北师大版高中英语选择性必修第四册UNIT 12 INNOVATION Section Ⅱ LESSON 1课件

(共110张PPT)
主题语境：人与社会——创新
【原文呈现】
Scientific Breakthroughs
If you had to choose the single most important discovery of the 20th century，you would have a real problem on your hands.In just 100 years，the world has changed completely.Amazing discoveries were made in medicine，communications and transport，not to mention① our knowledge of the world and space.Medical advances ranged② from discovering the causes of diseases under microscopes③ to staging operations to replace diseased organs with donated④ munications changed with the introduction of mobile phones，and the way we correspond⑤ went from writing letters to emailing and sending instant⑥ messages.
We started flying around the world，launching⑦ satellites⑧ into orbit⑨ and，at the same time，scientists figured out⑩ how to split the atom，previously thought to be the smallest particle of matter in the universe.
【词汇积累】
①not to mention更不用说
②range vt.(在一定范围内)变化，变动n. 范围；界限；一系列；山脉
range from...to...范围从……到……
a wide range of各种各样的
③microscope/'ma kr sk p/n.显微镜
④donate/d 'ne t/vi.& vt.捐献(器官)，献(血)；捐赠，捐献
donate to...向……捐赠
donation n.捐赠
make a donation to对……进行捐赠
⑤correspond/ k r 'sp nd/vi.通信；相一致，符合
correspond with sb与某人通信；相符
⑥instant/' nst nt/adj.立刻的，马上的
instantly adv.立刻，马上conj.一……就……
⑦launch/l nt /vt.发射；发动，发起，开始从事
launch an activity/event发起一项活动
⑧satellite/'s t la t/n.人造卫星；卫星
⑨orbit/' b t/n.轨道 vi.& vt.沿轨道运行
in orbit在轨道上
go into orbit进入轨道
⑩figure out解决，想出
同义表达:find out/work out
split/spl t/vi.& vt.分割，把……分开；分成(不同部分)
split up (把……)分成小组；划分，分解；拆散
particle/'pɑ t k l/n.粒子，质点
Although it is impossible to choose the most important discovery，it is possible to single out a few pioneers of the 20th century.Here are some of them.
One of the 20th century's premier scientists was Albert Einstein.In the summer of 1905，this outspoken young man [1]was rocking his one-year-old baby when he was suddenly inspired.Subsequently ，“E＝mc2” was born.It showed [2]how a small piece of mass could produce an unbelievable amount of energy.Einstein then showed in his“theory of relativity ”that not even time，mass or length are constant —they change according to our experience of them.
single out挑选(后面常跟介词for或as)
outspoken/a t'sp k n/adj.坦率的，直言不讳的
subsequently/'s bs kw ntli/adv.后来，随后
relativity/ rel 't v ti/n.相对性
theory of relativity相对论
constant/'k nst nt/adj.恒久不变的；持续不断的，经常发生的n.常量，恒量
constantly adv.时常地，不断地
同义表达:regularly/frequently
[1]此处为“be doing...when...”句型，意为“正在做……，这时(突然)……”。
[2]此处为how引导的宾语从句，how在从句中作状语。
In 1928，another important finding was made by biologist Alexander Fleming.Before he went on holiday，Fleming left a dish of bacteria in his laboratory.When he came back，he noticed something strange.He double-checked and saw a blue mould in the dish [3]around which the bacteria had been destroyed.This blue mould was in fact the natural form of penicillin ，[4]which Fleming perceived could be used to kill bacteria.A few years later，penicillin was being mass-produced and helping to save the lives of millions.Fleming remained humble about the amazing outcome of his discovery.“Nature made penicillin，” he said，“I just found it.”
finding/'fa nd /n.研究的结果；发现
biologist/ba ' l d st/n.生物学家
biology n. 生物学
mould/m ld/n.霉，霉菌
penicillin/ pen 's l n/n.青霉素，盘尼西林
perceive/p 'si v/ vt.察觉，注意到，发觉
humble/'h mb l/adj.谦虚的，谦卑的；简陋的
[3]此处为“介词＋which”引导的定语从句。
[4]此处为which引导的非限制性定语从句，which在从句中作主语。
During World War Ⅱ，[5]when Fleming's discovery was first helping to cure people，the US Navy was looking for ways of improving the accuracy of their missiles .[6]The navy turned to Eckert，an engineer，and Mauchly，a physicist ，to deal with the problem and produce a machine to do the job in a joint effort.Although they only finished after the war in 1946，it did not matter.This huge machine was the world's first computer，but it was nothing like our computers today.It measured 100 feet long by over 10 feet high and weighed over 30，000 kilograms.With 18，000 tubes ，thousands of circuits and 6，000 switches，it used so much energy that when it was turned on，the lights in the local town went out ！
accuracy/' kj r si/n.准确性；精准度；正确，准确
accurate adj.准确的，精准的
to be accurate精确地说
missile/'m sa l/n.导弹，飞弹
physicist/'f z s st/n.物理学家
joint /d nt/adj.联合的，共同的，共有的
joint effort 共同努力
tube/tju b/n.圆管，管子；电视显像管，阴极射线管
circuit/'s k t/n.电路，线路；环形道路
go out熄灭；外出
[5]此处为when引导的非限制性定语从句，修饰World War Ⅱ。
[6]此处an engineer和a physicist分别作Eckert和Mauchly的同位语。
With the development of computers，people expected to get more things done efficiently .During the Cold War，a “huge network” of computers was proposed by two American scientists.[7]With computers talking to one another，it would enable government leaders to communicate with each other.By the end of the 1960s，some mini-networks were established，but only a few computers could connect to them.In 1990，Tim Berners-Lee invented the World Wide Web，which enabled computers all over the world to communicate with each other.Nowadays，life without the Internet for most people is unimaginable.
expect to do sth期待/预料做某事
efficiently/ 'f ntli/adv.有效率地，高效能地
efficient adj.有效率的
propose/pr 'p z/vt.提出(某观点、方法等)；提名，推荐；求婚
propose sb for提名(某人)
proposal n.建议；提出；求婚
[7]此处为with复合结构，在句中作伴随状语。
These pioneers of the 20th century were all dedicated to improving the quality of human life on Earth.Human life on this planet has been transformed into a“global village”，[8]with all the different countries linked in the chain of common interests.There is no doubt about it.Without the breakthroughs of these pioneers in science and technology，whether lucky or planned，the world as we know it today would be a completely different place.
