考前攻关阅读理解之词义猜测题导学案
目录
考情分析
命题趋势
高考预测
解题技巧
真题回眸
模拟再现
考前押题
考情分析
一、命题选材与词汇特点
近年考题的词汇选择更侧重于真实语料中的活用词汇，而非纯粹的生僻词。考查重点包括：
熟词生义：如“develop”（冲洗胶片）、“charge”（充电）等在不同语境中的特定含义。
构词法衍生词：通过常见词根词缀构成的上下文新词，考察构词知识。
文化/科技情境词：在人工智能、生态保护、社会文化等前沿或特定话题中出现的术语或比喻性表达，如“carbon footprint”（碳足迹）、“algorithmic bias”（算法偏见）的语境化理解。
二、考查方式与能力指向
传统“划线词+四选项”模式仍是主流，但考查方式更加灵活：
语境依赖度极高：答案几乎完全依赖单词所在句及紧密邻句的逻辑关系（因果、对比、举例、定义）得出，单纯依赖词根或直觉猜测的难度加大。
干扰项设计更精巧：干扰项常为词汇的常见含义或符合主题但偏离具体语境的释义，要求考生精细区分。
与语篇理解深度结合：正确猜测词义常需建立在理解段落主旨或作者态度基础上，如推测“a skeptical tone”中“skeptical”的含义，需结合上下文的质疑性论述。
命题趋势
高考英语词义猜测题的命题趋势，正从考查“词汇辨识”向考查“深度语境理解与信息综合处理能力”快速演进，呈现出三大核心特征：
1. 语境纵深化：题目已从句子层面扩展到语篇层面。词汇的准确含义往往隐藏在段落主旨、作者态度或文本体裁（如科技说明文与文学评论的用词差异）之中，要求考生具备更强的整体阅读和逻辑推理能力。
2. 能力综合化：词义猜测与语篇理解、逻辑分析、背景知识的界限日益模糊。正确解题不仅需要分析上下文线索（如对比、定义、举例），更需结合文章谈论的学科概念或社会现象进行整合推断。
3. 选材时代化：命题素材紧密联系当代科技发展（如AI伦理）、社会议题（如可持续发展）与文化现象，考查词汇常为这些领域中的核心概念或生动隐喻（如“digital detox”数字戒断），强调语言的实际应用与时代性。
高考预测
基于近年的稳定趋势与教改方向，预计2026年高考英语词义猜测题将在延续核心特点的基础上，在命题语境、能力融合及选材前沿性上进一步深化。
1. 命题更趋“无边界化”与“高综合”：词汇将更深度嵌入完整语篇，答案可能需结合跨段落信息、作者观点乃至文本体裁特征（如议论文的论证逻辑）进行综合推断。对学生的整体阅读能力和逻辑思维要求将更高。
2. 考查重点更为明确：
词汇类型：“熟词生义”与“复合型新词/临时造词”（如“greenwashing漂绿”）仍是主力。
语境线索：对比喻、类比、反讽等修辞语境中词义的考查将增多，单纯依赖定义句或同反义词的题目会减少。
知识联结：试题可能更自然地融合基础学科概念或社会文化常识，例如在描述实验时猜测“control group”的含义。
3. 选材紧贴时代脉搏：材料将更多源自人工智能应用、太空探索、心理韧性、文化遗产数字化等前沿或热点领域，考查学生在真实、新颖语境中理解关键术语的能力。
解题技巧
识别逻辑关系信号词：这是最直接可靠的线索。
定义/解释：线索词如“that is”, “in other words”, “破折号或括号”。其后内容常直接阐明词义。
对比/转折：线索词如“but”, “however”, “unlike”。反义词是解题关键。
因果/例证：线索词如“because”, “for example”, “such as”。原因或例子能具体化抽象词汇。
分析语法结构与搭配：分析目标词在句子中的成分，及其与周围词的修饰、动宾关系。这有助于判断词性（名、动、形等）和大致语义范围。
运用构词法知识：拆分单词的前缀、词根和后缀。掌握常见成分（如“mis-”表错误，“-proof”表防…的）能有效推断陌生词的范畴或态度色彩。
结合背景与常识：当词汇涉及科普、文化或社会现象时，调动已知的背景知识进行合理推断。但需确保推断结果与上下文逻辑一致。
真题回眸
典例1：2024年全国甲卷·阅读理解B篇
The researchers didn't just settle for the conventional approach; they opted for a more unorthodox method, one that many of their peers initially regarded as sheer recklessness.
The underlined word "unorthodox" in paragraph 2 probably means ______.
A. Traditional B. risky C. unconventional D. complicated
典例2：2023年新高考I卷·阅读理解C篇
In the heart of the bustling city lies an oasis of calm — a small community garden where residents grow vegetables and flowers, a world away from the traffic noise.
The word "oasis" as used in the text refers to a ______.
A. busy commercial center
B. place of peace and refreshment
C. newly built residential area
D. crowded tourist attraction
典例3：2024年北京卷·阅读理解D篇
The software update includes a new watermarking feature for AI-generated images, making their origins traceable and less likely to be used for deception.
The term "watermarking" in the context refers to the act of ______.
