第2课时 正弦函数的图象
1.会利用五点法作正弦函数的图象. 2.理解正弦曲线的对称性,并能利用正弦曲线解决简单问题.
INCLUDEPICTURE "新知学习探究LLL.TIF" INCLUDEPICTURE "../../../../新知学习探究LLL.TIF" \* MERGEFORMAT INCLUDEPICTURE "../../../../新知学习探究LLL.TIF" \* MERGEFORMAT
INCLUDEPICTURE "新课导学1LLL.TIF" INCLUDEPICTURE "../../../../新课导学1LLL.TIF" \* MERGEFORMAT INCLUDEPICTURE "../../../../新课导学1LLL.TIF" \* MERGEFORMAT
同学们,我国著名数学家华罗庚教授写过这样一首诗:“数与形,本是相倚依,焉能分作两边飞.数无形时少直觉,形少数时难入微.数形结合百般好,隔离分家万事非;切莫忘,几何代数统一体,永远联系,切莫分离.”诗中充分肯定了数形结合这一重要的数学思想方法,前面我们主要从“数”的角度研究了三角函数的一些问题,这节课我们将从“形”的角度研究三角函数.
思考 结合所学,研究函数的一般步骤是什么?
提示:先确定函数的定义域,然后画出函数图象,通过图象研究函数的值域、单调性、最值、对称性、奇偶性等性质.
1.一般地,y=sin x的函数图象称为正弦曲线.
2.五点法作正弦函数y=sin x,x∈[0,2π]图象的步骤
(1)列表:
x 0 π 2π
y=sin x 0 ______ 0 ______ 0
(2)描点:画正弦函数y=sin x,x∈[0,2π]的图象,五个关键点是(0,0),____________,(π,0),________,(2π,0).
(3)连线:用光滑曲线顺次连接这五个点,得到正弦曲线的简图.
[答案自填] 1 -1
INCLUDEPICTURE "例1LLL.TIF" INCLUDEPICTURE "../../../../例1LLL.TIF" \* MERGEFORMAT INCLUDEPICTURE "../../../../例1LLL.TIF" \* MERGEFORMAT (对接教材例4)用五点法作出函数y=+sin x,x∈[0,2π] 的简图.
【解】 (1)列表:
x 0 π 2π
y=sin x 0 1 0 -1 0
y=+sin x
(2)描点:在平面直角坐标系中描出下列五个点:,,,,.
(3)连线:用光滑的曲线将描出的五个点顺次连接起来,得到函数y=+sin x,x∈[0,2π]的简图,如图所示.
INCLUDEPICTURE "../../../../RB2.TIF" \* MERGEFORMAT INCLUDEPICTURE "../../../../RB2.TIF" \* MERGEFORMAT
作正弦曲线要理解几何法作图,掌握五点法作图.“五点”即y=sin x的图象在[0,2π]内的最高点,最低点和与x轴的交点.“五点法”是作简图的常用方法. eq \a\vs4\al( INCLUDEPICTURE "解题技法LLL.TIF" INCLUDEPICTURE "../../../../解题技法LLL.TIF" \* MERGEFORMAT INCLUDEPICTURE "../../../../解题技法LLL.TIF" \* MERGEFORMAT )
[跟踪训练1] 用五点法作函数y=-1+2sin x,x∈[0,2π]的简图.
解:找关键的五个点,列表如下:
x 0 π 2π
y=sin x 0 1 0 -1 0
y=-1+2sin x -1 1 -1 -3 -1
描点连线,如图所示.
INCLUDEPICTURE "../../../../RB3.TIF" \* MERGEFORMAT INCLUDEPICTURE "../../../../RB3.TIF" \* MERGEFORMAT
正弦曲线是轴对称图形,对称轴为________________________________;正弦曲线也是中心对称图形,且对称中心为____________________.
[答案自填] x=+kπ(k∈Z) (kπ,0)(k∈Z)
INCLUDEPICTURE "例2LLL.TIF" INCLUDEPICTURE "../../../../例2LLL.TIF" \* MERGEFORMAT INCLUDEPICTURE "../../../../例2LLL.TIF" \* MERGEFORMAT (1)函数y=sin x(x∈R)图象的一条对称轴是 ( )
A.x轴 B.y轴
C.直线y=x D.直线x=
(2)函数y=sin x(x∈R)图象的一个对称中心是( )
A. B.(-5π,0)
C. D.(2π,1)
【解析】 (1)函数y=sin x(x∈R)图象的对称轴为x=kπ+(k∈Z),只有D选项符合,故选D.