be dedicated to doing sth致力于……
transform v.使转换，使变形
be transformed into转变成
[8]此处为with复合结构，在句中作原因状语。
【参考译文】
科技突破
如果必须在20世纪重大发现中选出最重要的一项，这可不是件容易的事。在仅仅100年中，世界就完全变样了。医学、通信和交通方面都有惊人的发现，更别提我们对世界和太空的认知了。医学上的进步范围很广，从利用显微镜揭示病因，到施行手术，用捐赠的器官做器官移植。随着移动电话的问世，通信方式也发生了变化。我们从用写信通信变成了发电子邮件和发送即时信息。我们开始坐飞机周游世界，把人造卫星发送至轨道。同时，科学家们发现了如何分裂原子。在此之前，原子被认为是宇宙中最小的物质微粒。
尽管不太可能选出哪项发现是最重要的，但是挑选出20世纪的几位先驱还是可能的。例如以下几位。
阿尔伯特·爱因斯坦是20世纪最杰出的科学家之一。1905年夏天，这个坦率的年轻人给他一岁的孩子晃动摇篮时，突然受到启发。于是，“E＝mc2”诞生了。它证明了一小块物质如何释放令人难以置信的巨大能量。爱因斯坦随后在他的“相对论”中指出，即使是时间、质量或长度，它们也不是恒定不变的——它们会根据我们对它们的感知而变化。
1928年，另一项重要的发现被生物学家亚历山大·弗莱明发现了。在去度假之前，弗莱明在实验室里留下了一个培养细菌的器皿。回来时，他注意到器皿里有点儿奇怪。他反复检查并发现器皿里有一种蓝色的霉菌，而霉菌周围的细菌已经被杀死了。这种蓝色的霉菌实际上是青霉素的自然形态，弗莱明注意到它可以用来杀死细菌。数年后，青霉素开始大量生产，并且帮助挽救了数百万人的生命。弗莱明对他这一发现带来的惊人结果保持谦虚态度。他说:“是大自然制造了青霉素，我只是发现了它。”
第二次世界大战期间，正当弗莱明的发现首次被用来帮助治疗病人时，美国海军正在寻找提高导弹精度的方法。海军求助于工程师埃克特和物理学家莫克利来解决这个问题并共同努力制造一台机器来完成这项工作。尽管机器在1946年战争结束后才制造出来，但仍产生了巨大影响。这台巨大的机器是世界上第一台计算机，但是与今天的计算机完全不同。它长100英尺，高10多英尺，重达30 000多千克。它有18 000个显像管、数千条电路和6 000个开关，耗电量异常巨大，以至于当它启动的时候，当地所有的灯都熄灭了！
随着计算机的发展，人们期望能高效地完成更多的事情。冷战期间，两位美国科学家提出建立一个计算机的“庞大网络”。计算机能互换信息，也能使政府领导人相互沟通。到20世纪60年代末，一些小型网络已经建立起来，但只有少数计算机可以接入。1990年，蒂姆·伯纳·李发明了万维网，使世界各地的计算机能够相互沟通。如今，对大多数人来说，没有互联网的生活是难以想象的。
这些20世纪的先驱都致力于改善地球上人类的生活质量。不同国家因共同利益而连接起来，地球上人类的生活已经转变为“地球村”。此事毋庸置疑。如果没有这些先驱取得的科技突破，无论这些突破是偶然取得的还是计划之中的，我们今天所了解的世界将是一个完全不同的地方。
1.What does the text mainly talk about
A.Scientific discoveries in our daily life.
B.Commitment made by great inventors.
C.Changes happened in our everyday lives.
D.Pioneers of the 20th century.
答案　D
2.Match the main idea with each part.
A.The significance of these breakthroughs.
B.A brief introduction of scientific breakthroughs in the 20th century.
C.Some great scientists of pioneers of science and inventions or discoveries.
Part 1 (Para.1):___
Part 2(Paras.2－6):___
Part 3 (Para.7):___
B
C
A
1.What's the main idea of the first paragraph
A.People have made amazing discoveries in medicine，communications and transport.
B.It is hard to choose the single most important discovery of the 20th century.
C.Scientists have found how to split the atom.
D.The world has changed completely.
答案　B
2.What can we infer from the first sentence in the first paragraph
A.There are a number of important discoveries of the 20th century.
B.It is easy to choose the most important discovery of the 20th century.
C.There are few great discoveries in the 20th century.
D.Someone who will choose the discovery will be in trouble.
答案　A
3.What did Alexander Fleming realise after he double-checked
A.He realised that penicillin was in fact the natural form of the blue mould.
B.He realised that penicillin was useless to help to save the lives of people.
C.He realised that he made the greatest breakthrough of the century.
D.He realised that penicillin could be used to kill bacteria.
答案　D
4.Which of the following can replace the word“dedicated” in the last paragraph
A.Devoted.　　　　　 B.Determined.
C.Likely. D.Experienced.
答案　A
5.What is the author's attitude to the pioneers and their achievements
A.Objective. B.Admirable.
C.Indifferent. D.Skeptical.
答案　B
1.We started flying around the world，launching satellites into orbit and，at the same time，scientists figured out how to split the atom，previously thought to be the smallest particle of matter in the universe.
[句式分析]　本句中，how to split the atom为“疑问词＋动词不定式”结构，作figured out的_____；thought to be the smallest particle of matter in the universe为过去分词短语作_________。
[自主翻译]　____________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
宾语
后置定语
我们开始坐飞机周游世界，把人造卫星发送至轨道。同时，科学家们
发现了如何分裂原子。在此之前，原子被认为是宇宙中最小的物质微粒。
2.Human life on this planet has been transformed into a“global village”，with all the different countries linked in the chain of common interests.