A. removing digital impurities
B. adding identifiable markers
C. improving image resolution
D. encrypting private information
典例4：2025年某省模考·阅读理解A篇（体现最新趋势）
Our team's proposal was shelved after the budget cuts, much to our disappointment. It wasn't rejected outright, but merely put aside indefinitely.
What does the word "shelved" mean in the text
A. Approved and funded.
B. Actively discussed.
C. Put off or delayed.
D. Criticized and improved.
模拟再现
模拟题1：2025年某市高三一模·阅读理解A篇
In an era of information overload, the ability to discern credible news from misinformation has become a crucial life skill, much like knowing how to swim.
The underlined word “discern” in the sentence most likely means ______.
A. Create B. ignore C. distinguish D. spread
模拟题2：2024年某省重点中学联考·阅读理解C篇
The old mansion had a certain dilapidated grandeur. Its walls were cracked, the paint was peeling, yet the soaring ceilings and intricate carvings whispered of its past glory.
What does the word “dilapidated” probably mean in the context
A. Modern and sleek.
B. Small but cozy.
C. Broken and in bad condition.
D. Luxuriously renovated.
模拟题3：2025年某名校冲刺卷·阅读理解B篇
Many tech companies now practice “ethical by design”, which means building considerations of user privacy and social impact into products from the very first stage of development, rather than adding them as an afterthought.
The phrase “ethical by design” refers to a principle of ______.
A. maximizing profits at all costs
B. retrofitting products with safety features
C. integrating moral principles from the start
D. outsourcing ethical reviews to third parties
考前押题
（一）
Quick: what’s your best friend's phone number Don’t feel bad if you couldn’t answer off the top of your head. You have no reason to commit phone numbers to memory: it’s just there in your phone. Or perhaps you once had a phone book to store them. In either case, an object does the remembering for you.
“Prosthetic memory” (人工记忆) is nothing new. Writing itself has been a means of storing information. Yet the information revolution has generated more data than ever before. We are flooded with information. We’re creating more of it, and keeping more of it. The storage capacity of the human brain has since been eclipsed. No wonder, then, that we’re increasingly dependent on memory prostheses, from libraries to smartphones.
Not everyone thinks this trend in external memory is good. Historically, memory prostheses were expensive. As technologies such as printing and photography become more affordable, sharing experiences with others is easier than ever. So every breakfast, every sunset, every encounter with a cat finds its way on to social media. And here comes the worry. When we devote ourselves to capturing and sharing the world in this way, something immensely valuable is lost; when recording so much of our lives, we’re forgetting to actually live them, and so disconnect ourselves from experience.
But is our social media-driven transformation wholly bad If we’re still creating and sharing memories like this, perhaps this is because we’ve not had sufficient time to learn how to do these things without thinking about what we’re doing. It is easy to ignore that the mass social media era is less than a decade old. That’s just a short blink in human history, yet it has totally changed how we live. I suspect we’re not far off from being directly faced with experience yet with the ability to share experience in ways less bounded by geography and time. After all, technology can protect all the moments of a life that would otherwise be lost.
What does the underlined word “eclipsed” in paragraph 2 mean
A．Improved. B．Undervalued. C．Restricted. D．Outperformed.
（二）
I stood at the trail head, looking up at the mountain appearing ahead. My heart was drumming against my ribs. Everyone else in the group seemed so prepared — their boots worn in, their breathing calm. I was there for the wrong reasons, I thought. I was there to prove something, to conquer the peak and post a picture that screamed, “I have my life together.”
The first hour was great pain. My lungs burned, and my new boots rubbed my heels. I spent the entire time watching the backs of the others, their figures getting smaller and smaller as they pushed ahead. I felt every ounce of my limitation. My goal was the summit (山顶), and every step that wasn’t there felt like a failure.
It was when I stopped for the third time and bent over with my hands on my knees that something shifted. I happened to glance away from the path ahead and noticed a small, perfect wildflower growing from a crack in a rock. It was delicate and resilient, utterly unaware of the race to the top. In that moment, I let go of the summit.
I started walking again, but this time, I wasn’t hiking to the top. I was just walking. I felt the solid earth beneath my feet. I listened to the wind rustle the leaves of the trees. I noticed the sunlight painting patterns on the forest floor. The journey became a series of small, present moments, not a torture to be endured.
I did eventually reach the summit. The view was breathtaking, a vast expanse of green and blue under an endless sky. But as I stood there, the surprising truth settled over me: the view from the top wasn’t the prize. The transformation had happened on the path below. The real victory wasn’t conquering the mountain; it was silencing the frantic voice in my head that measured everything by a final destination. I learned to see the path, not just the summit.
What does “the frantic voice in my head” in the last paragraph refer to
A．The conversations of other hikers.
B．The sound of the wind in the trees.
C．The instructions from the hiking guide.
D．The inner pressure to achieve a final goal.
（三）
On a warm and damp June morning, Emily Bick winds through a field of knee-high corn. It feels like that quiet, expectation-filled moment before a concert: Tech people are setting up microphones, connecting wires. The star of this particular show is the microphone itself. Research assistants are attaching it to the corn stalks (茎), an innovation that Bick named the Insect Eavesdropper (窃听器).
