高考英语二轮复习专题七概要写作第二讲定主体，依逻辑，精准把脉课件

(共49张PPT)
第二讲　定主体，依逻辑，
精准把脉
一、文体意识解读
1．审题要素
审题 体裁 说明文
议论文
记叙文
时态 一般过去时
一般现在时
一般将来时
混合时态
主题 主题句
要点 归纳段落大意
2.不同文体运用不同的概括方法
(1)说明文的文体特征
说明文是对事物进行客观说明的一种文体，目的在于阐明原理、介绍知识和叙述事物。
常见的写作顺序 空间顺序 介绍事物空间结构的顺序(从上到下；从外到内；从整体到局部)
时间顺序 介绍事物发展的先后顺序
常见的写作顺序 逻辑顺序 描述事物的性质、功能
针对现象提出解决方法或措施
介绍现象及其原因
常见的说明方法 下定义(definition)
分类别(classification)
举例子(example)
做比较(comparison & contrast)
引用(quotation)
打比方(metaphor)
说明文的结构 开头段 要说明的对象
中间段 说明事物、现象的性质、功能或提出解决方法
结尾段 呼应首段，对应主题
[概括方法]
说明文是高考英语概要写作最常用的体裁。关注段首或段尾，找到中心句，并进行精练概括；中间段落需针对被说明对象的不同方面展开说明。
(2)议论文的文体特征
议论文对事件、现象或问题表达自己的看法、主张或观点。
常见的议论文： 读后感、演说、序言、书评
议论文的三要素：论点(topic)、论据(argument)、论证(demonstration)
常见的论证方式：举例论证(example)、道理论证(reason)、对比论证(comparison & contrast)、比喻论证(metaphor)、引用论证(quotation)、归纳论证(induction)、正反论证(pros and cons)
[概括方法]
首先要找出文章的论点、论据与论证。然后画出主题句或结论句，分析句际逻辑，提炼主次信息。议论文中会出现不同的观点，需注意不能漏掉其中任何一种观点。
(3)记叙文的文体特征
记叙文往往叙述人物的经历或者事物的发展变化。
记叙文的六要素：时间(when)、地点(where)、人物(who)、事件(what)、起因(why)、过程(how)
[概括方法]
人物(who)与事件(what)是记叙文的重点。如果是夹叙夹议文，需注意在总结要点时，加上作者自己的观点。
3．解题方法
(1)识别文章的篇章结构和主旨大意；
(2)分析句际逻辑，提炼主次信息(主题句＋重要信息)；
(3)使用自己的语言合并主次信息，使之成为要点句；
(4)适当地使用句间衔接词。
二、增分技巧展示
5．连贯成文　恰当运用过渡衔接词
(1)顺序：
firstly．..secondly．..thirdly．..finally；
to begin with．..then．..further．..finally；
to start with．..next．..in addition．..finally；
on the one hand．..on the other hand；
for one thing．..for another (thing)等
(2)并列：
not only．..but also．.., either．..or．.., as well as等
(3)对比：
on the contrary、 nevertheless、 however、 compared with/to、 in comparison with等
(4)递进：
besides、 what's more、 moreover、 furthermore、 in addition、 additionally、 what's worse、 more importantly、 most importantly等
(5)因果：
thanks to、 as a result、 result from、 because of/due to/owing to等
(6)总结：
in a word、 in conclusion、 in brief、 in short、 on the whole、 to sum up、 to conclude、 in the end等　
四、优秀元素必背
1．导入句
①A survey/An experiment/An invention/A research．..finds/discovers/proves/shows．..
②According to a recent survey/experiment/invention．..
③According to experts/specialists/Dr.White．..
④Experts/Specialists/Researchers．..say．..
⑤It is expected that．..
⑥Hopefully．..