[句式分析]　本句是_____句，主语是__________，谓语动词是__________________
____；with all the different countries linked in the chain of common interests是_______结构，其构成形式是“with＋名词＋过去分词短语”，在句中作_____。
[自主翻译]　_____________________________________________________________
__________________
简单
Human life
has been transformed
into
不同国家因共同利益而连接起来，地球上人类的生活已经转变为“地
球村”。
with复合
状语
In just 100 years，the world has changed 1._________ (complete).Amazing discoveries were made in medicine，communications and transport.Medical advances ranged from 2.__________ (discover) the causes of diseases under microscopes to staging operations to replace diseased organs with donated ones.We started flying around the world，launching satellites into orbit and，at the same time，scientists figured 3.___ how to split the atom，previously thought to be the smallest particle of matter in the universe.Although it is impossible 4.________ (choose) the most important discovery，it is possible to single out a few pioneers of the 20th century.
completely
discovering
out
to choose
In the summer of 1905，Albert Einstein 5.___________ (rock) his one-year-old baby when he was suddenly inspired.Subsequently，“E＝mc2”was born.It showed how a small piece of mass could produce an 6.___________ (believable) amount of energy.In 1928，another important finding 7.________ (make) by biologist Alexander Fleming.Fleming left a dish of bacteria in his laboratory.When he came back，he noticed something strange.He saw a blue mould in the dish around 8.______ the bacteria had been destroyed.This blue mould was in fact the natural form of penicillin，which Fleming perceived could be used 9.______ (kill) bacteria.A few years later，penicillin was being mass-produced and 10._______ (help) to save the lives of millions.
was rocking
unbelievable
was made
which
to kill
helping
1.If you could meet one of the pioneers mentioned (Albert Einstein，Alexander Fleming，or Tim Berners-Lee)，what would you ask him about his discovery，and why
_______________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________
2.How do you think accidental discoveries，like Alexander Fleming's penicillin，teach us about the importance of curiosity and observation in science
____________________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________________
I would ask Tim Berners-Lee how he imagined the Internet would change the world.His
invention connects billions of people，and I'd love to hear his vision for its future.
Alexander Fleming's story shows that great discoveries can come from unexpected moments.
Staying curious and observant helps us turn accidents into breakthroughs that benefit humanity.
Ⅰ.阅读词汇
1.vitamin n.　　　　 A.粒子，质点
2.labour-saving adj. B.青霉素，盘尼西林
3.microscope n. C.维生素
4.orbit n. D.霉，霉菌
5.particle n. E.轨道
6.mould n. F.导弹，飞弹
7.penicillin n. G.节省劳力的
8.perceive vt. H.电路，线路；环形道路
9.missile n. I.察觉，注意到，发觉
10.circuit n. J.显微镜
答案　1～5　CGJEA　6～10　DBIFH
Ⅱ.核心词汇
1._________ n. 健康，幸福，舒适
2._______ n. 垃圾
3.______ n. 设备，装置；修辞手段
4.______ vt. 发射；发动，发起，开始从事
5._______ n. 人造卫星；卫星
6.____ vi.& vt. 分割，把……分开；分成(不同部分)
7._______ adj. 最好的；最重要的
well-being
garbage
device
launch
satellite
split
premier
8._________ adj. 坦率的，直言不讳的
9.________ n. 相对性
10._______ n. 研究的结果；发现
11._______ adj. 谦虚的，谦卑的
12.________ n. 结果，后果
13._____ n. 海军
14._____ adj. 联合的，共同的，共有的
15._________ adv. 有效率地，高效能地
outspoken
relativity
finding
humble
outcome
navy
joint
efficiently
Ⅲ.拓展词汇
1.____________ n.娱乐活动，娱乐节目；娱乐；款待→entertain v.招待，款待；使快乐→entertaining adj.有趣的；使人愉快的
2.______ adj.有天赋的，有才华的→gift n.天赋；礼物
3._________ adj.多产的；丰饶的；富有成效的→produce vt.创作；生产→product n.产品→production n.创作；生产
4.________ adj.科学(上)的→scientist n.科学家→science n.科学
5.______ vi.& vt.捐献(器官)，献(血)；捐赠，捐献→donation n.捐款；捐赠(物)→donator n.捐赠者；赠送者
entertainment
gifted
productive
scientific
donate
6.__________ vi.通信；相符，一致→correspondence n.往来书信；通信联系；相关，相似→correspondent n.记者；通讯员→corresponding adj.符合的；相应的；相关的
7.______ adj.立刻的，马上的；速食的n.瞬间；片刻→instantly adv.立即 conj.一……就……
8.___________ adv.后来，随后→subsequent adj.随后的，后来的→subsequence n.持续；紧随
9._______ adj.恒久不变的；持续不断的，经常发生的n.常量，恒量→constantly adv.不断地→constancy n.坚定不移；恒久不变
10._______ n.准确性；精准度；正确，准确→accurate adj.精确的；准确的→accurately adv.精确地；准确地
correspond
instant
subsequently
constant
accuracy
11.________ n.物理学家→physics n.物理学→physical adj.身体的；物质的→physically adv.身体上；肉体上
12._______ vt.提出(某观点、方法等)→proposal n.建议；提议；求婚
physicist
propose
Ⅳ.核心短语
1.______________ 　　　　 同时
2. ______________ 即时信息
3.____________ 更不用说
4.____________ 去度假
5._________ 解决；发现；弄清楚
6.____________________ 效仿某人
7.____________ 想出
at the same time
instant messages
not to mention
go on holiday
figure out
follow in one's footsteps
come up with
8.correspond with _____________
9.in fact _______
10.single out ___________
11.go out _____
12.be committed/dedicated to ______________
13.be transformed into _______
14.have sth on one's hands _________________
与……相一致
实际上
挑出；挑选
熄灭
致力于；投身于
转变为
有某事待某人处理
Ⅴ.经典句式
1.the way后的定语从句
Communications changed with the introduction of mobile phones，and ____________________
went from writing letters to emailing and sending instant messages.
随着移动电话的问世，通信方式也发生了变化。我们从用写信通信变成了发电子邮件和发送即时信息。
the way we correspond
2.过去分词(短语)作后置定语
We started flying around the world，launching satellites into orbit and，at the same time，scientists figured out how to split the atom，previously ___________________________
____________________.
我们开始坐飞机周游世界，把人造卫星发送至轨道。同时，科学家们发现了如何分裂原子。在此之前，原子被认为是宇宙中最小的物质微粒。
3.it作形式主语
Although _____________________ the most important discovery，_________________
___ a few pioneers of the 20th century.
尽管不太可能选出哪项发现是最重要的，但是挑选出20世纪的几位先驱还是可能的。
thought to be the smallest particle
of matter in the universe
it is impossible to choose
it is possible to single
out
4.“so...that...”意为“如此……以至于……”
With 18，000 tubes，thousands of circuits and 6，000 switches，it used _____________
____ when it was turned on，the lights in the local town went out!
它有18 000个显像管、数千条电路和6 000个开关，耗电量异常巨大，以至于当它启动的时候，当地所有的灯都熄灭了！
5.“get＋宾语＋宾语补足语”结构
With the development of computers，people expected to __________________ efficiently.
