北师大版高中英语选择性必修第四册UNIT 10 CONNECTIONS Section Ⅱ LESSON 1课件

(共103张PPT)
主题语境：人与社会——人际沟通
【原文呈现】
How Closely Connected Are We
[1]Research shows the average person only has regular communication with between seven and fifteen people，and that most of our communication is in fact with five to ten people who are closest to us. However，perhaps we are closer to the rest of the world than we think.“Six Degrees of Separation”refers to the theory[2]that any person on Earth can be connected to① any other person through a chain② of no more than five other people.
【词汇积累】
①be connected to...和……连接/有联系
②chain/t e n/n.一连串，一系列；链子，链条
a chain of一系列，一连串(人或事)
a supply chain供应链
a chain reaction连锁反应
[1]本句中shows后跟两个宾语从句，第二个宾语从句的引导词that不可省略；who引导定语从句，修饰先行词people。
[2]此处为that引导的同位语从句，进一步解释说明前面的名词theory，that本身并无实际含义。
The concept was first talked about as long ago as the 1920s.The Hungarian author Frigyes Karinthy published a book called Everything Is Different in 1929，in which he introduced the idea of friendship networks③ and his ideas influenced many of our early impressions④ of social networks.
③network/'netw k/n.人际关系网，联络网；网络，网状系统
a communication network通信网
④impression/ m pre n/n.印象，感想
leave/have/make an impression on sb给某人留下印象
impress v.给……以深刻印象
be impressed by/with 对……印象深刻
impressive adj.给人深刻印象的
In the 1950s，an attempt⑤ was made by two scientists to prove the theory mathematically；but after twenty years，they still had not had any success.[3]In 1967，an American sociologist⑥ called Stanley Milgram tried using a new method to test the theory，which he called the“small-world problem”. He chose a random⑦ sample of people in the middle of America and asked them to send packages to a stranger in the state of Massachusetts.The people sending the packages only knew the name，job and general location of the stranger.[4]Milgram told them to send the package to a person they knew personally who they thought might know the target⑧ stranger.Once the parcel⑨ had been
received by this person，he/she would send the parcel onto a contact of theirs until the parcel could be personally delivered⑩ to the correct person.Amazingly，it only took between five and seven people to get the parcels delivered，and once released ，the results were published in the bimonthly magazine Psychology Today.[5]It was this research that inspired the phrase“Six Degrees of Separation”.
⑤attempt n.&vt.企图；试图；尝试
at one's first attempt在某人第一次尝试时
attempt to do sth企图/试图做某事
⑥sociologist/ s si' l d ist/n.社会学家
social adj.社会的，社交的
society n. 社会
⑦random/'r nd m/adj.随机的，随意的
at random随便地，任意地
⑧target n.目标；对象；靶子v.把……作为目标；面向
meet/achieve a target完成/达到目标
a target area/audience/group目标区域/受众/群体
⑨parcel/'pɑ s l/n.包裹；邮包
a parcel of clothes/books一包衣服/书
⑩deliver v.递送；生(孩子)；接生；发表(演说等)；解救
delivery n.递送；分娩；演讲
release/r 'li s/vt.& n.发表，发布；释放
release sb from...把某人从……中释放出来
bimonthly/ba 'm nθli/adj.两月一次的；一月两次的
a bimonthly magazine双月刊；半月刊
[3]本句中called Stanley Milgram为过去分词短语作后置定语，修饰sociologist；which引导非限制性定语从句，修饰先行词method。
[4]本句中a person后跟两个定语从句，第一个从句“they knew personally”省略了引导词，第二个从句由who引导。
[5]本句为强调句型，强调主语this research，意为“正是这项研究”。
In the last few decades，the theory and the phrase have appeared again.Its name was used as the title of a play and then a film.Then，more films and TV programmes based on the concept were made and broadcast .For example，the Oscar-winning film Babel is based on the concept of“Six Degrees of Separation”.The lives of all the characters were closely connected，although they did not know each other and lived thousands of miles apart.The television series Lost also explored the idea of “Six Degrees of Separation”，
as almost all the characters had randomly met each other，or had met someone the other characters knew，before they were all in the same plane crash.In the mid-1990s，two college students in the United States invented a game.The idea of the game was to link any actor to Kevin Bacon，a famous American actor and musician，through no more than six links.Soon the game was being played in universities across the United States.
phrase/fre z/n.成语，习语；警句
concept n.概念；观念
grasp the basic concepts of...掌握……的基本概念
broadcast vi.&vt.广播；播送n.广播；播送
a live broadcast现场直播
be broadcast live现场直播
(be) based on/upon...以……为基础/根据
base...on/upon...使……以……为基础/根据
at the base of...在……底部；在……基础上
series n.连续；系列
a series of一系列
a series of events/attacks一连串事件/袭击
explore v.考察，探险，勘探；探讨，探究
explore space探索太空
explore for oil/gold勘探石油/黄金
randomly adv.随机地；随意地；未加计划地
link vt.连接；联系n.[C]联系；连接，纽带
link A to/with/and B 把A与B连接/联系起来
In 2001，Columbia University tried to recreate Milgram's experiment on the Internet.This became known as the“Columbia Small-world Project”.The experiment involved 24，163 email chains [6]with 18 target people in 13 different countries.The results confirmed that the average number of links in the chain was six.
become known as作为……而知名
[6]此处为with复合结构，在句中作后置定语，修饰chains。
Most recently，an experiment in 2011 at the University of Milan analysed the relationship between 721 million social media users and found that 92 percent were connected by only four stages，or five degrees of separation.
