【高考快车道】专题1 阅读理解（课件）英语高考二轮复习（3份打包）

(共43张PPT)
专题一　阅读理解
高考统计分析
年份 卷别 篇目 体裁 主题语境 文章话题 文章 词数 考点统计 细节 理解 推理 判断 词句 猜测 主旨
大意
2025 全国一卷 A 说明文 人与自然 不同交通工具的碳排放情况以及应对方案 328 7 6 1 1
B 记叙文 人与自我 一位写作教师的教学认知突破之旅 295 C 议论文 人与社会 汽车主导的城市规划vs行人友好的生活空间诉求 315 D 说明文 人与自然 微塑料污染的现状及应对方法 318 年份 卷别 篇目 体裁 主题语境 文章话题 文章 词数 考点统计 细节 理解 推理 判断 词句 猜测 主旨
大意
2025 全国二卷 A 应用文 人与社会 四个值得一游的英国集贸小镇 270 8 4 1 2
B 记叙文 人与社会 医院教师 305 C 说明文 人与自我 室内绿植对情绪的积极影响 263 D 说明文 人与自然 Blue Hill餐厅wastED实验 334
命题趋势
第1讲　语篇阅读——解题之道
近几年,高考真题中语篇阅读越来越多地融入词汇活用、派生词、合成词、长难句等,这些都会给阅读造成一定的理解障碍,正因如此,我们更要抓住解题之道,在洞悉解题的共性的策略的情况下,再去进一步掌握不同题型、不同体裁、不同考查点的特点。以下是解阅读理解题的共性策略。
策略1　划分意群,成组视读
1.意群是指句子中按意思和结构划分出的各个成分,每一个成分即一个意群。同一意群中的词关系紧密,不能随意拆分,否则就会引起误解。
2.划分意群时,可以根据意思和句子成分进行,如主谓、动宾结构、介词短语、固定搭配等。常用口诀:
主谓宾状分清楚,固定搭配聚一起。
不同成分断开来,主从连词要分清。
3.意群阅读能帮助学生更好、更快地理解文章主要内容,大大提高阅读效率。
[真题指路](2025全国二卷)
From technological solutions to educational campaigns,food producers and sellers are looking for ways to use more of what we’re already growing.(用斜线划出意群)
分析:From technological solutions to educational campaigns/,food producers and sellers/are looking for ways /to use more/of what we’re already growing.
译文:从技术解决方案到教育宣传活动,食品生产商和销售商都在寻求如何更高效地利用现有的作物。
策略2　专有名词,快速略过
在阅读过程中,如果发现很多以大写字母开头的生词或者一连串的斜体单词,我们可以快速略过,只需判定生词是哪类事物即可,比如人名、地名、作品名(常用斜体)、报刊名(常用斜体)、物种名、机构组织名等,无须弄明白其具体所指。这些单词一般不会影响我们对文章大意的理解。
[真题指路](2025全国一卷)
Dutch authors Thalia Verkade and Marco te Br mmelstroet are bothered by facts like these.In their new book Movement:How to Take Back Our Streets and Transform Our Lives,they call for a rethink of our streets and the role they play in our lives.
分析:专有名词Dutch 是地名;Thalia Verkade 和 Marco te Br mmelstroet是人名;Movement:How to Take Back Our Streets and Transform Our Lives是书名。
译文:荷兰作家塔莉娅·韦尔卡德和马尔科·特·布罗梅尔斯特罗特对诸如此类的事实感到不安。在他们的新书《行动:如何夺回我们的街道并改变我们的生活》中,他们呼吁重新思考我们的街道以及它们在我们生活中所扮演的角色。
策略3　阅读障碍词,“瞻前顾后”定含义
1.障碍词之熟词生义
高考语篇中生词的数量是有限制的,但是高考对课标词汇的义项考查是没有限制的。很多单词本身有很多释义,而命题人在设计试题时,所给单词不会局限于考生熟悉的含义。
因此,试题中有时会出现一些熟悉的单词,但其含义是考生较为陌生的。有些单词的生义与熟义相近,考生根据单词的熟义和语境很容易就能推测出其生义,但有些单词的生义与熟义大相径庭,需要考生结合语境确定其含义。
[真题指路1](2025全国一卷)
Here’s the breakdown of the emissions in 2018 for different modes of transport.
[自主解答]breakdown(常用义) n.
(文章义)n.　　　　　　　　
分析:“emissions”(排放)和 “different modes of transport”(不同交通方式)表明话题与 “交通领域的碳排放分类” 相关。第一个“of” 结构提示 “breakdown” 与 “emissions” 构成所属关系,即 “排放的某种分解”。句子想表达 “2018 年不同交通方式的碳排放情况”,而 “breakdown” 在此处应指 “将总排放量按交通方式(如汽车、火车、飞机等)进行细分后的结果”,类似 “分类统计” 或 “分项数据”。
故障,损坏
细目,分类
[真题指路2](2024新课标Ⅰ卷)
When reading texts of several hundred words or more,learning is generally more successful when it’s on paper than onscreen.A large amount of research confirms this finding.The benefits of print reading particularly shine through when experimenters move from posing simple tasks—like identifying the main idea in a reading passage—to ones that require mental abstraction—such as drawing inferences from a text.
[自主解答]print(常用义) vt.
(文章义)n.　　　　　　　　
分析:根据上文提到的“在纸上学习通常比在屏幕上学习更成功,大量的研究证实了这一发现”,接着提到“print reading的好处”,由此可知,这里应该说的是纸质阅读,结合print的本义可推测,此处 print为名词,表示“印刷品”。
打印,印刷
印刷品
2.障碍词之活用构词
在高考试题中经常出现一些复杂的长单词,这些单词往往是由课标词汇派生、合成而来的,它们常常给考生的阅读理解带来困难。因此,了解构词法对于考生来说至关重要,它能够帮助考生准确地推断出生词的含义,从而提高阅读效率。
[真题指路] (2024新课标Ⅰ卷)
“These observations now outnumber the primary data that comes from physical specimens(标本),and since we are increasingly using observational data to investigate how species are responding to global change,I wanted to know:Are they usable ”
[自主解答]outnumber vt.　　　　　　　 　　　　
分析:考生对 out 和 number都比较熟悉,但是两个熟词放在一起就不知道其含义,阅读有障碍。此时可以先利用构词法猜测其含义,out-(超过)+ number(数字)→超出了数字,再结合 outnumber前后内容可知,此处是说现在这些观测资料outnumber了最初数据,数字超出了最初数据,即比最初数据要多。
(在数量上)压倒,比……多
3.隐晦难懂的习语和词块
高考的语篇通常采用地道的语言材料,其中会出现一些习语或固定词块,用来描述特定现象或阐述作者的观点与态度。由于文化习俗和思维模式的差异,考生可能难以准确把握这些习语和词块的含义。在这种情况下,仍然需要运用“瞻前顾后”的策略来推断其确切含义。
[真题指路1](2025全国一卷)
In my ninth-grade writing class last year,I met a cowboy who saved his town,a strict father who demanded his son earn straight A’s,and a modern-day Juliet who died of heartbreak after her parents rejected the love of her young life.
[自主解答]modern-day Juliet　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　
分析:“parents rejected the love”(父母反对爱情)→对应朱丽叶家族(凯普莱特家族)与罗密欧家族(蒙太古家族)的世仇,导致两人爱情受阻。
“died of heartbreak”(心碎而死)→对应朱丽叶见到罗密欧已死,最终自尽的悲剧结局。
现代版朱丽叶(比喻因爱情悲剧受苦的人物)
[真题指路2](2024新课标Ⅰ卷)
The differences between print and digital reading results are partly related to paper’s physical properties.With paper,there is a literal laying on of hands, along with the visual geography of distinct pages.
[自主解答]laying on of hands　　　　　　　　　　
分析:该段落中的“laying on of hands”乍看起来好像有语法错误,但实际上它是一个习语,意为“按手礼”。此处是借用这个习语描述阅读纸质书籍时,会用手接触。
用手按压
策略4　关注内容的替换或转述
文本写作中常常将前面提到的内容使用不同的表达来替(转)换(除非必需的或有目的的原词、原句复现),这样既丰富了文笔,又准确地表达了文意和情感。通过“换句话说”重新建构意义相同的新句子,来考查对语篇阅读的理解和思维判断。
1.同义替换
[真题指路1](2024新课标Ⅰ卷)
Audio(音频) and video can feel more engaging than text,and so university teachers increasingly turn to these technologies—say,assigning an online talk instead of an article by the same person.However,psychologists have demonstrated that when adults read news stories,they remember more of the content than if they listen to or view identical pieces.
30.Why are audio and video increasingly used by university teachers
A.They can hold students’ attention.
B.They are more convenient to prepare.
C.They help develop advanced skills.
D.They are more informative than text.
√
[解析]推理判断题。根据第一句“Audio and video can feel more engaging than text,and so university teachers increasingly turn to these technologies...”可知,大学教师之所以越来越多地使用音频和视频,是因为它们比文本更加吸引人,也就是能够保持学生的注意力。
[真题指路2](2024新课标Ⅱ卷)
Specifically,it’s a farm that relies on new technology.By connecting through the Cloud,BMF is remotely monitored.Also,there is a convenient app that provides growing data in real time.Because the system is automated,it significantly reduces the amount of water needed to grow plants.
29.What information does the convenient app offer
A.Real-time weather changes.
B.Current condition of the plants.
C.Chemical pollutants in the soil.
D.Availability of pre-seeded pods.
[解析]细节理解题。根据“there is a convenient app that provides growing data in real time”可知,这个应用程序提供的是植物生长的实时数据。
√
2.反义替换
除了使用同义词和近义词进行语义替换之外,反义词或“否定词+反义词”也是常用技巧,通常表现为正话反说。
[真题指路](2022新课标Ⅱ卷)
Guidelines
Teachers and chaperones should model good behavior for the group and remain with students at all times.
Children are not allowed unaccompanied in all areas of the Museum.
Children should play nicely with each other and exhibits.
Use your indoor voice when at the Museum.
23.What are children prohibited from doing at the Museum
A.Using the computer.
B.Talking with each other.
C.Touching the exhibits.
D.Exploring the place alone.
√
[解析]题干中主语是children,地点状语是at the Museum,动词短语be prohibited from doing sth “被禁止做某事”对应文中的“are not allowed unaccompanied(不允许在没有陪同的情况下)”,其中allow被反义替换为prohibit,unaccompanied被同义替换为alone。
3.简化及合并替换
在语言表述中,作为定语的修饰语可以采用后置限定,这种修饰方式一般包括了多个单词,而设题时往往采用更加简洁的修饰方式,采用前置限定。
[真题指路](2022全国乙卷)
Schools and Colleges
A special low entrance charge of ￡2 per person is available to all in full-time education,up to and including those at first degree level,in organised groups with teachers.
23.How can full-time students get group discounts
A.They should go on Sunday mornings.
B.They should come from art schools.
C.They must be led by teachers.
D.They must have ID cards with them.
√
[解析]题干中的信息词full-time students对应了文中的“all in full-time education”,题干中使用前置修饰;A special low entrance charge of ￡2被简化为discounts;in organised groups with teachers是获得团体折扣的条件。
4.句子转述
受题干和选项的词数限制,语篇中的长句往往会进行缩句或简化处理。为了考查对句法知识的掌握以及语篇的理解,设题时还会采取“换一句话”的替换方式,如用被动语态表述句子。
[真题指路](2022全国甲卷)
St David’s Hall
St David’s Hall is the award winning National Concert Hall of Wales standing at the very heart of Cardiff’s entertainment centre.With an impressive 2,000-seat concert hall,St David’s Hall is home to the annual Welsh Proms Cardiff.It presents live entertainment,including pop,rock,folk,jazz,musicals,dance,world music,films and classical music.
21.Where is the Welsh Proms Cardiff hosted
A.At the New Theatre.
B.At the Glee Club.
C.At Sherman Cymru.
D.At St David’s Hall.
√
[解析]本题题干使用了被动表述,对应文中的目标句“St David’s Hall is home to the annual Welsh Proms Cardiff”,把原来的宾语Welsh Proms Cardiff替换成了题干中的主语。
策略5　透过衔接词看逻辑关系
阅读时要关注段与段、句与句之间的衔接词,这些衔接词前后传递的信息通常是有分量的,常常隐藏着答案或能帮助推导出答案。常见的衔接词有:
(1)表示转折的词:but,however,nevertheless,while,though等。
(2)表示列举的词:such as,for example,for instance等。
(3)表示罗列的词:first,second,third,to begin with,to conclude等。
(4)表示结果的词:so,therefore,thus,consequently,as a result等。
(5)表示对比的词:on the contrary,by contrast,in comparison等。
(6)表示目的的词:so that,in order that等。
(7)表示递进的词:also,besides,moreover,furthermore,what’s more,in addition, apart from等。
(8)表示重述的词:that is,that is to say,in other words等。
(9)表示类比的词:similarly,like,just as,as well等。
[真题指路1](2023新课标Ⅱ卷)
“We’re trying to generate a language that helps bring the human-nature interactions back into our daily lives.And for that to happen,we also need to protect nature so that we can interact with it,” said Peter Kahn,a senior author of the study.
35.What should be done before we can interact with nature according to Kahn
A.Language study.
B.Environmental conservation.
C.Public education.
D.Intercultural communication.
√
[解析]文中表示目的的衔接词“so that”标志着此处要出现作者想要达到的目的或想要传达的观点,结合“And for that...interact with it”可知,Peter Kahn认为在我们与大自然互动之前应该先保护自然。
[真题指路2](2023浙江1月卷)
What Hammond is referring to is the question of meaning,and meaning is central to what distinguishes the least intelligent of humans from the most intelligent of machines.A computer works with symbols.Its program specifies a set of rules to transform one string of symbols into another.But it does not specify what those symbols mean.Indeed,to a computer,meaning is irrelevant.
30.What is Project Debater unable to do according to Hammond
A.Create rules.　 B.Comprehend meaning.
C.Talk fluently. D.Identify difficult words.
[解析]根据“But it does not specify what those symbols mean.Indeed,to a computer,meaning is irrelevant.”可知,转折连词But后文的内容与前文内容相反,说明Project Debater无法理解意义。
√
策略6　巧解长难句,培养深层理解能力
长难句的特点可以概括为“三长两短一并列”。“三长”指的是介词短语、非谓语动词(短语)和从句;“两短”指的是形容词和副词;“一并列”指的是利用一些起并列作用的词,如and,or,as well as,along with等,将句子变长、变复杂。此外,同位语、插入语、强调句、倒装句、省略句的嵌套也会加大句意理解的难度。因此,破解长难句的妙法是:锁定句子的谓语动词,去掉各种非核心成分(插入语、定语等),只保留句子的主干。
[真题指路](2024浙江1月卷)
A similar process is at work in our response to information.Our formative environment as a species was information-poor,so our brains developed a mechanism that prized new information.But global connectivity has greatly changed our information environment.We are now ceaselessly bombarded(轰炸) with new information.Therefore,just as we need to be more thoughtful about our caloric consumption,we also need to be more thoughtful about our information consumption,resisting the temptation of the mental “junk food” in order to manage our time most effectively.
34.What does the author suggest readers do
A.Absorb new information readily.
B.Be selective information consumers.
C.Use diverse information sources.
D.Protect the information environment.
√
[分析]Therefore,just as we need to be
　　　　　　　　　　　　状语从句
more thoughtful about our caloric consumption,we
　　　　　　　　　　　 　　　　 主语
also need to be more thoughtful about our information
谓语　　　宾语 　　　　　　介词短语
consumption,resisting the temptation of the mental
　　　　　　　　现在分词短语
“junk food” in order to manage our time most effectively.
译文:因此,就像我们需要更仔细地考虑我们的卡路里消耗一样,我们也需要更仔细地考虑我们的信息消耗,抵制精神“垃圾食品”的诱惑,以便最有效地管理我们的时间。
只保留主干后可知,我们对于信息消耗要更加深思,对应选项的意思“做有选择的信息消费者”。(共193张PPT)
第2讲　掌握阅读理解4大题型
细节理解题
推理判断题
目 录 索 引
一
二
词句猜测题
三
主旨大意题
四
一、细节理解题
细节理解题相对比较简单,但在高考四选一阅读中占了超过一半的比重。细节理解题常分为直接信息题、间接信息题、综合信息题、数字计算题和细节排序题等。分析近三年的高考真题可知,直接信息题、综合信息题和数字计算题为高频考点。
热考题型1　直接信息题
[典例](2025全国二卷,A)
English Market Towns to Visit in the UK
English market towns come in many shapes and sizes.Each has a personality① shaped by the goods and services produced and traded for centuries.But each town has more to do than shop.
