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z(S)INCLUDEPICTURE
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INCLUDEPICTURE
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MERGEFORMAT
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\
MERGEFORMAT
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MERGEFORMAT
1.(2016·新课标Ⅰ)Though
not
very
big,but
the
restaurant
is
popular
in
our
area.
1.去掉but 句意:餐馆虽然不大,却在我们这个区域很受欢迎。though不和but连用,因though位于句首,故去掉but。
2.(2016·新课标Ⅰ)Every
day
he
makes
sure
that
fresh
vegetables
or
high
quality
oil
are
used
for
cooking.
2.or→and 句意:每天他都确保用于烹饪的是新鲜的蔬菜和高质量的油。从句意判断前后是并列关系,故把or改为and。
3.(2016·新课标Ⅱ)If
we
stay
at
home,it
is
comfortable
but
there
is
no
need
to
spend
money.
3.but→and 句意:如果我们待在家里,会很舒服而且也没有必要花钱。上下句之间是并列关系,而非转折关系。
4.(2016·四川)Mom
has
a
full time
job,so
she
has
to
do
most
of
the
housework.
4.so→but 句意:妈妈做全职工作,但是她得干大部分家务活。前后句之间为转折关系,故应用but连接。
5.(2016·四川)Both
Dad
or
I
planned
to
do
something
on
Mother's
Day.
5.or→and 句意:爸爸和“我”都打算在母亲节这一天做一些事。both...and...“两者都……”,是固定结构,符合语境。
6.(2015·新课标Ⅰ)There
the
air
is
clean
or
the
mountains
are
green.
6.or→and 句意:那里山绿并且空气清新。分析句子间的语意关系可知,前后句为顺接并列关系,而不是选择关系。
7.(2014·广西)The
more
friends
we
have,the
more
we
can
learn
from
one
another,but
the
more
pleasure
we
can
share
together.
7.but→and 句意:我们交的朋友越多,相互之间学到的东西就越多,并且能分享的快乐也就越多。根据句意可知上下文之间是顺承的并列关系,而不是转折关系。
8.(2014·浙江)A
passenger
realized
he
couldn't
find
his
ticket
but
became
quite
upset.
8.but→and
句意:一位乘客意识到找不到车票了,于是焦躁不安起来。but表示上下文之间的转折关系,而根据句意分析可知,此处的上下文之间是顺接关系。
9.(2014·四川)If
you
notice
that
someone
is
missing
and
hurt,tell
your
teacher
immediately.
9.and→or 句意:如果发现有人失踪或受伤了,立刻告诉老师。根据句意分析可知,指失踪和受伤的二者之一,并非二者兼顾。
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1.(2016·新课标Ⅲ,61)In
much
of
Asia,especially
the
so called
“rice
bowl”
cultures
of
China,Japan,Korea,________
Vietnam,food
is
usually
eaten
with
chopsticks.
1.and 句意:在亚洲的大部分国家,特别是中国、日本、韩国和越南这些所谓的“饭碗”文化中,人们通常用筷子吃饭。此处是并列关系,所以填and。
2.(2016·四川,70)It
was
time
for
her
to
have
a
new
baby,________
it
was
also
time
for
the
young
panda
to
be
independent.
2.and 句意:那是她要孕育一个新宝宝的时候,也是年轻的熊猫独立的时候。前后句为顺承关系,故用and连接。
3.(2016·北京,35)I
am
not
afraid
of
tomorrow,________
I
have
seen
yesterday
and
I
love
today.
3.for 句意:我不害怕明天,因为我见证了昨天,热爱今天。语境不表示转折或递进关系,而是因果关系,故用并列连词for,说明原因。
4.(2015·北京,25)He
is
a
shy
man,________
he
is
not
afraid
of
anything
or
anyone.
4.but 句意:他是一个腼腆的人,但是他不惧怕任何人和任何事。根据前后句意可知,后面句子的意思与前面句子意思不一致,表示转折关系。
5.(2014·新课标Ⅰ,64)But
the
river
wasn't
changed
in
a
few
days
________
even
a
few
months.
5.or 句意:但是河流不是几天甚至几个月就改变了的。根据but及句意判断,此处要填一个表示递进含义的词,故用or;or
even“甚至”。
6.(2014·辽宁,67)It
asks
you
to
act
like
water:
to
be
flexible
as
well
________
strong.
6.as 句意:它要求你表现得像水一样:柔韧又坚强。as
well
as“以及,和”,是固定短语,用来连接两个并列成分,相当于and。
7.(2014·北京,21)Some
animals
carry
seeds
from
one
place
to
another,________
plants
can
spread
to
new
places.
7.so 句意:一些动物把种子从一个地方带到另外一个地方,所以植物可以传播到新的地方。前后句之间存在因果关系,故本空填so
“因此”。
8.(2014·天津,1)Give
me
a
chance,________
I'll
give
you
a
wonderful
surprise.
8.and 句意:如果你给我一个机会,我会给你一个惊喜。此处为“祈使句+and+简单句”结构。
9.(2013·四川,4)Read
this
story,________
you
will
realize
that
not
everything
can
be
bought
with
money.
9.and 句意:阅读这个故事,你就会知道并不是所有的东西都能用金钱买到。由句子结构可知,这是“祈使句+and+陈述句”句式,祈使句表示一个肯定的条件,所以连词用and。
10.(2013·重庆,23)It's
not
easy
to
change
habits,________
with
awareness
and
self control,it
is
possible.
10.but 句意:习惯并不容易改变,但是有强烈的意识和自制力,就有可能改变习惯。根据not
easy与possible的对比可知,这里应该是用but表示对比转折关系。
11.(2012·课标全国Ⅰ,34)You
have
to
move
out
of
the
way
________
the
truck
cannot
get
past
you.
11.or 句意:你得让让路,不然卡车过不去。根据句子结构和句意可知,空格处应该用or,表示一个否定的条件,意为“不然的话”。
INCLUDEPICTURE
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INCLUDEPICTURE
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MERGEFORMAT
1.分析句子结构及句与句之间的关系和相应的标点符号,确定是否需要连接词连接,从而确定是否缺少连词或连词多余,以便增删连接词。
2.分析句子间的意义关系,判断句子间连接词的使用是否正确。然后予以改正。and表并列;yet/while表转折;or表选择;so表因果;while表对比;when表“就在这时”等,在做短文改错时一定要记牢。
INCLUDEPICTURE
"../../../典例1.TIF"
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MERGEFORMAT
(2015·四川)In
fact,I
don't
like
to
go
anymore,so
I'm
afraid
I'll
lose
their
friendship.
【解析】 so→but 句意:事实上,我不想再去,但是我怕失去他们的友谊。从上下文的语意分析可知,它们并不是因果关系,而是转折关系。
INCLUDEPICTURE
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\
MERGEFORMAT
(2014·陕西)We
ran
to
escape
but
fortunately
no
one
was
injured.
【解析】 but→and 句意:我们为逃命而奔跑,幸运的是没有人受伤。分析上下文语境及意思可知,此处表示顺承的并列关系,而非转折关系。
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MERGEFORMAT
并列连词的考查主要是通过句子意义及两个并列成分之间的关系来判断连词词义。解题时准确理解题干的意义,理清前后逻辑关系很重要。
INCLUDEPICTURE
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\
MERGEFORMAT
(2014·广东,19)...our
rooms
hadn't
been
reserved
for
that
week,________for
the
week
after.
【解析】 but 句意:……我们的房间预订的不是那一周,而是后一周。根据前面的hadn't判断,本空填but。
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(2014·新课标Ⅱ,42)There
were
many
people
waiting
at
the
bus
stop,________
some
of
them
looked
very
anxious.
【解析】 and 句意:很多人在公交车站那里等着,他们中一些人看上去很焦躁。空格前后是两个句子,而且表示两种并列的状况,所以要用and连接。
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1.(2016·安徽合肥市八中第一次段考)My
class
will
be
over
by
then
or
I
will
pick
you
up
there.
1.or→and 句意:到那时我下课了,就去那里接你。分析前后两个句子的意思可知,前后句子为顺承的并列句。
2.(2016·湖南衡阳八中二模)Some
people
think
one
should
live
to
make
money,and
others,make
money
to
live.
2.and→but/while 句意:有些人认为人生活就得赚钱;而另一些人认为赚钱就是为了生活。分析前后两个句子的意思可知,后面句子与前面句子的意思相反。
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1.(2016·安徽示范性高中第二次联考)Many
colleges
have
club
sports
available
________
to
meet
a
special
interest
or
fill
a
gap
where
an
inter collegiate(校际的)team
is
not
available.
1.either 句意:许多大学进行俱乐部体育运动会不是为了满足特别的兴趣需要就是为了填补校际联队不在的空缺。根据对句子中or前后意思的分析可知,either...or...说明大学间进行俱乐部体育运动会的两个作用。
2.(2016·福建福州十三中高三期中)Once
there
lived
a
rich
man
who
wanted
to
do
something
for
the
people
of
his
town.________
first
he
wanted
to
find
out
whether
they
deserved
his
help.
2.But 句意:曾经有位想为镇上的人做些事情的富翁,然而,他首先想要了解他们是否值得他帮助。分析前后两句话的意思可知,后一句的内容与前面句子的意思为转折关系。
3.(2015·山东肥城二中1月月考)Give
them
their
happiness
________
you
will
get
your
own
happiness.
3.and 句意:给他们快乐,你也能收获到你自己的快乐。本句是“祈使句+and+陈述句”句式。
4.(2015·广西南宁第一次适应性检测)They
are
open
for
one
more
day,________
I'm
going
to
see
it
tonight.