So，think about it for a minute:How might you be connected to the driver of the bus you regularly take or the person who delivers your parcels？
analyse vt.分析
【参考译文】
我们之间的联系有多紧密？
研究表明，普通人只与7到15个人经常保持联系，而且我们的大多数交流实际上只发生在5到10个与我们最亲近的人身上。不过，也许我们与世界上其他人的联系比我们想象中的更紧密。“六度分隔”理论说的是地球上任何人都可以通过不超过另外五个人的联结与一个陌生人联系起来。
这个概念早在20世纪20年代就被首次提出。匈牙利作家弗里吉斯·考林蒂在1929年出版了一本名为《一切皆不同》的书，在这本书中他介绍了朋友关系网的概念，我们早期许多关于社交网络的构想都受到他思想的影响。
20世纪50年代，两位科学家试图用数学方法证明该理论；但20年过去了，他们仍未成功。在1967年，一位名叫斯坦利·米尔格兰姆的美国社会学家尝试用一种新的方法来验证这一理论，该方法被他称为“小世界问题”。他在美国中部随机选取了一部分人作为样本，让他们给马萨诸塞州的一个陌生人寄包裹。这些寄送包裹的人只知道这个陌生人的姓名、工作和大致的位置。米尔格兰姆让他们把包裹寄给他们认为有可能认识目标收件人的熟人。一旦此人收到包裹，他或她就会将包裹再发给认识的人，直到该包裹被送到目标收件人手中。令人惊讶的是，这些包裹只需通过5到7个人就能送到正确的人手中。结果一经公布，便被发表在双月刊《今日心理学》上。正是这项研究启发了“六度分隔”这一说法。
在过去的几十年里，这一理论和说法又再次出现。它的名称被用作戏剧和电影标题。随后，更多基于这一概念的电影和电视节目相继拍摄、播出。例如，奥斯卡获奖影片《通天塔》就以“六度分隔”这一概念为基础。尽管影片中他们彼此陌生、相隔千里，但所有人的生活却是紧密联系的。电视连续剧《迷失》也探讨了“六度分隔”理论，剧中失事飞机上的几乎所有人此前都曾偶遇过，或曾遇见其他人认识的人。20世纪90年代中期，美国的两名大学生发明了一款游戏。这款游戏的玩法是用不超过六个联结将任意一个演员与美国著名的演员、音乐家凯文·贝肯联系起来。这款游戏很快在美国的大学里流行起来。
2001年，哥伦比亚大学试图在互联网上重现米尔格兰姆的实验。这项实验被称为“哥伦比亚小世界项目”。它包括来自13个不同国家的18个目标人物的24 163个电子邮件链接。实验结果证实，联络串上的联结平均数量是6。
最近，米兰大学2011年的一项实验分析了7.21亿社交媒体用户之间的关系，发现92%的用户只需通过四个阶段或者说五度分隔就可建立联系。
所以，思考一下这个问题:你与经常乘坐的公交车的司机或给你送包裹的人可能存在怎样的联系呢？
1.What is the text mainly about
A.How people in the world communicate with each other.
B.What the theory of“Six Degrees of Separation” is and how it develops.
C.How people in the world are connected.
D.Why the theory of“Six Degrees of Separation” is put forward.
答案　B
2.Match the main idea with each part.
A.Development of the theory.
B.Introduction of the theory.
C.Emphasis of the theory
Part 1(Paras.1－2):__
Part 2(Paras.3－6):__
Part 3(Para.7):__
B
A
C
1.What's the purpose of the first paragraph
A.To give suggestions.
B.To introduce the topic.
C.To add background information.
D.To offer scientific data.
答案　B
2.Who was the first one to introduce the theory
A.A film star.
B.Frigyes Karinthy.
C.A mathematician.
D.Stanley Milgram.
答案　B
3.How did Stanley prove the theory
A.By asking a random sample of people to send parcels to the target stranger directly.
B.By asking a random sample of people to send parcels to the target stranger indirectly.
C.By choosing certain people to send parcels directly.
D.By choosing certain people to send parcels indirectly.
答案　B
4.How did the author show the theory's influence on the entertainment industry in paragraph 4
A.By giving examples.
B.By making comparisons.
C.By listing figures.
D.By providing the results of the experiment.
答案　A
5.Why does the author ask the question in the last paragraph
A.To help readers recall the development of“Six Degrees of Separation”.
B.To make readers relate themselves to the theory of “Six Degrees of Separation”.
C.To persuade readers to agree with his/her opinions on the theory of “Six Degrees of Separation”.
D.To encourage readers to have a contact with others.
答案　B
1.The Hungarian author Frigyes Karinthy published a book called Everything Is Different in 1929，in which he introduced the idea of friendship networks and his ideas influenced many of our early impressions of social networks.
[句式分析]　本句中过去分词短语“called Everything Is Different” ___________ ，in which为“介词＋关系代词”引导____________从句。
[自主翻译]　____________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________
作后置定语
非限制性定语
匈牙利作家弗里吉斯·考林蒂在1929年出版了一本名为《一切皆不同》
的书，在这本书中他介绍了朋友关系网的概念，我们早期许多关于社交网络的构想
都受到他思想的影响。
2.The people sending the packages only knew the name，job and general location of the stranger.