Hereford,Herefordshire
Hereford has remained a lively market town since 1189.Skirting ② the town square,you’ll find lovely shops,eateries,and the Black and White House Museum.The Hereford Cathedral is the most impressive building in town.It’s also home to an ancient library.One of the four original copies of the Magna Carta is displayed③ there. 关键信息句1
Ludlow,Shropshire
Ludlow is known as the Foodie Center of England.Butcher shops, greengrocers,bakeries,and cheese shops line④ the town square.Bordering⑤ the square,the Ludlow Castle is a “must explore” medieval stronghold.The three-day Ludlow Food Festival is held each September. 　　
Shrewsbury,Shropshire　　　　
关键信息句2
Getting to Shrewsbury Town Center from London is challenging but worth the anxiety.The River Severn has a significant⑥ turn through town,almost making an island of Shrewsbury Town Center.The shape creates a perfect market where goods could be shipped and received using the river as a highway.Flowers are everywhere—hanging baskets,window boxes,and planters⑦—just what you imagine in an attractive English market town.
Mevagissey,Cornwall
Even if you haven’t been to the small fishing village Mevagissey,you’ve probably seen it in a movie or British TV show.The working harbor(港口) took shape in 1774.Fishermen go out to sea daily and sell their fish in harbor-side markets.Don’t leave the harbor without a traditional Cornish pie.It’s delicious.　　 关键信息句3
1.Where can you find an original copy of the Magna Carta
题干关键词
A.In the Ludlow Castle.　　　
B.In the Foodie Center of England.
C.In the Hereford Cathedral.
D.In the Black and White House Museum.
√
2.What is a feature of Shrewsbury Town Center
题干关键词
A.It’s situated near a big island.　
B.It’s almost surrounded by water.
C.It’s known for its flower festival.
D.It’s easily accessible from London.
√
3.What does the author suggest visitors do in Mevagissey
　　　
题干关键词
A.Try the Cornish pie.
B.Watch a British TV show.
C.Go fishing in the sea.
D.Take pictures of the harbor.
√
[语境猜词]
①
②
③　　　　 　　
④
⑤
⑥
⑦　　　　 　 　
n.个性,特色　
v.(熟词生义)沿着……的边缘走
v.展出,陈列　
v.(熟词生义)沿……形成行/列/排　
v.(熟词生义)沿……边,和……毗邻　
adj.明显的;显著的　
n.花盆
设题特点
①在原文中可直接找到和正确选项表述相同的短语或句子,通常仅涉及文章中一两句话的信息。
②无须对文章信息进行分析、概括或推理判断。
设问方式
主要以what、when、where、which等特殊疑问词提问。
图解技法
题干定位法
深度解析
1.细节理解题。依据题干关键词定位至Hereford,Herefordshire部分。根据关键信息句1“The Hereford Cathedral is the most impressive building...One of the four original copies of the Magna Carta is displayed there.”可知,在赫里福德大教堂可以找到《大宪章》的原始副本。
2.依据题干关键词定位至Shrewsbury,Shropshire部分。根据关键信息句2“The River Severn has a significant turn through town,almost making an island of Shrewsbury Town Center.”可知,什鲁斯伯里镇中心几乎被水包围。
3.依据题干关键词定位至Mevagissey,Cornwall部分。根据关键信息句3“Don’t leave the harbor without a traditional Cornish pie.It’s delicious.”可知,作者建议游客在梅瓦吉西一定要尝尝康沃尔馅饼。
热考题型2　综合信息题
[典例](2025全国一卷,B节选)　
关键信息句1
In my ninth-grade writing class last year,I met a cowboy who saved his town,a strict father who demanded his son earn straight A’s,and a modern-day Juliet who died of heartbreak① after her parents rejected② the love of her young life.More than once,I found myself wondering just how my students, who’d created these people,knew their subjects③ so well.
　　　　　　 关键信息句2 　　
　　 关键信息句3
But things were different for their first essay,which was about the question:“Why is writing important ” Most of the essays filled less than one page,and few contained a sentence that could be interpreted as a thesis(论点) statement.I was shocked.Then I realized that the problem was the question itself.They could have written pages on the necessity of computers,but writing,in and of itself,simply didn’t strike④ them as important.This would have to change.
关键信息句4　　　　 关键信息句5
1.Who are the people mentioned at the beginning of paragraph 1
A.Ninth graders.　 题干关键词
B.Students’ parents.
C.Modern writers.
D.Fictional characters. 题干关键词
2.Why did the students perform poorly in writing their first essay
A.They were not given enough time.
B.They had a very limited vocabulary.
C.They misunderstood the question.
D.They had little interest in the topic.
√
√
[语境猜词]
①
②
③　　 　 　 　　
④
n. 心碎　
v.拒绝接受　
n.描述对象　
v. 让(某人)觉得;给(某人以……)印象
设题特点
①正确选项与原文信息表达方式不同,一般都是原文的同义转述,即用同义词或近义词等增加干扰性。
②有时涉及一段内多个信息点或几段的某些内容,需进行概括和归纳才能得出答案。
设问方式
主要对文中具体信息进行提问,如what、when、where、how、why等。
图解技法
锁特征同义转述法
深度解析
1.依据题干关键词定位至第一段。根据关键信息句1“In my ninth-grade writing class last year”可知,去年作者教授的是九年级的写作课;再根据关键信息句2中的“I found myself wondering just how my students,who’d created these people”可知,是作者的学生在写作课上创作了上文提到的“a cowboy who saved his town,a strict father...and a modern-day Juliet...”这些人物。由此可知,第一段中作者提及的人是学生在写作中创作的人物,即虚构的人物。
2.依据题干关键词定位至第二段。根据关键信息句3和句4可知,学生第一篇作文写得差的原因是“Why is writing important ”这个写作话题本身。再根据关键信息句5“writing...simply didn’t strike them as important”可知,学生并不觉得写作重要,也就是说,学生对该写作话题缺乏兴趣,所以写得差。
热考题型3　数字计算题
[典例](2025全国一卷,A)
The greening of planes,trains and automobiles
Moving goods and people around the world is responsible for a large part of global CO2 emissions(排放).As the world races to decarbonize① everything,it faces particular problems with transportation—which accounts for about a quarter of our energy-related greenhouse gas emissions.Here’s the breakdown② of the emissions in 2018 for different modes of transport.
The fuels for transport need to be not just green,cheap and powerful,but also lightweight and safe enough to be carried around.Each mode③ of transport has its specific④ fuel needs.Much is still to be settled,but here are some of the solutions to get us going green.
This energy transition(变革) is global,and the amount of renewable energy the world will need is “a little bit mind-blowing,” says mechanical engineer Keith Wipke at the National Renewable Energy Laboratory.It’s estimated that the global demand for electricity could more than double by 2050.Fortunately,analyses suggest that renewables are up to the task.“We need to speed up the development of green energy,and it will all get used,” says Wipke.
Q:What percentage of global transport emissions did road vehicles account for in 2018 　　　　　　　　　　　　　 题干关键词
A.11.6%.　　 B.45.1%.　　
C.74.5%.　　 D.86.1%.
√
[语境猜词]
①
②
③　　　　 　　
④
⑤
⑥
⑦　　　　　 　
v.降低……的碳排放,使环保　
n.(熟词生义)数字细目,分类　
n.方式,模式　
adj.明确的,具体的,特定的　
adj.长期的　
adj.节能的　
adj.固态的
设题特点
①常涉及时间、数量、年龄、价钱、距离等数据信息的简单计算。
②找到计算背后隐含的信息是准确解题的关键。如涉及表格信息应确定好正确的数据所对应的列或行。
设问方式
主要以how many/much或how long等进行提问。
图解技法
加减乘除巧算数
深度解析
本题问的是2018年道路交通的碳排放量在全球交通运输所产生的碳排放量中的占比。依据题干关键词定位至文章第一幅图。根据图中ROAD VEHICLES部分的内容可知,道路交通的碳排放量的占比是45.1%+29.4%=74.5%。
课堂应用
A(2025浙江1月卷,A)
Interlibrary Loan(ILL) provides teachers,students and staff with access to books that are checked out or not owned by our own libraries,as well as digitized copies of articles and book chapters from our collection.
Who Can Borrow
Current students,teachers(including retired) and staff can request items through ILL.Interlibrary Loan is not available to former students,guest borrowers or fee-card holders.
How Long Does It Take
Articles are usually received within 1-2 days and books in 5-10 days. However,obtaining items that are rare,recently published or in high demand may take longer.To speed up the process,please make sure the information you submit through the ILL Request Form is accurate.
Length of Loans
Loan periods are established by the lending library.All due dates are noted on the label.Borrowed items are subject to recall by the lending library.Any restrictions established by the lending library will be indicated on the label.No renewals(续借) are allowed for physical items borrowed through ILL.
Notification/Delivery Options
For a physical item,you will be notified by email when it arrives.Items are picked up at one of our libraries—the one you selected in the ILL Request Form.For an article or book chapter,you will be notified by email when it is available.To obtain the article or chapter,click on the link provided in the email and log into your ILL account.Once in your account,select Electronic Articles Received.
Interlibrary Loan Fees
Library Type Loan Cost Article/Chapter Cost
Non-Profit Libraries $15 $10
For-Profit Libraries $20 $12
International Libraries $25 $15
【语篇导读】本文是一篇应用文。文章主要介绍了图书馆间借阅服务的相关信息。
1.Who can use the ILL service
A.Former students.　 B.Guest borrowers.
C.Retired teachers. D.Fee-card holders.
√
细节理解题。根据第二段中的“Current students,teachers(including retired) and staff can request items through ILL.”可知,退休老师可以使用图书馆间借阅服务。
2.What is a rule for borrowing a print book through ILL
A.Pay an extra fee for delivery.
B.Renew it before the due date.
C.Pick it up at the lending library.
D.Return it when it is recalled.
√
细节理解题。根据第四段中的“Borrowed items are subject to recall by the lending library.”可知,通过ILL借阅纸质书的一条规则是要服从被借出的图书馆的召回。
3.How much do you pay for two articles obtained from an international library
A.$15.　　　　　 B.$20.
C.$24. D.$30.
√
细节理解题。根据表格中“International Libraries Article/Chapter Cost $15”可知,从国际图书馆获取两篇文章的费用是15×2=30美元。
B(2025全国二卷,D)
Does your soul die a little every time you throw away unused food Mine does.Maybe that feeling comes from growing up in South Africa,where the phrase “there are children starving in Africa” was more of an uncomfortable reminder of fact than a prayer at dinner time.
Food waste is a growing concern in the restaurant,supermarket,and supply chain industries.From technological solutions to educational campaigns,food producers and sellers are looking for ways to use more of what we’re already growing.But last month,one popular New York City restaurant tried a different way:It changed its menu to exclusively(专门) offer food that would otherwise be thrown away.
For two weeks in March,Greenwich Village’s Blue Hill restaurant was renamed wastED,and served items like fried skate cartilage,a juice pulp burger, and a dumpster diver’s vegetable salad.Each dish was tailor-made to raise awareness regarding food waste.
A study by the Food Waste Alliance determined that the average restaurant generates 33 pounds of food waste for every $1,000 in revenue (收入),and of that waste only 15.7% is donated or recycled.Up to 84.3% is simply thrown out.Restaurants like Silo in the UK have experimented with zero-waste systems,but wastED took the concept to its logical conclusion.
It should be noted that none of the items on wastED’s menu was technically made from garbage.Instead,all the ingredients (配料) used were examples of meat cuts and produce that most restaurants would never consider serving.Things like kale ribs,fish collars,rejected sweet potatoes,and cucumber butts were all re-appropriated and,with the help of a number of good chefs, turned into excellent cuisine.
Though wastED received enthusiastic reviews,it was designed from the start as a short-lived experiment;Blue Hill has since returned to its regular menu.Nevertheless,it serves as a reminder that there are many ways to address problems of sustainability,and that you can make an amazing meal out of almost anything.
【语篇导读】本文是一篇说明文。文章讲述了纽约Blue Hill餐厅改名wastED的实验,用原本会被丢弃的食材制作菜品,以提高公众对食物浪费问题的关注。实验虽然只持续了短短的两周,却证明了可持续饮食的可能性。
4.What can be inferred about the author’s early life
A.He witnessed food shortage.
B.He enjoyed the local cuisine.
C.He donated food to Africans.
D.He helped to cook at home.
√
推理判断题。根据第一段中的“growing up in South Africa,where the phrase ‘there are children starving in Africa’ was more of an uncomfortable reminder of fact”可知,作者童年时期长大于南非,那儿存在食物短缺问题,“非洲有孩子在挨饿” 是“事实”。由此推断作者可能目睹过食物匮乏的状况。
5.Why did Blue Hill carry out the experiment
A.To customize dishes for guests.
B.To make the public aware of food waste.
C.To test a food processing method.
D.To improve the UK’s zero-waste systems.
√
细节理解题。根据第三段中的“Each dish was tailor-made to raise awareness regarding food waste.” 可知,Blue Hill 餐厅开展实验的目的是通过定制菜品,让公众意识到食物浪费问题。
6.What is paragraph 5 mainly about
A.Why the ingredients were used.
B.Which dishes were best liked.
C.What the dishes were made of.
D.Where the ingredients were bought.
√
段落大意题。第五段首句指出 wastED 的食材 “并非垃圾”,而是大部分餐厅都不会使用的肉类和农产品的边角料,随后列举 kale ribs,fish collars等通常被餐厅丢弃的原料,并说明它们被改造成美味佳肴。因此该段主要介绍菜品的原料构成。
7.What can we learn about wastED
A.It has ended as planned.
B.It is creating new jobs.
C.It has regained popularity.
D.It is criticized by top chefs.
√
细节理解题。根据最后一段中的“it was designed from the start as a short-lived experiment;Blue Hill has since returned to its regular menu”可知, wastED是计划中的短期实验,目前已结束并恢复常规菜单。故选A项。
二、推理判断题
推理判断题属于深层次的阅读理解题。解答该类题目时一定要从整体上把握语篇内容,在语篇的表面意义与隐含意义、已知信息与未知信息之间架起桥梁,在字里行间体会作者的“弦外之音”和“言外之意”。在进行推断时,要据文推理、合情推理,不可脱离原文主观臆断。高考对推理判断题的考查形式包括隐含推断题、写作意图题、观点态度题和文章出处题或读者对象题等。
热考题型1　隐含推断题
[典例](2025浙江1月卷,B节选)　 关键信息句1
When I was a child I was often told what not to eat.“You don’t want to get fat” was on constant① repeat throughout my childhood.It really messed up my relationship with food—something that took me years to overcome.② Because of this,I’m careful not to connect what my kids weigh with their worth as people.I encourage my daughter to make healthy snack choices and often dissuade(劝阻) her from a second dessert.But one day when I heard her saying “I think I’m too fat,” my heart sank.It made me wonder if giving her advice on snacks was having an unintentionally③ negative impact.
According to Charlotte Markey,a professor of psychology④ ,food is one of the rare subjects where,as parents,saying less is more.“There are so many things in parenting that are good to talk through,but I’m not convinced⑤ that food is one of them,” she says.“It just creates some worries and insecurities⑥ in kids that aren’t necessarily healthy.” 关键信息句2
1.What can be inferred about the author from the first paragraph
题干关键词
A.She is upset by her kids’ weight.
B.She is critical of the way she was fed.
C.She is interested in making food.
D.She is particular about what she eats.
2.Which of the following would Markey disapprove of 题干关键词
A.Allowing kids to eat cookies occasionally.
B.Offering various foods to kids at fixed times.
C.Explaining to kids the risks of taking snacks.
D.Talking with kids about school at mealtimes.
√
√
[语境猜词]
①
②
③　　　　 　　
④
⑤
⑥
adj.重复的,持续不断的　
v.克服　
adv.无意地,非故意地　
n.心理学　
adj.确信的,信服的　
n.不安全,无把握
设题特点
推断隐含意义是依据文章信息(某个或某些句子、段落或全文信息)进行合理、适度的推断,推出作者没直接说明的内容。
设问方式
①以what提问,题干中常含infer、indicate、imply、suggest、conclude、assume、learn、know等动词。
②What can we learn/infer from...
③What does the author indicate/want to say by...
④也有以why等较为灵活的方式针对文章信息设问。
图解技法
定、析、比,推言外意
深度解析
1.依据题干关键词定位至第一段。根据关键信息句1“When I was a child...something that took me years to overcome.”可知,作者童年时被灌输的饮食观念对其产生了负面影响,由此可推断出,作者对自己童年时被喂养的方式持批判态度。
2.依据题干关键词定位至所选第二段。根据关键信息句2“According to Charlotte Markey,a professor of psychology...‘There are so many... that aren’t necessarily healthy.’”可知,Markey不赞成家长和孩子过多谈论与食物相关的话题,而向孩子解释吃零食的风险属于谈论食物的话题,所以Markey不会赞成。
热考题型2　观点态度题
[典例1](2025浙江1月卷,B节选)
　　　 关键信息句
I’ve been trying out these strategies and I’ve found that when I’m less restrictive① ,they do make better decisions. “Feeding is a long game,” says Markey.“The food you have available makes a huge difference.Even if they don’t eat it,they’re seeing it.And then all of a sudden it clicks.” 　　