4.so 句意:它们会再开放一天,因此我今天晚上想去看。for
more
day导致了go
to
see
it
tonight,所以本空填表示结果的连词so。
5.(2014·山西太原第三次诊断考试)I
would
like
to
have
seen
some
dingoes(野狗),________
I
didn't.
5.but 句意:我本想去看一些野狗,但是并没有看到。根据would
like
to与I
didn't的对比判断,本空填表示转折的but。
6.(2014·甘肃西北师大附中12月月考)And
they
may
be
________
round
or
square.
6.either 句意:它们可能是圆的或方的。根据round和square判断填either;either...or...“或者……或者……”。
7.(2014·新疆师大附中12月月考)Should
we
choose
a
good
major
________
a
good
university
first
7.or 句意:我们应该先选好的专业还是好的大学?根据choose判断,a
good
major和a
good
university是选择关系,故填or。
8.(2014·山东威海高三模拟考试)Thanks
for
your
advice,________
this
is
something
I
have
to
figure
out
myself.
8.but 句意:多谢你的建议,但是这是我必须要自己解决的事。分析句子结构可知,这里用连词but,表示转折,意思是“但是;然而”。
9.(2014·山东淄博高三模拟考试)How
many
tests
will
Americans
have
to
pass
________they
get
their
driving
licenses
9.before 句意:美国人在获得驾驶证前要经过多少次考试?根据句意可知,这里应该用连词before,意思是“在……之前”。
10.(2014·山东威海高三模拟考试)The
greatest
glory
in
living
lies
not
in
never
falling,________in
rising
every
time
we
fall.
10.but 句意:生活中最荣耀的不在于从来没有跌倒过,而在于每次跌倒都能够站起来。分析句子结构可知,这里是并列连词not...but...“不是……而是……”的搭配。
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1.(2016·四川)The
dishes
what
I
cooked
were
Mom's
favorite.
1.what→that/which或去掉what 句意:我做的菜是妈妈最喜欢的。先行词dishes在定语从句中作宾语,故应用that,which或省略关系代词。
2.(2014·广西)And
it
is
wise
to
have
as
many
good
friends
that
we
can.
2.that→as 句意:尽可能多交朋友是很明智的。本句是as...as...引导的定语从句,先行词是good
friends,因为前面有as
many修饰,所以关系代词使用as,指代先行词,并在句中作省略的have的宾语。
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1.(2016·新课标Ⅰ,65)But
my
connection
with
pandas
goes
back
to
my
days
on
a
TV
show
in
the
mid 1980s,________
I
was
the
first
Western
TV
reporter...
1.when 句意:……但是我是第一个被允许拍摄一个特殊的关于照料……的单元的西方电视台记者。先行词the
mid 1980s在定语从句中作时间状语,故应用when引导定语从句。
2.(2016·新课标Ⅲ,67)Some
people
think
that
the
great
Chinese
scholar
Confucius,________
lived
from
roughly
551
to
479
B.C.,influenced
the
development
of
chopsticks.
2.who 句意:一些人认为生活在大约公元前551年到479年之间的中国的伟大学者孔子影响了筷子的发展进程。所填词引导非限制性定语从句并在从句中作主语,指人,所以填who。
3.(2016·浙江,7)The
study
suggests
that
the
cultures
we
grow
up
in
influence
the
basic
processes
by
________
we
see
the
world
around
us.
3.which 句意:研究表明我们成长的文化影响我们看周围世界的基本过程。这是一个定语从句,先行词为指物的the
basic
processes,所以介词by后面用which。
4.(2016·浙江,11)Scientists
have
advanced
many
theories
about
why
human
beings
cry
tears,none
of
________
has
been
proved.
4.which 句意:关于人类为什么哭的时候会流泪,科学家已经提出了很多理论,没有一个是被证明的。这是一个非限制性定语从句,先行词是theories,指物,定语从句用“代词+介词+关系代词which”引导。
5.(2016·浙江,14)When
the
time
came
to
make
the
final
decision
for
a
course,I
decided
to
apply
for
the
one
________
reflected
my
interest.
5.that 句意:当到了最后决定课程的时候,我决定申请能反映我兴趣的课程。先行词为the
one,所以引导词要用that。
6.(2016·北京,22)I
live
next
door
to
a
couple
________
children
often
make
a
lot
of
noise.
6.whose 句意:我住在一对夫妻的隔壁,他们家的孩子们总是很喧闹。此处用引导词whose在定语从句中作定语修饰children。
7.(2016·天津,9)We
will
put
off
the
picnic
in
the
park
until
next
week,________
the
weather
may
be
better.
7.when 句意:我们将把在公园里进行野餐推迟到下周,那时天气可能更好。空后是非限制性定语从句,从句中缺少状语,先行词是表示时间的名词next
week,故用when引导。
8.(2015·新课标Ⅰ,64)I'd
skipped
nearby
Guilin,a
dream
place
for
tourists
seeking
the
limestone
mountain
tops
and
dark
waters
of
the
Li
River
________
are
pictured
by
artists
in
so
many
Chinese
paintings.
8.that/which 句意:我没有参观附近的桂林——游客们寻找石灰岩山顶和漓江黑水的理想的地点,它们被画家画到很多中国画中。因为先行词指物,且在定语从句中作主语,所以用that或which引导。
9.(2015·北京,24)Opposite
is
St.Paul's
Church,________
you
can
hear
some
lovely
music.
9.where 句意:对面是圣·保罗大教堂,在那里,你可以听到美妙的音乐。因为先行词St.Paul's
Church在非限制性定语从句中充当地点状语,所以这里使用where引导定语从句。
10.(2015·福建,34)China
Today
attracts
a
worldwide
readership,________
shows
that
more
and
more
people
all
over
the
world
want
to
learn
about
China.
10.which 句意:《今日中国》获得全世界读者的关注,表明世界上越来越多的人想了解中国。which引导非限制性定语从句代替前面整句话。
11.(2015·湖南,29)It
is
a
truly
delightful
place,________
looks
the
same
as
it
must
have
done
100
years
ago
with
its
winding
streets
and
pretty
cottages.
11.which 句意:这真是一个令人高兴的地方,这个地方看起来和一百年前一样,有蜿蜒的街道和美丽的小屋。先行词a
truly
delightful
place是物,且在非限制性定语从句中作主语,所以用which引导。
12.(2015·天津,15)The
boss
of
the
company
is
trying
to
create
an
easy
atmosphere
________
his
employees
enjoy
their
work.
12.where 句意:这家公司的老板正试图创造一个员工都喜欢工作的轻松环境。先行词为抽象地点名词,定语从句中缺少状语,故用where引导。
13.(2015·江苏,21)The
number
of
smokers,________is
reported,has
dropped
by
17
percent
in
just
one
year.
13.as 句意:据报道,仅一年的时间,吸烟人的数量就下降了百分之十七。此处由as引导非限制性定语从句,表示“正如……”。
14.(2015·四川,3)The
books
on
the
desk,________
covers
are
shiny,are
prizes
for
us.
14.whose 句意:桌子上封面发光的那些书是给我们的奖品。引导词在定语从句中作定语修饰covers,故关系词用whose。
15.(2015·陕西,15)As
the
smallest
child
of
his
family,Alex
is
always
longing
for
the
time
________
he
should
be
able
to
be
independent.
15.when 句意:作为家里最小的孩子,艾历克斯一直期盼他能够独立。先行词为时间名词the
time,定语从句中缺少状语,所以填关系副词when。
16.(2014·新课标Ⅰ,67)Maybe
you
have
a
habit
________
is
driving
your
family
crazy.
16.that/which 句意:可能你有一个令你的家人发疯的习惯。habit后是一个定语从句,所填词引导该从句,且作主语,故用that或which。
17.(2014·山东,10)A
company
________
profits
from
home
markets
are
declining
may
seek
opportunities
abroad.
17.whose 句意:国内市场利润下降的公司可以从国外市场上寻找机会。所填词引导定语从句,并在从句中作定语,故用whose。
18.(2014·江苏,22)The
book
has
helped
me
greatly
in
my
daily
communication,especially
at
work
________
a
good
impression
is
a
must.
18.where 句意:这本书在日常交流方面对我帮助很大,尤其是在需要有良好印象的工作中。work在此为表示地点的名词,其后是一个定语从句;要填的词引导从句并在从句中作状语,故用关系副词where。
19.(2014·湖南,31)I
am
looking
forward
to
the
day
________
my
daughter
can
read
this
book
and
know
my
feelings
for
her.
19.when 句意:我一直都在期待我的女儿能够读懂这本书并了解我对她的感情的那一天。要填的词引导一个定语从句,先行词是表示时间的the
day;从句缺少状语,故填when。
20.(2014·北京,26)I
borrowed
the
book
Sherlock
Holmes
from
the
library
last
week,________
my
classmates
recommended
to
me.
20.which 句意:上星期我从图书馆借阅了《夏洛克·福尔摩斯》一书,它是我同学推荐给我的。逗号后是一个非限制性定语从句,要填的词引导从句并在从句中作宾语,指事物,故填which。
21.(2014·重庆,9)We'll
reach
the
sales
targets
in
a
month
________
we
set
at
the
beginning
of
the
year.
21.that/which 句意:一个月内我们将要实现年初我们设定的销售目标。此处用that或which代替the
sales
targets
在定语从句中作set的宾语。
22.(2014·陕西,13)Please
send
us
all
the
information
______
you
have
about
the
candidate
for
the
position.