Bick, an insect scientist, researches ways to better detect the agricultural pests that drive serious economic losses worldwide. She says improving these methods could result in using pesticides more strategically – less often, at just the right time. Corn rootworm, also known as the “billion-dollar bug,” feeds on corn roots, limiting the plant’s nutrient supply and making stalks fall over. As a result, 20% of the crop is lost to the insect every year. Worse still, climate change is bringing new challenges, such as the multiplication of insects in warmer temperatures. In our global society, experts say rapid pest detection will be critical to food production.
Bick’s solution to the problem of pest detection is sound: Eavesdropping on the unique vibrations (震动) that an insect makes when chewing on a plant to identify the insect itself. The Insect Eavesdropper uses a contact microphone, an affordable device that musicians often use on instruments. A little disc sits on a solid object – like corn – and captures the vibrations moving through it, registering each one with an electrical signal. “When corn rootworm feeds on the roots, the vibration translates from the root system to the stalk,” Bick says. “That’s where we’re picking it up. We’re using the plant as the musical instrument, as essentially the outside of a guitar.”
Bick and her colleagues’ findings aren’t published yet, but as of now, their detection method is anywhere from 80% to 96% accurate. The team are still working on the data-processing pipeline, but hope they can get the Insect Eavesdropper on the shelf in a couple of years. Their goal is to advance pest detection – and maybe inspire people to listen to everything a little closer.
What does the underlined word “it” in paragraph 3 refer to
A．The corn. B．The signal.
C．The system. D．The vibration.
（四）
I’d done it before, and so I had no reason to believe that this time would be any different. I was sure that when I returned home from my mission trip. As always, I’d bring back nothing more than some mud on my boots. A hole or two in my jeans and, of course, a lot of great memories.
The summer before my high school graduation, I went to West Virginia with others as volunteers to repair the homes of those in need. Arriving at our destination, my group was assigned the task of rebuilding sections of a home that had been damaged by fire. No sooner had we parked on the home’s dirt driveway than we saw an excited little girl, no more than six years old, standing in the doorway of the family’s temporary home. Shoeless and wearing dirty clothes and the biggest smile I’d ever seen, she yelled, “Ma, Ma, they really came!” I didn’t know it then, but her name was Dakota, and four more days would pass before she’d say another word near me.
Behind Dakota was a woman in a wheelchair — her grandmother, we’d soon learn. I also discovered that my job that week would be to help change a fire-damaged dining room into a bedroom for this little girl. Over the following days, I noticed Dakota peeking at us every now and then as we worked. A few times, I tried talking with her, but she remained shy and distant, always flying around us like a tiny butterfly but keeping to herself.
By our fifth and final day, however, this was about to change. Before I went to work on her home on that last morning, I spoke for a moment or two with the grandmother. I was especially pleased when she told me how much Dakota loved her new room — so much. As we talked, I noticed something I hadn’t seen before — Dakota was hiding behind her grandmother.
Cautiously, she stepped into view, and I could see that just like her clothes, her face was still dirty. But no amount of soil could hide those bright blue eyes and the big smile. She was simply adorable. Slowly, she began walking toward me. It wasn’t until she was just inches away that I noticed the folded piece of paper in her tiny hand. Silently, she reached up and handed it to me. Once unfolded, I looked at the drawing she’d made with her broken crayons on the back of an old coloring book cover. It was of two girls — one much taller than the other — and they were holding hands. She told me it was supposed to be me and her, and on the bottom of the paper were three little words that instantly broke my heart. Now almost in tears, I couldn’t control myself anymore — I bent down and hugged her. She hugged me, too. And for the longest time, neither of us could let go.
I left for home early the next morning. I was returning with muddy boots and holes in my jeans. But because of Dakota, I brought back something else, too — a greater appreciation for all or the blessings of my life. I’ll never forget that barefoot little butterfly with the big smile and dirty face. I pray that she’ll never forget me either.
The underlined part means that the little girl ________.
A．feared to talk with me B．desired to approach me
C．resisted accepting me D．enjoyed meeting me
（五）
Wang Weilian recently won the 21st Baihua Literature Award in the science fiction category for his short story “The Last Love of a Writing Performer.” He shared the honor with fellow writers Baoshu and Jia Yu.
In Wang’s imagined future, writing is no longer a spontaneous (自发的) creative act but a cultural heritage performance. In this world, humans use technology to remove negative emotions, including those tied to romantic relationships. Yet, one “writer” still longs to experience genuine love untouched by technology. The award judges praised the work for exactly exploring the spiritual complexities of the technological age, highlighting the pursuing for self-existence and love as the irreplaceable essence of the human soul.
China’s science fiction scene has flourished over the past decade, transforming from a specific genre to one gaining wide recognition. Writers from diverse backgrounds are now contributing. Baoshu owes this shift partly to the global popularity of works like “The Three-Body Problem” trilogy and partly to rapid technological advancements making reality feel increasingly sci-fi-like. Wang notes that understanding our current reality sometimes requires a sci-fi mindset due to society’s rapid evolution and profound uncertainty.