(2)函数y=sin x(x∈R)图象的对称中心是(kπ,0)(k∈Z),只有B选项符合,故选B.
【答案】 (1)D (2)B
eq \a\vs4\al( INCLUDEPICTURE "解题技法LLL.TIF" INCLUDEPICTURE "../../../../解题技法LLL.TIF" \* MERGEFORMAT INCLUDEPICTURE "../../../../解题技法LLL.TIF" \* MERGEFORMAT )
(1)正弦函数在对称轴处取得最大(或最小)值,正弦曲线的对称中心是曲线与x轴的交点,因此判断直线x=x0或点(x0,0)是不是函数图象的对称轴或对称中心时,可通过检验f(x0)的值进行判断.
(2)正弦函数的图象有无数个对称中心,也有无数条对称轴.
(3)一个周期内,正弦函数在图象对称轴处取得最值.
(4)若定义域不是R,则正弦函数的图象不一定有对称轴和对称中心.
[跟踪训练2] (多选)关于函数y=|sin x|的图象,下列结论正确的是( )
A.关于x轴对称
B.关于y轴对称
C.关于原点对称
D.关于直线x=对称
解析:选BD.y=|sin x|的图象是由y=sin x 的图象保持x轴上方的图象不变,x轴下方的图象沿x轴翻折得到,如图所示,由图可知,B,D选项是正确的.
INCLUDEPICTURE "../../../../RB4A.TIF" \* MERGEFORMAT INCLUDEPICTURE "../../../../RB4A.TIF" \* MERGEFORMAT
角度1 利用正弦函数图象解三角不等式
INCLUDEPICTURE "例3LLL.TIF" INCLUDEPICTURE "../../../../例3LLL.TIF" \* MERGEFORMAT INCLUDEPICTURE "../../../../例3LLL.TIF" \* MERGEFORMAT (1)函数f(x)=lg (sin x)+的定义域为________________.
(2)不等式【解析】 (1)由题意,得则
作出y=sin x的图象,如图所示.
INCLUDEPICTURE "../../../../24B-36.TIF" \* MERGEFORMAT INCLUDEPICTURE "../../../../24B-36.TIF" \* MERGEFORMAT
结合图象可得x的定义域为[-4,-π)∪(0,π).
(2)作出正弦函数y=sin x在[0,2π]上的图象,画出直线y=和y=,如图所示.
INCLUDEPICTURE "../../../../24B-37.TIF" \* MERGEFORMAT INCLUDEPICTURE "../../../../24B-37.TIF" \* MERGEFORMAT
由图可知,在[0,2π]上,当【答案】 (1)[-4,-π)∪(0,π)
(2){x|eq \a\vs4\al( INCLUDEPICTURE "解题技法LLL.TIF" INCLUDEPICTURE "../../../../解题技法LLL.TIF" \* MERGEFORMAT INCLUDEPICTURE "../../../../解题技法LLL.TIF" \* MERGEFORMAT )
(1)求三角函数定义域时,常常归结为解三角不等式(组),这时可利用三角函数的图象直观地求得解集.
(2)解三角不等式sin x>a,如果不限定范围时,一般先利用图象求出x∈[0,2π]范围内x的取值范围,然后根据终边相同角的三角函数值相等,写出原不等式的解集.
角度2 利用正弦函数图象解零点问题
INCLUDEPICTURE "例4LLL.TIF" INCLUDEPICTURE "../../../../例4LLL.TIF" \* MERGEFORMAT INCLUDEPICTURE "../../../../例4LLL.TIF" \* MERGEFORMAT 若函数f(x)=sin x+2|sin x|,x∈[0,2π]的图象与直线y=k仅有两个不同的交点,则k的取值范围是________.
【解析】 f(x)=sin x+2|sin x|
=
画出函数的图象如图所示,
INCLUDEPICTURE "../../../../25RA7.TIF" \* MERGEFORMAT INCLUDEPICTURE "../../../../25RA7.TIF" \* MERGEFORMAT
又函数f(x)的图象与y=k仅有两个不同交点,则k的取值范围是(1,3).