22.that 句意:请你把你手头的有关这个职位的候选人的所有信息发给我们。分析句子结构可知,空格处为定语从句引导词,定语从句先行词为all
the
information,故填that。注:which引导的定语从句不修饰用all修饰的先行词。
23.(2014·四川,4)Until
now,we
have
raised
50,000
pounds
for
the
poor
children,________
is
quite
unexpected.
23.which 句意:直到现在,我们已经为贫困的孩子筹集到了五万英镑,这真的出乎意料。分析句子结构可知,空格处为非限制性定语从句引导词,指代上文提到的整件事情,故填which。
24.(2014·福建,31)Students
should
involve
themselves
in
community
activities________
they
can
gain
experience
for
growth.
24.where 句意:应该让学生参与社团活动,在活动中他们能够获得成长所需要的经验。分析句子结构可知,从空格处一直到句尾为定语从句,修饰先行词activities,并且先行词在定语从句中作地点状语,故填关系副词where。
25.(2014·安徽,22)The
exact
year
________
Angela
and
her
family
spent
together
in
China
was
2008.
25.that/which 句意:安吉拉和她家人一起在中国度过的确切年份是2008年。分析句子结构可知,空格处为定语从句的引导词,先行词为the
exact
year,在从句中作spent的宾语,指物,故填that或which。
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1.首先识别该句是否为定语从句,然后根据先行词的性质,判断关系词的使用是否正确,并予以改正。
2.确定句子的先行词,分析引导词在从句中充当什么成分,作主语、宾语、表语用关系代词which/that/who/whom/as;作定语用whose;作状语用关系副词when/where/why;作介词宾语用关系代词which/whom。根据引导词在定语从句中所作的成分来判断关系词的使用是否正确。
3.判断定语从句是非限制性定语从句还是限制性定语从句,从而判断句中关系词的使用是否正确。
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解答定语从句类问题,关键是找准先行词,分析句子结构确定从句所缺的成分。如果缺少主语、宾语、表语或定语,引导词需要用关系代词;如果缺少状语,引导词则用关系副词。确定所缺成分之后,再看先行词是人还是物,是表示时间的名词还是表示地点的名词等,从而最后确定答案。
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(2015·重庆,14)He
wrote
many
children's
books,nearly
half
of
________
were
published
in
the
1990s.
【解析】 which 句意:他写了许多儿童读物,几乎一半是在20世纪90年代出版的。分析句子结构可知,该题是非限制性定语从句,先行词是books,所以填which。
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(2014·江西,28)Among
the
many
dangers
________
sailors
have
to
face,probably
the
greatest
of
all
is
fog.
【解析】 which/that 句意:水手要面临的众多危险之中可能最危险的就是大雾了。所填词引导定语从句,修饰先行词dangers,并在从句中作宾语,故用which或that。
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(2014·广东,24)The
next
day,my
brother
and
I
went
to
the
beach
________
we
watched
some
people
play
volleyball.
【解析】 where 句意:第二天,我和弟弟去了海边。在那里,我们看到一些人在打沙滩排球。所填词引导定语从句,先行词是beach;从句缺少地点状语,故用where。
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1.(2016·四川成都外国语学校高三月考)I
was
in
college
where
my
father
passed
away.
1.where→when 句意:我父亲去世时我在上大学。分析前后两个句子可知,后一句是前一句所发生的时间,应为时间状语从句,须用when连接。
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1.(2016·福建福州十三中高三期中)Once
there
lived
a
rich
man
________
wanted
to
do
something
for
the
people
of
his
town.
1.who 句意:城里曾经有个想为市民做些事情的富翁。根据空白前后的结构分析可知,后面是修饰a
rich
man的定语从句,由于其缺少主语故用who引导。
2.(2016·江西南昌高三联考)Nowadays,school
violence
is
a
hot
issue.I
think
this
is
a
phenomenon,________
calls
for
our
great
concern.
2.which 句意:目前,学校暴力是个热点问题。我认为这是一个需要我们极大的关注的现象。从句子结构分析可以看出,空白后面句子是一个非限制性定语从句,对前面句子进行补充说明。
3.(2016·安徽合肥八中第一次段考)He
led
me
to
a
table
and
poured
tea,and
I
asked
him
why
he
had
placed
a
“Sold
Out”
sign
on
the
door
on
a
night
________
there
were
thirty
vacant
tables.
3.when 句意:他把我带到一张桌子旁边,倒上茶,而我问他晚上还有三十多张空桌子为什么就在门上挂出“售罄”的招牌。根据前后两个句子的意思分析其逻辑关系可知,后面句子为night的定语从句。先行词在从句中作时间状语,关系副词用when。
4.(2014·河北隆化存瑞中学高三二检)They
think
it
may
be
something
unusual
________
lives
in
the
water.
4.that 句意:他们认为在水中可能生活着某些不寻常的东西。空格后的句子是不定代词something的定语,所填词引导从句并在从句中作主语,故用that。
5.(2014·山西运城期末调研)The
gentleman,________
I
had
been
calling
“sir”
during
the
whole
interview,was
wearing
a
skirt.
5.who/whom 句意:我在整个面试中一直称呼为“先生”的那位绅士穿着一条短裙。空格后的句子是gentleman的定语,所填词引导从句并在从句中作宾语,可以用who或whom。
6.(2014·内蒙古一机一中12月月考)Instead
many
of
them
write
letters
to
newspapers
and
magazines
________
give
advice
on
many
different
subjects.
6.that/which 句意:相反,他们中的许多人给对很多不同主题提供建议的报纸或杂志写信。空格后的句子是newspapers
and
magazines的定语,所填词引导从句并在从句中作主语,可以用that或which。
7.(2014·新疆师大附中12月月考)
However,those
________
think
differently
believe
that
the
environment
is
important
to
one's
development.
7.who 句意:然而那些想法不同的人相信环境对人的发展很重要。those后是定语从句,而且空格处的词在从句中作主语,those指人,所以填who。
8.(2014·山西高三第三次诊断考试)We've
reached
the
Nullabor
Plain
________
stretches
for
1,000
km
and
is
completely
flat.
8.which/that 句意:我们已经到达了纳拉伯平原,它绵延1
000千米,是完全平坦的。空格后的句子是Nullabor
Plain的定语,所填词引导该从句并在从句中作主语,可以用which或that。
9.(2014·江西南昌高三二模)Without
thinking
too
much
about
it,I
went
to
the
Student
Affairs
Office,________
I
knew
I
could
find
clothes
in
the
“Lost
and
Found”
box.
9.where 句意:没有想太多,我来到了学生事务办公室,我知道在那里我能在失物招领箱里找到衣服。空后的句子用来修饰表示地点的the
Student
Affairs
Office,从句缺少地点状语,故填where。
10.(2014·湖南四大名校3月联考)With
the
tourist
trade
booming,the
residents
of
this
area
are
paying
more
attention
to
the
protection
of
nature,________,of
course,is
of
great
importance.
10.which 句意:随着旅游业的繁荣,这个地区的居民更关注对自然的保护,这当然是非常重要的。分析句子结构可知,空格处引导非限制性定语从句,并在从句中作主语指代前面居民的做法,用which。
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1.(2016·新课标Ⅰ)My
uncle
is
the
owner
of
a
restaurant
close
to
that
I
live.
1.that→where 句意:我的叔叔是我住处附近一家餐馆的拥有者。宾语从句中缺少地点状语,故用where引导。
2.(2016·新课标Ⅱ)My
classmates
and
I
are
talking
about
how
to
do
during
the
holiday.
2.how→what 句意:我和我的同学们正在讨论假期该干什么。此处应用“what+不定式”作动词短语talk
about的宾语,同时what还要作动词do的逻辑宾语。
3.(2015·新课标Ⅱ)After
looking
at
the
toy
for
some
time,he
turned
around
and
found
where
his
parents
were
missing.
3.where→that或去掉where 句意:看了一会儿玩具之后,他转身发现父母亲不见了。found后是宾语从句,从句中不缺少成分且意义完整,故用that引导,that可以省略。
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1.(2016·北京,24)Your
support
is
important
to
our
work.________
you
can
do
helps.
1.Whatever 句意:你的支持对于我们的工作很重要,不管你做什么都能帮助我们。分析句子成分可知,本空需要连接代词whatever引导主语从句并在从句中作do的宾语。
2.(2016·北京,29)The
most
pleasant
thing
of
the
rainy
season
is
________
one
can
be
entirely
free
from
dust.
2.that 句意:雨季最让人感到快乐的是,人们可以完全摆脱灰尘。分析句子结构可知,本空需要连接词引导表语从句,连接词在从句中不作任何成分,也无任何意义,只起连接作用,故用that引导。
3.(2016·天津,11)The
manager
put
forward
a
suggestion
________
we
should
have
an
assistant.There
is
too
much
work
to
do.
3.that 句意:经理提出了一条建议,我们应该有个助手。有太多的工作要做。suggestion后是同位语从句,从句的结构和意义均完整,故用that引导。
4.(2015·北京,35)________we
understand
things
has
a
lot
to
do
with
what
we
feel.
4.How 句意:我们如何理解事情和我们的感受有很大的关系。主语从句中缺少的是表示“如何”的方式状语,所以这里使用how引导。
5.(2015·福建,29)—I
wonder
________Mary
has
kept
her
figure
after
all
these
years.
—By
working
out
every
day.