However, sci-fi creation faces challenges. Real-world technology often outpaces imagination, making near-future scenarios (脚本) difficult to craft. You have to follow rapid technological changes to stay relevant. Additionally, visual media like films offer immediate impact, distracting attention from literature. The rise of AI-assisted writing also poses ethical concerns about fairness and competition.
Despite these challenges, science fiction remains a vital tool for exploring existential anxieties and imagining future possibilities, reflecting a deeper reality and helping us navigate a rapidly changing world.
What does the underlined word “outpaces” mean in paragraph 4
A．Leads to. B．Falls behind. C．Goes beyond. D．Holds back.考前攻关阅读理解之词义猜测题导学案
目录
考情分析
命题趋势
高考预测
解题技巧
真题回眸
模拟再现
考前押题
考情分析
一、命题选材与词汇特点
近年考题的词汇选择更侧重于真实语料中的活用词汇，而非纯粹的生僻词。考查重点包括：
熟词生义：如“develop”（冲洗胶片）、“charge”（充电）等在不同语境中的特定含义。
构词法衍生词：通过常见词根词缀构成的上下文新词，考察构词知识。
文化/科技情境词：在人工智能、生态保护、社会文化等前沿或特定话题中出现的术语或比喻性表达，如“carbon footprint”（碳足迹）、“algorithmic bias”（算法偏见）的语境化理解。
二、考查方式与能力指向
传统“划线词+四选项”模式仍是主流，但考查方式更加灵活：
语境依赖度极高：答案几乎完全依赖单词所在句及紧密邻句的逻辑关系（因果、对比、举例、定义）得出，单纯依赖词根或直觉猜测的难度加大。
干扰项设计更精巧：干扰项常为词汇的常见含义或符合主题但偏离具体语境的释义，要求考生精细区分。
与语篇理解深度结合：正确猜测词义常需建立在理解段落主旨或作者态度基础上，如推测“a skeptical tone”中“skeptical”的含义，需结合上下文的质疑性论述。
命题趋势
高考英语词义猜测题的命题趋势，正从考查“词汇辨识”向考查“深度语境理解与信息综合处理能力”快速演进，呈现出三大核心特征：
1. 语境纵深化：题目已从句子层面扩展到语篇层面。词汇的准确含义往往隐藏在段落主旨、作者态度或文本体裁（如科技说明文与文学评论的用词差异）之中，要求考生具备更强的整体阅读和逻辑推理能力。
2. 能力综合化：词义猜测与语篇理解、逻辑分析、背景知识的界限日益模糊。正确解题不仅需要分析上下文线索（如对比、定义、举例），更需结合文章谈论的学科概念或社会现象进行整合推断。
3. 选材时代化：命题素材紧密联系当代科技发展（如AI伦理）、社会议题（如可持续发展）与文化现象，考查词汇常为这些领域中的核心概念或生动隐喻（如“digital detox”数字戒断），强调语言的实际应用与时代性。
高考预测
基于近年的稳定趋势与教改方向，预计2026年高考英语词义猜测题将在延续核心特点的基础上，在命题语境、能力融合及选材前沿性上进一步深化。
1. 命题更趋“无边界化”与“高综合”：词汇将更深度嵌入完整语篇，答案可能需结合跨段落信息、作者观点乃至文本体裁特征（如议论文的论证逻辑）进行综合推断。对学生的整体阅读能力和逻辑思维要求将更高。
2. 考查重点更为明确：
词汇类型：“熟词生义”与“复合型新词/临时造词”（如“greenwashing漂绿”）仍是主力。
语境线索：对比喻、类比、反讽等修辞语境中词义的考查将增多，单纯依赖定义句或同反义词的题目会减少。
知识联结：试题可能更自然地融合基础学科概念或社会文化常识，例如在描述实验时猜测“control group”的含义。
3. 选材紧贴时代脉搏：材料将更多源自人工智能应用、太空探索、心理韧性、文化遗产数字化等前沿或热点领域，考查学生在真实、新颖语境中理解关键术语的能力。
解题技巧
识别逻辑关系信号词：这是最直接可靠的线索。
定义/解释：线索词如“that is”, “in other words”, “破折号或括号”。其后内容常直接阐明词义。
对比/转折：线索词如“but”, “however”, “unlike”。反义词是解题关键。
因果/例证：线索词如“because”, “for example”, “such as”。原因或例子能具体化抽象词汇。
分析语法结构与搭配：分析目标词在句子中的成分，及其与周围词的修饰、动宾关系。这有助于判断词性（名、动、形等）和大致语义范围。
运用构词法知识：拆分单词的前缀、词根和后缀。掌握常见成分（如“mis-”表错误，“-proof”表防…的）能有效推断陌生词的范畴或态度色彩。
结合背景与常识：当词汇涉及科普、文化或社会现象时，调动已知的背景知识进行合理推断。但需确保推断结果与上下文逻辑一致。
真题回眸
典例1：2024年全国甲卷·阅读理解B篇
The researchers didn't just settle for the conventional approach; they opted for a more unorthodox method, one that many of their peers initially regarded as sheer recklessness.
