly on his planet.Gibson saw McCandless suspended alone in the blackness—his white suit seeming to shine beneath the sunlight of outer space，the blue band of Earth's atmosphere curving away beneath him.Gibson checked the settings on the camera，and then checked them again.He took this photo.
Meanwhile，McCandless continued to test the abilities of his experimental flying machine：He sailed back toward “Challenger” and then drew away once more; he dipped and rose.Like the other astronauts before him who had spoken of walking in space—back in 1965，Ed White had been so unwilling to return to his Gemini capsule that he described doing so as “the saddest moment of my life”—McCandless had hoped，if only for a few moments，to experience the noiseless loneliness of being alone in the heavens; but the noise of the three audio feeds in his headset made it impossible.
Almost six hours after the experiment had begun，McCandless came back inside the spacecraft，sealed the door of the air lock behind him and removed his helmet.Down in Mission Control，the astronaut's wife hugged him and wept.
[语篇解读]　本文是一篇新闻报道。文章主要介绍了宇航员在太空看到地球时的情景，以及在太空行走的情况。
1.How did McCandless feel when seeing Florida
A.Relieved. B.Disappointed.
C.Excited. D.Satisfied.
解析　C　推理判断题。根据第一段中的“‘Looks like Florida.It is Florida！’ he said，his calmness disappearing immediately as he spotted Cape Canaveral below.”可知，他非常兴奋。故选C。
2.What does the underlined word “startled” in paragraph 2 probably mean
A.Shocked. B.Scared.
C.Motivated. D.Directed.
解析　A　词义猜测题。根据第二段中的“Looking out，pilot Robert L.‘Hoot’ Gibson...the power and clarity of the image he had framed.”可知，当Gibson要拍照时被眼前清晰的画面吓了一跳，他在地球上从来没有看到过这么清晰的景象。因此推断，画线词意为“震惊”。 故选A。
3.What most likely happened in 1965
A.A space film was made.
B.A space exploration was carried out.
C.McCandless met Ed White.
D.Ed White had a terrible experience.
解析　B　推理判断题。根据第三段中的“Like the other astronauts before him who had spoken...saddest moment of my life”可知，在1965年，宇航员Ed White进行了太空行走，并对此表达了强烈的情感，这暗示了进行一次太空探索。故选B。
4.What can be the best title for the passage
A.An Unexpected Encounter
B.Man's First Space Walking
C.An Astronaut's Daily Life
D.A Journey in Space Exploration
解析　D　标题归纳题。根据全文可知，整篇文章介绍了宇航员在太空中所看到的情景以及在进行太空行走的情况，由此推断，D选项“太空探索之旅”可以概括文章中心。故选D。
Ⅳ.阅读七选五(每小题2.5分，共12.5分)
How to Give Feedback (反馈)
Constructive feedback can bring everyone's performance to a higher level and improve the relationships in your team. 1 To make your feedback more impactful，you can use the Context-Observation-Impact-Next (C.O.I.N) method.
Start by identifying the context.Let's say that you find one of your workmates regularly interrupts others. 2 You want to address it early before it turns into a conflict. Give the workmate a specific example of when they may have demonstrated the behavior in question.Let them know you're specifically referring to what happened during the team meeting the day before.
3 Focus on the actions that your workmate took，and not on their personality.For example，you may say，“I noticed that during our team meeting，you were so excited about the topic we were discussing that you interrupted Mark several times.”
Help your workmate understand why you're commenting on this behavior by describing its impact.Tell them the behavior may impact one or several people，or even an entire team.In the above example，the act of interrupting repeatedly affects Mark's contribution to the discussion. 4 It also affects other participants who were listening to Mark and slows the flow of the meeting.
Last，don't forget to offer some suggestions on what they could do differently next time.You should not just give constructive criticism. 5 For example：“Maybe next time you could give whoever's speaking more time to explain what they mean so we can all understand their point of view.”
A.It's starting to cause friction.
B.He may feel his contribution is not valued.
C.Remind them to treat your feedback with care.
D.However，feedback works only if the receivers accept it.
E.Then，communicate the behavior from an observer's angle.
F.Second，keep the interrupter under continuous observation.
G.You should give actionable tasks for the person to improve.