5.how 句意:——我想知道这么多年来玛丽是怎样保持身材的。——通过每天锻炼。根据答语中的“By
working
out
every
day”,可知问句问方式,所以用how引导宾语从句。
6.(2015·湖南,26)You
have
to
know
________
you're
going
if
you
are
to
plan
the
best
way
of
getting
there.
6.where 句意:如果你想要计划好去那里的最好方式,你必须要知道你到底去哪里。根据句意可知,宾语从句中缺少一个地点状语,所以这里使用where引导。
7.(2015·重庆,8)We
must
find
out
________
Karl
is
coming,so
we
can
book
a
room
for
him.
7.when 句意:我们必须弄清卡尔什么时间来,那样我们可以给他定一个房间。根据句意可知填when。
8.(2014·广东,20)I
didn't
understand
________this
would
happen
and...
8.why 句意:我不理解为什么这会发生……
understand后是宾语从句,根据didn't
understand判断,从句的引导词表示“为什么”意义,故填why。
9.(2014·福建,34)Pick
yourself
up.Courage
is
doing
________
you're
afraid
to
do.
9.what 句意:振作起来。勇气就是做你害怕做的事情。所填词引导宾语从句并在从句中作do的宾语,指事物,故填what。
10.(2014·浙江,8)“Every
time
you
eat
a
sweet,drink
green
tea.”
This
is
________
my
mother
used
to
tell
me.
10.what 句意:“每次吃甜食时,喝点绿茶。”这是我母亲以前经常告诉我的。所填词引导表语从句,并在从句中作tell的宾语,指事物,故填what。
11.(2014·四川,2)Grandma
pointed
to
the
hospital
and
said,“That's
________
I
was
born.”
11.where 句意:奶奶指着那家医院说:“那就是我出生的地方。”所填词引导表语从句,在从句中作地点状语,故填where。
12.(2014·重庆,12)—Is
it
true
that
Mike
refused
an
offer
from
Yale
University
yesterday
—Yeah,but
I
have
no
idea
________
he
did
it;that's
one
of
his
favorite
universities.
12.why 句意:——迈克昨天拒绝了耶鲁大学的录取,是真的吗?——是的,但我不知道他为什么这样做;那是他最喜欢的大学之一。所填词引导同位语从句,修饰名词idea,并在从句中表示原因,故用why。
13.(2014·陕西,15)________
the
delayed
flight
will
take
off
depends
much
on
the
weather.
13.When 句意:延迟的航班何时起飞主要取决于天气情况。所填词引导主语从句,在从句中作时间状语,故填When。
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1.分析句子结构,确定主句的谓语动词,确定主句的主谓结构,查看句子成分是否残缺。
2.弄清楚句子结构,分析从句在主句中所充当的成分,确定从句所属类型:主语从句、宾语从句、表语从句还是同位语从句,判断连接词的使用是否正确。
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名词性从句的考点主要集中在从句的引导词上。解决此类题首先要明确各种名词性从句都由哪些词来引导,再通过句子结构判断出是名词性从句后,分析从句所缺的句子成分及所填的词要表达的具体意义,从而明确答案。
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(2015·陕西,19)Reading
her
biography,I
was
lost
in
admiration
for
________
Doris
Lessing
had
achieved
in
literature.
【解析】 what 句意:
读了她的自传,我非常羡慕多莉丝·莱辛在文学中所获得的成就。what
引导宾语从句,并在从句中作宾语。
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(2014·广西,24)Exactly
________
the
potato
was
introduced
into
Europe
is
uncertain,but
it
was
probably
around
1565.
【解析】 when 句意:土豆被引进到欧洲的确切时间还不确定,但可能是在1565年左右。所填词引导主语从句,并在从句中作状语,表示时间,故用when。
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1.(2015·黑龙江大庆高三二模)People
who
visited
me
used
to
ask
me
________
I
could
sleep,“Doesn't
the
sound
of
the
traffic
bother
you?How
can
you
get
used
to
so
much
noise?”
1.how 句意:拜访过我的人曾问我是如何能睡觉的:“交通的声音没有打扰到你吗?你是如何适应如此多的噪音的?”所填词引导ask的宾语从句,而且需要表示“如何”之意,故填how。
2.(2015·吉林省实验中学三检)That
is
________
the
eagle
learned
to
believe.
2.what 句意:那就是鹰学会了相信的东西。所填词引导表语从句并在从句中作动词believe的宾语,用what。
3.(2014·甘肃会宁五中第三次月考)That
just
goes
to
show
that
as
a
matter
of
fact
when
you
really
love
a
person
you
don't
care
________
nationality
he
or
she
is.
3.what 句意:那正好表明实际上当你真正爱一个人的时候,是不会在乎他或她是什么国籍的。care的宾语从句的引导词需要作名词nationality的定语,表示“什么国籍”,故用what。
4.(2014·河北衡水中学高三六调)You
know
________
teenage
girls
are
like.
4.what 句意:你知道青少年女孩像什么样子。know的宾语从句的引导词需要在从句中作like的宾语,故用what。
5.(2014·辽宁大连六校期末联考)I
didn't
know
________
he
was
at
home
instead
of
mom.
5.why 句意:我不知道为什么在家里的是他而不是妈妈。从句的引导词表示原因,故用why。
6.(2014·贵州贵阳一中月考四)One
concern
relates
to
a
lack
of
control
over
________
appears
both
on
the
Internet
and
television.
6.what 句意:关注的事之一涉及在因特网和电视上出现的东西缺乏监管。本空用来引导over后的宾语从句,在从句中作主语,故填what。
7.(2014·湖南十三校第一次联考)________
is
well
known
to
the
world
is
that
China
has
very
top
technology
in
space
industry.
7.What 句意:众所周知的是中国在航天工业方面有很尖端的技术。分析句子结构可知,空格处要引导主语从句,而且从句缺少主语,所以用what。
8.(2014·山东潍坊高三模拟考试)It
suddenly
occurred
to
me
________
I
hadn't
locked
my
door.
8.that 句意:我突然想到我没有锁门。It
occurs/occurred
to
sb.that...是固定句型,意思是“某人想起某事”,it是形式主语,that引导的从句是真正的主语。
9.(2014·山东烟台高三模拟考试)
________the
players
didn't
have
a
good
rest
shouldn't
be
an
excuse
for
losing
the
game.
9.That 句意:选手没有休息好不应该是输掉这场比赛的借口。所填的词引导主语从句,而且从句意思和结构完整,所以这里用that;that在这里没有实际意义,只起引导的作用。
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1.(2015·浙江)If
I
was
only
a
child
when
I
studied
in
that
classroom,I
will
never
forget
it.
1.If→Although/Though 句意:在那间教室学习时尽管我还是一个小孩,但是我绝不会忘记。分析句子间的语义关系可知,前面从句表示对主句的让步,而并不是条件。
2.(2014·新课标Ⅰ)Although
we
allow
tomato
plants
to
grow
in
the
same
place
year
after
year,but
we
have
never
had
any
disease
or
insect
attack
problem.
2.but→yet或去掉but 句意:尽管我们让圣女果树在同一地方年复一年地生长,但是我们从未遇到任何疾病或昆虫侵害之类的问题。从属连词与并列连词不可连用,但如果删去连词although则其句子的主语we须大写首字母,显然不符合命题要求,故去掉but或把but改为yet。
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1.(2016·新课标Ⅲ,65)Over
time,________
the
population
grew,people
began
cutting
food
into
small
pieces
so
it
would
cook
more
quickly.
1.as/when 句意:经过一段时间,随着人口的增长,人们开始把食物切成小块,这样熟得更快。as/when引导时间状语从句。
2.(2016·四川,66)________
it
cried,she
rocked
it
back
and
forth
and
gave
it
little
comforting
pats.
2.When/If 句意:当它哭的时候,她来回摇晃它并且安慰地拍拍它。用when来引导时间状语从句,或用if引导条件状语从句,表示“如果……”。
3.(2016·北京,33)
I
really
enjoy
listening
to
music
________
it
helps
me
relax
and
takes
my
mind
away
from
other
cares
of
the
day.
3.because 句意:我真的很喜欢听音乐,因为它能帮助我放松,让我不去想一天中别的烦心事。根据句意可知,这里用because引导原因状语从句。
4.(2015·北京,32)________the
damage
is
done,it
will
take
many
years
for
the
farmland
to
recover.
4.Once/If/When 句意:一旦农田被破坏,那得需要许多年才能修复。根据句意可知,前一句是后一句的前提或条件,须用表示“如果”或“一旦”或“当……的时候”的连词引导状语从句。
5.(2015·江苏,26)It
is
so
cold
that
you
can't
go
outside
________
fully
covered
in
thick
clothes.
5.unless 句意:天气很冷,如果你没有穿厚衣服就别出去了。根据句意可知,这里需要一个表示“如果不”的连词引导条件状语从句,unless符合。
6.(2015·天津,12)We
need
to
get
to
the
root
of
the
problem
________
we
can
solve
it.
6.before 句意:在解决问题之前,我们需要找到问题的根源。before引导时间状语从句,表示“在……之前”,符合语境。
7.(2014·山东,2)I
don't
really
like
the
author,________
I
have
to
admit
his
books
are
very
exciting.
7.(al)though 句意:我实在是不喜欢那位作家,尽管我不得不承认他的作品非常激动人心。根据句意判断,两句之间是让步关系,故可填连词(al)though“虽然,尽管”。
8.(2014·江西,35)It
was
the
middle
of
the
night
________
my
father
woke
me
up
and
told
me
to
watch
the
football
game.