[句式分析]　本句中动词-ing形式短语sending the packages作________，修饰名词
______。
[自主翻译]　__________________________________________________________
后置定语
people
这些寄送包裹的人只知道这个陌生人的姓名、工作和大致的位置。
“Six Degrees of Separation”refers to the theory that any person on Earth can 1.__________
(connect) to any other person through a chain of no more 2.____ five other people.Up to now，it has experienced some stages as followings.In 3.___ 1950s，two scientists attempted 4._______ (prove) the theory mathematically，but failed.In 1967，an American sociologist called Stanley Milgram tried 5._____ (use) a new method to test the theory called the“small-world problem”.In 2001，Columbia University tried to recreate
be connected
than
the
to prove
using
known
Milgram's experiment on the Internet 6.______ (know) as the“Columbia Small-world Project”.And an experiment in 2011 at the University of Milan analysed the relationship between 721 million social media 7._____ (user) and found that 92 percent were connected by only four stages，or five degrees of 8._________ (separate).Above all，think about it for a minute:How might you be connected to the driver of the bus you 9.________ (regular) take or the person 10.____ delivers your parcels
Users
separation
regularly
who
1.How does the“Six Degrees of Separation”theory change the way you view your connections with strangers
__________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________
2.Why is it important to study how people are interconnected，as shown in social experiments like Milgram's
______________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
This theory shows that everyone is closely linked，encouraging kindness and empathy.By
realizing we're all connected，we can treat strangers with more respect and understanding.
Studying these connections helps us appreciate global unity and teamwork.It proves that
cooperation can solve problems faster，inspiring us to build bridges instead of walls in society.
Ⅰ.阅读词汇
1.stadium n.　　 A.社会学家
2.cafeteria n. B.两月一次的；一月两次的
3.forum n. C.(互联网上的)论坛，讨论区；讨论会，电视专题讨论节目
4.friction n. D.不和，冲突，摩擦
5.sociologist n. E.(工厂、学校等的)自助餐厅，食堂
6.bimonthly adj. F.体育场，运动场
答案　1～6　FECDAB
Ⅱ.核心词汇
1._______ n.　　　　　　 超级市场，食品杂货
2._______ n. 抵触，冲突，矛盾
3._______ n. 一连串，一系列；链子，链条
4. _______ n. 人际关系网，联络网；网络，网状系统
5. _______ adj. 随机的，随意的
6. _______ n. 包裹，邮包
7. _______ vt.&n. 发表，发布；释放
8. _______ n. 成语，习语；警句
grocery
conflict
chain
network
random
parcel
release
phrase
Ⅲ.拓展词汇
1.______ n.面包烘房，糕饼店→bake v.(在烤炉里)烘烤
2.__________ n.干涉，干预→intervene v.干涉，干预；阻碍
3.___________ n.意见不合，分歧，争论→disagree vi.不同意；有分歧
4.____ n.羡慕，忌妒 vt.羡慕，妒忌→envious adj.羡慕的；妒忌的
5._____________ n.鼓励，鼓舞；起激励作用的事物→encourage vt.鼓励→encouraging adj.令人鼓舞的；振奋人心的
6.______ vt.干扰，打扰，使中断→disturbing adj.引起烦恼的；令人不安的→disturbance n.干扰；打扰；骚乱
bakery
intervention
disagreement
envy
encouragement
disturb
7._________ vi.道歉，谢罪→apology n.道歉
8.______ n.学说，理论→theoretical adj.理论的
9._________ n.印象，感想→impress vt.使印象深刻；使铭记→impressive adj.给人深刻印象的；感人的
apologise
theory
impression
Ⅳ.核心短语
1.________ 相信，信任
2. ________ 闲待；厮混
3. ________ 查明，发现
4. ________ 指的是
5. ____________ 被运送到
6.be related to __________
7.be connected to ____________
8.take part ____
9.due to ____
10.with the aim of __________________
believe in
hang out
find out
refer to
be delivered to
与……相关
与……有联系
参加
由于
有……的目的；旨在
Ⅴ.经典句式
1.“介词＋关系代词”引导非限制性定语从句
The Hungarian author Frigyes Karinthy published a book called Everything Is Different in 1929，_____________________________________________ and his ideas influenced many of our early impressions of social networks.
匈牙利作家弗里吉斯·考林蒂在1929年出版了一本名为《一切皆不同》的书，在这本书中他介绍了朋友关系网的概念，我们早期许多关于社交网络的构想都受到他思想的影响。
in which he introduced the idea of friendship networks
2.once引导时间状语从句
________________________________________，he/she would send the parcel onto a contact of theirs until the parcel could be personally delivered to the correct person.
一旦此人收到包裹，他或她就会将包裹再发给认识的人，直到该包裹被送到目标收件人手中。
3.get sth done结构
Amazingly，it only took between five and seven people to ____________________.
令人惊讶的是，这些包裹只需通过5到7个人就能送到正确的人手中。
4.强调句型
____________________ inspired the phrase“Six Degrees of Separation”.
正是这项研究启发了“六度分隔”这一说法。
Once the parcel had been received by this person
get the parcels delivered
It was this research that
词汇精研
1.impression n.印象，感想(impress vt.使印象深刻；使铭记；使意识到→impressive adj.给人深刻印象的；感人的)
[教材原句]　...his ideas influenced many of our early impressions of social networks.
……我们早期许多关于社交网络的构想都受到他的思想的影响。
(1)leave/make/have a(n)...impression on sb 给某人留下……的印象
(2)impress sth on/upon sb＝impress sb with sth 使某人牢记某事
be impressed by/at/with... 对……印象深刻
[即时训练]　单句语法填空/补全句子
①(2024·全国甲卷)Cats have many heightened senses，but their sense of smell is quite _________ (impress).
②Deeply ________ (impress) by the beautiful scenery，I forgot to go back home on time.