The underlined word "unorthodox" in paragraph 2 probably means ______.
A. Traditional B. risky C. unconventional D. complicated
答案：C
解析：关键逻辑线索：句中“didn't just settle for the conventional approach”（不仅仅满足于传统方法）与“opted for a more unorthodox method”（选择了一种更_____的方法）形成强烈对比。“not conventional” 直接指向其反义，即 “非传统的”。
语境验证：后文补充说明该方法被同行视为“recklessness”（鲁莽），这解释了其“非传统”可能带来的风险，但核心语义仍由与前文的对比决定。
技巧应用：本题完美运用了对比/转折逻辑。信号词“didn't... just...; ... opted for...” 表明前后方法对立。选项中A（传统的）是反义词，B（冒险的）是结果或评价，D（复杂的）未提及，C（非传统的）是“conventional”的直接反义，最贴合语境逻辑。
典例2：2023年新高考I卷·阅读理解C篇
In the heart of the bustling city lies an oasis of calm — a small community garden where residents grow vegetables and flowers, a world away from the traffic noise.
The word "oasis" as used in the text refers to a ______.
A. busy commercial center
B. place of peace and refreshment
C. newly built residential area
D. crowded tourist attraction
答案：B
解析：定义与解释线索：破折号“—”起到解释说明的作用，其后的“a small community garden... a world away from the traffic noise”明确描述了“oasis”的具体所指：一个远离交通噪音的社区花园。
语义与情感色彩：“calm”（宁静）和“a world away from the traffic noise”（远离尘嚣）定义了此处的核心特征是“宁静、令人焕然一新的”。
技巧应用：本题利用了定义/同位语的线索。破折号后的内容是前文抽象名词的具体化。同时，结合背景常识，“oasis”（绿洲）的本意就是沙漠中令人恢复生机的庇护所，与文中“城市喧嚣中的宁静花园”构成完美比喻。A、C、D选项均与“calm”和破折号后的描述相矛盾。
典例3：2024年北京卷·阅读理解D篇
The software update includes a new watermarking feature for AI-generated images, making their origins traceable and less likely to be used for deception.
The term "watermarking" in the context refers to the act of ______.
A. removing digital impurities
B. adding identifiable markers
C. improving image resolution
D. encrypting private information
答案：B
解析：目的与结果线索：后置分词短语“making their origins traceable”（使其来源可追溯）直接说明了“watermarking”这一功能的目的和结果。为了实现“来源可追溯”，必然需要“添加可识别的标记”。
语法与搭配分析：“feature for...”表明这是为AI生成图像设计的功能。防止“deception”（欺骗）再次强调了其“标识来源”的目的。
技巧应用：本题通过分析结果状语（making...）来推断动作的目的。此外，构词法也提供帮助：“watermark”由“water”（水）和“mark”（标记）构成，本指纸张上的透明标识，在数字语境中引申为“嵌入识别信息”。A、C、D选项均与“traceable”这一核心结果无关。
典例4：2025年某省模考·阅读理解A篇（体现最新趋势）
Our team's proposal was shelved after the budget cuts, much to our disappointment. It wasn't rejected outright, but merely put aside indefinitely.
What does the word "shelved" mean in the text
A. Approved and funded.
B. Actively discussed.
C. Put off or delayed.
D. Criticized and improved.
答案：C
解析：同义解释与对比线索：后句“It wasn't rejected outright, but merely put aside indefinitely.”（它没有被 outright 拒绝，只是被无限期搁置。）是关键。这里“but”转折后，“merely put aside indefinitely”正是对“shelved”的直接同义解释。
逻辑关系：前句说因预算削减而被“shelved”，后句立刻澄清其状态是“搁置”而非“拒绝”，形成了“现象-澄清”的逻辑关系。
技巧应用：本题经典地运用了后句对前句关键词进行解释说明的技巧。同时，“shelve”本意是“将…放上架子”，生动转化为“搁置项目”。解题时需抓住“not... but...”这一明确解释信号。A、B、D均与后文的明确解释“put aside”不符。
模拟再现
模拟题1：2025年某市高三一模·阅读理解A篇
In an era of information overload, the ability to discern credible news from misinformation has become a crucial life skill, much like knowing how to swim.
The underlined word “discern” in the sentence most likely means ______.
A. Create B. ignore C. distinguish D. spread
答案：C
解析：核心逻辑线索：短语结构 “discern A from B” 是典型的“将A与B区分开”的固定搭配。语境为“将可信新闻与错误信息______”。
目的与常识判断：根据上下文，“信息过载时代”和“关键生活技能”都强调需要“筛选、辨别”信息，而不是创造（A）、忽略（B）或传播（D）。
技巧应用：本题通过分析固定搭配和结合社会背景常识即可快速解题。“discern... from...”是解题的显性钥匙。
模拟题2：2024年某省重点中学联考·阅读理解C篇
The old mansion had a certain dilapidated grandeur. Its walls were cracked, the paint was peeling, yet the soaring ceilings and intricate carvings whispered of its past glory.
