2026年中考英语一轮复习-基础语法之英语构词法

初中阶段常见的英语构词法及相关真题练习
合成构词法
合成词是由两个或更多单词组合而成的新词。（课标词汇）
初中英语合成词分类表
类型 定义 示例单词
名词 + 名词 两个名词组合成新名词 afternoon, birthday, blackboard, bathroom, newspaper, airplane, classmate, grandfather, armchair, backache, background, ballpoint, barbershop, baseball, basketball, bathrobe, bathtub, battleground, bedclothes, bedroom, beehive, birdcage, birthplace, bookcase, bookmark, bookshelf, bookshop, bookstore, bridegroom, businessman, businesswoman, chairman, chairwoman, firefighter, fireplace, firewood, fireworks, fisherman, flashlight, homeland, hometown, homework, headache, headline, headmaster, headmistress, headteacher, hillside, housewife, loudspeaker, letter-box, lifetime, windbreaker, workforce, workplace, worldwide, wildlife, wayside, washroom, videophone, underground, underwear, toothache, toothbrush, toothpaste, thunderstorm, timetable, textbook, teapot, suitcase, sunglasses, sunshine, supermarket, stopwatch, spaceship, snowball, snowman, skateboard, shopkeeper, schoolbag, schoolmate, seaman, seashell, seaside, seaweed, salesgirl, salesman, railway, rainbow, raincoat, postbox, postcard, postcode, postman
形容词 + 名词 形容词修饰名词构成新词 hilly, gifted, handy, learned, leftover, worldwide, widespread, sunburnt, secondhand, simple-minded, warm-hearted, kind-hearted, middle-aged, hard-working
形容词 + 形容词 两个形容词组合 left-handed, well-known, world-famous
副词 + 名词 / 动词 副词修饰名词或动词 however, maybe, himself, everyone, nothing
动词 + 名词 动词与名词组合 breakfast, haircut, washroom
动词 + 副词 / 介词 动词与副词或介词组合 lookout, breakthrough, takeover
名词 + 形容词 名词与形容词组合 tax-free, alcohol-free, smoke-free, worldwide, seasick, snow-white
其他 / 复合形容词 其他结构或带连字符的复合词 kind-hearted, middle-aged, hard-working, left-handed, well-known, world-famous, simple-minded, warm-hearted, secondhand, sunburnt
派生构词法
派生词是通过添加前缀或后缀构成的新词。常见的前缀、后缀及派生方法见下表：
英语派生构词法分类表（初高中适用）
一、前缀（Prefixes）
类别 前缀 含义 示例单词
否定前缀 un- 不，未 unhappy, unlucky, unhealthy, unfair, unusual
dis- 不，相反 dislike, disagree, disappear, dishonest
im- 不（用于b/m/p前） impossible, impolite, imbalance
in- 不 incorrect, independent, invisible
ir- 不（用于r前） irregular, irresponsible
il- 不（用于l前） illegal, illogical
non- 非，不 non-stop, non-smoker, non-profit
反向前缀 un- 做相反动作 undo, unpack, unlock, unwrap
dis- 消失，除去 disappear, disconnect, disarm
de- 去除，下降 decrease, defrost, degrade
错误前缀 mis- 错误地 misunderstand, mislead, misspell
程度前缀 super- 超级，上方 supermarket, superstar, supernatural
over- 过度，超过 overeat, oversleep, overwork
under- 不足，下方 undercook, underpaid, underground
hyper- 过度，高于 hyperactive, hypercritical
时间/顺序前缀 pre- 在...之前 preview, preheat, pre-school
post- 在...之后 post-war, postgraduate, post-game
re- 再次，重新 rewrite, replay, reuse, review
空间/位置前缀 sub- 在...之下 subway, submarine, subtitle
inter- 在...之间 international, internet, interview
trans- 跨越，转移 transport, translate, transfer
tele- 远距离 telephone, television, telescope
数量前缀 uni- 一 uniform, unicorn, universe
bi- 二 bicycle, bilingual, bimonthly
tri- 三 triangle, tricycle, triple
multi- 多 multimedia, multicultural, multiple
其他常见前缀 en-/em- 使成为 enable, enrich, empower, emboss
co- 共同 cooperate, coexist, co-worker
auto- 自动，自己 automatic, autograph, automobile
二、后缀（Suffixes）
1. 名词后缀
类别 后缀 含义/功能 示例单词
人/职业 -er / -or 做...的人 teacher, driver, actor, visitor
-ist 专业人员 scientist, artist, pianist
-ian ...专家 musician, librarian, politician
-ee 被...的人 employee, trainee, interviewee
抽象名词 -tion / -sion 状态/行为 action, decision, education
-ment 结果/手段 development, agreement, government
-ness 性质/状态 happiness, kindness, weakness
-ity / -ty 性质/状态 activity, ability, safety, beauty
-ship 关系/状态 friendship, leadership, relationship
-hood 时期/状态 childhood, neighborhood, motherhood
-dom 领域/状态 freedom, wisdom, kingdom
-th 性质/状态 truth, health, warmth, length
-ance / -ence 性质/状态 importance, difference, confidence
2. 形容词后缀
后缀 含义/功能 示例单词