随着计算机的发展，人们期望能高效地完成更多的事情。
6.“There is no doubt about...”意为“毫无疑问……”
____________________ it.
此事毋庸置疑。
so much energy
that
get more things done
There is no doubt about
词汇精研
1.donate vi.& vt.捐献(器官)，献(血)；捐赠，捐献(donated adj.捐赠的→donation n. 捐赠；捐赠物，捐款→donor n.捐献者；捐赠者)
[教材原句]　Medical advances ranged from discovering the causes of diseases under microscopes to staging operations to replace diseased organs with donated ones.
医学上的进步范围很广，从利用显微镜揭示病因，到施行手术，用捐赠的器官做器官移植。
(1)donate sth to sb　　 向某人捐献某物
(2)give/make a donation to... 向……捐赠
[即时训练]　单句语法填空/完成句子
①(人教版必修三U3)Traditionally，visitors enter Chinatown through the legendary Dragon Gate，which was built using materials _______ (donate) from China.
②She gave a donation ___ the shelter to help homeless cats.
③我们已经为即将搬到城里的公寓选定了关键物品，尽可能捐赠了能捐的东西，并租了一个地方来存放我们自认为重要的物品。
(2025·全国一卷)We had decided on key items for the apartment we were moving to in town，___________________，and rented a place to store our supposedly important objects.
donated
to
donated what we could
2.correspond vi.通信；相符，一致 (correspondence n.往来书信；通信联系；相关，相符→correspondent n.记者；通讯员→corresponding adj.符合的；相应的；相关的)
[佳句背诵]　The story in the book corresponds with the historical facts，making it very educational.
书中的故事与历史事实相符，使其具有很强的教育意义。
(1)correspond with...　　　　　 和……通信；和……一致
correspond to/with... 和……一致
(2)in correspondence with... 与……有通信联系；与……一致
[即时训练]　单句语法填空/一句多译
①The marks on the products don't correspond ______ the goods I purchased on the Internet.
②What she just said isn't in _____________ (correspond) with the views of the majority.
③When corresponding ____ your foreign friends，you should give them your detailed address.
④只有当你言行一致时，你才能和其他人建立更好的关系。(应用文写作之建议信)
→You can make better relationships with others only when ________________________
___________.
→_______________________________________________________________________
__________(倒装句)
with/to
correspondence
with
what you do corresponds with
what you say
Only when what you do corresponds with what you say can you make better relationships
with others.
3.instant adj.立刻的，马上的；速食的n.瞬间；片刻 (instantly adv.立即地conj.一……就……)
[佳句背诵]　(人教版选必一U2)Your lights will come on the instant you enter the door along with your favourite music or TV programmes，and you will find your dinner already prepared for you.
你一进门，灯就会亮起，还有你最喜欢的音乐或电视节目(会自动播放)，而且你会发现晚餐已为你淮备好了。
in an instant(＝instantly)　 立刻；马上
for an instant 一瞬间；刹那间
the instant (＝instantly) 一……就……
[即时训练]　单句语法填空/一句多译
①I _______ (instant) became a big fan of Sichuan hot pots and I'll soon be back for more!
②The storm clouds gathered and it started raining in ___ instant.
③____ an instant，Mr Read was speechless and his eyes took on a misted look.
④大卫越过终点线的那一刻，观众中响起了雷鸣般的掌声和欢呼声。
→_______________________________，thunderous applause and cheers rose from the audience.(instantly adv.)
→_________________________________，thunderous applause and cheers rose from the audience.(instant n.)
instantly
an
For
Instantly David crossed the finish line
The instant David crossed the finish line
4.split vi.& vt.分割，把……分开；分成(不同部分)
[佳句背诵]　The group split into two teams to explore different parts of the forest.(读后续写之情节描写)
这个小组分成两队去探索森林的不同部分。
(1)split (sb) up　 (使某人)分裂，分离；(使某人)分手
(2)split away/off (from sth) (使)脱离，分裂出去，分离
(3)split...into... 把……分成……
[即时训练]　单句语法填空/完成句子
①When the couple split ___，they had to decide who would get custody (监护权) of the children.
②The teacher split the class ____ two groups for the activity.
③我渐渐开始认为没有什么事情能把我们分开。
I was beginning to think that nothing could ever _________.
up
into
split us up
5.relativity n.相对性 (relate vt.& vi.联系，把……与……联系起来；叙述，讲述→relation n.关系；关联；亲属关系→relationship n.关系→relative adj.相对的；有关系的n. 亲戚；相关物→relatively adv.相对地)
[佳句背诵]　He began to think about the relativity of time after reading the science fiction novel.
读了那本科幻小说后，他开始思考时间的相对性。
(1)be related to...　　 与……有关系
relate to... 与……有关联；了解
relate...to/with... 把……与……联系起来
(2)in/with relation to... 与……有关；涉及；与……相比
have no relation to... 与……没关系
[即时训练]　单句语法填空/完成句子
①The report related high wages ______ labour shortages.
②I need to talk to you on a matter of ________ (relative) great personal importance.
③Albert Einstein's theory of ________ (relative) earned him universal esteem.
④印刷和数字阅读结果之间的差异与纸张的物理特性部分有关。
The differences between print and digital reading results _________________ paper's physical properties.
to/with
relatively
relativity
are partly related to
句式剖析
1.the way后的定语从句
[教材原句]　Communications changed with the introduction of mobile phones，and the way we correspond went from writing letters to emailing and sending instant messages.
随着移动电话的问世，通信方式也发生了变化。我们从用写信通信变成了发电子邮件和发送即时信息。
[佳句背诵]　(外研版选必三U5)While Tao's return to nature was a reaction to a lifestyle he was opposed to，Thoreau's was a personal decision to transform the way he lived.