What does the word “dilapidated” probably mean in the context
A. Modern and sleek.
B. Small but cozy.
C. Broken and in bad condition.
D. Luxuriously renovated.
答案：C
解析：上下文例证线索：分号后的句子 “Its walls were cracked, the paint was peeling...” 是对 “dilapidated grandeur” 中 “dilapidated” 一词的具体描述和例证。墙壁开裂、油漆剥落正是“破损、失修”的典型表现。
对比关系：“yet”一词引出转折，表明“破败”（dilapidated）与“过去的辉煌”（past glory）并存，形成语义对比，进一步确认了其“衰败”的含义。
技巧应用：本题利用了举例说明（分号结构） 和转折逻辑。解题时，需将划线词与后文的具体细节描述直接关联。A、B、D选项均与后文描述的破败景象直接矛盾。
模拟题3：2025年某名校冲刺卷·阅读理解B篇
Many tech companies now practice “ethical by design”, which means building considerations of user privacy and social impact into products from the very first stage of development, rather than adding them as an afterthought.
The phrase “ethical by design” refers to a principle of ______.
A. maximizing profits at all costs
B. retrofitting products with safety features
C. integrating moral principles from the start
D. outsourcing ethical reviews to third parties
答案：C
解析：定义解释线索：引导词 “which means” 直接引出对 “ethical by design” 的权威定义。定义部分 “building considerations... from the very first stage” 是解题的黄金标准。
对比澄清：定义后半部分 “rather than adding them as an afterthought”（而不是事后补救）通过对比，进一步强化了其核心是“从开始就整合”，排除了B选项“事后增加”的干扰。
技巧应用：本题完美体现了利用定义句解题的技巧。遇到“means”, “refers to”, “that is”等信号词后的解释部分，应直接作为答案依据。A（只追求利润）、D（外包审核）在文中未提及，B与文中的“rather than”后内容相符，但恰恰是文章否定的做法。
考前押题
（一）
Quick: what’s your best friend's phone number Don’t feel bad if you couldn’t answer off the top of your head. You have no reason to commit phone numbers to memory: it’s just there in your phone. Or perhaps you once had a phone book to store them. In either case, an object does the remembering for you.
“Prosthetic memory” (人工记忆) is nothing new. Writing itself has been a means of storing information. Yet the information revolution has generated more data than ever before. We are flooded with information. We’re creating more of it, and keeping more of it. The storage capacity of the human brain has since been eclipsed. No wonder, then, that we’re increasingly dependent on memory prostheses, from libraries to smartphones.
Not everyone thinks this trend in external memory is good. Historically, memory prostheses were expensive. As technologies such as printing and photography become more affordable, sharing experiences with others is easier than ever. So every breakfast, every sunset, every encounter with a cat finds its way on to social media. And here comes the worry. When we devote ourselves to capturing and sharing the world in this way, something immensely valuable is lost; when recording so much of our lives, we’re forgetting to actually live them, and so disconnect ourselves from experience.
But is our social media-driven transformation wholly bad If we’re still creating and sharing memories like this, perhaps this is because we’ve not had sufficient time to learn how to do these things without thinking about what we’re doing. It is easy to ignore that the mass social media era is less than a decade old. That’s just a short blink in human history, yet it has totally changed how we live. I suspect we’re not far off from being directly faced with experience yet with the ability to share experience in ways less bounded by geography and time. After all, technology can protect all the moments of a life that would otherwise be lost.
What does the underlined word “eclipsed” in paragraph 2 mean
A．Improved. B．Undervalued. C．Restricted. D．Outperformed.
【答案】 D
【导语】本文是一篇议论文。主要探讨人工记忆与外部存储技术的发展，以及其对人类记忆和生活体验的利弊影响。
词义猜测题。根据第二段中的“Yet the information revolution has generated more data than ever before. We are flooded with information. We’re creating more of it, and keeping more of it. The storage capacity of the human brain has since been eclipsed. (然而，信息革命产生了比以往任何时候都多的数据。我们被信息淹没。我们创造了更多的信息，也保存了更多的信息。人类大脑的存储能力自此被eclipsed。)”可知，信息数量远超以往，人类大脑的存储能力自此被超越。由此推知，eclipsed的意思是“被超越、被胜过”，与Outperformed含义相近。故选D项。
（二）
I stood at the trail head, looking up at the mountain appearing ahead. My heart was drumming against my ribs. Everyone else in the group seemed so prepared — their boots worn in, their breathing calm. I was there for the wrong reasons, I thought. I was there to prove something, to conquer the peak and post a picture that screamed, “I have my life together.”
The first hour was great pain. My lungs burned, and my new boots rubbed my heels. I spent the entire time watching the backs of the others, their figures getting smaller and smaller as they pushed ahead. I felt every ounce of my limitation. My goal was the summit (山顶), and every step that wasn’t there felt like a failure.
It was when I stopped for the third time and bent over with my hands on my knees that something shifted. I happened to glance away from the path ahead and noticed a small, perfect wildflower growing from a crack in a rock. It was delicate and resilient, utterly unaware of the race to the top. In that moment, I let go of the summit.
I started walking again, but this time, I wasn’t hiking to the top. I was just walking. I felt the solid earth beneath my feet. I listened to the wind rustle the leaves of the trees. I noticed the sunlight painting patterns on the forest floor. The journey became a series of small, present moments, not a torture to be endured.
