Unit 2 Onwards and upwards Grammar课件

(共35张PPT)
Unit 2
Onwards and upwards
2
U N I T
-ing and to-infinitive as object
To learn the use of -ing and to-infinitive as object
To be able to complete a passage with -ing and to-infinitive as object
To write a report with -ing and to-infinitive as object
Look at the sentences and answer the questions. Sentences(a), (c) and (e) are from the reading passage.
a J.D. Salinger started writing short stories in high school,…
b J.D. Salinger started to write short stories in high school,...
c Nevertheless, the sisters didn’t stop trying.
d Nevertheless, the sisters didn’t stop to try.
e These are the words that every writer dreads receiving, ...
1. Do sentences (a) and (b) have the same meaning
Yes, they do.
1
2. Do sentences (c) and (d) have the same meaning
No, they don’t.
3. Can “receiving” in sentence (e) be changed into “to receive”
No, it can’t.
a J.D. Salinger started writing short stories in high school,…
b J.D. Salinger started to write short stories in high school,...
c Nevertheless, the sisters didn’t stop trying.
d Nevertheless, the sisters didn’t stop to try.
e These are the words that every writer dreads receiving,...
Now look for more sentences with these structures in the reading passage, and summarise their uses in your own words.
We regret to inform you...
Despite rejections from several publishers, J.D. Salinger refused to give up.
When it was eventually published, the book became an immediate best-seller and went on to sell millions and millions of copies.
This, however, was a time when women were not encouraged to become writers.
用括号内动词的适当形式填空。
1. These are the words that every writer dreads ______________
(receive), but words every writer knows well.
2. After a total of twelve rejections, one publisher eventually
agreed __________(print) 500 copies of her first book.
3. J.D. Salinger started __________(write) short stories in high
school, but later struggled _________ (get) his works published.
4. Perhaps the overall prize for perseverance should go to three
sisters from Victorian England who dreamt of ____________
(see) their words in print.
receiving
to print
writing
to get
seeing
只能跟动词不定式作宾语的常见动词：
to-infinitive作宾语
afford, agree, aim, apply, arrange, ask, attempt, begin, care, choose, claim, dare (行为动词时), decide, decline, demand, deserve, desire, determine, expect, fail, grow, help (to可省略), hesitate, hope, intend, learn, manage, mean, neglect, offer, plan, prepare, pretend, promise, prove, refuse, seek, swear, volunteer, vote, wait, want, wish等。
eg *We decided to go home by bus.
*I waved to her but failed to attract her attention.
*He pretended not to see me.
*The teacher offered to help.
*He claimed to be a genius.
*I can’t afford to buy a car.
*He managed to escape to South America.
*Harry aims to become a computer expert.
*Shelley attempted to get in touch with them.
有些动词后常接“疑问词+动词不定式”作宾语，如tell, understand, show, teach, learn, decide, wonder, discuss等。
eg *He showed us how to do the work.
*I’ve decided what to do next.
*I was wondering where to spend my weekend.
advise, allow, avoid, admit, appreciate, consider(考虑), can’t help (禁不住), can’t stand, delay, deny, endure, enjoy, escape, fancy, finish, forbid, imagine, include, involve, keep, mind, miss, practise, prefer, permit, resist, risk, stop, suggest等
只能跟-ing形式作宾语的常见动词：
-ing形式作宾语
eg *I have just finished doing my homework.
*I suggested asking his brother for some money.
*I advise waiting a few more days.
*She couldn’t endure seeing animals cruelly treated.
*I admit breaking the window.
*Why have they delayed opening the new school
*Taking the job involves living abroad.
eg *He put off doing such an unpleasant task.
*He didn’t end up going home alone.
*He’s given up smoking.
接-ing形式作宾语的常见词组：
be used to, be accustomed to, lead to, burst out, devote…to, pay attention to, object to, get down to, stick to, give up, put off, end up, feel like, insist on, have difficulty / trouble (in)
eg *The minister went on talking for two hours.
部长一连谈了两个小时。
*The minister went on to talk about foreign policy.
部长接着谈了外交政策。
1. 有些动词或词组可以跟动词-ing形式作宾语，也可接不定式作宾语，但意义上有区别：
动词-ing形式和动词不定式作宾语
go on doing sth 继续干某事
go on to do sth 继续干另一件事
forget/remember/regret to do sth
忘记/记得/遗憾去做某事(事情还没做)
forget/remember/regret doing sth
忘记/记得/后悔做过某事(事情已做)
dread to do sth 不敢去做某事(表示对某事十分担忧)
dread doing sth 害怕、担心做某事
try to do sth 努力、设法做某事
try doing sth 尝试做某事
eg *My poor child, I hate to leave you like this.
可怜的孩子，我不愿意这样离开你。
*I hate lying and cheating.
我讨厌人撒谎骗人。
*I dreaded to see him. 我不敢去见他。
*I dread flying. 我害怕坐飞机。
2. 在like, love, prefer, hate, dread等动词后，不定式多表示特定的或具体的某次行动，而-ing形式多表示一般的情况或笼统概念。
但有时意思上没有差别：
eg *I hate to be / being uninformed.
我讨厌不了解情况。
*She prefers to read / reading the editorial page.
她更愿意看社论版。
eg *He intends to buy / buying a house.
*They continued to meet / meeting daily.
*The buses have ceased to run / running.
3. 在begin, start, intend, continue, bother, cease等词后，不定式和-ing形式都可以作宾语，且没有差别：
在以-ing结尾的动词后不宜再用动名词，以避免-ing的重复：
eg He was beginning to miss her.