　　　　　　　　　 题干关键词
1.What does the author think of the strategies she has been following
A.Costly.　　　　 B.Complex.
C.Workable. D.Contradictory.
√
[典例2](2024全国甲卷,C节选)
Doctors see up to 150 patients every day.The train’s equipment allows for basic checkups.“I was very impressed by the doctors and their assistants working and living in such little space but still staying focused and very concerned,” says Ducke.“They were the best chance for many rural people to get the treatment they want.” 关键信息句
2.What is Ducke’s attitude toward the Saint Lukas’ services
题干关键词
A.Appreciative. B.Doubtful.
C.Ambiguous②. D.Cautious③.
√
[典例3](2023浙江1月卷,B节选)
Zero waste was a radical lifestyle movement a few years back.I remember showing my parents a video of Bea Johnson,sharing how cool I thought it would be to buy groceries with jars,and have so little trash!A few days later,I came back with my first jars of zero waste groceries,and my dad commented on how silly it was for me to carry jars everywhere.It came off as a bit discouraging.　 关键信息句
3.What was the attitude of the author’s father toward buying groceries with jars 　　　题干关键词
A.He disapproved of it. B.He was favorable to it.
C.He was tolerant of it. D.He didn’t care about it.
√
[语境猜词]
①
②
③　　　　 　　
adj.限制性的,约束的　
adj.模棱两可的,有歧义的　
adj.谨慎的
设题特点
①推断作者或文中人物对某个人或事物所持的态度、看法。
②先明确某人对人物或事物的态度,再锁定体现人物观点态度的感彩鲜明的褒贬词(形容词、副词等)、句或事例或描写人物动作、表情或语气的词句推断态度。
设问方式
题干中常出现的词有attitude、opinion、think of、consider、feel about等。如①What does the author think of/feel about... ②What is the researcher’s attitude towards...
图解技法
寻褒贬词,察言观色定态度
深度解析
1.依据题干关键词定位至所选文段。根据关键信息句“I’ve been trying out these strategies and I’ve found that when I’m less restrictive,they do make better decisions.”可知,孩子们确实会做出更好的决策,所以作者会认为自己所遵循的策略是可行的。
2.推断文中人物的观点态度。依据题干关键词定位至所选文段。根据Ducke所说的话“I was very impressed by the doctors and their assistants working and living in such little space but still staying focused and very concerned...”可知,Ducke认为,虽然医疗团队在如此狭小的空间里工作和生活,但他们仍然保持专注,并关心他人,这让他印象深刻。由此推断,Ducke对Saint Lukas的服务持赞赏态度。要正确解此题,要关注but后的“still staying focused and very concerned”以及表达作者情感态度的词“very impressed”等。
3.依据题干关键词定位至所选文段。根据关键信息句,尤其是句中的关键词“silly”以及“discouraging”可推知,作者的父亲不赞成带着罐子去买杂货。
热考题型3　写作意图题
[典例1](2024新课标Ⅰ卷,B节选)　　
关键信息句
Farber is certain that the holistic approach will grow more popular with time,and if the past is any indication①,he may be right:Since 1982, membership② in the American Holistic Veterinary Medical Association has grown from 30 to over 700.“Sometimes it surprises me that it works so well,” he says.“I will do anything to help an animal.That’s my job.”　　　
1.Why does the author mention the American Holistic Veterinary Medical Association 题干关键词
A.To prove Farber’s point.
B.To emphasize its importance.
C.To praise veterinarians.
D.To advocate animal protection.
√
[典例2](2023全国甲卷,C节选)
Eric Weiner’s The Socrates Express:In Search of Life Lessons from Dead Philosophers reawakened③ my love for philosophy.It is not an explanation, but an invitation to think and experience philosophy.
　　关键信息句1
Weiner starts each chapter with a scene on a train ride between cities and then frames each philosopher’s work in the context(背景) of one thing they can help us do better.The end result is a read in which we learn to wonder like Socrates,see like Thoreau,listen like Schopenhauer,and have no regrets like Nietzsche.This,more than a book about understanding philosophy,is a book about learning to use philosophy to improve a life.　 关键信息句2
2.Why does the author list great philosophers in paragraph 4
题干关键词
A.To compare Weiner with them.
B.To give examples of great works.
C.To praise their writing skills.
D.To help readers understand Weiner’s book.
[语境猜词]
①
②
③　　　　 　　
√
n.迹象　
n.会员数目　
vt.重新唤醒
设题特点
①就某一细节(例子等)或某个段落的写作意图提问
②就整篇文章的写作意图提问
设问方式
①就细节:What is the author’s purpose in mentioning... Why does the author list/mention...in paragraph...
②就段落:What is the function of the first paragraph
③就文章:What is the purpose of the text
图解技法
依主旨,辨文体,推意图
深度解析
1.根据所选段落关键信息句“Farber is certain that the holistic approach will grow more popular with time,and if the past is any indication,he may be right:Since 1982,membership in the American Holistic Veterinary Medical Association has grown from 30 to over 700.”可知作者提到美国整体兽医协会是为了证明Farber的观点。
2.依据题干关键词定位至所选文本的第二段。该段首句介绍Weiner的书的内容:把哲学家们的著作置于某背景下,让他们的作品帮我们做得更好。接着列举一系列哲学家的例子:像苏格拉底一样思考,像梭罗一样观察,像叔本华一样倾听,像尼采那样无怨无悔。在列举了几位伟大的哲学家后,作者总结,这不仅仅是一本关于理解哲学的书,更是一本关于学习如何运用哲学来改善生活的书。由此可推知,作者列举几位伟大的哲学家是为了帮助读者理解Weiner的书。
热考题型4　文章出处和类型题
[典例1](2023新课标Ⅱ卷,C)
关键信息句1
Reading Art:Art for Book Lovers is a celebration of an everyday object—the book,represented① here in almost three hundred artworks from museums around the world.The image of the reader appears throughout history,in art made long before books as we now know them came into being.In artists’ representations of books and reading,we see moments of shared humanity that go beyond culture and time.
关键信息句2
In this “book of books,” artworks are selected and arranged in a way that emphasizes② these connections between different eras and cultures.We see scenes of children learning to read at home or at school,with the book as a focus for relations between the generations.Adults are portrayed(描绘) alone in many settings and poses—absorbed in a volume,deep in thought or lost in a moment of leisure.These scenes may have been painted hundreds of years ago,but they record moments we can all relate to.
Books themselves may be used symbolically③ in paintings to demonstrate the intellect(才智),wealth or faith of the subject.Before the wide use of the printing press,books were treasured objects and could be works of art in their own right.More recently,as books have become inexpensive or even throwaway,artists have used them as the raw material for artworks—transforming covers,pages or even complete volumes into paintings and sculptures.
Continued developments in communication technologies were once believed to make the printed page outdated.From a 21st-century point of view,the printed book is certainly ancient,but it remains as interactive as any battery-powered e-reader...
1.Where is the text most probably taken from
A.An introduction to a book.
B.An essay on the art of writing.
C.A guidebook to a museum.
D.A review of modern paintings.
√
[典例2](2022全国乙卷,B节选)
In 1916,two girls of wealthy families,best friends from Auburn,N.Y.—Dorothy Woodruff and Rosamond Underwood—travelled to a settlement in the Rocky Mountains to teach in a one-room schoolhouse.The girls had gone to Smith College.They wore expensive clothes.So for them to move to Elkhead,Colo.to instruct the children whose shoes were held together with string was a surprise.Their stay in Elkhead is the subject of Nothing Daunted: The Unexpected Education of Two Society Girls in the West by Dorothy Wickenden,who is a magazine editor and Dorothy Woodruff’s granddaughter.　　　　
关键信息句1　　　
关键信息句2
In Wickenden’s book,she expanded on④ the history of the West and also on feminism,which of course influenced the girls’ decision to go to Elkhead.A hair-raising section concerns the building of the railroads,which entailed (牵涉) drilling through the Rockies,often in blinding snowstorms.The book ends with Rosamond and Dorothy’s return to Auburn. 关键信息句3　　
关键信息句4
Wickenden is a very good storyteller.The sweep of the land and the stoicism (坚忍) of the people move her to some beautiful writing...
2.What is the text
A.A news report.　　　　 B.A book review.
C.A children’s story. D.A diary entry.
[语境猜词]
①
②
③　　　　 　　
④
√
vt.展示　
vt.强调　
adv.象征性地　
详细阐述
设题特点
根据文章体裁和题材判断文章的出处和类型。
设问方式
文章出处
①Where is the text probably taken from
②Which of the following books is the text most likely selected from
文章类型
What is the text
图解技法
巧借细节判出处
深度解析
1.根据第一段关键信息句1“Reading Art:Art for Book Lovers is a celebration of an everyday object—the book,represented here in almost three hundred artworks from museums around the world.”和第二段关键信息句2“In this ‘book of books,’...”可知,本文介绍了收录近三百件来自博物馆和世界各地的收藏品的一本书。
2.从第一段关键信息句1可知,两人支教的故事是Dorothy Wickenden所著的Nothing Daunted:The Unexpected Education of Two Society Girls in the West这本书的主题;倒数第二段关键信息句2和句3介绍了书里描述的内容以及结局,最后一段关键信息句4更是直接指出Dorothy Wickenden是一位出色的故事讲述者。整篇文章都是围绕着一本书展开的,是一篇典型的书评。
热考题型5　写作手法、读者对象和文章后续内容题
[典例1](2025全国一卷,D节选)
　　　　　　　关键信息句
Microplastics have become a common source of pollution across the Earth—they have settled in the deep sea and on the Himalayas,stuck inside volcanic rocks,filled the stomachs of seabirds and even fallen in fresh Antarctic snow.They are even appearing inside humans. 　　
1.How does the author present the issue in the first paragraph
　　　　　　　　　　 题干关键词
A.By quoting① an expert.　 B.By defining② a concept.
C.By giving examples. D.By providing statistics③.
√
[典例2](2023全国乙卷,C)
What comes into your mind when you think of British food Probably fish and chips,or a Sunday dinner of meat and two vegetables.But is British food really so uninteresting Even though Britain has a reputation for④ less-than-impressive cuisine,it is producing more top class chefs who appear frequently on our television screens and whose recipe books frequently top the best seller lists.
It’s thanks to these TV chefs rather than any advertising campaign that Britons are turning away from meat-and-two-veg and ready-made meals and becoming more adventurous⑤ in their cooking habits.It is recently reported that the number of those sticking to a traditional diet is slowly declining⑥ and around half of Britain’s consumers would like to change or improve their cooking in some way.There has been a rise in the number of students applying for food courses at UK universities and colleges.It seems that TV programmes have helped change what people think about cooking.
According to a new study from market analysts,1 in 5 Britons say that watching cookery programmes on TV has encouraged them to try different food.Almost one third say they now use a wider variety of ingredients(配料) than they used to,and just under 1 in 4 say they now buy better quality ingredients than before.One in four adults say that TV chefs have made them much more confident about expanding their cookery knowledge and skills,and young people are also getting more interested in cooking.The UK’s obsession(痴迷) with food is reflected through television scheduling.Cookery shows and documentaries about food are broadcast more often than before. With an increasing number of male chefs on TV,it’s no longer “uncool” for boys to like cooking.　　　关键信息句3
2.What might the author continue talking about 题干关键词
A.The art of cooking in other countries.
B.Male chefs on TV programmes.
C.Table manners in the UK.
D.Studies of big eaters.
√
[语境猜词]
①
②
③　　　　 　　
④
⑤
⑥
vt.引用　
vt.解释,阐明　
n.数据　
有……声望　
adj.勇于冒险的　
v.下降
设题特点
①写作手法常涉及记叙文、说明文和议论文三种体裁,文章难度中等,结构层次清晰。常考类别有分类法、比较法、举例法、因果法、定义法、分析原因法、引入数据和研究、描述法等。
②读者对象推断题要求考生根据短文内容和文中的措辞和语言特征及信息句中代词的指代对象来推断文章的读者对象。
③文章后续内容在设题时,文中给出要叙述的内容,但段落不全,最后一部分内容缺失。文中论述的依据分为几个部分,但最后缺少一个支撑。
设问方式
写作手法
①What does the author focus on in the first two paragraphs
②How does the author present the issue...
③How does...explain his/her findings in paragraph...
读者对象
Who is the passage intended for...
文章后续内容
What might the author continue talking about
图解技法
深度解析
1.根据选文中的关键信息句“微塑料出现在深海中和喜马拉雅山上,被困在火山岩中,填满海鸟的胃,甚至落在南极的新雪中。它们甚至出现在了人类体内”可推知,作者是通过举例子提出微塑料污染的问题的。
2.推断文章后续内容要关注文章最后一段,尤其是关键信息句提到的“随着电视上的男厨师越来越多,男孩喜欢烹饪不再是一件‘不酷的事’了”。由此推断,接下来作者可能会继续谈论“电视上的男厨师”这一话题,承接上文。
课堂应用
A(2025八省联考,B)
Jim Johnson,a mail carrier,was an institution in the leafy Westmoreland, Westhaven and Westover Hills neighborhoods,just north of downtown Wilmington,where he delivered much more than the mail.He knew all the kids and their pets by name;he carried in the groceries;he took note of unlocked doors,offered gardening advice,and taught more than a few young boys the art of the curveball.When he wasn’t doing all that,Jim was running across a checkerboard of green lawns(草坪) to ensure the local postal service did not fall short of its daily promise.
Though the postal service is often disparaged now,the trust in local postal service lives on.In many communities,that trust is won every day when life-saving medicine,greeting cards,social security checks,college acceptance letters—even the bills—appear in mailboxes in front of the houses.
After more than three decades,Jim approached his final days on the job much like any other.He drove a boxy postal truck to North DuPont Road for the first unofficial stop of the day.Butch,a dog who belonged to one of the neighbors,was waiting just like every day before.And just like every day before,he got into the jump seat and they were off.On the route,Jim and Butch had become inseparable.Now,the dog and the mailman would ride off to retirement together.At every stop,Jim accepted the parting good wishes of families that had become his own.There were tears and laughter,and hugs filled with warm memories.
It’s been 33 years since Jim left the route,but we are still reminded of the deep bond established between community and letter carrier.That’s what the postal service means to us.
【语篇导读】本文是一篇记叙文。文章主要讲述了邮递员吉姆·约翰逊在工作中热心帮助邻里,与大家建立了深厚感情,在他退休33年后,作者依然记得他,表达了对他的怀念。
1.What do we know about Jim Johnson from the first paragraph
A.He’s open-minded.
B.He’s sharp-eyed.
C.He’s warm-hearted.
D.He’s strong-willed.
√
推理判断题。根据第一段中的“He knew all the kids and their pets by name;he carried in the groceries;he took note of...did not fall short of its daily promise.”可推知,吉姆·约翰逊是一个热心肠的人。
2.What does the underlined word “disparaged” in paragraph 2 mean
A.Refused.　　　　 B.Criticized.
C.Investigated. D.Suspended.
√
词句猜测题。根据画线单词所在句“Though the postal service is often disparaged now,the trust in local postal service lives on.”可知,前后句是转折关系,后半句说对当地邮政服务的信任依然存在,那么前半句应该是说邮政服务现在常被批评。由此可知,画线单词disparaged与criticized(批评)意思相近。
3.What did Jim do besides daily delivery on his final days of work
A.He drove Butch to its owner.
B.He sent presents to his friends.
C.He prepared a retirement party.
D.He said goodbye to the neighbors.
√
细节理解题。根据第三段中的“At every stop,Jim accepted the parting good wishes of families that had become his own.There were tears and laughter,and hugs filled with warm memories.”可知,吉姆在工作的最后几天除了每天送货外,还向邻居们告别。
4.What is the author’s purpose in writing the text
A.To remember a respected mail carrier.
B.To record an unforgettable experience.
C.To raise funds for the postal service.
D.To call for harmony in the community.
√
推理判断题。根据文章大意以及最后一段可知,文章主要讲述了邮递员吉姆·约翰逊在工作中热心帮助邻里,与大家建立了深厚感情,在他退休33年后,作者依然记得他,表达了对他的怀念。由此推知,作者写这篇文章的目的是纪念一位受人尊敬的邮递员。
B(2024全国甲卷,C)
The Saint Lukas train doesn’t accept passengers—it accepts only the sick. The Saint Lukas is one of five government-sponsored medical trains that travel to remote towns in central and eastern Russia.Each stop lasts an average of two days,and during that time the doctors and nurses on board provide rural(乡村) populations with basic medical care,X-ray scans and prescriptions.
“People started queuing to make an appointment early in the morning,” says Emile Ducke,a German photographer who traveled with the staff of the Saint Lukas for a two-week trip in November through the vast regions(区域)of Krasnoyarsk and Khakassia.
Russia’s public health care service has been in serious need of modernization.The government has struggled to come up with measures to address the problem,particularly in the poorer,rural areas east of the Volga River,including arranging doctor’s appointments by video chat and expanding financial aid programs to motivate doctors to practice medicine in remote parts of the country like Krasnoyarsk.