【答案】 (1,3)
eq \a\vs4\al( INCLUDEPICTURE "解题技法LLL.TIF" INCLUDEPICTURE "../../../../解题技法LLL.TIF" \* MERGEFORMAT INCLUDEPICTURE "../../../../解题技法LLL.TIF" \* MERGEFORMAT )
(1)函数式中含有绝对值符号,首先应去掉绝对值符号,将函数转化为分段函数,并画出函数图象,然后利用数形结合法平移直线,求得参数的取值范围.
(2)作图应准确,要揭示函数的特征,注意端点值是否满足条件.
[跟踪训练3] (1)函数y=lg (sin x-)的定义域为____________.
解析:要使函数y=lg (sin x-)有意义,
则sin x->0,即sin x>.
作出正弦函数y=sin x,x∈[0,2π]和直线y=的图象,如图所示.
INCLUDEPICTURE "../../../../RB5.TIF" \* MERGEFORMAT INCLUDEPICTURE "../../../../RB5.TIF" \* MERGEFORMAT
由图象可以得到满足条件的x的集合,即函数的定义域为,k∈Z.
答案:(+2kπ,+2kπ),k∈Z
(2)函数y=lg |x|-sin x的零点个数为________.
解析:lg |x|-sin x=0,故lg |x|=sin x,
画出f(x)=lg |x|和g(x)=sin x的图象,两函数交点个数即为y=lg |x|-sin x的零点个数,
INCLUDEPICTURE "../../../../25RA9.TIF" \* MERGEFORMAT INCLUDEPICTURE "../../../../25RA9.TIF" \* MERGEFORMAT
由图象可得,共6个交点,所以y=lg |x|-sin x的零点个数为6.
答案:6
INCLUDEPICTURE "课堂巩固自测LLL.TIF" INCLUDEPICTURE "../../../../课堂巩固自测LLL.TIF" \* MERGEFORMAT INCLUDEPICTURE "../../../../课堂巩固自测LLL.TIF" \* MERGEFORMAT
1.(教材P43T5改编)函数y=sin (-x),x∈[-π,π]的图象是( )
INCLUDEPICTURE "../../../../24B-38A.TIF" \* MERGEFORMAT INCLUDEPICTURE "../../../../24B-38A.TIF" \* MERGEFORMAT
INCLUDEPICTURE "../../../../24B-38b.TIF" \* MERGEFORMAT INCLUDEPICTURE "../../../../24B-38b.TIF" \* MERGEFORMAT
解析:选D.因为y=sin (-x)=-sin x与y=sin x的图象关于x轴对称,只有D符合题意.故选D.
2.函数y=2+sin x,x∈(0,4π]的图象与直线y=2的交点的个数是( )
A.1 B.2
C.3 D.4
解析:选D.在同一平面直角坐标系中画出函数y=2+sin x,x∈(0,4π]和直线y=2的图象如图所示,可得两图象的交点共有4个.故选D.
INCLUDEPICTURE "../../../../25RA10.TIF" \* MERGEFORMAT INCLUDEPICTURE "../../../../25RA10.TIF" \* MERGEFORMAT
3.(多选)在同一平面直角坐标系中,函数y=sin x,x∈[0,2π]与y=sin x,x∈[2π,4π]的图象( )
A.重合
B.形状相同,位置不同
C.两个正弦曲线关于点(2π,0)成中心对称
D.形状不同,位置不同
解析:选BC.根据公式①:sin (x+2π)=sin x,所以y=sin x,x∈[0,2π]与 y=sin x,x∈[2π,4π]的图象形状相同、位置不同,且两个正弦曲线关于点(2π,0)成中心对称.所以B,C正确,A,D错误.故选BC.
4.(教材P44T4改编)不等式sin x<-,x∈[0,2π]的解集为________.
解析:作出y=sin x在[0,2π]上的图象如图所示,
INCLUDEPICTURE "../../../../25RA11.TIF" \* MERGEFORMAT INCLUDEPICTURE "../../../../25RA11.TIF" \* MERGEFORMAT
由图象可知,不等式sin x<-的解集为(,).
答案:(,)
eq \a\vs4\al( INCLUDEPICTURE "课堂小结.TIF" INCLUDEPICTURE "../../../../课堂小结.TIF" \* MERGEFORMAT INCLUDEPICTURE "../../../../课堂小结.TIF" \* MERGEFORMAT )
1.已学习:正弦函数的图象及应用,五点(画图)法.
2.须贯通:若函数图象要求精度不高,只描出函数图象的关键点,再根据函数图象的变化趋势画出函数图象的草图即可;解题时要注意数形结合.
3.应注意:“五点法”作图中“五点”的选取.