陶渊明回归自然是对他所反对的生活方式的一种反应，而梭罗回归自然则是他改变自己生活方式的个人决定。
(1)we correspond为定语从句，修饰先行词the way；
(2)当the way表示“方式，方法”并作先行词时，若从句缺少状语，则定语从句的引导词可以是that或in which，也可以将引导词省略；若从句缺少主语和宾语，则用that或which来引导，关系词作宾语时可以省略。
[即时训练]　单句语法填空/完成句子
①(2024·浙江卷1月)Of course，shops are not charities—they price goods in the way _________ will make them the most money.
②(外研版必修一U6)But perhaps what is most significant is the way ___ which people have worked in harmony with nature to make these terraces and grow rice.
③当事情看起来不像我们在书中想象的那样时，电影也让我们失望。
(外研版必修二U4)Movies also disappoint us when things don't look the way ____________
__________________________.
that/which
in
(that/in which)
we imagined them in the books
2.“There is no doubt about...”意为“毫无疑问……”
[教材原句]　There is no doubt about it.
此事毋庸置疑。
[佳句背诵]　(人教版选必三U3)There is little doubt that Earth is getting warmer and warmer.
毫无疑问，地球正变得越来越温暖。
(1)There is some doubt whether... 怀疑是否……
Sb has/have no doubt that... 某人毫无疑问……
(2)I don't/never doubt that... 我确信……
I doubt whether/if... 我怀疑是否……
(3)without/beyond doubt 毫无疑问
[即时训练]　单句语法填空/句型转换
①I doubt _________ he is qualified for the position he wants to apply for.
②There is some doubt _______ the team can secure a victory in the upcoming match，considering their recent poor performance and the strength of their opponents.
③The running race has been，without doubt，one of the most rewarding events we have participated in so far.
→_______________________ the running race has been one of the most rewarding events we have participated in so far.
whether/if
whether
There is little/no doubt that
①Medical advances ranged from discovering the causes of diseases under microscopes to staging operations to replace diseased organs with donated ones.
②Although it is impossible to choose the most important discovery，it is possible to single out a few pioneers of the 20th century.
③In the summer of 1905，this outspoken young man was rocking his one-year-old baby when he was suddenly inspired.
④It showed how a small piece of mass could produce an unbelievable amount of energy.
形容词
⑤This blue mould was in fact the natural form of penicillin，which Fleming perceived could be used to kill bacteria.
⑥A few years later，penicillin was being mass-produced and helping to save the lives of millions.
⑦Fleming remained humble about the amazing outcome of his discovery.
[归纳填空]
以上加黑部分均为形容词，句①、⑤中的加黑部分后缀为___；句②中的加黑部分前缀___为否定前缀；句③、⑦中的加黑部分后缀分别为___和_____；句④中的加黑部分后缀为_____；句⑥中的加黑部分为_____形容词。
-al
im-
-ed
-ing
-able
合成
一、形容词的定义及分类
形容词是描述事物的特征、性质、类属、状态等内容的一类词，主要用于修饰、丰富、限定名词的内容。形容词根据其含义、用法可分成两大类:性质形容词和类别形容词。表示事物的性质或特征的形容词叫性质形容词，表示类别的形容词叫类别形容词。
The fragrant flowers attracted butterflies lingering around them.
芬芳的花朵吸引了蝴蝶在周围徘徊。(性质形容词)
The western area needs our help.
西部地区需要我们的帮助。(类别形容词)
二、形容词的基本用法
1.性质形容词的用法
性质形容词有等级的变化，能用程度副词修饰，在句子里充当定语、表语、宾语补足语、状语等。
Our teacher is taller than we are.
我们老师的个子比我们的高。
It is warmer today than it was yesterday.
今天的天气比昨天暖和。
Practice proves that this idea is completely correct.
实践证明，这个想法是完全正确的。
2.类别形容词的用法
类别形容词常没有等级的变化，也不用程度副词修饰。
有些类别形容词只能作定语，不能作表语；另有一些作定语和表语都可以。
Tokyo and New York are major financial centres.
东京和纽约是主要的金融中心。
Two of the candidates must be female.
候选人中必须有两名是女性。
[即时演练1]　判断下列加黑词是性质形容词(A)还是类别形容词(B)
①a stony look ____
②They'll make you comfortable on the place. ____
③the northern people of China _________
④She is studying French literature. _________
⑤These subjects reflect our daily lives. _________
A
A
B
B
B
三、形容词的排序
形容词一般按照下列顺序排列:
1.限:限定词。如the、my、a、this等。
2.描:描绘性形容词。如brave、beautiful、lovely、nice等。
3.大:大小、高低、长短等形容词。如big、tall、large、small等。
4.形:形状。如round、square等。
5.龄:年龄大小、新旧、年代等。如young、old、new等。
6.颜:颜色。如red、blue、green等。
7.籍:国籍、发源地、出处。如Chinese、American、Japanese等。
8.物:物质材料的形容词。如golden、wooden、iron等。
9.类:表示类别、用途。如medical、chemical、writing等。
a beautiful large green Chinese carpet一块又漂亮又大的绿色中式地毯
those old-looking grey wooden houses那些看起来旧旧的灰色木屋
[即时演练2]　翻译下列短语
①那些高个子的年轻英国警察
_______________________________________________________________
②一个非常有勇气的老太太
__________________________________________________
③一张美丽的小圆形旧棕色法国橡木(oak)写字台
______________________________________________________________________________________________________________
④一张方形棕色中式木桌
_______________________________________________________________________
⑤一座典型的、很高的意大利建筑
_______________________________________________________
those tall young British policemen
a very courageous old lady
a charming small round old brown French oak writing table
a square brown Chinese wooden table
a typical high Italian building
四、合成形容词
1.由连字符(或不用连字符)把两个或两个以上的词连接起来构成的形容词叫合成形容词。在句中常作定语。
a south-facing window　一扇朝南的窗户
a dried-up river　一条干涸的河
a far-reaching effect　深远的影响
2.合成形容词的构成
(1)数词＋名词(＋形容词)
a five-year-old boy　一个五岁的男孩
(2)形容词＋名词-ed
a white-haired girl　一个白头发的女孩
(3)形容词＋分词(包括动词-ing形式和过去分词)
a long-standing friendship　一份长久的友谊
clean-washed clothes　洗干净了的衣服
(4)副词＋分词(包括动词-ing形式和过去分词)
hard-working people　勤劳的人们
a well-known writer　一位著名的作家
(5)名词＋分词(包括动词-ing形式和过去分词)
peace-keeping troops　维和部队
a man-made satellite　一颗人造卫星
(6)名词＋形容词
war-weary soldiers　厌战的士兵
(7)形容词＋名词
a full-time job　一份全职工作
(8)形容词＋形容词
a grey-green car　一辆灰绿色小汽车
[即时演练3]　用适当的合成形容词填空
①一个热心肠的女士
a ____________ woman
②勇敢战斗的战士
______________ soldiers
③二手材料
___________ materials
warm-hearted
bravely-fighting
second-hand
④一次四小时的旅行
a _________ trip
⑤一个相貌平平的男人
an ______________ man
⑥热爱和平的人们
___________ people
four-hour
ordinary-looking
peace-loving
Ⅰ.单句语法填空
1.(2024·全国甲卷)It was my junior year of undergraduate，and I was doing an __________
(independence) study on Victorian literature.