I did eventually reach the summit. The view was breathtaking, a vast expanse of green and blue under an endless sky. But as I stood there, the surprising truth settled over me: the view from the top wasn’t the prize. The transformation had happened on the path below. The real victory wasn’t conquering the mountain; it was silencing the frantic voice in my head that measured everything by a final destination. I learned to see the path, not just the summit.
What does “the frantic voice in my head” in the last paragraph refer to
A．The conversations of other hikers.
B．The sound of the wind in the trees.
C．The instructions from the hiking guide.
D．The inner pressure to achieve a final goal.
【答案】D
【导语】这是一篇夹叙夹议文。本文讲述作者徒步登山时，因一朵野花转变心态，从执着登顶到享受过程，最终领悟到真正收获源于旅途的道理。
词句猜测题。根据最后一段“The real victory wasn’t conquering the mountain; it was silencing the frantic voice in my head that measured everything by a final destination. (真正的胜利不是征服这座山，而是平息我脑海里那个用最终目标衡量一切的焦躁声音。)”并结合前文作者一心想着登顶的执念可知，这个声音指的是内心追求最终目标的压力。故选D项。
（三）
On a warm and damp June morning, Emily Bick winds through a field of knee-high corn. It feels like that quiet, expectation-filled moment before a concert: Tech people are setting up microphones, connecting wires. The star of this particular show is the microphone itself. Research assistants are attaching it to the corn stalks (茎), an innovation that Bick named the Insect Eavesdropper (窃听器).
Bick, an insect scientist, researches ways to better detect the agricultural pests that drive serious economic losses worldwide. She says improving these methods could result in using pesticides more strategically – less often, at just the right time. Corn rootworm, also known as the “billion-dollar bug,” feeds on corn roots, limiting the plant’s nutrient supply and making stalks fall over. As a result, 20% of the crop is lost to the insect every year. Worse still, climate change is bringing new challenges, such as the multiplication of insects in warmer temperatures. In our global society, experts say rapid pest detection will be critical to food production.
Bick’s solution to the problem of pest detection is sound: Eavesdropping on the unique vibrations (震动) that an insect makes when chewing on a plant to identify the insect itself. The Insect Eavesdropper uses a contact microphone, an affordable device that musicians often use on instruments. A little disc sits on a solid object – like corn – and captures the vibrations moving through it, registering each one with an electrical signal. “When corn rootworm feeds on the roots, the vibration translates from the root system to the stalk,” Bick says. “That’s where we’re picking it up. We’re using the plant as the musical instrument, as essentially the outside of a guitar.”
Bick and her colleagues’ findings aren’t published yet, but as of now, their detection method is anywhere from 80% to 96% accurate. The team are still working on the data-processing pipeline, but hope they can get the Insect Eavesdropper on the shelf in a couple of years. Their goal is to advance pest detection – and maybe inspire people to listen to everything a little closer.
What does the underlined word “it” in paragraph 3 refer to
A．The corn. B．The signal.
C．The system. D．The vibration.
【答案】D
【导语】本文是一篇说明文。本文介绍了昆虫科学家Emily Bick及其团队研发的一种新型害虫检测技术——Insect Eavesdropper（昆虫窃听器），通过捕捉昆虫啃食植物时产生的独特振动来识别害虫。展示了科技创新如何解决全球农业害虫问题，同时强调了快速检测害虫对粮食安全的重要性。
词义猜测题。根据第三段“The Insect Eavesdropper uses a contact microphone, an affordable device that musicians often use on instruments. A little disc sits on a solid object – like corn – and captures the vibrations moving through it, registering each one with an electrical signal.(昆虫窃听者使用接触式麦克风，这是一种音乐家经常在乐器上使用的廉价设备。一个小圆盘放在一个固体物体上——比如玉米——捕捉通过它的振动，并将每个振动记录为电信号。)”和““When corn rootworm feeds on the roots, the vibration translates from the root system to the stalk,” Bick says. “That’s where we’re picking it up.(“当玉米根虫以根为食时，振动从根系传递到茎，”Bick说。“那正是我们捕捉到it的地方。”)”提到，当玉米根虫啃食根部时，振动从根系传递到茎秆，研究人员通过麦克风捕捉振动。由此可可知，it指代的是前文提到的“vibration”。故选D项。
（四）
I’d done it before, and so I had no reason to believe that this time would be any different. I was sure that when I returned home from my mission trip. As always, I’d bring back nothing more than some mud on my boots. A hole or two in my jeans and, of course, a lot of great memories.
The summer before my high school graduation, I went to West Virginia with others as volunteers to repair the homes of those in need. Arriving at our destination, my group was assigned the task of rebuilding sections of a home that had been damaged by fire. No sooner had we parked on the home’s dirt driveway than we saw an excited little girl, no more than six years old, standing in the doorway of the family’s temporary home. Shoeless and wearing dirty clothes and the biggest smile I’d ever seen, she yelled, “Ma, Ma, they really came!” I didn’t know it then, but her name was Dakota, and four more days would pass before she’d say another word near me.