8.when 句意:午夜时分,父亲叫醒我,告诉我看足球比赛。when“当……时候”,引导时间状语从句。
9.(2014·陕西,24)The
young
couple
who
returned
my
lost
wallet,left
________
I
could
ask
for
their
names.
9.before 句意:将丢失钱包归还给我的那对年轻夫妇,在我问他们的姓名之前就已经离开了。结合句意可知,此处填before引导时间状语从句,表示“在……之前”。
10.(2014·湖南,26)You
will
never
gain
success
________
you
are
fully
devoted
to
your
work.
10.unless 句意:如果你不全身心投入工作,你就不可能获得成功。根据主从句的句意及逻辑关系可知,后面句子为前面句子的条件,故填unless。
11.(2013·安徽,23)It's
much
easier
to
make
friends
________
you
have
similar
interests.
11.when/if 句意:当/如果你们有相同的兴趣爱好,就很容易成为朋友。根据句意可知,这里需要表示“当”或“如果”含义的连词,故可用when或if。
12.(2013·湖南,23)You
must
learn
to
consult
your
feelings
and
your
reason
________
you
reach
any
decision.
12.before 句意:在做任何决定之前,你都必须要权衡你的情感和理智。根据句意可知,这里应该是由before引导的时间状语从句。
13.(2013·重庆,25)________
we
have
enough
evidence,we
can't
win
the
case.
13.Unless 句意:除非我们有足够的证据,否则我们就赢不了这个案子。分析句子结构和句意可知,这里应该是unless引导的条件状语从句,意思是“除非,如果不……”,相当于if...not。
14.(2013·辽宁,24)One
can
always
manage
to
do
more
things,no
matter________full
one's
schedule
is
in
life.
14.how 句意:无论一个人的生活日程有多么满,他总能设法做更多的事情。“no
matter+疑问词”结构引导让步状语从句,疑问词修饰full,表示程度用how。no
matter
how“无论多么……”。
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1.分析句子结构,找到主句的谓语动词,确定句子的主谓结构,查看句子连接是否正确。
2.理解句意,把握句子的内在逻辑关系,确定从句在句中的作用及引导词在句中所作的成分,检查连接词是否正确。
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(2015·陕西)My
only
mistake
was
that
I
dropped
some
on
the
floor
after
I
was
packing
them
up.
【解析】 after→when/while 句意:我唯一的错误是在我将它们打包的时候掉了一些在地上。根据句意及was
packing可知,drop应该在was
packing
up期间发生。
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状语从句的考查集中在连词的使用上。解题时要认真分析主、从句之间的逻辑关系,明确从句表示时间、地点、条件、原因、让步、方式、比较等,再根据各种从句固定使用的引导词确定正确答案。
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(2015·陕西,20)I
believe
you
will
have
a
wonderful
time
here
________
you
get
to
know
everyone
else.
【解析】 once 句意:我相信,一旦你慢慢认识了其他人,你就会在这儿玩得很开心。once引导条件状语从句,表示“一旦”,符合语境。
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(2014·辽宁,69)Oh...,________
you
don't
mind,I'll
stop
and...
【解析】 if 句意:哦……如果你不介意的话,我就停下来……此处表示的是“如果你不介意的话……”,所以填if,引导条件状语从句。
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MERGEFORMAT
1.(2016·安徽合肥八中第一次段考)Unfortunately
I
won't
be
able
to
meet
you
at
the
airport
although
I
have
classes
in
the
afternoon.
1.although→because/as 句意:不幸的是,我不能来机场见你,因为我下午有课。根据前后两个句子的意思可知,其逻辑为因果关系,即后面句子为前面句子的原因。
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"../../../单句填空.tif"
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1.(2015·河南洛阳第一次统考)Her
simple
act
gave
me
joy
even
________
I
don't
particularly
enjoy
sweets
as
much.
1.if/though 句意:她单纯的行为给了我快乐,即使我不是特别喜欢甜食。even
if/though是关联词,引导让步状语从句,意为“即使”。
2.(2014·山西运城期末调研)I
was
so
nervous
________
I
didn't
catch
the
manager's
name.
2.that 句意:我太紧张了以致没有听到经理的名字。根据前面的so判断本空填that;so...that...“如此……以致……”,引导结果状语从句。
3.(2014·甘肃西北师大附中12月月考)It
will
be
great
________
you
can
tell
me
some
information
about
chopsticks.
3.if 句意:如果你能告诉我一些关于筷子的信息那就太好了。此处表示“如果你能告诉我一些关于筷子的信息”,所填的词表示条件,故用if。
4.(2014·新疆师大附中12月月考)...because
no
matter
________
we
study,we
can
still
achieve
a
lot
in
a
certain
field
if
we
try
our
best.
4.where 句意:……因为无论我们在哪里学习,如果我们付出努力我们仍然能够在某些领域取得成绩。此处表示“无论我们在哪里学习”,故填where。
5.(2014·广西南宁第一次适应性检测)She
only
uses
that
name
________
she
paints.
5.when 句意:她只有画画时才用那个名字。故填连词when,引导时间状语从句。
6.(2014·湖南四大名校联考)To
our
surprise,________much
effort
has
been
made,the
cause
of
the
accident
has
not
been
found
out.
6.although/though 句意:令我们很吃惊的是,尽管我们做出了很大努力,事故的原因还是没有查明。根据句意可知,这里应该是用连词although或though引导让步状语从句。
7.(2014·山东烟台高三模拟考试)I
think
it's
better
to
give
it
a
second
thought
________
so
many
of
us
consider
it
a
risk.
7.as/because/for/since 句意:因为我们中的很多人认为那是一次冒险,所以我认为你最好还是三思。根据句意可知,空格处引导的从句应是说明原因。
8.(2014·山东烟台高三期末试题)Mom,don't
you
think
it's
OK
to
play
once
in
a
while
________
it
doesn't
affect
my
studies
8.as 句意:妈妈,你不认为只要不影响学习,我可以偶尔玩一下吗?根据句子结构可知,这里应该是一个状语从句,结合句意应该用as引导,意思是“只要”。
9.(2014·安徽皖南八校联考)Neighbors
said
they
heard
the
man
tell
the
woman
that
she
couldn't
leave________
she
gave
back
the
money
borrowed
from
him.
9.unless 句意:邻居说他们听到那个男人告诉那个女人,除非她归还向他借的钱,不然她不能离开。根据句意可知,这里应该用unless引导条件状语从句。
10.(2014·山东威海高三模拟考试)
________it
is
happiness
or
sorrow,it
would
finally
become
memories
of
life.
10.Whether 句意:无论是开心还是悲伤,最终都会成为生命中的回忆。分析句子结构可知,空格处引导的是一个让步状语从句,再根据后面的or可知,这里应该用whether。
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INCLUDEPICTURE
"../../../并列句.tif"
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并列句由两个或两个以上并列而又独立的简单句构成。在并列句中,这些简单句常由并列连词连在一起。并列连词所连接的简单句被称为分句。
并列连词是用来连接两个或多个并列的词、短语或句子的词,主要表示并列、选择、转折、因果等关系。并列连词在句子中位置比较固定,必须位于所连接的并列单位之间;两个并列连词不能并用。
表示并列关系的连词
表示并列关系的连词有and,both...and...,not
only...but
also...,neither...nor...等。
INCLUDEPICTURE
"../../../例.tif"
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MERGEFORMAT
He
started
to
shout
and
sing.
INCLUDEPICTURE
"../../../例.tif"
\
MERGEFORMAT
Both
New
York
and
London
have
traffic
problems.
INCLUDEPICTURE
"../../../例.tif"
\
MERGEFORMAT
Not
only
the
students
but(also)their
teacher
is
enjoying
the
movie.
表示选择关系的连词
表示选择关系的连词有or,either...or...等。
INCLUDEPICTURE
"../../../例.tif"
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MERGEFORMAT
Will
you
have
tea,(or)coffee
or
lemonade
INCLUDEPICTURE
"../../../例.tif"
\
MERGEFORMAT
You
can
either
write
or
phone
to
request
a
copy.
表示转折关系的连词
表示转折关系的连词有but,yet,while等。
INCLUDEPICTURE
"../../../例.tif"
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MERGEFORMAT
Learning
the
guitar
isn't
difficult,but
you
have
to
practice.
INCLUDEPICTURE
"../../../例.tif"
\
MERGEFORMAT
She
trained
hard
all
year
yet
still
failed
to
reach
her
best
form.
INCLUDEPICTURE
"../../../例.tif"
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MERGEFORMAT
I
drink
black
coffee
while
he
prefers
it
with
cream.
表示因果关系的连词
表示因果关系的连词有for。
INCLUDEPICTURE
"../../../例.tif"
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MERGEFORMAT
We
listened
eagerly,for
he
brought
news
of
our
families.
INCLUDEPICTURE
"../../../复合句.tif"
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一、定语从句
(一)关系词的用法
引导定语从句的关系词包括关系代词和关系副词两类。关系词在定语从句中起连接作用,同时代替先行词在从句中充当主语、宾语、表语、定语和状语成分。
关系词
被修饰的先行词
关系词在从句中充当的成分
who
指人的词
主语、宾语
whom
指人的词
宾语
whose
指人或物的词
定语
that
指人或物的词
主语、宾语、表语
which
指物的词或整个主句
主语、宾语
as
指人或物的词或整个主句
主语、宾语
when
表示时间的名词
时间状语
where
表示地点的名词
地点状语
why
表示原因的名词reason
原因状语
INCLUDEPICTURE
"../../../例.tif"
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The
people
who
called
yesterday
want
to
buy
the
house.