③(2025·全国二卷)The Hereford Cathedral is ________________________ (最令人印象深刻的建筑) in town.
④Having made a huge effort __________________ (让裁判印象深刻)，I was rather disappointed on knowing that I didn't win.(读后续写之情感描写)
impressive
impressed
the most impressive building
to impress the judges
2.random adj.随机的，随意的(randomly adv.随便地，任意地；无目的地)
[佳句背诵]　The random act of kindness from a stranger made her believe in the goodness of humanity.(读后续写之主旨升华)
一个陌生人随意的善举，让她相信人性本善。
at random　　　　　　　 随便地，随意地
make a random choice 随机选择
[即时训练]　单句语法填空/完成句子
①(2024·新课标Ⅰ卷)To begin with，________ (random) pairing up students may lead to unbalanced language abilities within the groups.
②图书管理员从书架上随便拿了一本书。
The librarian ___________________ from the shelf.
③他们在一家随机选择的咖啡馆相遇，未意识到这次邂逅会成就一段终生友谊。
They _______________________，unaware that this encounter would lead to a lifelong friendship.(读后续写之场景描写)
[名师点津]　“介词at＋名词”构成的常见短语还有at dinner在吃饭；at play在玩耍；at sea在航海；at work在工作；at war在打仗；at peace和平相处；at hand在手边；at will任意地等。
randomly
took a book at random
met at a random coffee shop
3.release vt.& n.发表，发布；释放；发行；解雇；发泄
[佳句背诵]　We should release pressure properly by doing sports or talking to friends.(应用文写作之建议信)
我们应通过做运动或与朋友交谈来适当释放压力。
(1)release sb from...　 把某人从……中释放出来
(2)on release 上映；发行
[即时训练]　写出release的词性及含义/完成句子
①He released a photo of himself running the marathon on social media._______
②The movie studio will release a new fantasy film next month，which has aroused great expectations. _______
③The club is releasing some of its older players._______
④The bird flew away as soon as he released it from the cage，singing happily in the sky._______
⑤消防员花了两个小时将司机从汽车残骸中救出来。
It took firefighters two hours ________________________________________.
vt.发布
vt.发行
vt.解雇
vt.释放
to release the driver from the wreckage of the car
1.once引导时间状语从句
[教材原句]　Once the parcel had been received by this person，he/she would send the parcel onto a contact of theirs until the parcel could be personally delivered to the correct person.
一旦此人收到包裹，他或她就会将包裹再发给认识的人，直到该包裹被送到目标收件人手中。
[佳句背诵]　Once you have obtained this information，you can use it to determine how best to communicate with them.一旦你获得了这些信息，你就可以用它来决定如何最好地与他们沟通。
句式剖析
(1)once引导时间状语从句，意为“一旦……就……”，相当于as soon as，从句中常用一般现在时代替一般将来时；
(2)如果once引导的从句的主语与主句的主语一致，且从句中的谓语动词含有be动词的某种形式时，从句中的“主语＋be动词”可以省略。
[即时训练]　单句语法填空/完成句子
①Once you understand this rule，you ________ (have) no further difficulty.
②Once ______ (form)，a bad habit is very hard to get rid of.
will have
formed
③一旦发行，这部电视剧将会很受年轻人的欢迎。
_________________，the TV play will be very popular with young people.
④无论意大利的生活有什么缺点，只要你坐下来与亲朋好友大吃一顿，这些问题都会被忘得一干二净。
(2024·新课标Ⅱ卷)Whatever disadvantages life in Italy might have，the problems are forgotten __________________________ with friends and family.
Once (it is) released
once you sit down to a big meal
2.get sth done结构
[教材原句]　Amazingly，it only took between five and seven people to get the parcels delivered.
令人惊讶的是，这些包裹只需通过5到7个人就能送到正确的人手中。
[佳句背诵]　The team got the project finished ahead of schedule by working day and night.(读后续写之动作描写)
团队通过日夜奋战，提前完成了项目。
(1)“get/have sth done”结构中的过去分词作宾语补足语，表示被动含义，该结构意为“使某事被做”，有时意为“请人做某事”或“某人遭遇某事”；
(2)get sb to do sth意为“让某人去做某事”，表示经常性的动作或某次具体的动作，宾语是动作的执行者，相当于have sb do sth；
(3)get/have sb/sth doing sth意为“让某人一直做某事或让某事(物)处于某种状态”。
[即时训练]　单句语法填空/完成句子
①Don't worry.I'll have it _____ (type) and get someone ______ (send) it to you tomorrow.
②To improve teamwork，the coach got the players ________ (practise) communication skills every day.
③我的电视机出故障了，我必须让人给检查一下。
There is something wrong with my TV set.I must ________________.
④没有必要担心，我会让汤姆去机场接你。
There is no need to worry.I will ______________________________________ at the airport.
typed
to send
practising
get/have it checked
get Tom to pick you up/have Tom pick you up
[教材原句]　It was this research that inspired the phrase “Six Degrees of Separation”.
正是这项研究启发了“六度分隔”这一说法。
[佳句背诵]　(译林版选必三U2)It is this kind of inspiration that keeps our thirst for knowledge alive and ensures that advances in space exploration and many other fields will continue to be made.
正是这种灵感使我们对知识的渴望永存，并确保空间探索和许多其他领域的进步将继续取得。
(1)强调句型的构成:It is/was＋被强调部分＋that/who...。当被强调部分为主语时，句子的谓语动词与被强调的主语保持一致。当被强调部分为主语且主语为人时，可用that或who，其他情况用that。
(2)强调句型的一般疑问句:Is/Was it＋被强调部分＋that/who...