Behind Dakota was a woman in a wheelchair — her grandmother, we’d soon learn. I also discovered that my job that week would be to help change a fire-damaged dining room into a bedroom for this little girl. Over the following days, I noticed Dakota peeking at us every now and then as we worked. A few times, I tried talking with her, but she remained shy and distant, always flying around us like a tiny butterfly but keeping to herself.
By our fifth and final day, however, this was about to change. Before I went to work on her home on that last morning, I spoke for a moment or two with the grandmother. I was especially pleased when she told me how much Dakota loved her new room — so much. As we talked, I noticed something I hadn’t seen before — Dakota was hiding behind her grandmother.
Cautiously, she stepped into view, and I could see that just like her clothes, her face was still dirty. But no amount of soil could hide those bright blue eyes and the big smile. She was simply adorable. Slowly, she began walking toward me. It wasn’t until she was just inches away that I noticed the folded piece of paper in her tiny hand. Silently, she reached up and handed it to me. Once unfolded, I looked at the drawing she’d made with her broken crayons on the back of an old coloring book cover. It was of two girls — one much taller than the other — and they were holding hands. She told me it was supposed to be me and her, and on the bottom of the paper were three little words that instantly broke my heart. Now almost in tears, I couldn’t control myself anymore — I bent down and hugged her. She hugged me, too. And for the longest time, neither of us could let go.
I left for home early the next morning. I was returning with muddy boots and holes in my jeans. But because of Dakota, I brought back something else, too — a greater appreciation for all or the blessings of my life. I’ll never forget that barefoot little butterfly with the big smile and dirty face. I pray that she’ll never forget me either.
The underlined part means that the little girl ________.
A．feared to talk with me B．desired to approach me
C．resisted accepting me D．enjoyed meeting me
【答案】A
【分析】这是一篇记叙文。文章讲述了，作者和其他人一起去西弗吉尼亚做志愿者，为有需要的人修理房屋，一开始作者认为这将会是一个普通的旅程，直到遇到了一个害羞的小姑娘，小姑娘最终给了作者一封让她感动的信，这让作者认识到我们要对生活有更多的感激。
句意猜测题。由第三段中的“Over the following days, I noticed Dakota peeking at us every now and then as we worked. A few times, I tried talking with her, but she remained shy and distant, always flying around us like a tiny butterfly but keeping to herself. (在接下来的几天里，我注意到Dakota在我们工作时不时偷看我们。有几次，我试着和她说话，但她仍然害羞而疏远，总是像一只小蝴蝶一样在我们身边飞来飞去，但她一直保持沉默。)”可知，小女孩很害羞，会不时偷看作者他们，不怎么说话，说明小女孩害羞，害怕与作者他们交谈。故选A项。
（五）
Wang Weilian recently won the 21st Baihua Literature Award in the science fiction category for his short story “The Last Love of a Writing Performer.” He shared the honor with fellow writers Baoshu and Jia Yu.
In Wang’s imagined future, writing is no longer a spontaneous (自发的) creative act but a cultural heritage performance. In this world, humans use technology to remove negative emotions, including those tied to romantic relationships. Yet, one “writer” still longs to experience genuine love untouched by technology. The award judges praised the work for exactly exploring the spiritual complexities of the technological age, highlighting the pursuing for self-existence and love as the irreplaceable essence of the human soul.
China’s science fiction scene has flourished over the past decade, transforming from a specific genre to one gaining wide recognition. Writers from diverse backgrounds are now contributing. Baoshu owes this shift partly to the global popularity of works like “The Three-Body Problem” trilogy and partly to rapid technological advancements making reality feel increasingly sci-fi-like. Wang notes that understanding our current reality sometimes requires a sci-fi mindset due to society’s rapid evolution and profound uncertainty.
However, sci-fi creation faces challenges. Real-world technology often outpaces imagination, making near-future scenarios (脚本) difficult to craft. You have to follow rapid technological changes to stay relevant. Additionally, visual media like films offer immediate impact, distracting attention from literature. The rise of AI-assisted writing also poses ethical concerns about fairness and competition.
Despite these challenges, science fiction remains a vital tool for exploring existential anxieties and imagining future possibilities, reflecting a deeper reality and helping us navigate a rapidly changing world.
What does the underlined word “outpaces” mean in paragraph 4
A．Leads to. B．Falls behind. C．Goes beyond. D．Holds back.
【答案】C
【导语】本文是一篇新闻报道。主要介绍作家王威廉获百花文学奖科幻奖的作品，以及中国科幻文学的发展现状、面临的挑战和其存在的重要意义。
词句猜测题。根据第四段中的“However, sci-fi creation faces challenges. Real-world technology often outpaces imagination, making near-future scenarios (脚本) difficult to craft. You have to follow rapid technological changes to stay relevant. (然而，科幻创作面临着挑战。现实世界的技术往往outpaces想象力，使得构建近未来的场景变得困难。创作者必须紧跟飞速的技术变革才能让作品不脱节。)”可知，现实技术发展速度之快让科幻想象难以跟上，因此“outpaces”的意思是“超越、超过”。故选C项。