The annual arrival of the Saint Lukas is another attempt to improve the situation.For 10 months every year,the train stops at about eight stations over two weeks,before returning to the regional capital to refuel and restock(补给). Then it starts all over again the next month.Most stations wait about a year between visits.
Doctors see up to 150 patients every day.The train’s equipment allows for basic checkups.“I was very impressed by the doctors and their assistants working and living in such little space but still staying focused and very concerned,”says Ducke.“They were the best chance for many rural people to get the treatment they want.”
【语篇导读】本文是一篇说明文。文章介绍了俄罗斯政府为解决偏远地区医疗资源不足的问题而运营的Saint Lukas 医疗车。
5.How is the Saint Lukas different from other trains
A.It runs across countries.
B.It reserves seats for the seniors.
C.It functions as a hospital.
D.It travels along a river.
√
细节理解题。根据第一段可知,Saint Lukas 列车只允许病人乘坐,是政府资助的一辆医疗列车,列车上的医生和护士为乡村人口提供基本的医疗服务。因此,该列车与其他列车的不同之处在于它的作用相当于一家医院。
6.What can we infer from paragraph 3 about Krasnoyarsk
A.It is heavily populated.
B.It offers training for doctors.
C.It is a modern city.
D.It needs medical aid.
√
推理判断题。根据第三段中的“The government has struggled to come up with measures to address the problem,...to motivate doctors to practice medicine in remote parts of the country like Krasnoyarsk.”可知,政府激励医生在克拉斯诺亚尔斯克等偏远地区行医。由此推测,克拉斯诺亚尔斯克需要医疗援助。
7.How long can the Saint Lukas work with one supply
A.About a year.
B.About ten months.
C.About two months.
D.About two weeks.
√
细节理解题。根据第四段中的“For 10 months every year,the train stops at about eight stations over two weeks,before returning to the regional capital to refuel and restock.”可知,该列车会在大约八个站点停留两周多,然后返回补充燃料和进行补给。由此可知,该列车进行一次补给后可工作大约两周。
8.What is Ducke’s attitude toward the Saint Lukas’ services
A.Appreciative. B.Doubtful.
C.Ambiguous. D.Cautious.
√
推理判断题。根据最后一段中Ducke说的话“I was very impressed...”以及“They were the best chance for many rural people to get the treatment they want.”可知,Ducke 对该列车的服务持赞赏的态度。
三、词句猜测题
词句猜测题基本上是阅读理解每年必考的题型。此类题型旨在考查考生根据上下文推断单词、短语或句子的本意或外延含义的能力,既可以考查生词的意义,也可以考查熟词的新义,还可以是对代词所指代内容的判断。
热考题型1　词义猜测题
[典例1](2025全国一卷,B节选)
As a new unit started,I asked everyone to write a persuasive① piece on a health-related topic of their choice.This time they found the exercise much more interesting.For the next two assignments②,a personal-narrative unit followed by a creative-writing workshop,I only required that the piece meet the specifications of its genre(体裁) and that it contain a thesis.The results were staggering.The students took on diverse③ topics and turned in stories,10 to 20 pages each,with characters that broadened my view and touched my heart. 关键信息句 　　
1.What does the underlined word “staggering” in paragraph 3 mean 　　　　　　
题干关键词
A.Mixed.　　　　 B.Amazing.
C.Similar. D.Disturbing.
√
[典例2](2023新课标Ⅱ卷,C节选)
In this “book of books,” artworks are selected and arranged in a way that emphasizes these connections between different eras and cultures.We see scenes of children learning to read at home or at school,with the book as a focus for relations between the generations.Adults are portrayed(描绘) alone in many settings and poses—absorbed in a volume④,deep in thought⑤ or lost in a moment of leisure.These scenes may have been painted hundreds of years ago,but they record moments we can all relate to.
2.What do the underlined words “relate to” in paragraph 2 mean
　　　　　　　　 题干关键词
A.Understand.　　　　 B.Paint.
C.Seize. D.Transform.
√
[典例3](2023全国甲卷,B节选)
Terri Bolton is a dab hand when it comes to DIY(do-it-yourself).Skilled at putting up shelves and piecing⑥ together furniture,she never pays someone else to do a job she can do herself.　　　关键信息句
3.Which is closest in meaning to “a dab hand” in paragraph 1
　　　　　　　　 　题干关键词
A.An artist. B.A winner.
C.A specialist. D.A pioneer.
√
[典例4](2023新课标Ⅰ卷,C节选)
The goal of this book is to make the case for digital minimalism,including a detailed exploration of what it asks and why it works,and then to teach you how to adopt this philosophy if you decide it’s right for you.
To do so,I divided the book into two parts.In part one,I describe the philosophical foundations of digital minimalism,starting with an examination of the forces that are making so many people’s digital lives increasingly intolerable⑦,before moving on to a detailed discussion of the digital minimalism philosophy.
Part one concludes by introducing my suggested method for adopting this philosophy:the digital declutter.This process requires you to step away from optional online activities for thirty days.At the end of the thirty days,you will then add back a small number of carefully chosen online activities that you believe will provide massive⑧ benefits to the things you value.
In the final chapter of part one,I’ll guide you through carrying out your own digital declutter.In doing so,I’ll draw on an experiment I ran in 2018 in which over 1,600 people agreed to perform a digital declutter.You’ll hear these participants’ stories and learn what strategies worked well for them,and what traps they encountered that you should avoid...
4.What does the underlined word “declutter” in paragraph 3 mean
题干关键词
A.Clear-up.　
B.Add-on.
C.Check-in.
D.Take-over.
√
[语境猜词]
①
②
③　　　　 　　
④
⑤
⑥
⑦
⑧
adj.有说服力的　
n.(学生的)作业　
adj.多种多样的　
(熟词生义)n.书籍　
陷入沉思　
(熟词生义)v.拼装　
adj.难以忍受的　
adj.大量的
设题特点
猜测画线词/短语的含义包括理解生僻词块含义、特定语境下熟词的生僻含义。
设问方式
①What does/do the underlined word(s)...mean/refer to
②What can best replace the underlined word(s)
图解技法
4角度快猜词
1.据语境/“瞻前顾后”推词义——“瞻前顾后”,寻找上下文可以推断画线词词义的线索
2.4种逻辑关系猜词法——利用逻辑衔接词前后的内容猜画线词含义
3.利用语法关系猜测词义
4.根据构词法猜词义
深度解析
1.利用语境推断词义。根据画线词后面的关键信息句“The students took on diverse topics and turned in stories,10 to 20 pages each,with characters that broadened my view and touched my heart.”可知,学生们的写作与以前相比发生了巨大变化,而且这个结果应是积极正向的;选项中只有 B项“Amazing(令人惊喜的,令人惊奇的)”符合语境要求。由此推知,staggering与amazing语义一致。
2.利用逻辑关系猜词义。该段第一句是主题句:这本“书中书”选取和排列艺术作品的方式,凸显不同时代和文化之间的联系。第二、三句是拓展句,通过儿童和成年人的场景和行为展示书籍的重要性;尾句指出这些场景虽然可能是数百年前绘制的,但记录了不同时空和文化之间人类共同的场景,所以是我们所有人都能够理解和产生共鸣的瞬间,故画线词意为“理解”。
3.根据画线短语下文关键信息句“Skilled at...she can do herself.”可知,Terri Bolton是一位DIY高手。由此可推知,画线短语a dab hand意为“一位专业人员”。
4.利用构词法猜词义。画线词为派生词,词根是clutter,作动词时意为“凌乱地塞满;乱堆放”;作名词意为“杂乱的东西;杂乱”,前缀de-为否定前缀,有“去除”之意,所猜词意思=词根意思+前缀意思,“去除杂乱的东西;使不再凌乱”,即“清理”。
热考题型2　代词指代题
[典例1](2025全国二卷,B节选)
There are up to 30 students at any given time in Ho’s class.She generally works with their regular teachers to get lessons and tests being used at their home schools.Some teachers don’t give the kids any assignments;they express sympathy① instead.“I feel like it is a disservice② to the kids,” Ho says.“They think their teachers don’t care about their schoolwork.” 关键信息句
1.What does the underlined word “it” refer to in paragraph 4 　
题干关键词
A.Offering regular lessons. B.Paying extra attention.
C.Assigning no schoolwork. D.Showing no sympathy.
√
[典例2](2022新课标Ⅱ卷,C节选)
“We need something on the books that can change people’s behaviour,” said Félix W.Ortiz,who pushed for the state’s 2001 ban③ on hand-held devices by drivers.If the Textalyzer bill becomes law,he said,“people are going to be more afraid to put their hands on the cell phone.”　 　 关键信息句
2.What does the underlined word “something” in the last paragraph refer to
　　　 题干关键词
A.Advice.
B.Data.
C.Tests.
D.Laws.
√
[语境猜词]
①
②
③　　　　 　　
n.同情　
n.伤害　
n.禁令
设题特点
代词指代题常出现在人物或事物变换多、动作转换频繁的语境中,应根据语境判断人称代词、不定代词和指示代词的所指,有时也会考查定语从句中关系代词的指代内容。
设问方式
①What does the underlined word “this/it/them...”refer to
②The underlined part “it/that/they...” in paragraph...refers to 　　　.
图解技法
就近原则找指代
深度解析
1.根据选文中的关键信息句“Some teachers don’t give the kids any assignments;they express sympathy instead.‘I feel like it is a disservice to the kids,’ Ho says.” 可推知,其中的“it”指的是不给孩子们布置作业这件事。
2.根据画线词所在句中的“that can change people’s behaviour”可知, something是能够改变人们的行为的事物。根据下文的“If the Textalyzer bill becomes law,he said,‘people are going to be more afraid to put their hands on the cell phone.’”可知,人们的行为会改变的条件是Textalyzer法案成为法律,受到法律的约束和惩罚,司机们才不会在开车的时候使用手机,故something指代的是法律。
热考题型3　句意理解题
[典例](2019浙江卷,B节选)
Money with no strings attached.It’s not something you see every day.But at Union Station in Los Angeles last month,a board went up with dollar bills attached to① it with pins and a sign② that read,“Give What You Can,Take What You Need.”　 　关键信息句
Q:What does the expression “money with no strings attached” in paragraph 1 mean 题干关键词
A.Money spent without hesitation.
B.Money not legally made.
C.Money offered without conditions.
D.Money not tied together.
√
[语境猜词]
①
②
附着　
n.标志牌
设题特点
理解某一个句子的本意或外延含义,需理解前后句所表达的含义。
设问方式
What does the underlined sentence/the expression in paragraph... mean
图解技法
意义吻合推句意
深度解析
根据第一段末尾的关键信息句“Give What You Can,Take What You Need.”可知,如果你有能力,就捐钱;如果需要钱,就可以拿走钞票,没有任何条件,给和拿都是自愿的。
课堂应用
A(2024新课标Ⅰ卷,C)
Is comprehension the same whether a person reads a text onscreen or on paper And are listening to and viewing content as effective as reading the written word when covering the same material The answers to both questions are often “no.” The reasons relate to a variety of factors,including reduced concentration,an entertainment mindset(心态) and a tendency to multitask while consuming digital content.
When reading texts of several hundred words or more,learning is generally more successful when it’s on paper than onscreen.A large amount of research confirms this finding.The benefits of print reading particularly shine through when experimenters move from posing simple tasks—like identifying the main idea in a reading passage—to ones that require mental abstraction—such as drawing inferences from a text.
The differences between print and digital reading results are partly related to paper’s physical properties.With paper,there is a literal laying on of hands, along with the visual geography of distinct pages.People often link their memory of what they’ve read to how far into the book it was or where it was on the page.
But equally important is the mental aspect.Reading researchers have proposed a theory called “shallowing hypothesis(假说).” According to this theory,people approach digital texts with a mindset suited to social media, which are often not so serious,and devote less mental effort than when they are reading print.
Audio(音频) and video can feel more engaging than text,and so university teachers increasingly turn to these technologies—say,assigning an online talk instead of an article by the same person.However,psychologists have demonstrated that when adults read news stories,they remember more of the content than if they listen to or view identical pieces.
Digital texts,audio and video all have educational roles,especially when providing resources not available in print.However,for maximizing learning where mental focus and reflection are called for,educators shouldn’t assume all media are the same,even when they contain identical words.
【语篇导读】本文是一篇说明文。作者介绍了纸质阅读与数字阅读(可视化学习)在理解和记忆方面的优劣,强调纸质阅读对于深度学习和记忆的重要性。
1.What does the underlined phrase “shine through” in paragraph 2 mean
A.Seem unlikely to last.
B.Seem hard to explain.
C.Become ready to use.
D.Become easy to notice.
√
词义猜测题。根据上文的“When reading texts of several hundred words or more,learning is generally more successful when it’s on paper than onscreen.”可知,在阅读几百字的文本时,纸质阅读比屏幕阅读的学习效果更好。结合本句的“...when experimenters move from posing simple tasks...such as drawing inferences from a text.”可知,当实验人员把任务从易到难推进时,纸质阅读的优势尤为明显,也就是变得容易被人注意到。由此可知,shine through的意思与D项相同。
2.What does the shallowing hypothesis assume
A.Readers treat digital texts lightly.
B.Digital texts are simpler to understand.
C.People select digital texts randomly.
D.Digital texts are suitable for social media.
√
推理判断题。根据第四段最后一句“According to this theory,people approach digital texts with a mindset suited to social media,which are often not so serious...when they are reading print.”是对shallowing hypothesis(浅层阅读假说)的解释说明。人们通常带着一种不太严肃的态度去阅读社交媒体的数字文本。由此可知,A项符合题意。
3.Why are audio and video increasingly used by university teachers
A.They can hold students’ attention.
B.They are more convenient to prepare.
C.They help develop advanced skills.
D.They are more informative than text.
√
推理判断题。根据倒数第二段第一句“Audio and video can feel more engaging than text,and so university teachers increasingly turn to these technologies...”可知,大学教师之所以越来越多地使用音频和视频,是因为它们比文本更加吸引人,也就是能够保持学生的注意力。
4.What does the author imply in the last paragraph
A.Students should apply multiple learning techniques.
B.Teachers should produce their own teaching material.
C.Print texts cannot be entirely replaced in education.
D.Education outside the classroom cannot be ignored.
√
推理判断题。最后一段第一句强调了数码文本、音频和视频的教育作用,接着用However一转指出,教育者不应该认为所有媒体的作用都是一样的,暗示我们切勿忽视印刷文本的重要性,即其他媒体信息不能完全取代印刷文本。
B(2023全国乙卷,D)
If you want to tell the history of the whole world,a history that does not privilege one part of humanity,you cannot do it through texts alone,because only some of the world has ever had texts,while most of the world,for most of the time,has not.Writing is one of humanity’s later achievements,and until fairly recently even many literate(有文字的)societies recorded their concerns not only in writing but in things.
Ideally a history would bring together texts and objects,and some chapters of this book are able to do just that,but in many cases we simply can’t.The clearest example of this between literate and non-literate history is perhaps the first conflict,at Botany Bay,between Captain Cook’s voyage and the Australian Aboriginals.From the English side,we have scientific reports and the captain’s record of that terrible day.From the Australian side,we have only a wooden shield(盾) dropped by a man in flight after his first experience of gunshot.If we want to reconstruct what was actually going on that day,the shield must be questioned and interpreted as deeply and strictly as the written reports.
In addition to the problem of miscomprehension from both sides,there are victories accidentally or deliberately twisted,especially when only the victors know how to write.Those who are on the losing side often have only their things to tell their stories.The Caribbean Taino,the Australian Aboriginals,the African people of Benin and the Incas,all of whom appear in this book,can speak to us now of their past achievements most powerfully through the objects they made:a history told through things gives them back a voice.When we consider contact(联系) between literate and non-literate societies such as these,all our first-hand accounts are necessarily twisted,only one half of a dialogue.If we are to find the other half of that conversation,we have to read not just the texts,but the objects.
【语篇导读】本文是一篇议论文。文章阐述了文字和实物史料共同记录历史的重要性,不能仅凭文字记载历史。
5.What is the first paragraph mainly about
A.How past events should be presented.
B.What humanity is concerned about.
C.Whether facts speak louder than words.
D.Why written language is reliable.
√
段落大意题。通读第一段内容可知,作者认为不能只通过文本来讲述历史,因为世界上大多数地方在大多数时候都没有文字,而且,甚至许多有文字的社会不仅用文字,而且用实物记录他们的担忧。作者开篇点题,引出了文章所要讨论的主题:应如何呈现过去的事件。故选A项。
6.What does the author indicate by mentioning Captain Cook in paragraph 2
A.His report was scientific.
B.He represented the local people.
C.He ruled over Botany Bay.
D.His record was one-sided.
√
推理判断题。根据本段第一句话可知,作者提及库克船长是暗示他的记录是单方面的,是片面的。本段举例是为了论证段落主旨句第一句,只有文字是不全面的,还需要实物,也就是shield。故选D项。
7.What does the underlined word “conversation” in paragraph 3 refer to
A.Problem.