-ful 充满...的 helpful, careful, beautiful, wonderful
-less 没有...的 helpless, careless, hopeless, useless
-ous 具有...的 dangerous, famous, serious, various
-ive 有...倾向的 active, creative, expensive, attractive
-ic 与...相关的 electric, historic, scientific, classic
-al 属于...的 cultural, natural, personal, national
-y 多...的/像...的 sunny, rainy, funny, sleepy, dirty
-ish 略带...的 childish, reddish, foolish, British
-able / -ible 能够...的 comfortable, reliable, visible, possible
-ent / -ant 具有...性质的 different, important, patient, pleasant
3. 动词后缀
后缀 含义/功能 示例单词
-ize / -ise 使成为 realize, organize, modernize, apologize
-ify 使...化 beautify, simplify, terrify, satisfy
-en 使变得 widen, shorten, weaken, darken
4. 副词后缀
后缀 含义/功能 示例单词
-ly 方式/程度 quickly, happily, slowly, carefully
-ward(s) 朝向 forward, backward, towards, homeward
-wise 方向/方式 clockwise, otherwise, likewise
三、常见词根派生示例（构词法综合应用）
词根 派生词示例
care careful, carefully, careless, carelessly, carelessness
help helpful, helpless, helpfully, helplessly, helping
friend friend, friendly, unfriendly, friendship, friendless
kind kind, kindly, kindness, unkind
hope hope, hopeful, hopefully, hopeless, hopelessly
use use, useful, useless, used, user, reusable
beauty beauty, beautiful, beautifully, beautify
act act, action, active, actively, activity, actor, actress
differ differ, different, difference, differently
你能猜出以下词义吗？
interest, interesting, interested, interestedly, uninteresting, uninterested
help, helpful, helpless, helpfully, helplessly
able, unable, enable, disable, ability
add, addition, additional
admit, admission, admittable
affect, affected, affecting, affection
aggress, aggression, aggressive
agree, agreement, agreeable, disagree, disagreement, disagreeable
agriculture, agricultural
air, aircraft, airline, airmail, airplane, airport
active, activity, inactive
able, unable, disable, disabled, ability
anger, angry
apology, apologize
appear, appearance, disappear
apply, application
appreciate, appreciation
argue, argument
arrange, arrangement
arrive, arrival
astronaut, astronomy
athlete, athletic
atom, atmosphere
attention, attentively
attract, attractive, attraction
like, dislike, unlike
visible, invisible
possible, impossible, possibility
polite, impolite, politeness, politely
fair, unfair
true, untrue, truly, truth
build, building, rebuild
tell, retell
use, reuse, useful, useless, used
write, writer, rewrite
sleep, asleep, sleepy, sleepless
wake, awake
invent, inventor, invention, inventive
collect, collector, collection, collective
develop, development, developing, developed
kind, kindly, kindness
busy, busily, business
safe, safely, safety, unsafe
care, careful, carefully, careless, carelessly
hope, hopeful, hopefully, hopeless
danger, dangerous, endanger, endangered
friend, friendly, unfriendly
will, willing, willingly, willingness
wise, wisdom
with, without
wonder, wonderful
worth, worthless
weak, weakness
wait, waiter, waitress
usual, usually, unusual
pleasant, unpleasant
success, successful, successfully, succeed
important, importance, importantly, unimportant
health, healthy, unhealthy
fortunate, unfortunate
fold, unfold
lock, unlock
employ, employment, unemployment
trouble, troublesome
tire, tired, tiresome
taste, tasteless, tasty
tech, technology, technique, technical
surprise, surprising, surprisingly, surprised
surgeon, surgery
strong, strength, strengthen
social, society
skill, skilled, skillful, skillfully
smell, smelly
silk, silky
relate, relation, relationship, relative
relax, relaxed, relaxing, relaxation
reason, reasonable, unreasonable
real, really, reality, realise (realize)
prepare, preparation
print, printing, printer
produce, production, producer, productive
possible, impossible, possibly, possibility
poison, poisonous
politics, politician, political
pollute, pollution, polluted, unpolluted