2．同义词块
concentrate on—focus on
instead of—rather than
a difficult job—a challenging job
at last—eventually
set off home—head home
a surprising picture—an amazing sight
great progress—major progress
be very interesting—be a lot of fun
a few days—a couple of days
have an idea—come up with an idea
have a good time—have a joyful time
3．过渡词
similarly、 actually、 meanwhile、 on the other hand、 besides/moreover/also、 despite/in spite of、 because of/due to/owing to/thanks to/as a consequence of．..
4．高级词汇替换增分表
序号 原词 替换词
1 about关于 concerning、 regarding、 related to、 relevant to
2 actually事实上 in fact、 as a matter of fact、 in reality
3 aim at旨在 be aimed to、 be aimed at、 be intended to、 be meant to
序号 原词 替换词
4 appear出现 turn up、 show up
5 approach靠近，临近 come near、 draw near
6 besides而且，另外 additionally、 in addition、 what's more、 moreover、 furthermore　
7 be proud of为……感到骄傲/自豪 take pride in
8 energetic精力充沛的 full of energy
序号 原词 替换词
9 have fun玩得开心 enjoy oneself、 have a good time
10 hold举行 take place
11 honor/honour纪念 in honor/honour of
12 clever聪明的 intelligent、 wise、 smart、 bright、 brilliant　
序号 原词 替换词
13 in a word总之 all in all、 in conclusion、 in short、 to conclude、 to sum up
14 in the end最后 finally、 eventually、 at the end of
15 in the beginning开始 at the start of
五、解题流程示范
阅读下面的短文，根据其内容写一篇60词左右的内容概要。
Parents everywhere praise their kids. Jenn Berman, author of The A to Z Guide to Raising Happy and Confident Kids, says, “We've gone to the opposite extreme of a few decades ago when parents tended to be more strict.” By giving kids a lot of praise, parents think they're building their children's confidence, when, in fact, it may be just the opposite. Too much
praise can backfire and, when given in a way that's insincere, make kids afraid to try new things or take a risk for fear of not being able to stay on top where their parents' praise has put them.
Still, don't go too far in the other direction. Not giving enough praise can be just as damaging as giving too much. Kids will feel like they're not good enough or that you don't care and, as a result, may see no point in trying hard for their accomplishments.
So what is the right amount of praise Experts say that the quality of praise is more important than the quantity. If praise is sincere and focused on the effort not the outcome, you can give it as often as your child does something that deserves a verbal reward. “We should especially recognize our children's efforts to push themselves and work hard to achieve a goal，” says Donahue, author of Parenting Without Fear: Letting Go of Worry and Focusing on What Really Matters. “One thing to remember is that it's the process not the end product that matters.”
Your son may not be the best basketball player on his team. But if he's out there every day and playing hard, you should praise his effort regardless of whether his team wins or loses. Praising the effort and not the outcome can also mean recognizing your child when she has worked hard to clean the yard, cook dinner, or finish a book report. But whatever it is, praise should be given on a case-by-case basis and be proportionate (相称的) to the amount of effort your child has put into it.
[解题流程]
本文是一篇议论文。文章主要论述了如何有效表扬孩子的问题。文章结构清晰，论点明确。
第1步：初读语篇找主题句→全文主题句和段落主题句
第2步：再精读→抓关键词，为组织语言保驾护航
1．第一段要点：_____________________________________________
2．第二段要点：__________________
3．第三段要点：_____________________________________________
4．第四段要点：____________________________________________
______________________________
parents, go to the opposite extreme, too much praise
not, praise, damaging
focus on, not the outcome，give praise，process
praise his effort, regardless of, the outcome, the amount
of effort, put into
第3步：试改写→不要全盘照抄原文句子，尽量用自己的语言进行转换表达
1．第一段指出：The past decades have witnessed the shift of parenting from __________________ to __________________．
2．第二段指出：Yet, both too much and too little praise can be __________________．
being too strict
over praising
equally damaging
3．第三段指出：When giving praise, parents should be _________ and concentrate on __________________ instead of _________．
4．第四段指出：Similarly, they ought to give praise for ___________________________________in the work they're involved in.