B.History.
C.Voice.
D.Society.
√
词义猜测题。根据画线词前部分中的“a history told through things gives them back a voice”可知,此处的conversation指的“历史”。同时重申本文论点:要了解历史,不仅需要文字,还需要实物。故选B项。
8.Which of the following books is the text most likely selected from
A.How Maps Tell Stories of the World
B.A Short History of Australia
C.A History of the World in 100 Objects
D.How Art Works Tell Stories
√
推理判断题。根据文章最后一段中的“Those who are on the losing side often have only their things to tell their stories.”和“a history told through things”以及“we have to read not just the texts,but the objects”可知,本文选自A History of the World in 100 Objects。故选C项。
四、主旨大意题
主旨大意题是阅读理解中最难的题目,因为该类题目不仅考查领会文章大意的能力,也对归纳概括能力提出了较高的要求。该类题目在文章中没有明显的解题依据,需要从文章中提炼、提取一些关键词、主干句进行加工概括,才能归纳出文章的主旨。因此,遇到主旨大意题时切勿草率作答,一定要读完、读懂文章后再作判断,建议学生将此类题目放到最后来做。
热考题型1　段落大意题
[典例](2025浙江1月卷,D节选)
　　　 关键信息句
Martin sees a silver lining,however:She believes that anthropomorphism(拟人化) “provides an opportunity to change stereotypes.” When women are put into positions of leadership like running companies,it reduces negative stereotypes about women.Similarly,anthropomorphized products could be created to take on① stereotype-inconsistent② roles—a male robot that assists with nursing or a female robot that helps do calculations,for instance. 　　　　　　　
Q:What does the last paragraph mainly talk about 题干关键词
A.The quality of genderless products.
B.The upside of gendering a product.
C.The meaning of anthropomorphism.
D.The stereotypes of men and women.
[语境猜词]
①
②
√
承担　
adj.不一致的
设题特点
在理解段落内容的基础上提炼核心信息,然后对比选项,选出最契合段落主要内容的选项。
设问方式
①What is the first paragraph mainly about
②What does paragraph...mainly talk about
③What is the main idea of the first paragraph
图解技法
依段落结构定段意
深度解析
依据题干关键词定位至最后一段。根据该段中的关键信息句“Martin sees a silver lining,however:She believes that anthropomorphism ‘provides an opportunity to change stereotypes’.”以及后文所举的例子可知,最后一段主要讲了赋予产品性别有积极的一面,即可以通过拟人化改变刻板印象。
热考题型2　文章大意题
[典例](2024新课标Ⅱ卷,C)
We all know fresh is best when it comes to food.However,most produce at the store went through weeks of travel and covered① hundreds of miles before reaching the table.While farmer’s markets are a solid② choice to reduce the journey,Babylon Micro-Farm(BMF) shortens it even more.
BMF is an indoor garden system.It can be set up for a family.Additionally, it could serve a larger audience such as a hospital,restaurant or school.The innovative③ design requires little effort to achieve a reliable weekly supply of fresh greens.
Specifically,it’s a farm that relies on new technology.By connecting through the Cloud,BMF is remotely monitored.Also,there is a convenient app that provides growing data in real time.Because the system is automated④,it significantly reduces the amount of water needed to grow plants.Rather than watering rows of soil,the system provides just the right amount to each plant.After harvest,users simply replace the plants with a new pre-seeded pod(容器) to get the next growth cycle started.
Moreover,having a system in the same building where it’s eaten means zero emissions(排放) from transporting plants from soil to salad.In addition, there’s no need for pesticides and other chemicals that pollute traditional farms and the surrounding environment. 　　
BMF employees live out sustainability⑤ in their everyday lives.About half of them walk or bike to work.Inside the office,they encourage recycling and waste reduction by limiting garbage cans and avoiding single-use plastic. “We are passionate about reducing waste,carbon and chemicals in our environment,” said a BMF employee.
Q:What does the text mainly talk about 　　　题干关键词
A.BMF’s major strengths.
B.BMF’s general management.
C.BMF’s global influence.
D.BMF’s technical standards.
√
[语境猜词]
①
②
③　　　　 　　
④
⑤
(熟词生义)v.走完(一段路程)　
(熟词生义)adj.可靠的
adj.创新的　
v.使自动化　
n.可持续性
设题特点
理解全文大意题需要在理解全文内容的基础上,通过归纳概括和推理判断等概括出全文大意。
设问方式
①What is the text mainly about
②What is the main idea of the text
③What is mainly talked about in the text
图解技法
“体裁+串线法”定主旨
主旨句不明确时,串线法很好用。
深度解析
根据各段的关键信息(画线部分)可以知晓各段落大意。本文第一段以新鲜食物的重要性及商店农产品运输的问题为导入,引出巴比伦微农场,指出其具有可缩短运输距离的优势。第二段强调巴比伦微农场通过其创新设计和功能保证新鲜蔬菜供应。第三段详细说明巴比伦微农场依靠新技术,在节水等方面的优势。第四段指出巴比伦微农场在可持续发展方面的优势。第五段介绍巴比伦微农场员工在日常生活中环保的生活方式。串联各段落大意可知,整篇文章围绕巴比伦微农场的优势展开介绍。
热考题型3　标题归纳题
[典例](2023新课标Ⅱ卷,B)
Turning soil,pulling weeds,and harvesting cabbage sound like tough work for middle and high school kids.And at first it is,says Abby Jaramillo,who with another teacher started Urban Sprouts,a school garden program at four low-income schools.The program aims to help students develop science skills, environmental awareness,and healthy lifestyles.
Jaramillo’s students live in neighborhoods where fresh food and green space are not easy to find and fast food restaurants outnumber grocery stores. “The kids literally① come to school with bags of snacks and large bottles of soft drinks,” she says.“They come to us thinking vegetables are awful,dirt is awful,insects are awful.” Though some are initially scared② of the insects and turned off by the dirt,most are eager to try something new.
Urban Sprouts’ classes,at two middle schools and two high schools, include hands-on experiments such as soil testing,flower-and-seed dissection, tastings of fresh or dried produce,and work in the garden.Several times a year, students cook the vegetables they grow,and they occasionally make salads for their entire schools. 　　
Program evaluations show that kids eat more vegetables as a result of the classes.“We have students who say they went home and talked to their parents and now they’re eating differently,” Jaramillo says.
She adds that the program’s benefits go beyond nutrition.Some students get so interested in gardening that they bring home seeds to start their own vegetable gardens.Besides,working in the garden seems to have a calming effect on Jaramillo’s special education students,many of whom have emotional control issues.“They get outside,” she says,“and they feel successful.”
Q:What can be a suitable title for the text
A.Rescuing School Gardens
B.Experiencing Country Life
C.Growing Vegetable Lovers
D.Changing Local Landscape
[语境猜词]
①
②
√
adv.真正地　
adj.害怕的
设题特点
概括出文章的中心思想,并对中心思想再次加以提炼,拟定出文章的标题。文章标题可以是单词、短语,也可以是句子。
设问方式
Which is/What/Which of the following can be the most suitable title for the text
图解技法
融合标题4特征
4大法定最佳标题
关注(共157张PPT)
第3讲　知晓阅读理解4大文体
文体1　应用文
文体2　记叙文
目 录 索 引
文体3　说明文
文体4　议论文
文体1　应用文
体裁解读
应用文包括通知、广告、便条、申请书、个人简介、商品说明与介绍、新闻报道等,形式多样,题材各异(如图示、表格等),措辞简洁明了,直截了当,其目的是向读者传输信息。
[典例](2024新课标Ⅰ卷,A)
HABITAT RESTORATION TEAM
Help restore and protect Marin’s natural areas from the Marin Headlands to Bolinas Ridge.We’ll explore beautiful park sites while conducting invasive(侵入的) plant removal,winter planting,and seed collection.Habitat Restoration Team volunteers play a vital role in restoring sensitive resources and protecting endangered species across the ridges and valleys.
GROUPS
Groups of 5 or more require special arrangements and must be confirmed in advance.Please review the List of Available Projects and fill out the Group Project Request Form.
AGE,SKILLS,WHAT TO BRING
Volunteers aged 10 and over are welcome.Read our Youth Policy Guidelines for youth under the age of 15.
Bring your completed Volunteer Agreement Form.Volunteers under the age of 18 must have the parent/guardian approval section signed.
We’ll be working rain or shine.Wear clothes that can get dirty.Bring layers for changing weather and a raincoat if necessary.
Bring a personal water bottle,sunscreen,and lunch.
No experience necessary.Training and tools will be provided.Fulfills(满足) community service requirements.
UPCOMING EVENTS
Time Meeting Location
Sunday,Jan.15 10:00 am-1:00 pm Battery Alexander Trailhead
Sunday,Jan.22 10:00 am-2:30 pm Stinson Beach Parking Lot
Sunday,Jan.29 9:30 am-2:30 pm Coyote Ridge Trailhead
21.What is the aim of the Habitat Restoration Team
A.To discover mineral resources.
B.To develop new wildlife parks.
C.To protect the local ecosystem.
D.To conduct biological research.
22.What is the lower age limit for joining the Habitat Restoration Team
A.5.　　　 B.10.　　　
C.15.　　　 D.18.
23.What are the volunteers expected to do
A.Bring their own tools.
B.Work even in bad weather.
C.Wear a team uniform.
D.Do at least three projects.
语篇解读
本文是一篇应用文。作者介绍了一个生物栖息地修复工作队的工作内容和招募志愿者的相关信息和要求。
篇章结构
思路点拨
21.根据第一段的“Help restore and protect Marin’s natural areas from the Marin Headlands to Bolinas Ridge.”可知,Habitat Restoration Team的目的是帮助恢复和保护马林的一些自然区,也就是保护当地的生态系统。故选
　　　项。
22.根据AGE,SKILLS,WHAT TO BRING 下面列出的“Volunteers aged 10 and over are welcome.Read our Youth Policy Guidelines for youth under the age of 15.”和“Volunteers under the age of 18 must have the parent/guardian approval section signed.”可知,最低年龄限制为10岁。故选　　　项。
23.根据AGE,SKILLS,WHAT TO BRING 下面列出的第三条“We’ll be working rain or shine.Wear clothes that can get dirty.Bring layers for changing weather and a raincoat if necessary.”可知,不管下雨天还是晴天,志愿者都要工作。故选　　　项。
C
B
B
课堂应用
A(2024浙江1月卷,A)
Tom Sawyer Play Is an Adventure
A 35-minute hand-clapping,foot-stomping musical version of a Mark Twain favorite returns with this Tall Stacks festival.
“Tom Sawyer:A River Adventure” has all the good stuff,including the fence painting,the graveyard,the island and the cave.It is adapted by Joe McDonough,with music by David Kisor.That’s the local stage writing team that creates many of the Children’s Theatre of Cincinnati’s original musicals, along with the holiday family musicals at Ensemble Theatre.
This year Nathan Turner of Burlington is Tom Sawyer,and Robbie McMath of Fort Mitchell is Huck Finn.
Turner,a 10th-grader at School for Creative and Performing Arts,is a familiar presence on Cincinnati’s stages.He is a star actor of Children’s Theatre,having played leading roles in “The Legend of Sleepy Hollow” and “The Wizard of Oz”,and is fresh from Jersey Production “Ragtime”.
McMath is a junior at Beechwood High School.He was in the cast of “Tom Sawyer” when it was first performed and is a Children’s Theatre regular, with five shows to his credit.This summer he attended Kentucky’s Governor’s School for the Arts in Musical Theatre.
Note to teachers:Children’s Theatre has a study guide demonstrating how math and science can be taught through “Tom Sawyer”.For downloadable lessons,visit the official website of Children’s Theatre.
【语篇导读】本文是一篇应用文。文章主要介绍由马克·吐温的作品所改编的音乐剧《汤姆·索亚:河上历险记》。
1.Who wrote the music for “Tom Sawyer:A River Adventure”
A.David Kisor.　　 B.Joe McDonough.
C.Nathan Turner. D.Robbie McMath.
√
细节理解题。根据第二段中的“It is adapted by Joe McDonough,with music by David Kisor.”可知,本剧是由大卫·基索作曲的。
2.What can we learn about the two actors
A.They study in the same school.
B.They worked together in “Ragtime”.
C.They are experienced on stage.
D.They became friends ten years ago.
√
推理判断题。根据第四段可知,Turner经常出现在辛辛那提的舞台上,是儿童剧院的明星演员,曾在《断头谷的传说》和《绿野仙踪》中担任主角;根据第五段中的“McMath is a junior at Beechwood High School.He was in the cast of ‘Tom Sawyer’ when it was first performed and is a Children’s Theatre regular,with five shows to his credit.”可知,McMath也是儿童剧院的老演员;综合以上信息可知,这两位演员在舞台上经验丰富。
3.What does Children’s Theatre provide for teachers
A.Research funding.
B.Training opportunities.
C.Technical support.
D.Educational resources.
√
细节理解题。根据最后一段可知,儿童剧院为教师提供了一份学习指南,展示如何通过《汤姆·索亚》教授数学和科学,可通过儿童剧院的网站下载课程;由此可知,儿童剧院为教师提供了教育资源。
B(2024新课标Ⅱ卷,A)
Choice of Walks for Beginner and Experienced Walkers
The Carlow Autumn Walking Festival is a great opportunity for the beginner,experienced or advanced walker to enjoy the challenges of Carlow’s mountain hikes or the peace of its woodland walks.
Walk 1-The Natural World
With environmentalist anna Lamhna as the guide,this walk promises to be an informative tour.Walkers are sure to learn lots about the habitats and natural world of the Blackstairs.
Date and Time:Saturday,1st October,at 9:00
Start Point:Scratoes Bridge
Walk Duration:6 hours
Walk 2-Introduction to Hillwalking
Emmanuel Chappard,an experienced guide,has a passion for making the great outdoors accessible to all.This mountain walk provides an insight into the skills required for hillwalking to ensure you get the most from future walking trips.
Date and Time:Sunday,2nd October,at 9:00
Start Point:Deerpark Car Park
Walk Duration:5 hours
Walk 3-Moonlight Under the Stars
Walking at night-time is a great way to step out of your comfort zone. Breathtaking views of the lowlands of Carlow can be enjoyed in the presence of welcoming guides from local walking clubs.A torch(手电筒) along with suitable clothing is essential for walking in the dark.Those who are dressed inappropriately will be refused permission to participate.
Date and Time:Saturday,1st October,at 18:30
Start Point:The Town Hall
Walk Duration:3 hours
Walk 4-Photographic Walk in Kilbrannish Forest
This informative walk led by Richard Smyth introduces you to the basic principles of photography in the wild.Bring along your camera and enjoy the wonderful views along this well-surfaced forest path.
Date and Time:Sunday,2nd October,at 11:45
Start Point:Kilbrannish Forest Recreation Area
Walk Duration:1.5 hours
【语篇导读】本文是一篇应用文。卡洛秋季徒步节提供不同难度的徒步活动,适合初学者和有经验的徒步者,包括自然探索、山地技能学习、夜间徒步和森林摄影。
4.Which walk takes the shortest time
A.The Natural World.
B.Introduction to Hillwalking.
C.Moonlight Under the Stars.
D.Photographic Walk in Kilbrannish Forest.
√
细节理解题。根据“Walk 1-The Natural World”中的“Walk Duration:6 hours”;“Walk 2-Introduction to Hillwalking”中的“Walk Duration:5 hours”; “Walk 3-Moonlight Under the Stars”中的“Walk Duration:3 hours”以及“Walk 4-Photographic Walk in Kilbrannish Forest”中的“Walk Duration:1.5 hours”可知,Photographic Walk in Kilbrannish Forest用时最短。
5.What are participants in Walk 3 required to do
A.Wear proper clothes.
B.Join a walking club.
C.Get special permits.
D.Bring a survival guide.
√
细节理解题。根据“Walk 3-Moonlight Under the Stars”中的“A torch along with suitable clothing is essential for walking in the dark.”可知,Walk 3的参与者需要穿着合适的衣服并携带手电筒。
6.What do the four walks have in common
A.They involve difficult climbing.
B.They are for experienced walkers.
C.They share the same start point.
D.They are scheduled for the weekend.
√
细节理解题。通读全文可知,Walk 1和Walk 3在周六进行,而 Walk 2和Walk 4在周日进行。因此文中徒步活动的共同点是都被安排在周末。
文体2　记叙文
体裁解读
记叙文是以写人、记事、状物为主要内容,以记叙和描写为主要表达方式的文章。一篇记叙文,无论长短都应该是一个完全独立的事实,描写人物、地点、事件和发生过程,表达作者的某种情感。
[典例](2024新课标Ⅰ卷,B)
“I am not crazy,” says Dr.William Farber,shortly after performing acupuncture(针灸) on a rabbit.“I am ahead of my time.” If he seems a little defensive,it might be because even some of his coworkers occasionally laugh at his unusual methods.But Farber is certain he’ll have the last laugh.He’s one of a small but growing number of American veterinarians(兽医) now practicing “holistic”medicine—combining traditional Western treatments with acupuncture,chiropractic(按摩疗法) and herbal medicine.
