【培优方案】UNIT 5　Learning from nature（讲义）（教师版）外研英语选择性必修第三册

单元质量检测（五）　Learning from nature
（满分150分，时间120分钟）
第一部分　听力（共两节，满分30分）
第一节（共5小题；每小题1.5分，满分7.5分）
听下面5段对话。每段对话后有一个小题，从题中所给的A、B、C三个选项中选出最佳选项。听完每段对话后，你都有10秒钟的时间来回答有关小题和阅读下一小题。每段对话仅读一遍。
1.Where are the man’s gloves at the moment？（　　）
A.On the shelf.
B.On the desk.
C.In the cupboard.
2.When will the speakers have a meeting today？（　　）
A.At 12：00.　　B.At 14：00.　　C.At 19：00.
3.What are the speakers talking about？（　　）
A.A film.　　B.A novel.　　C.A writer.
4.What does the woman plan to do on Friday？（　　）
A.Work.
B.Buy tickets.
C.Attend a concert.
5.Why didn’t the woman read the e-mail from the man？（　　）
A.She lost the e-mail.
B.She wasn’t in the company.
C.She forgot to check her e-mail box.
第二节（共15小题；每小题1.5分，满分22.5分）
听下面5段对话或独白。每段对话或独白后有几个小题，从题中所给的A、B、C三个选项中选出最佳选项。听每段对话或独白前，你将有时间阅读各个小题，每小题5秒钟；听完后，各小题将给出5秒钟的作答时间。每段对话或独白读两遍。
听第6段材料，回答第6、7题。
6.What is the woman telling the man about？（　　）
A.The big storm.
B.The sick kids.
C.The electricity company.
7.What is the first thing the man is going to do？（　　）
A.To go back home.
B.To buy some candles.
C.To make a phone call.
听第7段材料，回答第8、9题。
8.Why does the man stop relying on music as a full-time job？（　　）
A.He doesn’t like a band member.
B.He isn’t into music that much.
C.The earnings aren’t stable.
9.At what occasion would the man be invited to play most probably？（　　）
A.A local festival.
B.A funeral.
C.A birthday party.
听第8段材料，回答第10至12题。
10.What does the man want to learn？（　　）
A.To repair cars.
B.To drive a car.
C.To sell cars.
11.Which courses will the man choose？（　　）
A.Weekend courses.
B.Full-time summer courses.
C.Full-time winter courses.
12.How many hours of training will the man get every day？（　　）
A.5.　　 B.6.　　 C.10.
听第9段材料，回答第13至16题。
13.What lesson did the man have for his first class？（　　）
A.French.　　B.Math.　　 C.Science.
14.How does the woman find Mr Greenwood？（　　）
A.He’s strict.　　B.He’s patient.　　C.He’s smart.
15.What does the woman like doing after class？（　　）
A.Playing table tennis.
B.Doing math homework.
C.Learning French.
16.Who is the woman’s PE teacher？（　　）
A.Madam Martin.
B.Mr Thomas.
C.Miss McCloud.
听第10段材料，回答第17至20题。
17.When will the tourists arrive at the hotel？（　　）
A.In the evening.
B.In the afternoon.
C.In the morning.
18.How far is the hotel from a famous place of interest？（　　）
A.About eight miles.
B.About four miles.
C.About two miles.
19.Which place will the tourists see last？（　　）
A.The Palace of Versailles.
B.The Eiffel Tower.
C.The Louvre.
20.What will the tourists do tomorrow evening？（　　）
A.Do some shopping
B.Enjoy some local food.
C.Have a “Paris by Night” tour.
答案：1－5　ABBCA　6－10　ACCAB
11－15　AAABB　16－20　CACAC
听力材料：
（Text 1）
M：Have you seen my gloves anywhere？ I’ve checked the cupboard but they’re not there.Did I leave them on the desk？
W：Oh， yes. I remember.I moved them from there and put them on the shelf by the window.I needed to do some work on the desk.
（Text 2）
M：Jenny， that report has to be done by 19：00.
W：Oh， I thought I had to finish it until tomorrow noon.Won’t we have a meeting at that time？
M：It has been rescheduled at 14：00 today.
（Text 3）
M：Have you finished reading the story？
W：Yes.I don’t think it was as interesting as the film.The writer’s words made me feel extremely bored.
（Text 4）
W：I want to go to the concert on Friday. Would you love to go with me？
M：Sorry， I’m already scheduled to work.I’ll be free on Saturday.