2.(2024·新课标Ⅰ卷)In the race to document the species on Earth before they go ______
(extinction)，researchers and citizen scientists have collected billions of records.
3.(2024·新课标Ⅰ卷)For well over a hundred years the most _________ (influence) English dictionary was Samuel Johnson's Dictionary of the English Language published in 1755.
4.(2024·新课标Ⅱ卷)“We are _________ (passion) about reducing waste，carbon and chemicals in our environment，”said a BMF employee.
independent
extinct
influential
passionate
5.Mary felt _______ (please)，because there were many empty seats in the room.
6.The change in ______ (globe) climate will undoubtedly influence many areas' water supply.
7.If he wants to become a _________ (success) singer，he should take some special practice.
8.He spoke to me in English and started explaining his past life when he was ______ (health).
9.The US Foreign Service Institute points out that it will take a native English speaker 2，200 hours to reach ___________ (profession) fluency in Chinese.
10.Some politicians have been quick to describe the event as simple ______ (violence) action.
pleased
global
successful
healthy
professional
violent
Ⅱ.完成句子
1.教练说他们的篮球队需要更有活力的运动员。
The coach said that they needed ___________________ on their basketball team.
2.在面试过程中，你应该清晰地表达自己的观点，面带真诚和自信的微笑。
During the interview，you should present your views very clearly，wearing a __________
________ smile.
3.他累极了，一碰枕头就睡着了。
________，he fell fast asleep on touching the pillow.
more energetic players
sincere and
confident
Tired out
4.感谢你为使我生活舒适所做的一切。
You have done everything to ______________________，for which I appreciate a lot.
5.你会发现这些饭菜准备起来又快又方便。
You'll find these meals __________________ to prepare.
make my life comfortable
quick and convenient
Ⅰ.品句填词(每小题1分，共10分)
1.This makes sense because the people who get observational biodiversity data on mobile _______ (设备) are often citizen scientists recording their encounters with species in areas nearby.
2.A study found that children as young as 8 were using social media platforms largely for ____________ (娱乐).
3.I shall think of her as the most ______ (有天赋的) violinist here.
4.Houses have been _____ (劈开) and collapsed，but we can build them again.
5.Meteorologists use _______ (卫星) images to track hurricanes and issue timely warnings to coastal areas.
devices
(满分：75分)
entertainment
gifted
split
satellite
6.The _______ (首席的) violinist’s performance moved the audience to tears，blending skill with deep emotion.
7.________ (持续不断的) communication between team members is essential for the successful completion of complex projects.
8.He has a ______ (谦虚的) attitude towards his work，willing to learn from even new colleagues.
9.She ________ (提议) an alternative route through the forest，hoping to avoid the storm that was approaching from the coast.
10.It can provide students with ______ (即时的) feedback，including reports about their strengths and weaknesses.
premier
Constant
humble
proposed
instant
Ⅱ.单句语法填空(每小题1.5分，共15分)
1.Researchers published their _______ (find) in a top scientific journal，attracting global attention.
2.Any further _____________ (correspond) should be sent to my new address.
3.His career as a writer ___________ (launch) when a magazine published his short story about childhood nostalgia.
4.She missed the train and ___________ (subsequent) arrived late for the interview，costing her the job opportunity.
5.The university is recruiting ________ (biology) to study the impact of climate change on marine ecosystems.
findings
correspondence
was launched
subsequently
biologists
6.The new navigation system offers unprecedented ________ (accurate)，locating positions within a few centimeters.
7.She spent a _________ (product) afternoon in the library，researching ancient myths that would inspire her novel's plot.
8.The research team used ________ (science) methods to analyze data，ensuring the accuracy of their findings on climate change.
9.The organization welcomes ________ (donate) of used books，which will be distributed to rural schools lacking educational resources.
10.The rescue team worked _________ (efficient) through the night，pulling survivors from the rubble one by one.
accuracy
productive
scientific
donations
efficiently
Ⅲ.完成句子(每小题3分，共15分)
1.他们一听到警报，就立即集合准备行动。
___________________________，they fell in for action.
2.她默默向孤儿院捐赠，趁夜色在门阶留下一箱玩具。
She _____________________ the orphanage，leaving a box of toys on the doorstep under the cover of night.
3.他的行为与言语不一致，让她对他的真实意图感到困惑。
His actions ____________________________，leaving her confused about his true intentions.
The instant they heard the alarm
made a silent donation to
did not correspond with his words
4.委员会将从下学期开始提出一项减少校园塑料垃圾的新政策。
The committee _________________________________________________ starting next semester.
5.表情符号的使用者表示，这些符号有助于我们交流和表达自我。
Users of emojis say that they facilitate the way ___________________________________
________.
will propose a new policy to reduce plastic waste on campus
in which/that we communicate and express
ourselves
Ⅳ.阅读理解(每小题2.5分，共20分)
A
(2025·福建泉州高二下质检)When I was four，my grandfather suddenly got lost in a park one day.It was the first instance that informed us that he had Alzheimer's disease (阿尔茨海默病).Over the past 12 years，his worsening condition and his wandering have been worrying us.My aunt struggled to stay awake at night to watch over him，but often failed.Concerned about my aunt's well-being and my grandfather's safety，I searched widely for a solution，but in vain.