INCLUDEPICTURE
"../../../例.tif"
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MERGEFORMAT
The
author(whom)you
criticized
has
written
a
letter
in
reply.
INCLUDEPICTURE
"../../../例.tif"
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MERGEFORMAT
Do
you
know
the
girl
whose
father
is
a
doctor
INCLUDEPICTURE
"../../../例.tif"
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MERGEFORMAT
The
person
that
you
talked
about
just
now
is
Mr
Liu.
INCLUDEPICTURE
"../../../例.tif"
\
MERGEFORMAT
Football
is
a
game
which
is
liked
by
most
boys.
Tom
was
late
for
work
again
this
morning,which
made
the
boss
angry.
INCLUDEPICTURE
"../../../例.tif"
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MERGEFORMAT
As
is
known
to
all,China
is
the
biggest
developing
country
in
the
world.
INCLUDEPICTURE
"../../../例.tif"
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MERGEFORMAT
I
still
remember
the
day
when(on
which)I
first
came
to
this
school.
INCLUDEPICTURE
"../../../例.tif"
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MERGEFORMAT
This
is
the
small
village
where(in
which)he
was
born.
INCLUDEPICTURE
"../../../例.tif"
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MERGEFORMAT
The
reason
why(for
which)he
refused
the
invitation
is
not
clear.
INCLUDEPICTURE
"../../../注意1.tif"
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MERGEFORMAT
作宾语的关系代词可以省略,但在介词后作宾语的关系代词不可以省略;关系副词一般可用“介词+关系代词”代替。
(二)关系代词that与which的用法区别
只用that的情况
(1)当先行词既有人也有物时。
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"../../../例.tif"
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I
can
still
remember
the
teacher
and
his
lessons
that
give
me
a
most
lasting
impression.
(2)先行词前有序数词,the
only,the
last,the
very(恰恰,正好),any,few,little,no,all或形容词的最高级修饰,或先行词本身就是序数词或形容词的最高级时。
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"../../../例.tif"
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The
first
place
that
they
visited
in
London
was
the
Big
Ben.
This
is
the
most
interesting
film
that
I
have
seen.
(3)当先行词是不定代词,或先行词被不定代词修饰时。
INCLUDEPICTURE
"../../../例.tif"
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Have
you
taken
down
everything
that
Mr
Li
said
(4)当主句是以which或who开头的疑问句,或有一个定语从句已经由which引导时。
INCLUDEPICTURE
"../../../例.tif"
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MERGEFORMAT
Who
is
the
man
that
is
standing
there
They
secretly
built
a
small
factory,which
produced
things
that
could
cause
pollution.
只用which的情况
(1)“介词+关系代词”结构中指物的关系代词只能用which(指人时用whom)。
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"../../../例.tif"
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This
is
the
school
in
which
I
studied
10
years
ago.
(2)在非限制性定语从句中指物的关系代词只能用which。
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"../../../例.tif"
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The
meeting
was
put
off,which
was
actually
what
we
wanted.
(3)当先行词本身就是that时。
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"../../../例.tif"
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MERGEFORMAT
What's
that
which
flashed
in
the
sky
just
now
(三)“介词+关系代词”引导的定语从句
定语从句中的介词或定语从句的谓语部分中的介词有时会提到关系代词前面,形成“介词+关系代词”的结构。使用该结构时要注意以下几个问题:
介词的确定
该结构中的介词应依据定语从句的谓语部分的习惯搭配或介词与先行词的搭配来确定。
INCLUDEPICTURE
"../../../例.tif"
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MERGEFORMAT
Who
is
the
girl
with
whom
you
just
shook
hands?(根据shake
hands
with...确定)
INCLUDEPICTURE
"../../../例.tif"
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MERGEFORMAT
He
built
a
telescope
through
which
he
could
study
the
skies.(根据先行词的需要确定,即through
the
telescope)
关系代词的使用
介词放在关系代词之前时,关系代词不用that。指物时用which,指人时用whom,作定语时用whose。
INCLUDEPICTURE
"../../../例.tif"
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MERGEFORMAT
The
factory
in
which
he
once
worked
is
torn
down.
The
woman
to
whom
I
talked
just
now
is
my
English
teacher.
Last
month,part
of
the
province
was
struck
by
floods,from
whose
effects
the
people
are
still
suffering.
“不定代词或数词+of+关系代词”结构
“不定代词或数词+of+关系代词”常在定语从句中作主语,说明整体中的一部分。
INCLUDEPICTURE
"../../../例.tif"
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MERGEFORMAT
China
has
a
lot
of
islands,one
of
which
is
Taiwan.
There
are
a
lot
of
students
here,none
of
whom
like
the
film.
“名词+of
which”结构
“名词+of
which”常代替“whose+名词”在定语从句中作定语。
INCLUDEPICTURE
"../../../例.tif"
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MERGEFORMAT
I
saw
some
trees,the
leaves
of
which(=whose
leaves)were
black
with
disease.
He
mentioned
a
book,the
title
of
which(=whose
title)I've
forgotten.
“介词+关系代词”结构的省略
当主从句主语一致时,“介词+关系代词”引导的定语从句可以省略成“介词+关系代词+不定式”结构。
INCLUDEPICTURE
"../../../例.tif"
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MERGEFORMAT
I
have
a
computer
with
which
I
can
look
for
much
information.→I
have
a
computer
with
which
to
look
for
much
information.
(四)which和as引导非限制性定语从句的区别
当先行词不是主句中的某个词而是整个主句时,关系代词用which或as,但二者的用法也有区别。
which引导的非限制性定语从句一般跟在主句之后,而as引导的从句可在主句前、主句后,也可以在主句中间。
INCLUDEPICTURE
"../../../例.tif"
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I
failed
again
in
the
match,which
was
a
great
pity.
As
we
had
expected,he
opposed
the
plan.
which通常意为“这;这一点”,as通常表示说话人的态度、看法、解释等,意为“正如”。
INCLUDEPICTURE
"../../../例.tif"
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MERGEFORMAT
He
sold
his
bicycle,which
surprised
me.
As
we
know,smoking
is
harmful
to
our
health.
=Smoking
is
harmful
to
our
health,as
we
know.
INCLUDEPICTURE
"../../../注意1.tif"
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MERGEFORMAT
有时限制性定语从句也可用as引导,但此时先行词前一般有the
same,as,such,so等词修饰。
which引导的此类定语从句,与前面的主句往往存在着“因果”逻辑关系,主句为“因”,which引导的定语从句表示“果”。
INCLUDEPICTURE
"../../../例.tif"
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Jim
is
addicted
to
computer
games,which
upsets
his
parents
very
much.
(五)定语从句与同位语从句的区别
(1)that引导的定语从句与同位语从句的区别
引导定语从句的关系代词that在定语从句中充当主语或宾语,充当宾语时that可省略,指物时大多可与which互换;引导同位语从句的that在从句中不充当任何成分,只起引导作用,且that不可省略。
INCLUDEPICTURE
"../../../例.tif"
\
MERGEFORMAT
The
news(that)they
told
me
made
me
excited.(定语从句)
INCLUDEPICTURE
"../../../例.tif"
\
MERGEFORMAT
The
news
that
our
team
won
made
me
excited.(同位语从句)
(2)when,where,why引导的定语从句与同位语从句的区别
when,where,why引导定语从句时,引导词在从句中充当状语,被修饰词必须是指时间、地点、原因的名词;而引导同位语从句时,引导词虽然也在从句中作状语,但是被修饰词通常是表示抽象意义的名词,如idea,question,problem等。
INCLUDEPICTURE
"../../../例.tif"
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MERGEFORMAT
I
have
no
idea
where
his
birthday
party
will
be
held.(同位语从句)
INCLUDEPICTURE
"../../../例.tif"
\
MERGEFORMAT
He
showed
me
the
place
where
he
found
the
wallet.(定语从句)
二、名词性从句
名词性从句包括主语从句、宾语从句、表语从句和同位语从句四种。每一种从句都有自己的引导词,引导词都位于从句句首,且从句使用陈述语序。
(一)名词性从句的引导词
引导词
用 法
从属连词
that,whether,if等
均不在句子中作成分。that没有意义,引导宾语从句时可以省略;whether和if意为“是否”,在宾语从句中可互换使用,但在其他名词性从句中只用whether
连接代词
what,who,whom,which,whatever,whoever,whichever等
在从句中作主语、宾语、表语或定语等成分
连接副词
when,where,why,how,whenever,wherever,however等
在从句中作状语
INCLUDEPICTURE
"../../../例.tif"
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MERGEFORMAT
The
trouble
is
that
we
are
short
of
money.
INCLUDEPICTURE
"../../../例.tif"
\
MERGEFORMAT
He
hasn't
decided
whether
he
will
go
there.
INCLUDEPICTURE
"../../../例.tif"
\
MERGEFORMAT
Do
you
know
who
has
got
first
prize
INCLUDEPICTURE
"../../../例.tif"
\
MERGEFORMAT
What
we
need
is
more
practice.
INCLUDEPICTURE
"../../../例.tif"
\
MERGEFORMAT
Whoever
has
helped
to
save
the
drowning
boy
is
worth
praising.
INCLUDEPICTURE
"../../../例.tif"
\
MERGEFORMAT
When
he
will
go
abroad
hasn't
been
decided
yet.
INCLUDEPICTURE
"../../../例.tif"
\
MERGEFORMAT
No
one
knew
why
he
made
such
a
mistake.