sincere
the process
the result
how much effort their kids have invested
第4步：再修改→查看各段落要点之间的逻辑关系和衔接情况，使语篇更连贯
______________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
How to praise our kids is really a sensitive problem. Experts believe that too much praise or praising the kids in a wrong way may have opposite effects on children.(要点1) However, no praise also does harm to kids' development.(要点2) To gain the best result, our praise should focus on the process rather than the result.(要点3) Similarly, they ought to give praise for how much effort their kids have invested in the work they're involved in.(要点4)
课堂新体验
Writing 1
阅读下面的短文，根据其内容写一篇 60 词左右的内容概要。
With the development of the computer, virtual reality(虚拟现实) steps in our life. If something is virtual, then it is created by computer technology and appears as if it were real. VR is a computer system with a special headset (耳机). When you put on the headset, you will look at two tiny
television screens. They are so close to your eyes as if you see just one picture and you will believe that you have entered a different world. In many systems, you also wear special gloves. With the gloves you can reach out and touch things in the unreal world.
The first VR games, which have already been sold around the world, enable you to drive a sports car, fly a plane, or fight an enemy. In the future, it may be difficult to tell the virtual world of the games from the real world outside. However, VR is not just for entertainment. One day, delighted children will be able to learn history by visiting the pyramids of Egypt. In addition, businesses will be able to use VR for many tasks. Pilot will be able to practise flying virtual planes before they go into the air. VR can help us improve the world in hundreds of ways.
However, some people have warned that there could be dangers. It might be dangerous if we do something wrong, or if people do not want to return to reality because it is safer than real life. Besides, we will forget how to live and work with real people.
There will be some problems with VR, as it is new for us. However, one thing is for sure: VR is here to stay. Get ready to step into another world！　
________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
One possible version：
Virtual reality is a computer system with a special headset and special gloves, which enables people to enter an unreal world.(要点1)It can be applied to many fields, such as, entertainment, education, business and training pilots.(要点2)However, it might be dangerous if people don't use it properly.(要点3)In conclusion, no matter what problems it brings, it is sure to be part of people's life in the near future.(要点4)
Writing 2
阅读下面的短文，根据其内容写一篇 60 词左右的内容概要。
Some people doubt the accuracy and reliability of the facial recognition technology. They don't need to worry about that，because the technology is highly advanced. It can distinguish a human face with or without glasses. Tests show it has a precision rate of more than 99 percent.
Some argue that the fingerprint or iris(虹膜) recognition system is perhaps more accurate than the facial recognition system. True，but for iris recognition，a person has to hold his or her head still and look at the camera，which is time-consuming and thus not suitable for public spaces such as subway stations. And the fingerprint recognition system is not so secure，as some people can cheat the system by copying and using the fingerprints of other people to enter or exit a station.
Facial recognition is a rather mature system. A facial recognition system collects people's facial images from different angles, instead of one, and therefore minimizes the chance of cheating. Actually，it is already being applied in many fields such as unlocking smartphones and computers. Besides，facial recognition technology can also help the police to hunt escaped criminals in public spaces.
However, the law says a citizen's photo should not be collected for commercial use without his or her permission. To avoid such legal risks，some measures should be taken before the collection of passenger information. First，companies must ensure the collected facial images are only for public convenience，and will never be used for other commercial purposes，such as advertisements. Second，companies must take necessary measures to make sure not even a single one is leaked or sold to
any third party without the passenger's permission. Generally，advanced technologies are welcome to be used in public spaces，but people's rights must be respected，at least to avoid legal risks.
____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
One possible version：
Facial recognition technology is highly reliable and accurate. (要点1) Compared with the fingerprint or iris recognition system，it well suits public spaces and is more secure.(要点2)The multi-angled images lessen the possibility of cheating, and the system is efficiently employed in many fields, including smartphones, computers and crime-solving.(要点3)However，to protect privacy, facial images must be collected with permission and well protected.(要点4)