Farber,a graduate of Colorado State University,started out as a more conventional veterinarian.He became interested in alterative treatments 20 years ago when he suffered from terrible back pain.He tried muscle-relaxing drugs but found little relief.Then he tried acupuncture,an ancient Chinese practice,and was amazed that he improved after two or three treatments.What worked on a veterinarian seemed likely to work on his patients.So,after studying the techniques for a couple of years,he began offering them to pets.
Leigh Tindale’s dog Charlie had a serious heart condition.After Charlie had a heart attack,Tindale says,she was prepared to put him to sleep,but Farber’s treatments eased her dog’s suffering so much that she was able to keep him alive for an additional five months.And Priscilla Dewing reports that her horse,Nappy,“moves more easily and rides more comfortably” after a chiropractic adjustment.
Farber is certain that the holistic approach will grow more popular with time,and if the past is any indication,he may be right:Since 1982,membership in the American Holistic Veterinary Medical Association has grown from 30 to over 700.“Sometimes it surprises me that it works so well,” he says.“I will do anything to help an animal.That’s my job.”
24.What do some of Farber’s coworkers think of him
A.He’s odd.　　　　 B.He’s strict.
C.He’s brave. D.He’s rude.
25.Why did Farber decide to try acupuncture on pets
A.He was trained in it at university.
B.He was inspired by another veterinarian.
C.He benefited from it as a patient.
D.He wanted to save money for pet owners.
26.What does paragraph 3 mainly talk about
A.Steps of a chiropractic treatment.
B.The complexity of veterinarians’ work.
C.Examples of rare animal diseases.
D.The effectiveness of holistic medicine.
27.Why does the author mention the American Holistic Veterinary Medical Association
A.To prove Farber’s point.
B.To emphasize its importance.
C.To praise veterinarians.
D.To advocate animal protection.
语篇解读
本文是一篇记叙文。兽医William Farber奉行中西医结合的整体医学疗法,融合西方传统疗法与东方针灸、按摩等疗法,通过个人经历和治疗案例,展示了整体医学疗法在兽医实践中的应用并取得了良好疗效。
篇章结构
思路点拨
24.根据第一段中的“I am not crazy”和“If he seems a little defensive,it might be because even some of his coworkers occasionally laugh at his unusual methods.”可知,William Farber的一些同事嘲笑他不同寻常的治疗方法,他极力辩解“我没有疯”。由此可知,他的一些同事认为他很怪异,故选
　　　项。
25.根据第二段最后三句可知,William Farber通过中医针灸治疗并取得很好的疗效。他受到启发,经过多年的研习之后,他决定把中医和西医结合起来给自己的“病人”——宠物,进行治疗。故选　　　项。
A
C
26.作者在第三段列举了两个具体的治疗案例及其疗效,这说明整体医学疗法对于动物治疗是有效的。故选　　　项。
27.根据最后一段可知,William Farber相信他的治疗方法将会随着时间的推移而越来越受欢迎。自1982年以来,美国整体医疗兽医协会会员人数的增加也印证了这一观点。故选　　　项。
D
A
课堂应用
A(2024浙江1月卷,B)
When was the last time you used a telephone box I mean to make an actual phone call—not to shelter from the rain.Ages ago,right The last time I used a phone box for its intended purpose was...2006.I was conducting auditions (试演) for my play in my tiny old shared house in London.Hoping to impress some talented actors to come and work for me for nothing,I spread some throws over the sofas and lit candles to make it seem a bit more “young professional”.
As I rushed outdoors to empty the wastepaper baskets,the door swung shut behind me.Suddenly I was locked outside.My mobile phone was inside, but luckily there was a telephone box across the street.So,I called Directory Assistance,got put through to our landlady’s managing agent,and had a spare key sent to me with just enough time to get back in before the actors arrived.
As it has been many years since I last used one,I should hardly be surprised that there are no longer any public telephones near my house.The last one standing has just been turned into a “mini community library”:any passer-by can “borrow” a book from its shelves,and return it later,or replace it with another title from their own collection.
For a few months after the “library” opened,I didn’t bother taking a look, as I had assumed that it would be stuffed full of cheesy love stories.Then I noticed folk conducting spring cleans dropping boxes of voluminous books on various subjects there.And these books were free.This unbeatable price point encouraged me to experiment with dozens of titles that I would never normally consider buying.And I’ve discovered some great books!
If I ever get trapped outside my house again,my local telephone box will, sadly,no longer be able to connect me with my keys.But it can certainly keep me entertained while I wait for my wife to rescue me.
【语篇导读】本文是一篇记叙文。随着手机的普及,电话亭渐渐地被人们遗忘,作者家附近的最后一个电话亭被改造成了“迷你图书馆”,作者偶然发现那里有很多不错的免费书籍,这让作者觉得很棒。
1.What does the word “it” underlined in the first paragraph refer to
A.The play.　　　 B.The shared house.
C.The sofa. D.The telephone box.
√
词句猜测题。根据第一段中的“...in my tiny old shared house in London.”及“...I spread some throws...‘young professional’.”可知,此处是指使“我”的合租房看起来更“年轻专业”一点,所以it代指“合租房”。
2.Why did the author use the telephone box in 2006
A.To place an urgent call.
B.To put up a notice.
C.To shelter from the rain.
D.To hold an audition.
√
细节理解题。根据第二段中的“So,I called Directory Assistance,got put through to our landlady’s managing agent,and had a spare key sent to me with just enough time to get back in before the actors arrived.”可知,作者在2006年使用电话亭是为了拨打紧急电话。
3.What do we know about the “mini community library”
A.It provides phone service for free.
B.Anyone can contribute to its collection.
C.It is popular among young readers.
D.Books must be returned within a month.
√
细节理解题。根据第三段中的“The last one standing has just been turned into a ‘mini community library’:any passer-by can ‘borrow’ a book from its shelves,and return it later,or replace it with another title from their own collection.”可知,任何人都可以为“迷你社区图书馆”捐赠图书。
4.Why did the author start to use the “library”
A.He wanted to borrow some love stories.
B.He was encouraged by a close neighbour.
C.He found there were excellent free books.
D.He thought it was an ideal place for reading.
√
推理判断题。根据第四段中的“This unbeatable price point encouraged me to experiment with dozens of titles that I would never normally consider buying.And I’ve discovered some great books!”可知,作者发现“迷你图书馆”里有很多免费的很棒的书,所以开始使用。
B(2023全国乙卷,B)
Living in Iowa and trying to become a photographer specializing in landscape(风景)can be quite a challenge,mainly because the corn state lacks geographical variation.
Although landscapes in the Midwest tend to be quite similar,either farm fields or highways,sometimes I find distinctive character in the hills or lakes. To make some of my landscape shots,I have travelled up to four hours away to shoot within 10-minute time frame.I tend to travel with a few of my friends to state parks or to the countryside to go on adventures and take photos along the way.
Being at the right place at the right time is decisive in any style of photography.I often leave early to seek the right destinations so I can set up early to avoid missing the moment I am attempting to photograph.I have missed plenty of beautiful sunsets/sunrises due to being on the spot only five minutes before the best moment.
One time my friends and I drove three hours to Devil’s Lake,Wisconsin,to climb the purple quartz(石英) rock around the lake.After we found a crazy-looking road that hung over a bunch of rocks,we decided to photograph the scene at sunset.The position enabled us to look over the lake with the sunset in the background.We managed to leave this spot to climb higher because of the spare time until sunset.However,we did not mark the route(路线)so we ended up almost missing the sunset entirely.Once we found the place,it was stressful getting lights and cameras set up in the limited time.Still,looking back on the photos,they are some of my best shots though they could have been so much better if I would have been prepared and managed my time wisely.
【语篇导读】本文是一篇记叙文。文章叙述了作者不畏艰险,拍摄出高质量的风景照的故事。
5.How does the author deal with the challenge as a landscape photographer in the Midwest
A.By teaming up with other photographers.
B.By shooting in the countryside or state parks.
C.By studying the geographical conditions.
D.By creating settings in the corn fields.
√
细节理解题。根据第二段第二句“To make some of my landscape shots,I have travelled up to four hours away to shoot within 10-minute time frame.I tend to travel with a few of my friends to state parks or to the countryside to go on adventures and take photos along the way.”可知,为了拍摄一些风景照片,作者经常和几个朋友一起去州立公园或乡村探险,沿途拍照。故选B项。
6.What is the key to successful landscape photography according to the author
A.Proper time management.
B.Good shooting techniques.
C.Adventurous spirit.
D.Distinctive styles.
√
细节理解题。根据第三段第一句“Being at the right place at the right time is decisive in any style of photography.”可知,作者认为,成功拍照的关键在于,在正确的时间出现在正确的地点,即适当的时间管理。故选A项。
7.What can we infer from the author’s trip with friends to Devil’s Lake
A.They went crazy with the purple quartz rock.
B.They felt stressed while waiting for the sunset.
C.They reached the shooting spot later than expected.
D.They had problems with their equipment.
√
推理判断题。根据最后一段第五句“However,we did not mark the route so we ended up almost missing the sunset entirely.”可知,作者他们险些错过了日落,即到达拍摄地点比预计的晚了一些。故选C项。
8.How does the author find his photos taken at Devil’s Lake
A.Amusing.
B.Satisfying.
C.Encouraging.
D.Comforting.
√
推理判断题。根据最后一段最后一句“Still,looking back on the photos,they are some of my best shots though they could have been so much better if I would have been prepared and managed my time wisely.”可知,尽管作者认为还有些缺憾,但照片拍得还是不错的,作者对此感到很满意。故选B项。
文体3　说明文
体裁解读
说明文通常是通过举例子、作比较、分类别、析结果、列数字和作引用等手段,具体描述一项研究或者介绍一项新产品、新技术的文章,旨在让读者了解信息。
(一)实验研究与报告
[结构模型]
[典例] (2023新课标Ⅱ卷,D)
As cities balloon with growth,access to nature for people living in urban areas is becoming harder to find.If you’re lucky,there might be a pocket park near where you live,but it’s unusual to find places in a city that are relatively wild.
Past research has found health and wellness benefits of nature for humans, but a new study shows that wildness in urban areas is extremely important for human well-being.
The research team focused on a large urban park.They surveyed several hundred park-goers,asking them to submit a written summary online of a meaningful interaction they had with nature in the park.The researchers then examined these submissions,coding(编码)experiences into different categories. For example,one participant’s experience of “We sat and listened to the waves at the beach for a while” was assigned the categories “sitting at beach” and “listening to waves.”
Across the 320 submissions,a pattern of categories the researchers call a “nature language” began to emerge.After the coding of all submissions,half a dozen categories were noted most often as important to visitors.These include encountering wildlife,walking along the edge of water,and following an established trail.
Naming each nature experience creates a usable language,which helps people recognize and take part in the activities that are most satisfying and meaningful to them.For example,the experience of walking along the edge of water might be satisfying for a young professional on a weekend hike in the park.Back downtown during a workday,they can enjoy a more domestic form of this interaction by walking along a fountain on their lunch break.
“We’re trying to generate a language that helps bring the human-nature interactions back into our daily lives.And for that to happen,we also need to protect nature so that we can interact with it,” said Peter Kahn,a senior author of the study.
32.What phenomenon does the author describe at the beginning of the text
A.Pocket parks are now popular.
B.Wild nature is hard to find in cities.
C.Many cities are overpopulated.
D.People enjoy living close to nature.
33.Why did the researchers code participant submissions into categories
A.To compare different types of park-goers.
B.To explain why the park attracts tourists.
C.To analyze the main features of the park.
D.To find patterns in the visitors’ summaries.
34.What can we learn from the example given in paragraph 5
A.Walking is the best way to gain access to nature.
B.Young people are too busy to interact with nature.
C.The same nature experience takes different forms.
D.The nature language enhances work performance.
35.What should be done before we can interact with nature according to Kahn
A.Language study.
B.Environmental conservation.
C.Public education.
D.Intercultural communication.
语篇解读
本文是一篇说明文。作者通过对一项新的研究结果及其过程的描述,向读者介绍了与大自然互动对人类健康的重要性,同时也指出要保护大自然。
篇章结构
根据实验研究与报告说明文的结构模型可将文章结构梳理如下:
思路点拨
32.考查研究背景。 根据第一段中的“access to nature for people living in urban areas is becoming harder to find”以及“it’s unusual to find places in a city that are relatively wild”可知,在城市里很难接触大自然。故　　　项正确。
33.考查研究方法。根据第四段第一句话“Across the 320 submissions,a pattern of categories...began to emerge.”可知,研究人员这样做是为了从访客的总结材料中找出类别规律。故　　　项正确。
B
D
34.考查研究的意义。根据第五段所举的例子“the experience of walking along the edge of water might be satisfying...a fountain on their lunch break”可知,年轻的职业人士周末可以在公园徒步旅行,在工作日可以沿着喷泉散步,用不同的形式去体验自然,即同样的与自然的互动体验会有不同的表现形式。故　　　项正确。
35.考查主题的升华。根据最后一段Kahn的话“And for that to happen,we also need to protect nature so that we can interact with it”可知,人们在与大自然互动以前需要保护自然,故　　　项正确。
C
B
(二)新发明/新技术
[结构模型1]
[结构模型2]
[典例](2025浙江1月卷,C)
A novel design approach to gardening has been gaining in popularity worldwide.Referred to as matrix planting,this approach aims for nature to do a lot more of the heavy lifting in the garden,and even some of the designing. Eschewing fertilizers(化肥) and power tools,it’s based on an elegantly simple principle:to garden more like nature does.
The concept was born when German city planners sought to plant large areas of parkland after World War Ⅱ in a reproducible way that would need minimal maintenance.Planners created planting mixes that could be used modularly(模块化).In a matrix garden,plants with similar cultural needs are grouped so that they will grow together above and below ground,forming a cooperative ecosystem that conserves water and discourages weeds.
Dutch plantsman and designer Piet Oudolf’s gardens popularized this style,adding artistic flavors to the planting mixes while playing with color and form,including four-season interest and serving the needs of wildlife.Beautiful year-round,they invite you to enjoy the smallest detail,from the sound of grasses in the gentle wind to the sculpture of odd-looking seed heads.
It takes a lot of thought to look this natural.While matrix gardens appear wild,they are carefully planned,with cultural needs the first consideration.Led by the concept of “right plant,right place,” they match plants that enjoy the same soil,sun and weather conditions,and arrange them according to their patterns of growth.
The benefits are substantial for both gardener and planet.With human inputs dramatically reduced,the garden’s ecology can develop well.Established matrix gardens should not need the life support we give most gardens:fertilizer, dividing,regular pared to traditional garden plots,they increase carbon absorption,reduce stormwater runoff and boost habitat and biodiversity significantly.
28.What does the underlined word “Eschewing” in the first paragraph mean
A.Running out of.
B.Keeping away from.
C.Putting up with.
D.Taking advantage of.
29.Why was the idea of matrix planting introduced
A.To control weeds in large gardens.
B.To bring in foreign species of plants.
C.To conserve soil and water resources.
D.To develop low-maintenance parkland.
30.Which of the following best describes Piet Oudolf’s gardens
A.Traditional.　　　 B.Odd-looking.
C.Tasteful. D.Well-protected.
31.Which of the following can be a suitable title for the text
A.The future of gardening is WILD
B.Nature treats all lives as EQUALS
C.Matrix gardens need more CARE
D.Old garden plots work WONDERS
语篇解读
本文是一篇说明文。文章介绍了一种新型园艺设计方法——矩阵种植。
篇章结构
根据介绍新兴技术的文章结构模型可将文章结构梳理如下:
思路点拨
28.根据上文“Referred to as matrix planting,this approach aims for nature to do a lot more of the heavy lifting in the garden,and even some of the designing.”可知,矩阵种植是让大自然自身承接更多的工作;结合常识和画线词所在句“Eschewing fertilizers(化肥) and power tools,it’s based on an elegantly simple principle:to garden more like nature does.”中“to garden more like nature does”可推知,要像大自然那样进行园艺种植,让大自然自身承接更多的工作,就不需要使用化肥和电动工具。所以画线词“Eschewing”的意思是“避开、远离”,与“Keeping away from”同义。故选　　　项。
B
29.根据第二段中“The concept was born when German city planners sought to plant large areas of parkland after World War Ⅱ in a reproducible way that would need minimal maintenance.”可知,引入矩阵种植的想法是为了开发低维护成本的公园绿地。故选　　　项。
30.根据第三段中“Dutch plantsman and designer Piet Oudolf’s gardens popularized this style,adding artistic flavors to the planting mixes while playing with color and form,including four-season interest and serving the needs of wildlife.”可知,Piet Oudolf的花园有艺术气息,很有品位。故选
　　　项。
D
C
31.通读全文,根据第一段中“Referred to as matrix planting,this approach aims for nature to do a lot more of the heavy lifting in the garden,and even some of the designing.Eschewing fertilizers(化肥) and power tools,it’s based on an elegantly simple principle:to garden more like nature does.”和最后一段中“With human inputs dramatically reduced,the garden’s ecology can develop well.Established matrix gardens should not need the life support we give most gardens:fertilizer,dividing,regular pared to traditional garden plots,they increase carbon absorption,reduce stormwater runoff and boost habitat and biodiversity significantly.”可知,文章主要介绍了矩阵种植这种新型园艺设计方法,它让花园更接近自然、野生的状态,未来园艺可能会朝着这种更自然、野生的方向发展。故选　　　项。
A
(三)问题解决
[结构模型]
[典例](2024新课标Ⅰ卷,D)
In the race to document the species on Earth before they go extinct, researchers and citizen scientists have collected billions of records.Today,most records of biodiversity are often in the form of photos,videos,and other digital records.Though they are useful for detecting shifts in the number and variety of species in an area,a new Stanford study has found that this type of record is not perfect.