(二)名词性从句的类别
主语从句
(1)主语从句多放在主句谓语动词前,构成:主语从句+谓语动词+其他
INCLUDEPICTURE
"../../../例.tif"
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MERGEFORMAT
That
he
passed
the
driving
test
made
us
very
happy.
Who
will
take
over
the
company
has
not
been
decided
yet.
(2)it作形式主语,常见的结构有:
It+be+形容词+that从句;
It+be+名词(词组)+that从句;
It+be+过去分词+that从句;
It+
occur/matter等不及物动词+that从句
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It
is
certain
that
you
will
pass
the
college
entrance
exams.
It
is
a
pity
that
I
missed
the
party
held
last
night.
It
is
reported
that
the
accident
was
caused
by
carelessness.
It
had
never
occurred
to
him
that
he
might
be
falling
in
love
with
her.
表语从句
(1)表语从句跟在系动词后,构成:主语+系动词+表语从句
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The
beautiful
views
and
the
friendly
people
are
what
new comers
like
in
San
Francisco.
(2)because引导的表语从句强调原因,而why引导的表语从句强调结果。
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I
think
it's
because
you're
careless.
He
was
ill.That's
why
he
was
absent.
(3)The
reason
why...+be
+
that从句
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MERGEFORMAT
The
reason
why
he
was
absent
was
that
he
was
ill.
(4)What从句+be+that从句
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What
comforted
the
young
mother
was
that
the
baby
came
to
life.
(5)It
looks/seems
as
if/as
though从句
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MERGEFORMAT
It
looks
as
if
it
is
going
to
rain.
宾语从句
(1)主语+及物动词+宾语从句
主语+不及物动词+介词+宾语从句
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I
know
that
he
is
an
intelligent
and
hard working
boy.
He
often
thinks
of
how
he
can
make
his
class
vivid
and
lively.
(2)it作形式宾语,宾语从句后置。常用的谓语动词有:make,think,feel,find,consider等。
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I
find
it
important
that
we
should
keep
calm
in
danger.
(3)有些动词不能直接跟宾语从句,需要借助形式宾语it。常见的有like,dislike,hate,love,enjoy,appreciate等。
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I
hate
it
when
people
speak
with
their
mouths
full.
I
would
appreciate
it
if
you
could
stay
for
lunch.
(4)在think,believe,suppose,expect等动词后的宾语从句若是否定的,就将否定词转移到主句谓语动词上。
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I
don't
think
your
answers
are
right.
I
don't
believe
she
will
attend
the
meeting.
同位语从句
(1)跟在名词后,对名词的内容给予说明。常见的名词有fact,idea,news,truth,hope,doubt,suggestion,belief,evidence等。
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The
fact
that
she
is
good
at
English
makes
her
the
right
person
for
the
job.
I
have
a
feeling
that
one
day
we
will
succeed.
(2)同位语从句与名词之间有时会被句子的其他成分隔开,形成间隔性同位语从句。
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Word
came
that
our
team
had
won
the
game.
(三)whether和if引导名词性从句的区别
whether和if引导宾语从句时大多数情况下可以通用,但其他情况下二者还是有一定的区别。下列情况下一般用whether不用if:
(1)引导主语从句并位于句首时
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Whether
she
is
coming
doesn't
matter
much.
(2)引导表语从句和同位语从句时
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What
we
want
to
know
is
whether
he
will
give
a
speech
to
us
tomorrow.
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They
asked
me
the
question
whether
the
work
was
worth
doing.
(3)引导介词的宾语从句时
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I'm
not
interested
in
whether
he
will
come
or
not.
(4)引导discuss的宾语从句时
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They
will
have
a
meeting
to
discuss
whether
they
should
close
the
shop.
(5)与or
not连用时
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There
were
times
when
I
wondered
whether
or
not
we
would
get
there.
(四)whatever,whoever,whichever的用法
wh ever引导名词性从句表示泛指,含有“任何……”之意,有时也表示疑问;而what,who,which则表示特指意义。
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Whoever
did
this
will
sooner
or
later
be
caught
and
will
be
punished.
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MERGEFORMAT
I
believe
whatever
he
told
me.
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I
believe
what
he
told
me.
三、状语从句
(一)时间状语从句
when,while,as的用法
一般情况下,若主句表示的是一个短暂性动作,从句是一个持续性动作,三者都可以用。
(1)when引导的时间状语从句中的谓语可以用非延续性动词,也可以用延续性动词,而while从句中的谓语必须是延续性动词。
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Were
you
writing
when
the
teacher
came
in
When/While
my
mother
was
cleaning
the
room,I
was
washing
my
clothes.
(2)when引导的从句的动作和主句的动作可以是同时发生,也可以是先后发生;while则强调主句的动作发生在从句动作发生的过程中或主从句两个动作同时发生。
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When
the
clock
struck
twelve,all
the
lights
went
out.
While
they
were
talking,the
bell
rang.
(3)as引导的从句的动作与主句动作同时发生。若从句动作的时间概念淡化而主要表示主句动作发生的背景或条件时,只能用as。
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The
students
took
notes
as
they
listened.
The
atmosphere
gets
thinner
and
thinner
as
the
height
increases.
before的用法
before引导时间状语从句时表示主句动作发生在从句动作之前,翻译时比较灵活,常译为“在……之前;不等……就;……之后才”。
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Check
your
report
carefully
before
you
hand
it
in.
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MERGEFORMAT
The
film
had
already
begun
before
they
got
to
the
cinema.
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Several
days
had
gone
by
before
I
knew
my
dictionary
was
lost.
until/till的用法
(1)主句是肯定句时,主句的谓语用延续性动词,指动作一直持续到从句谓语表示的动作发生为止,意为“直到……”。
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You
may
stay
here
until
school
is
over.
I
waited
for
him
in
the
office
until
the
meeting
was
over.
(2)主句是否定句时,主句的谓语用短暂性动词,指动作一直到从句谓语表示的动作发生时才开始,意为“直到……才……”。
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He
didn't
go
to
bed
until
his
wife
came
back.
since的用法
(1)since引导的时间状语从句用一般过去时,谓语通常是短暂性动词,主句常用完成时态。
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I
have
been
teaching
in
this
school
since
I
left
college.
(2)since常出现在“It
is/has
been+一段时间+since...”句式中,表示“自从……以来已经多长时间”。从句谓语动词是延续性动词或表示状态的静态动词,从句表示的时间是从该动作结束时算起;从句谓语是短暂性动词,则从该动作开始时算起。
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It's
been
two
years
since
we
came
here.
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It's
been
a
year
since
I
smoked.
表示“一……就……”的引导词的用法
as
soon
as,immediately,directly,instantly,the
moment/minute,no
sooner...than,hardly/scarcely...when等引导时间状语从句时,都表示“一……就……”之意。
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The
moment/minute
the
little
girl
saw
her
mother,she
burst
out
crying.(=The
little
girl
burst
out
crying
immediately
she
saw
her
mother.)
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No
sooner
had
he
reached
home
than
it
began
to
rain.
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Hardly
had
I
walked
into
the
house
when
the
phone
rang.
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名词(短语)the
moment,the
minute,each
time,every
time,any
time,the
first/last
time也可用作连词,引导时间状语从句。
(二)原因状语从句
原因状语从句一般用because,as,since等来引导。
because语气最强,表示必然的因果关系,用来回答why的提问。
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She's
got
the
job
because
she
has
the
advantage
of
knowing
many
languages.
since语气稍弱,表示对方已经知晓的原因或事实,意为“既然;因为;由于”。
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Since
it
was
late,I
shall
go
home
now.
Since
we
are
free,let's
go
to
the
cinema.
as语气最弱,往往不是明显的原因,只是对结果的附带说明。
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As
he
wasn't
there,we
left
a
message.
(三)让步状语从句
让步状语从句一般用(al)though,as,while,even
though/if,no
matter+疑问词,疑问词 ever引导。
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Though
he
had
a
cold,he
still
worked
in
his
office.
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While
I
like
the
style
of
the
coat,I
do
not
like
its
color.
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He
will
come
on
time
even
if
it
rains.
as引导让步状语从句时,从句的表语、状语、谓语部分的实义动词需置于句首,若表语是可数名词单数,其前不能有冠词。
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Proud
as
they
are,they
are
afraid
to
see
me.
Try
as
he
might,he
still
couldn't
lift
the
big
case.
Child
as
he
is,he
learns
many
things
from
the
books.
疑问词 ever与“no
matter+疑问词”引导让步状语从句时可以互换。
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Keep
calm,whatever/no
matter
what
happens.
Wherever/No
matter
where
you
go,I'll
go
with
you.
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疑问词 ever既可以引导让步状语从句也可以引导名词性从句,而“no
matter+疑问词”只能引导让步状语从句。
(四)目的状语从句
目的状语从句用so
that,in
order
that,in
case引导,从句谓语常含有may,might,can,could,will,would等情态动词。当主从句主语一致时,可以把从句转化成不定式。
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We
turned
on
the
light
so
that
we
could
see
clearly
what
it
was.→We
turned
on
the
light
so
as
to
see
clearly
what
it
was.
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I
don't
think
Susan
will
be
sad
but
I'll
go
and
comfort
her
in
case
she
is.
(五)结果状语从句
结果状语从句用so...that...,such...that,so
that引导。so是副词,修饰形容词或副词;such是形容词,修饰名词,名词前有表示数量的little(少),few,many,much等修饰时用so。
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He
was
so
angry
that
he
couldn't
say
a
word.
He
earned
so
little
money
that
he
could
hardly
support
his
family.
It
was
such
delicious
food
that
they
ate
it
up.