[语篇解读]　本文是一篇说明文。文章介绍了C.O.I.N反馈法，此方法有助于增强反馈效果。
1.D　设空处上文指出建设性反馈可以提升团队成员的表现和改善团队关系，下文提到使用C.O.I.N反馈法可以使反馈更有影响力，故可推断，设空处应涉及反馈及其效果，D项“然而，只有在接收者接受反馈的情况下，反馈才有效”承上启下，符合逻辑。
2.A　设空处上文指出一个问题：有个同事经常打断他人，接着说要在问题演变成冲突之前予以解决。A项“这已经开始引起摩擦”描述了该行为当下已经产生的不良影响，在逻辑上紧密承接了上文提及的问题，并合理地引出了后续解决问题的必要性，使各句之间过渡自然，情节推进顺畅。
3.E　设空处位于句首，根据行文逻辑可知，此处应介绍C.O.I.N反馈法的第二步，E、F项有填入可能。根据段落中的“Focus on the actions”和“I noticed that during our team ...Mark several times.”可以看出，本段强调客观地向打断他人者传达他的行为，E项符合语境。
4.B　设空处上文表明在会议中多次打断马克讲话影响了马克对讨论的贡献，B项“他可能觉得自己的贡献不被重视”进一步说明对马克的影响，承接上文。
5.G　设空处上文强调“不要只给予建设性的批评，还应给出建议”。G项“你应该给这个人可执行的任务来帮助对方改进”直接呼应这一观点，不仅在内容上与上文紧密呼应，而且在逻辑上实现了完整闭环，增强了文章的逻辑性和实用性。
Ⅴ.语法填空(每小题1.5分，共15分)
Authorized (授权) by Yang Liwei，China's first astronaut 1. (enter) space，the Beijing Science and Technology Press (BSTP) published the picture book First Man on Sunday，marking the twentieth anniversary of the country's first manned space travel.
Using pictures，the book 2. (vivid) shows the whole process of Yang's historic flight in October 2003，including the lift-off，in-orbit flight and return to Earth of the Shenzhou V spaceship.
This book is an opportunity 3. science publishers to introduce the story of Yang Liwei and the Shenzhou V mission to readers，4. (allow) them to get to know the Chinese space hero better.
The content of the picture book 5. (base) on Yang's autobiography (自传)，Long March to Space，6. was published in 2010.Part of the book's context was included in the country's middle school textbook in 2021.It soon 7. (become) a trending topic on social media networks.
Yang often attends science population 8. (event)，of which the missions are to light up children's 9. (curious) and to stimulate them to explore science and the unknown.He hopes the new picture book will prove 10. good science population work.
[语篇解读]　本文是一篇新闻报道。文章主要讲述了经中国首位进入太空的航天员杨利伟授权，北京科学技术出版社出版了图画书《太空一日》，以此纪念中国首次载人航天飞行二十周年。
1.to enter　考查非谓语动词。分析句子结构可知，句中已有谓语published，设空处为非谓语动词，astronaut被序数词first修饰，其后常用动词不定式作后置定语，故填to enter。
2.vividly　考查副词。空处修饰动词shows，需要用副词来修饰，vivid的副词形式是vividly，故填vividly。
3.for　考查介词。an opportunity for sb to do sth是固定用法，表示“某人做某事的机会”，故填for。
4.allowing　考查非谓语动词。分析句子结构可知，句中已有谓语is，This book与allow之间是主动关系，即这本书“允许”读者更好地了解英雄，所以用动词-ing形式作状语，故填allowing。
5.is based　考查动词时态和主谓一致。be based on是固定短语，表示“基于；以……为基础”，句子描述的是客观事实，用一般现在时，主语The content of the picture book是单数，所以be动词用is，故填is based。
6.which　考查定语从句。此处是非限制性定语从句，先行词是Long March to Space，指物，关系词在从句中作主语，所以用关系代词which引导。故填which。
7.became 　考查动词时态。设空处为谓语，根据上文时间状语“in 2021”可知，该句时态为一般过去时，所以动词become要用过去式became。故填became。
8.events　考查名词的单复数。event是可数名词，根据语境可知，杨利伟经常参加多个科普活动，所以要用复数形式，故填events。
9.curiosity　考查名词。children's是名词所有格，后面需接名词，curious是形容词，其名词形式是curiosity，表示“好奇心”，为不可数名词。故填curiosity。
10.a　考查冠词。work意为“作品”，为可数名词，此处表示泛指，且good的发音以辅音音素开头，需用不定冠词a修饰，故填a。