It’s starting to rain.
4. 动词need，require等作“需要”讲时，其后跟动词-ing形式的主动形式或动词不定式的被动形式作宾语，表示事情需要做。这时，动词-ing形式的主动形式表示被动意义。
need/require doing sth = sth need(s)/require(s) to be done
(某事)需要做
eg The window needs to be cleaned.
=The window needs cleaning.
Complete the passage with the correct form of the verbs in brackets.
At the age of ten, Liu Wei lost both his arms in an accident. Despite this, he wanted 1 ____________ (live) life to the full. He learnt 2 __________ (use) his feet for everyday activities, such as eating and brushing his teeth. He also started
3 _________________ (swim) and won two gold medals at the National Games for People with Disabilities.
to live
to swim / swimming
to use
2
When he had to stop 4 ___________ (swim) due to health problems, he decided 5 ________ (learn) how to play the piano with his toes. It was difficult, but he kept 6 ___________ (practise) until he had achieved his goal. In 2010, he won in China’s Got Talent and became famous nationwide. Today, Liu Wei still enjoys 7 ________ (play) music, and his positive attitude is an inspection to us all.
playing
practising
swimming
to learn
Write a report based on the interview with the words in the box.
Many students choose to take a camping programme during the summer holiday, aiming at building character and developing physical fitness. Today, we’re with camper Jamie Wells. Hi, Jamie. Could you share your experience with us
admit decide enjoy fail regret want
3
Sure. I joined the sports camp because I like to challenge myself. I also like to meet new friends. The camp was fun, but not without its challenges! Each day began with a 5-kilometer cross-country run – at 6 am! At first I couldn’t finish the whole route. On the fourth day, I was so tired that I even didn’t want to get out of bed. I felt homesick and almost phoned my dad to take me home. But I didn’t give up. Things soon got better. I felt I had become stronger and more confident and had made new friends. Even though being a camper has its challenges, I feel it is worthwhile (值得做的).
Jamie Wells decided to join the sports camp because he enjoyed challenging himself as well as meeting new friends. He thought the sports camp was fun, but not without its challenges! Each day began with a 5-kilometer cross-country run – at 6 am! At first he failed to finish the whole route. On the fourth day, he was so tired that he even didn’t want to get out of bed. Feeling homesick, he regretted attending the sports camp and wanted to phone his dad to take him home. But he didn’t give up. Things soon got better. He became stronger and more confident and made new friends. He admitted being a camper had its challenges, but it was worthwhile.
Work in pairs. Share a story of your own about overcoming challenges using the words and structures in this section where appropriate.
4
Even though being a camper has its challenges, I feel it is worthwhile.
尽管成为露营者有很多挑战，但我觉得是值得的。
worthwhile adj. : important or useful, or you gain something from it 重要的，值得做的
be worthwhile doing / to do sth. 做某事是值得的
eg It is worthwhile discussing the question.
=It is worthwhile to discuss the question.
【语境应用】用worthwhile翻译句子。
1) 这部电影很值得看。
It is well worthwhile seeing / to see the film.
2) 我认为有必要澄清事实。
I thought it was worthwhile to clarify the matter.
3) 她脸上的笑容使得这一切都非常值得。
The smile on her face made it all worthwhile.
Ⅰ. 用括号内动词的正确形式完成下面对话。
David: Mom, this is your third bowl of rice!
Martha: I want 1. ________ (stop), but my stomach just keeps
2. ________ (cry) for more and more.
David: Why I never saw you eat so much before.
Martha: I've insisted on 3. ________ (go) to the gym these days. The exercise makes me hungry all the time.
to stop
crying
going
David: So your stomach is the one that actually gets a lot exercise.
Martha: Stop 4. _________ (laugh) at me.
David: This way you'll probably put on more weight. Will you give up 5. __________(exercise)
Martha: Surely not. I can feel the results. I'm starting
6. ___________ (feel) different now.
David: Then how are you dealing with the problem of putting on extra weight
Martha: I'm planning 7. ________ (meet) my personal trainer to ask for some advice.
laughing
exercising
to feel
to meet
Ⅱ. 用括号内动词的正确形式完成下面短文。
Author and motivational speaker Liz Murray was born to drug-addicted parents in New York. Yet, after overcoming all the difficulties, she returned to high school at 17 and went on to win a scholarship to study at Harvard. This is her remarkable story.
Liz Murray was very young when she realised her parents were addicts and became homeless just after she turned 15. In 1996, her mother's death inspired Liz 1. __________ (change) her life. She decided 2. __________ (go) to high school, even though she was still homeless.
to change
to go
Liz never gave up 3. __________ (take) every chance to study. Finally, she entered Humanities Preparatory Academy in Chelsea, Manhattan.
Liz was beginning high school at a time when most teenagers were graduating, but she promised herself
4. __________ (become) a “straight-A student”. As she neared the end of her high school education, and with her straight-A grades, Liz was taken on a school trip to Boston — her first time out of New York.
taking
to become
Sensing her excitement during the visit to Harvard, a teacher encouraged her 5. __________ (apply) to the university. However, with no money and still homeless, Harvard seemed out of reach for Liz. “I knew I needed scholarships,” she said. “Finally, there was one from the New York Times. $12, 000 per year, every year of school.”
With the scholarship money, Liz carried on 6. __________ (study) at Harvard. While she was there, she began public speaking — helping people who, like herself, had an almost impossible mountain to climb to succeed in life.
to apply
studying
Finish your story about overcoming challenges. Try to use the structures you’ve learned in this section in your writing. Your writing should be more than 100 words.