Then two years ago，while looking after my grandfather，I was impressed by the moment when his foot landed on the floor.Why don't I put a pressure sensor on the bottom of his foot Once he stepped onto the floor and out of the bed，the pressure sensor would detect an increase in pressure caused by body weight and then wirelessly send an alarm to the caregiver's smartphone.My desire to create a sensor-based technology was born.
When laying out my plan，I faced three main challenges.First，I had to create a wearable sensor.After testing different materials like rubber，which was too thick，I decided to print a film sensor with pressure-sensitive ink particles.Next，I had to design a wearable wireless circuit.Thankfully，I was able to find out about the Bluetooth low energy technology，which produces little power and can be driven by a coin-sized battery.Lastly，I learnt to code a smartphone app to turn the caregiver's smartphone into a remote monitor.
Integrating these components，I successfully created two models:a built-in sock sensor and a reattachable one.Having tested it on my grandfather with 100% success in detecting his wandering，I beta-tested it at California care facilities last summer.Now，I'm using response from tests to improve it into a marketable product.
One thing I'll never forget is when my device first caught my grandfather's wandering at night.At that moment，I was really struck by the power of technology to change lives for the better.
[语篇解读]　本文是一篇记叙文。文章主要讲述了作者的祖父患有阿尔茨海默病，作者发明压力传感器设备监测祖父行动，以保障其安全。
1.What drove the author to seek a solution
A.His knowledge about Alzheimer's.
B.The encouragement from his aunt.
C.His worries about treating patients.
D.The struggle of tending his grandfather.
解析　D　细节理解题。根据第一段“Over the past 12 years...but often failed.”可知，祖父病情不断恶化使得照顾祖父变得艰难，结合第二段第一句可知，作者照顾祖父时，萌发出在他脚底装一个压力传感器的想法，促使作者寻求解决办法。故选D。
2.What is the purpose of detecting the pressure under a patient's feet
A.To measure his weight.
B.To monitor his motion.
C.To record his walking pace.
D.To estimate his health status.
解析　B　细节理解题。根据第二段“Once he stepped onto the floor and out of the bed...send an alarm to the caregiver's smartphone.”可知，一旦他下床踩到地板，压力传感器就会检测压力增加，将警报无线发送出去，说明检测病人脚下压力的目的是监测他的行动。故选B。
3.Why did the author choose a printed film sensor
A.It's thin. B.It's energy-saving.
C.It's coin-sized. D.It's wireless.
解析　A　细节理解题。根据第三段“After testing different materials like rubber，which was too thick...ink particles.”可知，橡胶太厚了，作者选择用压敏油墨颗粒打印薄膜传感器，因为它很薄。故选A。
4.What is the best title for the text
A.Protecting Wandering Loved Ones
B.How Technology Empowers Lives
C.The Challenges of Alzheimer's Disease Care
D.A Family's Struggle with Alzheimer's Disease
解析　A　标题归纳题。通读全文，根据第一段第二句可知，在过去的12年里，祖父容易游荡、病情恶化让我们担忧；再结合第四段第二句“Having tested it on my grandfather with 100% success in detecting his wandering”可知，文章主要围绕作者为防止患有阿尔茨海默病的祖父走失，发明压力传感器设备来保障其安全的故事。A项“保护四处游荡的亲人”概括文章主旨，为本文最佳标题。故选A。
B
When Philip Sontag first visited Antarctica as a PhD student，he collected a bag of penguin feathers.A decade later，Sontag and his team have discovered how to use these feathers to map mercury (汞) pollution in the Southern Hemisphere，a growing threat to wildlife.
Mercury，a poisonous by-product of gold mining，becomes more and more in the food chain and affects animals' nervous systems.While sampling rocks or soil for mercury provides limited insight，tracking its presence in the food web is crucial for ecosystem monitoring.
Penguins have a way to dispose of mercury through their feathers，which they molt (换羽) regularly.Sontag，now a polar researcher at Rutgers University，and his team analyzed these molted feathers to determine where penguins were exposed to mercury.They found a clear relationship between mercury levels and carbon-13，which varies geographically and acts as a marker for where penguins feed or breed.The study confirmed this pattern across seven penguin species in the Southern Ocean，revealing higher mercury exposure in northern，warmer regions with higher carbon-13 levels.
The findings suggest that penguins could serve as bioindicators，living trackers of environmental pollutants.By measuring mercury in feathers，scientists can track the metal's movement through the oceanic food web over time，rather than just at a single moment.For example，penguin species living near each other showed different mercury and carbon-13 levels due to varying migration and feeding patterns.These data could be modeled into a map-like database to aid conservation and polar research.
Marine scientist Miriam Gimeno Castells notes that penguins are mid-level predators (捕食性动物)，and undergo dramatic molts，making it easy to collect feathers from many individuals.The molted feathers contain mercury that gets into their body during the non-breeding season.
Sontag plans to collect newer feathers from different species and compare mercury levels in penguins' blood and their food with those in their feathers.As for the penguins' health，senior author John Reinfelder makes it clear that they have not yet been exposed to poisonous mercury levels.“The penguins will be okay，” he says.
[语篇解读]　本文是一篇说明文。文章主要介绍了菲利普·桑塔格及其团队发现了如何利用企鹅羽毛绘制南半球的汞污染地图，汞污染对野生动物构成了日益严重的威胁。
5.How did Sontag use the penguin feathers he collected
A.He kept them as a reminder of his trip.
B.He studied the content of a chemical in them.
C.He observed their changes in different environments.
D.He classified them to identify different species of penguins.
解析　B　细节理解题。根据第二段“While sampling rocks or soil...crucial for ecosystem monitoring.”可知，对岩石或土壤中的汞进行采样来追踪汞很重要；再结合第三段“analyzed these molted feathers to determine where penguins were exposed to mercury”可知，桑塔格团队分析脱落的羽毛，以确定企鹅是在哪里接触到汞的，说明他们主要研究他收集的企鹅羽毛中的化学物质含量。故选B。
6.What does the underlined part “dispose of” in paragraph 3 mean
A.Recognize. B.Consume.
C.Remove. D.Combine.