(3)强调句型的特殊疑问句:特殊疑问词＋is/was it＋that...
(4)对“not...until...”句型进行强调时，应用“It is/was not until...that...”；当“not until...”置于句首时，句子要用部分倒装。
(5)强调谓语动词时用“do/does/did＋动词原形”。
[即时训练]　单句语法填空/完成句子/句式升级
①(译林版选必三U2)It was only then ___ the locals began to believe me.
②正是通过不断练习，我们才能提高英语写作能力。
________________________ that we can improve our English writing skills.
③I didn't know you were fond of Chinese culture until I received your last letter.
→_____________________________________ I knew you were fond of Chinese culture.(强调句型)
→_____________________________________ you were fond of Chinese culture.(倒装句)
that
It is through constant practice
It was not until I received your last letter that
Not until I received your last letter did I know
①The concept was first talked about as long ago as the 1920s.
②In the 1950s，an attempt was made by two scientists to prove the theory mathematically...
③Once the parcel had been received by this person，he/she would send the parcel onto a contact of theirs...
④Its name was used as the title of a play and then a film.
⑤Soon the game was being played in universities across the United States.
过去时中的被动语态
[归纳填空]
上述各句中的加黑的谓语动词均为过去时态的被动语态。其中句①②④为__________的被动语态；句③为__________的被动语态；句⑤为__________的被动语态。
一般过去时
过去完成时
过去进行时
一、一般过去时的被动语态
一般过去时的被动语态表示过去某一时间的被动动作或过去经常性、习惯性的被动动作，其基本结构为was/were＋过去分词。
The school debate competition was hosted by the Student Union last Friday，attracting over 200 participants.
上周五校辩论赛由学生会主办，吸引了200多名参赛者。
Many trees and flowers were planted in our school last year.
去年我们学校种了许多树和花。
二、过去进行时的被动语态
过去进行时的被动语态表示过去某个时刻正在进行或者发生的被动动作，其基本结构为was/were being＋过去分词。
When I arrived at the charity event，the old books were still being sorted by volunteers into different categories.
当我到达慈善活动现场时，志愿者们仍在将旧书分类整理。
Was a new library being built in their school just then
他们学校当时正在建一座新的图书馆吗？
三、过去完成时的被动语态
过去完成时的被动语态表示过去某个时间以前已经完成的被动动作，常与by，before等引导的时间状语连用，其基本结构为had been＋过去分词。
The classroom hadn't been cleaned before the teacher came.
老师来之前教室尚未被打扫。
By the time they reached the campsite，all the tents had been set up by the advance team，which saved them hours of work.
当他们到达营地时，所有帐篷已被先遣队搭建完毕，这为他们节省了数小时工作。
[即时演练1]　单句语法填空
①The stone under her feet rolled，and as she ______________ (pull) into the river，she called out for help.
②The manager found that his office ______________ (break) into the day before.
③When I got to his house，I found that the walls ________________ (paint) by some workers.
④The old letter ____________ (discover) finally in a dusty drawer，revealing the long-hidden truth about her family.
was being pulled
had been broken
were being painted
was discovered
四、使用过去时中的被动语态时应注意的问题
1.“be＋过去分词”并非都是被动语态，系动词 be，feel，seem，look等词后面的过去分词已转化为形容词，在句中作表语，构成系表结构，表示某种状态。
He seemed unsatisfied with his work so he sought help from the boss.
他似乎对自己的工作不满意，因此他向老板求助。
2.“was/were＋in/on/under等＋名词”结构与过去进行时的被动语态表示相同的含义。
His drawings were on exhibition at the gallery this time last year.
去年这个时候，他的画作正在画廊展出。
The bridge was under construction when the storm hit.
暴风雨来临时，这座桥正在修建中。
3.主动句中使用带复合宾语的动词作谓语时，变为被动语态应将宾语变为被动句的主语，而将宾语补足语保留不动(这时的宾语补足语变为主语补足语)。在主动语态中，make，hear，see等词后接动词不定式要省略to，但转换为被动语态时，要还原to。
His words made me throw up.
→I was made to throw up by his words.
他的话令我作呕。
4.某些情况用主动语态来表示被动意义。read，write，act，iron，burn，cut，draw，drive，sell，wash，clean，wear，open，cook，lock，shut，dry，eat，drink等动词用来说明主语的性质特征而不强调被执行者的动作时，应用主动语态表示被动意义，且常与well，easily，badly，nicely等副词连用。
Bikes of that kind sold well last year.
去年那种自行车卖得好。
The old letter reads smoothly，as if the writer's emotions were still alive.
这封旧信读起来流畅自然，仿佛作者的情感仍未消逝。
5.主动句中使用带双宾语的动词作谓语时，变为被动语态，可将表示物的直接宾语变为主语，用for或to引出表示人的间接宾语，或将表示人的间接宾语变为主语。
My father was telling me an interesting story at this time yesterday.
→An interesting story was being told to me by my father at this time yesterday.
→I was being told an interesting story by my father at this time yesterday.
昨天这个时候，我的爸爸正在给我讲一个有趣的故事。
6.动词短语在主动句中是不可分割的，在被动句中也是如此，含有“动词＋介词/副词”的主动句变为被动句时，要保留动词后面的介词或副词。
The mistake I caused must be made up for.
我造成的错误必须被弥补。
The injured boy was carefully looked after by the nurse.
这个受伤的男孩被护士悉心照料着。
[即时演练2]　完成句子/句型转换
①男孩被提醒他的作业还没有交上来。
The boy was reminded that _______________________________.