“With the rise of technology it is easy for people to make observations of different species with the aid of a mobile application,”said Barnabas Daru,who is lead author of the study and assistant professor of biology in the Stanford School of Humanities and Sciences.“These observations now outnumber the primary data that comes from physical specimens(标本),and since we are increasingly using observational data to investigate how species are responding to global change,I wanted to know:Are they usable ”
Using a global dataset of 1.9 billion records of plants,insects,birds,and animals,Daru and his team tested how well these data represent actual global biodiversity patterns.
“We were particularly interested in exploring the aspects of sampling that tend to bias(使有偏差) data,like the greater likelihood of a citizen scientist to take a picture of a flowering plant instead of the grass right next to it,” said Daru.
Their study revealed that the large number of observation-only records did not lead to better global coverage.Moreover,these data are biased and favor certain regions,time periods,and species.This makes sense because the people who get observational biodiversity data on mobile devices are often citizen scientists recording their encounters with species in areas nearby.These data are also biased toward certain species with attractive or eye-catching features.
What can we do with the imperfect datasets of biodiversity
“Quite a lot,” Daru explained.“Biodiversity apps can use our study results to inform users of oversampled areas and lead them to places—and even species—that are not well-sampled.To improve the quality of observational data,biodiversity apps can also encourage users to have an expert confirm the identification of their uploaded image.”
32.What do we know about the records of species collected now
A.They are becoming outdated.
B.They are mostly in electronic form.
C.They are limited in number.
D.They are used for public exhibition.
33.What does Daru’s study focus on
A.Threatened species.
B.Physical specimens.
C.Observational data.
D.Mobile applications.
34.What has led to the biases according to the study
A.Mistakes in data analysis.
B.Poor quality of uploaded pictures.
C.Improper way of sampling.
D.Unreliable data collection devices.
35.What is Daru’s suggestion for biodiversity apps
A.Review data from certain areas.
B.Hire experts to check the records.
C.Confirm the identity of the users.
D.Give guidance to citizen scientists.
语篇解读
本文是一篇说明文。文章主要介绍了斯坦福大学的一项研究发现,数字生物多样性记录存在偏差,建议应用程序引导公民科学家获取更好的数据。
篇章结构
根据问题解决类的文章结构模型可将文章结构梳理如下:
思路点拨
32.根据第一段中“Today,most records of biodiversity are often in the form of photos,videos,and other digital records.”可知,现在收集的物种记录大多是以电子形式存在的。故选　　　项。
33.根据第二段中“These observations now outnumber the primary data that comes from physical specimens(标本),and since we are increasingly using observational data to investigate how species are responding to global change,I wanted to know:Are they usable ”和第四段可知,Daru的研究聚焦于观察数据,即人们通过移动应用记录的物种观察数据。故选　　　项。
B
C
34.根据第四段以及第五段中“This makes sense because the people who get observational biodiversity data on mobile devices are often citizen scientists recording their encounters with species in areas nearby.”可知,导致数据偏差的原因是采样方式的不当。故选　　　项。
35.推理判断题。根据最后一段中“Biodiversity apps can use our study results to inform users of oversampled areas and lead them to places—and even species—that are not well-sampled.To improve the quality of observational data,biodiversity apps can also encourage users to have an expert confirm the identification of their uploaded image.”可知,Daru 建议生物多样性应用应该给公民科学家提供指导。故选　　　项。
C
D
(四)社会发展新现象
[结构模型]
[典例](2023新课标Ⅰ卷,D)
On March 7,1907,the English statistician Francis Galton published a paper which illustrated what has come to be known as the “wisdom of crowds” effect.The experiment of estimation he conducted showed that in some cases, the average of a large number of independent estimates could be quite accurate.
This effect capitalizes on the fact that when people make errors,those errors aren’t always the same.Some people will tend to overestimate,and some to underestimate.When enough of these errors are averaged together,they cancel each other out,resulting in a more accurate estimate.If people are similar and tend to make the same errors,then their errors won’t cancel each other out.In more technical terms,the wisdom of crowds requires that people’s estimates be independent.If for whatever reasons,people’s errors become correlated or dependent,the accuracy of the estimate will go down.
But a new study led by Joaquin Navajas offered an interesting twist(转折) on this classic phenomenon.The key finding of the study was that when crowds were further divided into smaller groups that were allowed to have a discussion,the averages from these groups were more accurate than those from an equal number of independent individuals.For instance,the average obtained from the estimates of four discussion groups of five was significantly more accurate than the average obtained from 20 independent individuals.
In a follow-up study with 100 university students,the researchers tried to get a better sense of what the group members actually did in their discussion. Did they tend to go with those most confident about their estimates Did they follow those least willing to change their minds This happened some of the time,but it wasn’t the dominant response.Most frequently,the groups reported that they “shared arguments and reasoned together.”Somehow,these arguments and reasoning resulted in a global reduction in error.
Although the studies led by Navajas have limitations and many questions remain,the potential implications for group discussion and decision-making are enormous.
32.What is paragraph 2 of the text mainly about
A.The methods of estimation.
B.The underlying logic of the effect.
C.The causes of people’s errors.
D.The design of Galton’s experiment.
33.Navajas’ study found that the average accuracy could increase even if
　　　.
A.the crowds were relatively small
B.there were occasional underestimates
C.individuals did not communicate
D.estimates were not fully independent
34.What did the follow-up study focus on
A.The size of the groups.
B.The dominant members.
C.The discussion process.
D.The individual estimates.
35.What is the author’s attitude toward Navajas’ studies
A.Unclear.　　　　 B.Dismissive.
C.Doubtful. D.Approving.
语篇解读
本文是说明文,主题语境为社会热点问题,主要介绍了“群体智慧”效应——多人对同一个对象的评估会有偏差,但平均起来会更准确。
篇章结构
根据社会发展新现象类的文章结构模型可将文章结构梳理如下:
思路点拨
32.本段首先点明人们所犯的错误是不一样的,然后具体说明往往有的人高估,有的人低估,但是当足够多的评估平均起来时,评估相互抵消,会产生一个更加准确的评估结果,但是如果人们的错误相互影响,评估的准确率就会下降。因此,第二段主要讲述了“群体智慧”效应的潜在逻辑(underlying logic)。故选　　　项。
B
33.根据题干关键词Navajas’ study和the average accuracy could increase可定位到第三段第二句。根据“when crowds were further divided into smaller groups that were allowed to have a discussion,the averages from these groups were more accurate than those from an equal number of independent individuals”可知,如果人群被进一步划分成允许进行讨论的小组(允许讨论的话,评估就不是完全独立的了),评估的平均值比同等数量的独立个体的平均值更准确。故选　　　项。
D
34.根据题干关键词the follow-up study可定位到第四段。根据“In a follow-up study with 100 university students,the researchers tried to get a better sense of what the group members actually did in their discussion.”可知,在后续的研究中,研究者努力更好地理解小组成员在讨论过程中做了什么。故选
　　　项。
35.根据最后一段可知,作者认为,尽管这项研究具有局限性,但是对小组讨论和决策的潜在影响是巨大的。由此可推断出,作者对这项研究持赞成(Approving)态度。故选　　　项。
C
D
(五)社会发展与变迁
[结构模型]
[典例](2025全国一卷,C)
While safety improvements might have been made to our streets in recent years,transport studies also show declines in pedestrian(行人) mobility, especially among young children.Many parents say there’s too much traffic on the roads for their children to walk safely to school,so they pack them into the car instead.
Dutch authors Thalia Verkade and Marco te Br mmelstroet are bothered by facts like these.In their new book Movement:How to Take Back Our Streets and Transform Our Lives,they call for a rethink of our streets and the role they play in our lives.
Life on city streets started to change decades ago.Whole neighbourhoods were destroyed to make way for new road networks and kids had to play elsewhere.Some communities fought back.Most famously,a Canadian journalist who had moved her family to Manhattan in the early 1950s led a campaign to stop the destruction of her local park.Describing her alarm at its proposed replacement with an expressway,Jane Jacobs called on her mayor(市长) to champion “New York as a decent place to live,and not just rush through.” Similar campaigns occurred in Australia in the late 1960s and 1970s as well.
Although these campaigns were widespread,the reality is that the majority of the western cities were completely redesigned around the needs of the motor car.The number of cars on roads has been increasing rapidly.In Australia we now have over twenty million cars for just over twenty-six million people, among the highest rate of car ownership in the world.
We invest a lot in roads that help us rush through,but we fail to account for the true costs.Do we really recognise what it costs us as a society when children can’t move safely around our communities The authors of Movement have it right:it’s time to think differently about that street outside your front door.
28.What phenomenon does the author point out in paragraph 1
A.Cars often get stuck on the road.
B.Traffic accidents occur frequently.
C.People walk less and drive more.
D.Pedestrians fail to follow the rules.
29.What were the Canadian journalist and other campaigners trying to do
A.Keep their cities livable.
B.Promote cultural diversity.
C.Help the needy families.
D.Make expressways accessible.
30.What can be inferred about the campaigns in Australia in the late 1960s and 1970s
A.They boosted the sales of cars.
B.They turned out largely ineffective.
C.They won government support.
D.They advocated building new parks.
31.What can be a suitable title for the text
A.Why the Rush 　　B.What’s Next
C.Where to Stay D.Who to Blame
语篇解读
本文是一篇说明文。文章主要介绍了西方城市过度围绕汽车设计导致行人流动性下降,尤其是儿童步行减少的现象,并通过历史案例和现状分析呼吁反思街道功能,重视城市宜居性。
篇章结构
根据社会发展与变迁类文章结构模型可将文章结构梳理如下:
思路点拨
28.根据文章第一段可知,作者指出的现象是人们步行减少、开车增多。故选　　　项。
29.推理判断题。根据文章第三段中“Most famously,a Canadian journalist who had moved her family to Manhattan in the early 1950s led a campaign to stop the destruction of her local park.Describing her alarm at its proposed replacement with an expressway,Jane Jacobs called on her mayor(市长) to champion ‘New York as a decent place to live,and not just rush through.’”可推知,加拿大记者和其他运动参与者旨在保持城市宜居性。故选　　　项。
C
A
30.根据文章倒数第二段中“Although these campaigns were widespread,the reality is that the majority of the western cities were completely redesigned around the needs of the motor car.The number of cars on roads has been increasing rapidly.”可推知,20世纪60年代末和70年代澳大利亚的抗争活动未能阻止汽车发展,基本上没有效果。故选　　　项。
31.通读全文,并根据文章最后一段中“We invest a lot in roads that help us rush through,but we fail to account for the true costs.Do we really recognise what it costs us as a society when children can’t move safely around our communities ”可推知,本文批判城市过度追求交通效率、忽视行人需求的现象,故选　　　项。
B
A
课堂应用
A(2025全国二卷,C)
When Sonja Detrinidad opened her online shop selling houseplants,she didn’t have high hopes for it.But the opposite happened:She was flooded, shipping out 1,200 orders in June of 2020 alone.In the past year,Detrinidad sent out more than 70,000 plants.Her success is just one example of increased time at home leading to an explosion in the houseplant industry.
“Plants are in fashion right now,” says Dr.Melinda Knuth,a researcher from the University of Florida.“People who live in plant-rich environments report a higher life satisfaction rating,” she says.“Adding more nature to our environment can change our mood and how we think.” Plants can improve our state of mind in a few ways but the biggest is by decreasing our level of cortisol,the stress hormone(激素) in our body.
“Students who are around plants perform better academically than students who are in a classroom without plants,” says Knuth.“This productivity also translates into the workplace for adults.Our study showed that there was a 30% decrease in sick leave for people who were in plant-rich workplaces.”
If you’re among the groups of people who are enjoying the mental and physical health benefits of surrounding yourself with plants,don’t beat yourself up if one (or a few!) doesn’t make it.“Doctors practice medicine and lawyers practice law and you should allow yourself the practice it takes to sustain a plant.Tending to plants is an exercise in patience and learning.Be invested in taking care of it,but if it dies,go get another one,” Detrinidad says.
【语篇导读】本文是一篇说明文。文章主要通过Detrinidad的创业经历和专家研究,说明室内植物对人们心理健康和工作效率的积极影响,以及近年来居家趋势推动了室内植物产业的发展。
1.How was Detrinidad’s business when it started
A.It faced tough competition.
B.It suffered a great loss.
C.It got lots of financial support.
D.It went surprisingly well.
√
细节理解题。根据第一段中的“When Sonja Detrinidad opened her online shop selling houseplants,she didn’t have high hopes for it.But the opposite happened:She was flooded,shipping out 1,200 orders in June of 2020 alone.”可知,Sonja Detrinidad刚开始开网店卖室内植物时,并没有抱太大希望,但实际情况是订单很多,生意出奇地好。故选D项。
2.What is one of Knuth’s findings about plants
A.They appeal more to students.
B.They purify the environment.
C.They raise the cortisol level.
D.They enhance productivity.
√
细节理解题。根据第三段可知,Knuth的研究发现,接触植物的学生学业表现更好,成年人在植物丰富的工作环境中生产率提高,病假率降低,因此,“植物能提升生产率”是她的发现之一。
3.What does Detrinidad try to explain by mentioning doctors and lawyers
A.The necessity of social skills.
B.The meaning of sustainability.
C.The importance of repeated efforts.
D.The value of professional opinions.
推理判断题。根据最后一段中的“‘Doctors practice medicine and lawyers practice law and you should allow yourself the practice it takes to sustain a plant.Tending to plants is an exercise in patience and learning.Be invested in taking care of it,but if it dies,go get another one,’ Detrinidad says.”可知,Detrinidad通过类比医生和律师需要不断实践来强调“照顾植物需要反复尝试”。她认为养植物失败是正常的,重要的是持续努力。由此推断,她提到医生和律师是为了解释“重复努力的重要性”。
√
4.What can be a suitable title for the text
A.Time to Replace Houseplants
B.Plants Boost Your Mood
C.Tips on Choosing Houseplants
D.Plants Brighten Your Home
√
主旨大意题。文章第一段以Detrinidad的成功为例引出室内植物行业的兴起,第二段至第三段通过Knuth的研究说明植物能通过降低皮质醇水平改善心情、提升生产率,第四段鼓励人们尝试养植物。全文核心围绕“植物对情绪和健康的积极影响”展开。选项B“Plants Boost Your Mood(植物改善你的情绪)”最能概括文章主旨,适合作为文章的标题。故选B项。
B(2022全国乙卷,D)
The Government’s sugar tax on soft drinks has brought in half as much money as Ministers first predicted it would generate,the first official data on the policy has shown.
First announced in April,2016,the tax which applies to soft drinks containing more than 5g of sugar per 100ml,was introduced to help reduce childhood obesity(肥胖).It is believed that today’s children and teenagers are consuming three times the recommended level of sugar,putting them at a higher risk of the disease.
Initially the sugar tax was expected to make ￡520m a year for the Treasury.However,data of the first six months showed it would make less than half this amount.At present it is expected to generate ￡240m for the year ending in April 2019,which will go to school sports.
It comes after more than half of soft drinks sold in shops have had their sugar levels cut by manufacturers (制造商) so they can avoid paying the tax. Drinks now contain 45 million fewer kilos of sugar as a result of manufacturers’ efforts to avoid the charge,according to Treasury figures.Since April drinks companies have been forced to pay between 18p and 24p for every litre of sugary drink they produce or import,depending on the sugar content.
However,some high sugar brands,like Classic Coca Cola,have accepted the sugar tax and are refusing to change for fear of upsetting consumers.Fruit juices,milk-based drinks and most alcoholic drinks are free of the tax,as are small companies manufacturing fewer than 1m litres per year.
Today’s figures,according to one government official,show the positive influence the sugar tax is having by raising millions of pounds for sports facilities (设施) and healthier eating in schools.Helping the next generation to have a healthy and active childhood is of great importance,and the industry is playing its part.