The
teacher
spoke
loud
so
that
everybody
heard
him.
(六)地点状语从句
地点状语从句用where,wherever引导。
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Where
there
is
smoke,there
is
fire.
You
can
put
the
book
wherever
you
like.
(七)条件状语从句
条件状语从句用if,unless,as/so
long
as等引导,unless相当于if...not。
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I
will
buy
a
computer
if
I
am
able
to
save
up
enough
money.
I'm
happy
as
long
as
you
are
happy.
(八)方式状语从句
方式状语从句用as,as
if/though引导。as
if/though引导的从句常用虚拟语气(但是当说话者认为句子所述的是真实的或极有可能发生或存在的事实时,as
if从句要用陈述语气)。
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You
must
do
the
work
as
you
are
told.
She
treats
her
husband
as
if
he
were
a
stranger.
It
looks
as
if
it's
going
to
rain.
(九)比较状语从句
比较状语从句由as,than引导,从句中通常省略与主句相同的部分,或用助动词do,does,did代替与主句部分相同的谓语。
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There
are
as
many
people
in
our
town
as(there
are)in
your
town.
She's
a
better
player
than(she
was)last
year.
语法填空
It
seems
recently
that
more
and
more
of
my
friends
are
facing
some
seemingly
unbeatable
challenges
in
their
lives.Some
have
lost
their
jobs
__1__
some
have
failed
marriages.And
too
many
have
health
problems.
I
don't
know
if
it
is
desperation
that
__2__(cause)
them
to
turn
to
me
for
advice
or
whether
they
have
come
to
value
our
friendship.But
it
is
difficult
to
offer
words
of
hope
when
all
they
feel
is
__3__(hope).They
expect
answers
to
get
them
back
on
their
feet
again.
I
have
often
struggled
with
what
to
say,mostly
__4__
I
have
faced
many
of
the
same
challenges
in
my
own
life.I
remember
how
empty
I
felt
__5__
someone
cheerfully
offered
words
like
“Things
will
get
__6__(good)!”
Now,being
thought
of
__7__
a
source
of
hope
or
a
good
example
of
what
to
do
through
printed
words,I
have
even
more
people
__8__(contact)
me.
So
what
do
I
say?“Begin
again.”
It
sounds
too
simple,__9__
it
is
indeed
the
answer.All
life
challenges
bring
about
__10__
ending
and
the
chance
for
beginning.
1.and 两个句子讲的都是朋友遇到的问题,是并列关系,故填连词and。
2.causes if引导的从句中使用了强调句式it
is...that,被强调部分是句子的主语desperation,本空是句子的谓语,故填第三人称单数形式causes。
3.hopeless 在句子中作表语,主语是all,指代他们的感受,根据句意可知填形容词hopeless“无望的”。
4.because 空格后的句子解释的是前面句子所说事情发生的原因,故填连词because。
5.after 根据语境及逻辑关系判断,此处说的是别人说完鼓励的话“之后”我的感受,所以本空填连词after。
6.better 本句暗含未来与目前状况的比较,用比较级better。
7.as think
of...as...“认为……是……”,是固定短语,此处用的是其现在分词的被动式作原因状语。
8.contacting people与contact是主动关系,故填现在分词。
9.but 句意:这听起来很简单,但的确就是答案。故填表示转折的连词but。
10.an 句意:生活中的挑战总会结束,并且会是重新开始的机会。泛指“结尾,结束”,ending前用不定冠词。
短文改错
On
the
first
day
of
her
new
job,Alice
arrived
in
a
quarter
to
nine.She
took
the
lift
to
the
eleventh
floor,and
the
secretary
showed
her
which
her
desk
and
her
computer
were.She
talked
to
the
man
seating
near
her,or
he
was
not
friendly.Then,a
boss
came
in,giving
her
a
pile
of
reports.To
her
surprise,he
was
not
the
man
had
interviewed
her.He
introduced
him
as
Tim.She
tried
to
finish
the
work
that
day,so
everything
was
confusing.After
work,she
left
the
office
and
went
back
to
the
lift.On
the
tenth
floor,she
met
John,which
had
interviewed
her.“Alice,I
thought
you
were
starting
with
us
this
morning,”
He
said.“My
god!”
she
sudden
realized,“I
was
in
the
right
office
all
day!”
On
the
first
day
of
her
new
job,Alice
arrived
a
quarter
to
nine.She
took
the
lift
to
the
eleventh
floor,and
the
secretary
showed
her
her
desk
and
her
computer
were.She
talked
to
the
man
near
her,
he
was
not
friendly.Then,a
boss
came
in,giving
her
a
pile
of
reports.To
her
surprise,he
was
not
the
manhad
interviewed
her.He
introduced
as
Tim.She
tried
to
finish
the
work
that
day,
everything
was
confusing.After
work,she
left
the
office
and
went
back
to
the
lift.On
the
tenth
floor,she
met
John,
had
interviewed
her.“Alice,I
thought
you
were
starting
with
us
this
morning.”
He
said.“My
god!”
she
realized,“I
was
in
the
office
all
day!”
1.根据句子后面的a
quarter
to
nine可知此处为具体的时间点,其前应用at。
2.分析句子结构可知,此处指办公桌和电脑所在的地方,故用where。
3.动词seat意为“使……坐在……”,表示状态时,须用be
seated...,根据句意可知,此处表示状态;也可用sitting来表示状态。
4.分析前后句意可知,此处并非两件事情中做出选择,而是后面陈述另一种情况,根据not
friendly可知,指与前一句语意不一致的情况,故用转折连词but。
5.分析句子结构可知,man后为定语从句,而从句部分缺少主语,根据先行词man可知加关系代词who/that。
6.分析句意可知,此处指“他”自我介绍。
7.分析前后两个句子意思可知,后一句并非前一句的结果而是与前一句并列,只是意思发生了转变。
8.从句子结构分析可知,此部分为前一句的非限制性定语从句,而先行词是John,所以用who引导。
9.根据后面的动词realized可知,此处须用副词修饰动词。
10.根据文章内容及Alice所经历的事情可知,她是走错了办公室。
语法填空
Different
people
feel
stressed
in
different
ways.Some
ways
of
dealing
with
stress
don't
solve
much.__1__
other
ways
can
lead
you
to
__2__(solve)
your
problem
or
at
least
feeling
better.
Try
taking
these
four
steps
the
next
time
you
are
stressed:
Get
support.When
you
need
help,reach
out
to
the
people
__3__
care
about
you.Talk
to
your
parents
__4__
other
relatives.And
don't
forget
about
your
friends.They
might
have
had
similar
problems.
Don't
take
it
out
on
yourself.Sometimes
when
kids
are
stressed
and
upset
they
take
it
out
on
__5__(they).Oh,dear,that's
not
a
good
idea.Remember
that
there
are
always
people
to
help
you.Ask
for
a
helping
hand
to
get
you
through
the
tough
situation.
Try
to
solve
the
problem.__6__
you're
calm
and
you
have
support
from
adults
and
friends,it's
time
__7__(get)
down
to
business.You
need
to
figure
out
what
the
problem
is.Even
if
you
can't
solve
it
all,you
can
solve
a
piece
of
it.
Be
positive.Remember
stress
does
go
away,__8__(especial)
when
you
figure
out
the
problem
and
start
working
on
solving
it.These
steps
aren't
magic,but
they
do
work.And
__9__
you
can
stay
positive
as
you
make
your
way
through
a
tough
time,you'll
help
yourself
feel
__10__(good)
even
faster.
1.But 根据don't
solve
much与can
lead
you...的对比判断本空填But。注意首字母的大写。
2.solving lead...to...中的to是介词,所以to后若是动词要用动名词形式。
3.who/that 该空要填的词引导修饰people的定语从句,并在从句中作主语,可用who或that。
4.or 根据前面的parents及other
relatives判断,本空所填词表示选择,故用or。
5.themselves 由本段开头的take
it
out
on
yourself判断这里要填反身代词themselves。
6.After 冷静下来,有了家长和朋友的支持“之后”,该你自己……了,所以前后两句之间的逻辑关系应用after表达。
7.to
get It's
time
to
do...是固定句式,表示“是时候做……了”。
8.especially 作状语,表示程度,意为“尤其,特别”,用副词especially。
9.if 此处表示“如果你保持积极的心态……”,故填连词if,引导条件状语从句。
10.better 根据后面的faster可知填better。
短文改错
My
friend
Mike
has
benefited
great
from
humor.He
is
kind
but
overweight,that
brings
him
a
lot
of
problems.Once
one
of
my
classmates
laughed
him,“Why
are
you
so
fat?”
We
all
stopped
to
stare
at
Mike,wondering
that
he
would
answer
the
question.He
just
said
in
the
calm
voice,“Well,because
of
my
size
must
be
large
enough
to
hold
my
heart
of
love.”
Hearing
his
word,we
all
burst
into
laughter.Not
only
does
Mike
take
the
joke,and
he
also
managed
to
cope
with
the
embarrassed
situation.What
an
important
part
humor
plays
in
our
daily
life!
My
friend
Mike
has
benefited
from
humor.He
is
kind
but
overweight,
brings
him
a
lot
of
problems.Once
one
of
my
classmates
laughedhim,“Why
are
you
so
fat?”
We
all
stopped
to
stare
at
Mike,wondering
he
would
answer
the
question.He
just
said
in
calm
voice,“Well,because
my
size
must
be
large
enough
to
hold
my
heart
of
love.”
Hearing
his
,we
all
burst
into
laughter.Not
only
Mike
take