②小时候我对数学感兴趣。
I ________________________ when I was young.
③那时这座大桥正在建设中。
The bridge _____________________________________ at that time.
④这部剧在舞台上表演效果极佳，引得观众落泪。
The play _____________________，drawing tears from the audience.
⑤The farmer made the horses work the whole day.
→The horses ________________ the whole day by the farmer.
his homework had not been handed in
was interested in mathematics
was being constructed/was under construction
acts wonderfully on stage
were made to work
Ⅰ.单句语法填空
1.It ________ (build) originally to protect the city in the Tang Dynasty and has now been completely restored.
2.The old house _____________ (surround) by dense woods，making it look mysterious in the fog.
3.Her heart _____________ (tear) apart as she listened to his apology.
4.However，a few days later，he was told that a mistake _____________ (make).
5.A total of 500 books ___________ (donate) by students during the charity drive.
6.We were told all the work _______________ (finish).
was built
was surrounded
was being torn
had been made
were donated
had been finished
7.The visitors told the police that their baggage _________ (steal) when they were away from the hotel this afternoon.
8.Tom as well as two of his classmates __________ (invite) to the party yesterday.
9.He was informed that the secret document _________________ (transport) to safety.
10.The new pencil ______ (draw) so evenly that the artist has created a perfect portrait.
was stolen
was invited
had been transported
draws
Ⅱ.语法与写作
1.这辆旧车在雪地上行驶性能很差，让我们提心吊胆。
The old car ________________________，making us nervous.
2.史密斯先生今天早上不得不乘公共汽车去上班，因为他的汽车正在被修理。
Mr Smith had to go to work by bus this morning as ______________________.
3.我真诚道歉，因为会议日程已被错误地发送给您，未包含更新后的时间。
I apologized sincerely because the meeting schedule _________________ mistakenly without the updated time.
drives badly on snowy roads
his car was being repaired
had been sent to you
4.一名救援人员冒着生命危险救出了两名在山里被困了两天的游客。
A rescue worker risked his life saving two tourists _________________________________
for two days.
5.你应当用被他人帮助的方式帮助他人。
You're supposed to help others in the way __________________________.
6.上个月，一些专家对他们的科学研究报告进行了评估。
Their report of the scientific research _________________________ last month.
7.这只迷路的狗被他们照顾得很好。
The lost dog ___________________ by them.
who had been trapped in the mountains
(that/in which) you were helped
was evaluated by some experts
was taken good care of
Ⅰ.品句填词(每小题1分，共10分)
1.Later，people use this ______ (成语) to mean “Practice makes perfect”.
2.After the sports meeting，we went to the ______ (食堂) near the school to have a big meal together.
3.Her words of _____________ (鼓励) gave me the courage to participate in the English speech contest.
4.When you travel to a new city，visiting a local art ______ (美术馆) can help you learn about its cultural heritage.
5.There was a minor _______ (冲突) between the two groups during the group project，but they solved it quickly.
phrase
(满分：72.5分)
canteen
encouragement
gallery
conflict
6.Your hard work and talent are truly admirable，and while I feel a touch of ____ (羡慕)，it only inspires me to pursue my goals harder.
7.When the heated argument between Tom and his father seemed to escalate，Grandma's timely __________ (干预) eased the tension like a gentle breeze.
8.The family's ___________ (分歧) about moving to the suburb—parents longing for a quiet life，kids reluctant to leave friends—hung in the air.
9.The magazine is published ________ (两月一次的)，with six issues a year.
10.__________ (社会学家) are the people who make the study of society or of the way society is organised.
envy
intervention
disagreement
bimonthly
Sociologists
Ⅱ.单句语法填空(每小题1.5分，共15分)
1.The stone-paved streets，traditional teahouses，and warm-hearted locals—each left a unique _________ (impress)，making me fall in love with slow-paced life there.
2.In a single forest，a mother tree can ___________ (connect) to hundreds of other trees.
3.And speaking of _______ (hang) out，I'm hoping that self-driving cars are available soon.
4.My assessments _________ (base) on the assumption that house prices would remain steady.
5.Those who have an unusually high level of intelligence，mental skill or ability are people we refer to __ geniuses.
impression
be connected
hanging
were based
as
6.I write this letter to offer a sincere _______ (apologise) for the delay in delivering the project report.
7.This is certainly a _________ (theory) risk but in practice there is seldom a problem.
8.A shooting star flashed ________ (random) across the sky，making them wish for something they couldn't name.
9.Tears streamed down her face as she _______ (release) the pent-up anger that had haunted her for years.
10.The report reveals _________ (disturb) trends in youth mental health，with 40% of students experiencing severe anxiety.
apology
theoretical
randomly
released
disturbing
Ⅲ.完成句子(每小题3分，共15分)
1.一旦您给我机会成为社区服务的志愿者，我会不遗余力地组织活动、帮助有需要的人。(once引导时间状语从句)
____________________________________________________________，I will spare no effort to organize activities and help those in need.
2.让我们共同努力，把校园垃圾妥善分类，目的是打造一个更绿色、更可持续的环境。(with the aim of)
Let's work together to get the campus waste sorted properly，_____________________
__________________________________.
Once you grant me the chance to be a volunteer for the community service
with the aim of creating a
greener and more sustainable environment
3.正是您耐心的指导和持续的鼓励，帮助我在英语演讲比赛中获得了一等奖。(强调句型)
__________________________________________________ helped me win the first prize in the English Speech Contest.
4.你捐赠的图书，承载着知识与希望，将被递送到乡村小学，帮助更多孩子开启智慧之门。(be delivered to)
Your donated books，carrying knowledge and hope，will __________________________
______，helping more children open the door to wisdom.
5.我写信求助，希望让人把我宿舍破损的窗户修好，因为它不仅漏冷风，还存在安全隐患。(get sth done结构)
I'm writing to ask for help to ________________________________________，as it not only lets in cold wind but also poses a safety risk.