【语篇导读】本文是一篇说明文。英国从2016年开始对软饮料制造商征收“糖税”,这个做法是为了确保儿童的身体健康。事实证明,截至目前,该政策已经卓有成效。
5.Why was the sugar tax introduced
A.To collect money for schools.
B.To improve the quality of drinks.
C.To protect children’s health.
D.To encourage research in education.
√
细节理解题。根据第二段第一句可知,向制造商征收“糖税”的目的是帮助减少儿童肥胖问题,也就是为了保护儿童健康。故选C项。
6.How did some drinks companies respond to the sugar tax
A.They turned to overseas markets.
B.They raised the prices of their products.
C.They cut down on their production.
D.They reduced their products’ sugar content.
√
细节理解题。根据第四段第一句可知,一些饮料制造商为了避免缴纳“糖税”,设法减少饮料的含糖量。故选D项。
7.From which of the following is the sugar tax collected
A.Most alcoholic drinks.　 B.Milk-based drinks.
C.Fruit juices. D.Classic Coke.
√
细节理解题。根据第五段内容可知,A、B、C三项都是免税的,只有经典可乐接受了要缴纳“糖税”这件事。故选D项。
8.What can be inferred about the adoption of the sugar tax policy
A.It is a short-sighted decision.
B.It is a success story.
C.It benefits manufacturers.
D.It upsets customers.
√
推理判断题。根据最后一段内容可知,推行“糖税”迫使一些软饮料制造商减少了产品中糖的含量,而缴纳的税费被用于增加学校的体育设施和为学生提供更加健康的饮食。由此推断,这种做法非常成功。故选B项。
文体4　议论文
体裁解读
议论文,也叫说理文,是一种剖析事物、论述事理、发表意见、提出主张的文体。作者通过摆事实、讲道理、辨是非等方法,来确定其观点的正确或错误,树立或否定某种主张。议论文的三要素是论点、论据和论证。论点是一篇文章的灵魂、统帅;论据是支撑论点的材料;论证是用论据来证明论点的方法和过程。
(一) 事理阐释
[结构模型]
[典例](2024浙江1月卷,D)
The Stanford marshmallow (棉花糖) test was originally conducted by psychologist Walter Mischel in the late 1960s.Children aged four to six at a nursery school were placed in a room.A single sugary treat,selected by the child,was placed on a table.Each child was told if they waited for 15 minutes before eating the treat,they would be given a second treat.Then they were left alone in the room.Follow-up studies with the children later in life showed a connection between an ability to wait long enough to obtain a second treat and various forms of success.
As adults we face a version of the marshmallow test every day.We’re not tempted (诱惑) by sugary treats,but by our computers,phones,and tablets — all the devices that connect us to the global delivery system for various types of information that do to us what marshmallows do to preschoolers.
We are tempted by sugary treats because our ancestors lived in a calorie-poor world,and our brains developed a response mechanism to these treats that reflected their value — a feeling of reward and satisfaction.But as we’ve reshaped the world around us,dramatically reducing the cost and effort involved in obtaining calories,we still have the same brains we had thousands of years ago,and this mismatch is at the heart of why so many of us struggle to resist tempting foods that we know we shouldn’t eat.
A similar process is at work in our response to information.Our formative environment as a species was information-poor,so our brains developed a mechanism that prized new information.But global connectivity has greatly changed our information environment.We are now ceaselessly bombarded (轰炸) with new information.Therefore,just as we need to be more thoughtful about our caloric consumption,we also need to be more thoughtful about our information consumption,resisting the temptation of mental “junk food” in order to manage our time most effectively.
32.What did the children need to do to get a second treat in Mischel’s test
A.Take an examination alone.
B.Show respect for the researchers.
C.Share their treats with others.
D.Delay eating for fifteen minutes.
33.According to paragraph 3,there is a mismatch between 　　　.
A.the calorie-poor world and our good appetites
B.the shortage of sugar and our nutritional needs
C.the rich food supply and our unchanged brains
D.the tempting foods and our efforts to keep fit
34.What does the author suggest readers do
A.Absorb new information readily.
B.Be selective information consumers.
C.Use diverse information sources.
D.Protect the information environment.
35.Which of the following is the best title for the text
A.Eat Less,Read More
B.The Bitter Truth About Early Humans
C.The Later,the Better
D.The Marshmallow Test for Grownups
语篇解读
本文是议论文。文章首段介绍了心理学经典实验——棉花糖实验,然后提出论点——成年人每天都在面对“棉花糖实验”,受到大量信息的诱惑,接下来分析了其原因并给出了建议。
篇章结构
根据事理阐释类论说文的文章结构模型可将文章结构梳理如下:
思路点拨
32.根据题干关键词get a second treat可定位到第一段。根据“if they waited for 15 minutes before eating the treat,they would be given a second treat”可知,如果孩子们等15分钟再吃糖果,就可以再得到一颗糖果。故选　　　项。
33.第三段最后一句中的“this mismatch”提示,mismatch所指代的内容应该在上文。根据“our ancestors lived in a calorie-poor world”以及“But as we’ve reshaped the world around us”可知,当今世界已被改变,我们可以轻易获取各种食物。再结合“we still have the same brains we had thousands of years ago”可知,我们的大脑还和数千年前一样。由此可以推知,这种不匹配是当今社会丰富的食物供应和我们未改变的大脑间的不匹配。故选　　　项。
D
C
34.根据最后一段中的“we also need to be more thoughtful about our information consumption,resisting the temptation of the mental ‘junk food’ in order to manage our time most effectively”可知,作者建议我们慎重考虑我们的信息消费,抵制精神“垃圾食品”的诱惑,以便最有效地管理时间。也就是说,作者建议读者做认真选择的(selective)信息消费者。故选　　　项。
35.通读文章可知,文章首段用心理学经典实验——棉花糖实验引入话题,在第二段提出论点——成年人每天都在面对类似的“棉花糖实验”,即受到大量信息的诱惑,第三、四段分析了其原因并给出了建议。由此可知,本文主要介绍了成年人面对的“棉花糖实验”。因此,　　　项最适合作文章标题。
B
D
(二)书评
[结构模型]
[典例](2024新课标Ⅱ卷,D)
Given the astonishing potential of AI to transform our lives,we all need to take action to deal with our AI-powered future,and this is where AI by Design: A Plan for Living with Artificial Intelligence comes in.This absorbing new book by Catriona Campbell is a practical roadmap addressing the challenges posed by the forthcoming AI revolution(变革).
In the wrong hands,such a book could prove as complicated to process as the computer code(代码) that powers AI but,thankfully,Campbell has more than two decades’ professional experience translating the heady into the understandable.She writes from the practical angle of a business person rather than as an academic,making for a guide which is highly accessible and informative and which,by the close,will make you feel almost as smart as AI.
As we soon come to learn from AI by Design,AI is already super-smart and will become more capable,moving from the current generation of “narrow-AI” to Artificial General Intelligence.From there,Campbell says,will come Artificial Dominant Intelligence.This is why Campbell has set out to raise awareness of AI and its future now—several decades before these developments are expected to take place.She says it is essential that we keep control of artificial intelligence,or risk being sidelined and perhaps even worse.
Campbell’s point is to wake up those responsible for AI—the technology companies and world leaders—so they are on the same page as all the experts currently developing it.She explains we are at a “tipping point” in history and must act now to prevent an extinction-level event for humanity.We need to consider how we want our future with AI to pan out.Such structured thinking, followed by global regulation,will enable us to achieve greatness rather than our downfall.
AI will affect us all,and if you only read one book on the subject,this is it.
32.What does the phrase “In the wrong hands” in paragraph 2 probably mean
A.If read by someone poorly educated.
B.If reviewed by someone ill-intentioned.
C.If written by someone less competent.
D.If translated by someone unacademic.
33.What is a feature of AI by Design according to the text
A.It is packed with complex codes.
B.It adopts a down-to-earth writing style.
C.It provides step-by-step instructions.
D.It is intended for AI professionals.
34.What does Campbell urge people to do regarding AI development
A.Observe existing regulations on it.
B.Reconsider expert opinions about it.
C.Make joint efforts to keep it under control.
D.Learn from prior experience to slow it down.
35.What is the author’s purpose in writing the text
A.To recommend a book on AI.
B.To give a brief account of AI history.
C.To clarify the definition of AI.
D.To honor an outstanding AI expert.
语篇解读
本文介绍了Catriona Campbell的新书《人工智能设计:与人工智能共生的计划》分析了当前人工智能的发展趋势和未来的AI革命,呼吁人们共同面对,携手共进。
篇章结构
根据书评类文章结构模型可将文章结构梳理如下:
思路点拨
32.根据第二段画线短语后的“but”及“thankfully”可知前后语意转折,前句应该是假设一位不是Campbell的作者,与后句中丰富经验的作者进行对比。故选　　　项。
33.根据第二段中“She writes from the practical angle of a business person rather than as an academic,making for a guide which is highly accessible and informative”可知,本书实用、易理解,和B项中的down-to-earth相符,故选
　　　项。
C
B
34.第三段最后一句中,Campbell建议必须保持对人工智能的控制。第四段指出,Campbell期望科技公司和世界领导人与当前正在开发它的所有专家保持一致,并表示人类处在历史的“转折点”,必须立即采取行动,以防止面临灭绝级别的事件。这表明了她呼吁人们共同努力来控制人工智能的发展,以避免潜在的灾难。C项中的keep it under control同义替换文中的 keep control of artificial intelligence。故选　　　项。
35.本文通过介绍作者的背景,对书中主要论点和观点进行简要阐述,最后进行总结,在最后一段强调了本文的写作目的,即强烈推荐本书。故选
　　　项。
C
A
课堂应用
A(2024九省联考,C)
In his 1936 work How to Win Friends and Influence People,Dale Carnegie wrote:“I have come to the conclusion that there is only one way to get the best of an argument — and that is to avoid it.” This distaste for arguments is common,but it depends on a mistaken view of arguments that causes problems for our personal and social lives — and in many ways misses the point of arguing in the first place.
Carnegie would be right if arguments were fights,which is how we often think of them.Like physical fights,verbal(言语的) fights can leave both sides bloodied.Even when you win,you end up no better off.You would be feeling almost as bad if arguments were even just competitions—like,say,tennis tournaments.Pairs of opponents hit the ball back and forth until one winner comes out from all who entered.Everybody else loses.This kind of thinking explains why so many people try to avoid arguments.
However,there are ways to win an argument every time.When you state your position,formulate(阐述) an argument for what you claim and honestly ask yourself whether your argument is any good.When you talk with someone who takes a stand,ask them to give you a reason for their view and spell out their argument fully.Assess its strength and weakness.Raise objections (异议) and listen carefully to their replies.This method will require effort,but practice will make you better at it.
These tools can help you win every argument—not in the unhelpful sense of beating your opponents but in the better sense of learning about what divides people,learning why they disagree with us and learning to talk and work together with them.If we readjust our view of arguments — from a verbal fight or tennis game to a reasoned exchange through which we all gain respect and understanding from each other—then we change the very nature of what it means to “win” an argument.
【语篇导读】本文是一篇议论文,作者阐述了争论的意义和赢得争论的方法。
1.What is the author’s attitude toward Carnegie’s understanding of argument
A.Critical.　 B.Supportive.
C.Tolerant. D.Uncertain.
√
推理判断题。第一段作者提到卡耐基看待争论的态度是:赢得争论的唯一办法就是避免争论,接着作者说道“This distaste for arguments is common, but it depends on a mistaken view of arguments that causes problems”,即作者认为厌恶争论(或避免争论)是源自对争论有错误的看法,并在第二段分析了这种错误看法,即若把争论看作是打架或竞争,结果只能是两败俱伤,没有赢家。由此可知,作者对卡耐基对争论的看法是批判性的,A项正确。
2.Why do many people try to avoid arguments
A.They lack debating skills.
B.They may feel bad even if they win.
C.They fear being ignored.
D.They are not confident of themselves.
√
细节理解题。根据第二段中的“Like physical fights,verbal fights can leave both sides bloodied.Even when you win,you end up no better off.You would be feeling almost as bad if arguments were even just competitions”可知,作者认为把争论看作是打架或竞争的结果是两败俱伤,再结合第二段最后一句“This kind of thinking explains why so many people try to avoid arguments.”可知,很多人尽量避免争论是因为即使赢了也会有糟糕的感受,故B项正确。
3.What does the underlined phrase “spell out” in paragraph 3 probably mean
A.Defend. B.Explain.
C.Conclude. D.Repeat.
√
词句猜测题。根据画线词前面的and可知,spell out their argument与ask them to give you a reason for their view是并列关系,spell out的意思与give a reason的意思接近或顺承give a reason的意思,再结合画线词后面的“Assess its strength and weakness.Raise objections and listen carefully to their replies.”以及最后一段尤其是其中的关键词a reasoned exchange可知,双方的交流方式是各自给出自己的观点和理由,然后倾听对方的观点和理由,由此推断spell out的意思与explain最接近。
4.What is the key to “winning” an argument according to the author
A.Sense of logic.
B.Solid supporting evidence.
C.Proper manners.
D.Understanding from both sides.
√
细节理解题。根据最后一段尤其是最后一句“If we readjust our view of arguments — from a verbal fight or tennis game to a reasoned exchange through which we all gain respect and understanding from each other — then we change the very nature of what it means to ‘win’ an argument.”可知,获得彼此的尊重和理解是“赢得”争论的关键,故D项是正确答案。
B(2024全国甲卷,D)
“I didn’t like the ending,” I said to my favorite college professor.It was my junior year of undergraduate,and I was doing an independent study on Victorian literature.I had just finished reading The Mill on the Floss by George Eliot,and I was heartbroken with the ending.Prof.Gracie,with all his patience, asked me to think about it beyond whether I liked it or not.He suggested I think about the difference between endings that I wanted for the characters and endings that were right for the characters,endings that satisfied the story even if they didn’t have a traditionally positive outcome.Of course,I would have preferred a different ending for Tom and Maggie Tulliver,but the ending they got did make the most sense for them.
This was an aha moment for me,and I never thought about endings the same way again.From then on,if I wanted to read an ending guaranteed to be happy,I’d pick up a love romance.If I wanted an ending I couldn’t guess,I’d pick up a mystery(悬疑小说).One where I kind of knew what was going to happen,historical fiction.Choosing what to read became easier.
But writing the end—that’s hard.It’s hard for writers because endings carry so much weight with readers.You have to balance creating an ending that’s unpredictable,but doesn’t seem to come from nowhere,one that fits what’s right for the characters.
That’s why this issue(期) of Writer’s Digest aims to help you figure out how to write the best ending for whatever kind of writing you’re doing.If it’s short stories,Peter Mountford breaks down six techniques you can try to see which one helps you stick the landing.Elizabeth Sims analyzes the final chapters of five great novels to see what key points they include and how you can adapt them for your work.
This issue won’t tell you what your ending should be—that’s up to you and the story you’re telling—but it might provide what you need to get there.
【语篇导读】本文是一篇议论文。本文的作者从自己的阅读体验出发,认识到结局应适合角色而非仅追求快乐,这对写作结局有重要启示。
5.Why did the author go to Prof.Gracie
A.To discuss a novel.
B.To submit a book report.
C.To argue for a writer.
D.To ask for a reading list.
√
推理判断题。根据第一段中的“I didn’t like the ending”可知,作者跟教授说自己不喜欢一本小说的结尾。结合第一段第三句可知,作者刚刚读完《弗洛斯河上的磨坊》这本小说,其结尾令人心碎。由此推测,作者是为了和教授探讨一本小说。
6.What did the author realize after seeing Prof.Gracie
A.Writing is a matter of personal preferences.
B.Readers are often carried away by characters.
C.Each type of literature has its unique ending.
D.A story which begins well will end well.
√
细节理解题。根据第二段中的“This was an aha moment for me,and I never thought about endings the same way again.”以及下文所罗列出来的不同文学作品的不同结尾可知,作者意识到每种类型的文学作品都有其独特的结尾。
7.What is expected of a good ending
A.It satisfies readers’ taste.
B.It fits with the story development.
C.It is usually positive.
D.It is open for imagination.
√
细节理解题。根据第三段的第三句“You have to balance creating an ending that’s unpredictable,but doesn’t seem to come from nowhere,one that fits what’s right for the characters.”可知,一个好的结尾不能显得突兀,必须符合人物的设定,必须与故事的发展相匹配。
8.Why does the author mention Peter Mountford and Elizabeth Sims
A.To give examples of great novelists.
B.To stress the theme of this issue.
C.To encourage writing for the magazine.
D.To recommend their new books.
√
推理判断题。根据倒数第二段中的“Peter Mountford breaks down six techniques you can try to see which one helps you stick the landing.Elizabeth Sims analyzes the final chapters of five great novels to see what key points they include and how you can adapt them for your work.”可知,这两位作家都提出了关于如何写出最佳结尾的建议——这与本期杂志的主题相关。由此推测,本文作者提到这两位作家的目的是强调本期杂志的主题。