person, personal, personally
percent, percentage
perform, performance, performing, performer
permit, permission
own, owner, ownership
pack, package, packet
operate, operator, operation
organize, organizer, organization, organized
中考真题中出现的合成词和派生词举例:
●I replied, feeling unsure.
●My first goal was to create a catchy advertisement. Instead, you may have to read it several times through, catching on the meaning of difficult words, going back over difficult sentences, and finally putting the whole thing together.
●An eighth grader said, “It’ll be like attending a new school with Jeff as president.
●If the pilot lowers the plane’s wings from side to side, this means “message received and understood”.
●If the pilot flies the plane in a clockwise circle, this means “message received but not understood”.
●This is netspeak: the language of computerized communication found on Internet or cell phones .
Netspeakers do agree that it is important to teach young people how to speak and write standard English.
●To newcomers, it can look like a completely foreign language .
●It is believed without exception that young people are harming the language.
●The fact that it has made a difference in other people’s lives is the real prize.
●It was yearbook day and we were given an hour to sign each other’s yearbooks in the cafeteria.
●He seemed unsure of himself, and was so pale that it hurt us to look at him.
●It took him nearly five minutes to sign and when I got my yearbook back, there was a very shaky “RICKY”.
●Do not be discouraged if the whole passage don’t make sense to you at first.
●Though most Asians might believe in the blood-type theory, for many it seems harmless and not something to be taken too seriously.
●Generally, scientists warn against making predictions or important decisions based on this questionable theory.
.●What is the best title for the passage
A. Is the blood-type theory poplar B. Is the personality changeable
●In the 1970s and 1980s, British-born Chinese started to have a better education and this brought economic(经济的) success to the area.
●For most of the year, though, Londoners and tourists go there mainly for the food in the Chinese restaurants.
●Many textbooks are not written in the kind of English that we speak every day.
●Kind-hearted and open-minded, my aunt was the one who played baseball with me, who took me horseback riding, who took me to the father-son dinners and who gave me lessons on how to drive.
●Believing that anything unusual was probably good for, she offered to get a loan (贷款) so that I could go to Africa to work as a volunteer, which was my most important experience.
●So every June for the past 40 years, in growing thankfulness to my Aunt Marion, I’ve sent her a Father’s Day card.
●Teaching them small acts of kindness, such as letting someone else go through a door first as they hold it open, may seem unimportant.
●Once they’ve been told, they’re halfway there.
●When we are going to enter a lift, the underground, or a doorway, we will wait for others to exit before we enter.
●But too much stress can hurt you. It can weaken your body’s protection so that you are more likely to catch diseases.
●Adrenaline speeds up your breathing and your heartbeat.
●As a result, the air we breathe is cleaner than it once was.
●Problems like endless homework or troubles with your family are the kind of things you can’t fight or run away from.
●It just stays bottled up inside you, and that’s what can do something bad to you.
●But sometimes you can’t change a stressful situation. Sometimes you don’t even want to. A big change might be a good change, but it will still be stressful.
●Your body can help your mind deal with stress.
●The most enjoyable place is the seaside.
●She doesn’t think that her efforts have made much difference .