It was your patient guidance and constant encouragement that
be delivered to the rural primary
school
get the broken window in my dormitory repaired
Ⅳ.阅读理解(每小题2.5分，共17.5分)
A
Bali Wildlife Rescue Volunteers
About the program
Indonesia is home to hundreds of different species of animals，many of which find themselves dispersed by tree-cutting while the country expands its exporting of wooden goods.As a result，Bali wildlife rescue volunteers help to care for a variety of different species of animals，improving the well-being of animals at the wildlife center.
Typical day
As a wildlife volunteer in Bali，you will switch among several projects and locations we work in，gaining a wide range of insight into the many ways volunteers can make an impact during their time in the program.In general，Bali wildlife rescue volunteers are expected to work for around 3－5 hours per day from Monday to Thursday with Friday being optional but encouraged.You will get involved in feeding，cleaning，daily care，etc.with other staff members who have years of experience on each project.
Services
·Free Accommodation
·Discounted Meals (Breakfast，Lunch & Dinner)
·Airport Pick Up
·Free Training
Requirements
·You need to be at least 17 years old on the program start date.
·You need to speak English.
·You should be physically fit as volunteering overseas can be quite hard.
·Your helping hand will be required on Monday－Thursday from 9:00－14:00.
Highlights
·Welcome helping hands from all over the world.
·85% of the volunteers are 17－22 years old.
·A top destination for first-times looking for a secure and social experience.
·Encourage a positive environment for learning，play and social interaction.
·Experience the friendliness and beauty of traditional Balinese culture.
[语篇解读]　本文是一篇应用文。文章主要讲述了巴厘岛野生动物救援志愿者项目，包括该项目的主要内容、典型的一天、服务、要求和亮点。
1.What is the main purpose of the program in Bali
A.To prevent illegal trading of wood.
B.To look after threatened wildlife.
C.To research endangered species.
D.To raise environmental awareness.
解析　B　细节理解题。根据第一段第二句“As a result，Bali wildlife rescue volunteers help to care for...at the wildlife center.”可知，巴厘岛项目的主要目的是照顾受威胁的野生动物。故选B。
2.What is required of the volunteer work
A.Five working days per week.
B.Related work experience.
C.Payment of accommodation.
D.Involvement in various tasks.
解析　D　细节理解题。根据第二个小标题Typical day中“You will get involved in feeding，cleaning，daily care...each project.”可知，志愿者的要求是参与各种任务。故选D。
3.What may participants gain from the program
A.Better physical fitness.
B.Strong readership skills.
C.Great social experiences.
D.More environmental knowledge.
解析　C　细节理解题。根据最后一个小标题Highlights中“A top destination for first-times looking for a secure and social experience.”可知，参与者可以从项目中获得丰富的社交经验。故选C。
B
(2025·安徽合肥质检)Among world languages，English places perhaps the highest value on the expressions of thanks，especially in formal and business settings.So it's logical that English speakers tend to conflate the expression of thankfulness with the feeling of thankfulness.If somebody didn't say “thanks”，we often think，they must not have been very grateful.And yet，in English，“thank you”gets used so frequently that it can easily start to feel habitual.
But do we say it as much as we think in our casual interactions with family and friends A new research paper titled Universals and Cultural Diversity in the Expression of Thankfulness suggests that no，we do not.
The research team behind the paper looked for expressions of thankfulness in daily informal interactions across eight languages:English，Italian，Polish，Russian，Lao，Cha'palaa，Murrinhpatha，and Siwu.The findings suggest the universal way in which thankfulness is expressed is not through giving thanks，but rather through participation in a social agreement in which mutual (相互的) assistance and working together are the norm.In fact，the practice of giving thanks seems to have little impact on the practice of mutual exchange.
The practice of giving thanks also varies culturally.In India，for example，people — especially when they are your elders，relatives，or close friends — tend to feel that by thanking them，you're weakening your closeness with them and creating formality and distance that shouldn't exist! In contrast，in England，expressing thankfulness through words is seen as a positive strengthening of relationships，promoting goodwill and connection.
Nick Enfield，lead researcher of the study，suggests that most of the 6，000 to 7，000 world languages don't have a word for“thank you”.“When we consider the negative effects of thanking close relations alongside the fact that many languages are spoken in very small communities where speakers are likely to know each other，that claim starts to feel quite reasonable.”
[语篇解读]　本文是一篇说明文。研究发现不同文化表达感激的方式有差异，很多语言甚至无“谢谢”一词，且普遍表达靠互助合作。
4.What does the underlined word“conflate”in paragraph 1 mean
A.Compare. B.Replace.
C.Figure out. D.Mix up.
解析　D　词义猜测题。根据第一段第二句以及下文“If somebody didn't say ‘thanks’，we often think，they must not have been very grateful.”可知，说英语的人常把说“谢谢”这种表达感激的方式和内心真正的感激之情弄混了。conflate意为“混淆，混为一谈”，与Mix up(混淆)语义相近。故选D。
5.How do people express thankfulness universally according to the study
A.By saying thanks directly.
B.By making social agreements.
C.By using body language.
D.By helping and cooperating.