解析　C　词义猜测题。根据第五段“The molted feathers contain mercury that gets into their body during the non-breeding season.”可知，脱落的羽毛中含有汞；再结合第三段“which they molt regularly”可知，企鹅羽毛中含汞，而企鹅换羽的习性，可以消除身体内的汞。由此可推知，dispose of指企鹅通过换羽去除体内积累的汞，与remove“消除，摆脱”语义相近。故选C。
7.What do we know about penguins from the text
A.They are ideal bioindicators.
B.They are sensitive to carbon-13.
C.They are top-level predators in the food chain.
D.They are free from the effects of human activities.
解析　A　细节理解题。根据第四段第一句“The findings suggest that...environmental pollutants.”可知，企鹅是理想的生物指示器。故选A。
8.What is a suitable title for the text
A.The Life Cycle of Penguins in Antarctica
B.Gold Mining and Its Effects on Penguins
C.The Impact of Climate Change on Penguin Populations
D.Penguins Help Map Antarctica's Growing Mercury Threat
解析　D　标题归纳题。通读全文，根据第一段“collected a bag of penguin feathers”，“map mercury pollution”可知，本文主要介绍了菲利普·桑塔格和他的团队发现了如何利用企鹅羽毛绘制南半球的汞污染地图，汞污染对野生动物构成了日益严重的威胁，由此可推知，D项“企鹅帮助绘制南极洲日益严重的汞威胁图”为本文最佳标题。故选D。
Ⅴ.完形填空(每小题1分，共15分)
Ethan was a senior high student，and the annual Science Fair was on the way.Under the dim glow of the gymnasium lights，Ethan 1 at his half-built robot.The science fair was just two days away，and his circuit board had 2 again.His teammate，Maya，noticed his slumped shoulders and sat beside him.“We've fixed worse issues before，”she said，handing him a screwdriver.“Remember how we 3 the coding problem last week？”Ethan nodded，her optimism 4 his frustration.
The next morning，their teacher，Ms Rivera，reviewed their project plan.“Collaboration is key，”she reminded them，pointing to a 5 diagram on the whiteboard.“Trust each other's 6 .” By lunchtime，Maya had redesigned the wiring，while Ethan 7 a new sensor.Their progress was slow but steady.
On the fair's eve，disaster struck:the robot's motor 8 .Ethan panicked，but Maya calmly suggested 9 parts from an old prototype.“It's risky，but we have no 10 ，”she said.They worked until midnight，their determination 11 the ticking clock.
At the fair，their robot wobbled (摇晃) initially but then rolled 12 through the obstacle course.The judges applauded their 13 solution.When they won third place，Ethan felt 14 —not just for the trophy (奖杯)，but for learning that challenges could be
-15 with persistence and teamwork.
[语篇解读]　本文是一篇记叙文。文章主要介绍的是伊森和玛雅在科学展览前克服重重困难，通过团队合作与坚持，最终成功完成机器人项目并获得奖项的经历。
1. A.stared B.glanced
C.glared D.shouted
解析　A　根据下文“The science fair was just two days away，and his circuit board had again.”可知，科学展临近，但电路板又出现问题了，此时伊森应是专注地盯着(stared) 尚未完成的机器人，表现出伊森专注又担忧的情绪。
2. A.exploded B.malfunctioned
C.collapsed D.vanished
解析　B　根据空后的“again”以及下文“fixed worse issues before”可知，电路板再次出现故障(malfunctioned)。
3. A.avoided B.escaped
C.solved D.ignored
解析　C　根据上文“‘We've fixed worse issues before，’she said，handing him a screwdriver.”可知，他们之前修复过更糟糕的问题，此处指的是如何解决(solved)编码问题。
4. A.deepening B.masking
C.fueling D.erasing
解析　D　根据上文“Ethan nodded，her optimism”和下文“his frustration”可知，伊森点了点头，说明他的沮丧消除了(erasing)。
5. A.chaotic B.vivid
C.detailed D.abstract
解析　C　根据上文“The next morning，their teacher，Ms Rivera，reviewed their project plan.”可知，老师在给学生讲解项目计划，白板上的图表应是详细的(detailed)，这样才有助于学生理解合作的要点。
6. A.insights B.strengths
C.weaknesses D.doubts
解析　B　根据上文“Collaboration is key”可知，老师强调合作，此处应是让学生相信彼此的长处，发挥各自优势(strengths)进行合作。
7. A.purchased B.borrowed
C.programmed D.destroyed
解析　C　根据语境可知，他们在设计机器人参加科技展，结合上文“Maya had redesigned the wiring”和while以及下文“a new sensor”可知，两人分工合作，玛雅重新设计了线路，伊森应是给传感器编程(programmed)。
8. A.froze B.sparkled
C.accelerated D.clarified
解析　A　根据上文“disaster struck”可知，在展览前夕机器人出现了严重问题，由此可推断，此处应为停止工作(froze)。
9.A.distributing B.hiding
C.selling D.replacing
解析　D　根据上文“disaster struck:the robot's motor ”以及下文的“parts from an old prototype”可知，机器人的马达出现问题，玛雅建议用旧样机的零件来更换(replacing)，解决当前问题。
10. A.time B.choice
C.tools D.patience
解析　B　根据语境和上文的“It's risky”可知，机器人马达坏了，而科学展在即，使用旧样机零件更换有风险，结合but可知，表示别无选择(choice)。
11. A.fighting B.following
C.obeying D.laughing
解析　A　根据上文“They worked until midnight”以及下文的“the ticking clock”可知，科学展时间紧迫，他们争分夺秒地工作，决心与时间对抗(fighting)。
12. A.suddenly B.vividly
C.smoothly D.roughly
解析　C　根据上文“At the fair，their robot wobbled (摇晃) initially but then”以及下文“through the obstacle course”可知，此处与“wobbled”形成转折，指机器人后来顺利(smoothly)通过了障碍赛。
13. A.restless B.innovative
C.expensive D.outdated
解析　B　根据上文“Ethan panicked，but Maya calmly suggested parts from an old prototype”可知，这种解决问题的方式具有创新性(innovative)，得到评委称赞。
14. A.pride B.envy
C.guilt D.boredom
解析　A　根据上文“they won third place”可知，他们取得好成绩，伊森应是感到自豪(pride)。
15. A.escaped B.avoided
C.worsened D.conquered
解析　D　根据语境以及下文“with persistence and teamwork”可知，他们克服重重困难最终在科学展取得好成绩，说明挑战可以通过坚持和团队合作被战胜(conquered)。