解析　D　细节理解题。根据第三段第二句“The findings suggest the universal way...and working together are the norm.”可知，普遍表达感激的方式是通过相互帮助和合作。故选D。
6.How do Indians view the practice of giving thanks to relatives
A.It weakens their bond.
B.It reduces their social distance.
C.It enhances their connection.
D.It promotes their mutual trust.
解析　A　细节理解题。根据第四段第二句“In India...and distance that shouldn't exist！”可知，印度人认为向长辈、亲戚或亲密朋友表达感谢会削弱他们之间的联系。故选A。
7.What does Nick Enfield imply in the last paragraph
A.Many cultures do not emphasize thankfulness.
B.Thankfulness might not be expressed in words.
C.Small communities prefer to thank close friends.
D.The negative effects of thanking should be avoided.
解析　B　推理判断题。根据最后一段“most of the 6，000 to 7，000 world languages don't have a word for ‘thank you’”可知，Nick Enfield认为，很多语言中没有“谢谢”这个词，结合上文提到不同文化中表达感谢的方式不同，可推断，感激之情可能不是通过语言来表达的。故选B。
Ⅴ.完形填空 (每小题1分，共15分)
(2025·湖北武汉联考)Dashing through a Boston grocery store，I hurried to pick up flowers for a crucial date—one I couldn't afford to be late for.At the checkout，a(n) 1 woman ahead of me unloaded her groceries unhurriedly. 2 my rising impatience，I offered a warm smile，unaware this brief 3 would shape my future.
“You must be buying these for someone 4 ，”she remarked， 5 the flowers in my hands.I 6 my nerves，jokingly voicing self-doubt about why my date would choose me.She 7 me gently，sharing how her late husband had always brought her flowers weekly，even during 8 when money was tight.“Those small gestures were 9 —they made every day feel special，”she said，a flicker of sadness in her eyes.
As she 10 her shopping bags，an unexpected 11 struck me:I should give her the flowers.“You're right—these are for a very special lady，” I said， 12 the flowers to her.Her face lit up with surprise，and she thanked me 13 ，“You've made my day.”
I arrived at my date slightly late，but my girlfriend was 14 by the story.Years later，when I finally worked up the courage to propose，she revealed this act of kindness had been influential in her decision.My simple gesture had not only 15 the old woman's evening but also strengthened a bond that would last a lifetime.
[语篇解读]　本文是一篇记叙文。文章主要讲述了作者去波士顿杂货店购买鲜花，结账时遇到一位年长女士，与其交谈后，作者将鲜花送给她，这一善举不仅让老人开心，也在日后对作者的感情发展产生了重要影响。
1. A.young B.elderly
C.familiar D.lonely
解析　B　根据最后一段最后一句中“the old woman”可知，结账时排在作者的前面是一位年长的(elderly)女士。
2. A.In terms of B.Regardless of
C.In response to D.Instead of
解析　B　根据上文“Dashing through”“hurried to”以及“I couldn't afford to be late for”可知，作者既着急又不耐烦，尽管(Regardless of)不耐烦，还是报以温暖的微笑。
3. A.encounter B.accident
C.project D.highlight
解析　A　根据上文“At the checkout，a(n) woman ahead of me unloaded her groceries unhurriedly.”可知，此处是指作者和老妇人在超市收银台的这次相遇(encounter)。
4. A.desperate B.extraordinary
C.common D.modest
解析　B　根据第三段“these are for a very special lady”可知，作者是为一位特别的(extraordinary)人买花，此处special与extraordinary语义相近。
5. A.anticipating B.stuffing
C.wrapping D.eyeing
解析　D　根据下文“the flowers in my hands”可知，老妇人说话时应该是看着(eyeing)作者手中的花。
6. A.denied B.hid
C.admitted D.ignored
解析　C　根据下文“my nerves，jokingly voicing self-doubt about why my date would choose me”可知，作者承认了(admitted)自己内心的紧张和不安。
7. A.justified B.criticized
C.comforted D.avoided
解析　C　根据下文“sharing how her late husband had always brought her flowers weekly”可知，老妇人分享她已故的丈夫总是给她送花，这是在安慰(comforted)作者。
8. A.times B.terms
C.efforts D.exhibitions
解析　A　根据下文“when money was tight”可知，此处描述的是一个时期(times)，经济拮据的时期。
9. A.subjective B.permanent
C.minor D.fundamental
解析　D　根据下文“they made every day feel special”可知，老妇人认为这些小举动意义重大、至关重要(fundamental)。
10. A.gathered B.opened
C.purchased D.packed
解析　A　根据下文“her shopping bags”并结合常识可知，老妇人在结账后收拾(gathered)自己的购物袋。
11. A.trick B.idea
C.idiom D.dream
解析　B　根据下文“I should give her the flowers”可知，将鲜花送给老妇人这是作者突然产生的一个想法(idea)。
12. A.pushing B.throwing
C.handing D.sending
解析　C　根据上文“give her the flowers”可知，作者决定把花送给老妇人，应该是把花递给(handing)她。
13. A.coldly B.casually
C.politely D.sincerely
解析　D　根据下文“You've made my day.”可知，老妇人很感动，是真诚地(sincerely)感谢作者。
14. A.astonished B.confused
C.impressed D.annoyed
解析　C　根据下文“she revealed this act of kindness had been influential in her decision”可知，虽然我到达约会地点时有点晚了，但是女朋友被这个故事打动了(impressed)。
15. A.consumed B.boosted
C.brightened D.depressed
解析　C　根据上文“You've made my day.”可知，作者送花的举动让老妇人很开心，老妇人的夜晚变得快乐(brightened)。