W：But I already have tickets for Friday.
（Text 5）
M：Did you read the e-mail I sent you this morning？
W：No.We were having serious problems， and we lost all the messages that came in and went out of the company between 7 and 11.
（Text 6）
M：Hi， Rose.I just came back to my office.I went out just now.Anything new？
W：Dan， I’d like you to come home.The storm is really terrible.
M：What happened？
W：The storm blew down the power line：the electricity went off.The children are crying in the dark， and I don’t know what to do.
M：Oh， dear.I’ll call the electricity company in a minute.
W：Would you come back right now？
M：Well， I’m leaving the office in half an hour.
W：Remember to get some candles on your way back.
M：All right.
（Text 7）
M：Wendy， I was wondering if you could help me get a job？ I mean， since you’re resourceful ...
W：Why？ I thought music was your life career.Is that because of that guitar player Tony？ I remember you said you didn’t get along with him.
M：No， not like that. I love playing in my jazz band， but I can’t rely on it for a full-time salary.When the days are good， we get hired a lot to play at weddings， outdoor concerts and festivals.Then， once the cooler temperatures set in， we don’t get that many jobs at all.Sometimes I can barely make ends meet.
（Text 8）
W：Good afternoon.What can I do for you？
M：Yes， please. I would like to know something about the driving courses.
W：Well， we have short full-time courses during the summer.Are you interested in them？
M：No， I am free only at weekends.
W：Then there are weekend courses. The course starts at 8 every Saturday and Sunday morning.
M：Sounds fine. What about the coaches？
W：We have very excellent coaches here and some of them have been teaching for 20 years.
M：Good.How many hours of training shall I have each day？
W：3 hours in the morning and 2 in the afternoon.It ends at 18：00.
M：Then how many people share a training car？
W：Usually three.And we have two coaches for each car.
M：Very good.I will have more chances to get trained.Thank you.
W：You are welcome.
（Text 9）
W：Hi Jack！ How’s your first day back at school going？
M：Oh ... OK.The first class was French.It was awful.
W：Oh， yeah？ Who’s your teacher？
M：Madam Martin.
W：Oh， she’s so good， really！ I like her very much.
M：Well， she always tries to make us speak French， but unfortunately， I don’t understand her.
W：Yeah！ She’s strict but you can learn loads in her classes， Jack！ And who’s your math teacher？
M：Mr Thomas.He’s my favourite.
W：No wonder you are good at math.But I’ve got Mr Greenwood.He explains everything really well and he is really patient.
M：Yeah， Mr Greenwood is OK， but he gives so much homework！ I prefer Mr Thomas.
W：OK， well， Mr Greenwood is my favourite.That’s why I enjoy doing math homework after class.
M：OK， let’s agree to disagree.Who have you got for PE？
W：Miss McCloud.She’s a smart teacher， and she’s so nice.
M：Yeah， I agree with you there.
W：I can’t believe it ！ Finally you agree with me！
M：Whatever！ Let’s go to play basketball.
（Text 10）
W：Now let me tell you something about our trip.We’ll take a bus ride and then a boat to Paris.We will arrive at the hotel in the evening.The Ibis is a four-star hotel situated about two miles south of a famous place of interest.
Tomorrow， after breakfast， we will take you on a sightseeing tour of the city， during which you will see the Eiffel Tower， Champs Elysees， the Louvre — in fact almost every famous building you have ever heard of.We then leave Paris and take a short drive to the Palace of Versailles， the home of Louis .
Our tour ends in the mid-afternoon back in Paris where you will have the rest of the day to do some shopping， enjoy some local food or explore a bit on your own.In the evening there is a “Paris by Night” tour to show you some of Paris’s most beautiful buildings with bright lights.
第二部分　阅读（共两节，满分50分）
第一节（共15小题；每小题2.5分，满分37.5分）
阅读下列短文，从每题所给的A、B、C、D四个选项中选出最佳选项。
A
　　Discover how you can help endangered species！ Volunteer to help conserve endangered species around the world with GoEco.
Sea Turtles， Sri Lanka
The species is threatened by human hunters.The Sri Lankan government has approved the creation of hatcheries （孵化场） in order to protect this species.Volunteers on this program spend 60% of their time working in the hatchery and the other 40% is spent on activities such as beach clean-ups and creating awareness within the local community.
Program Fees：$1，280 for 2 weeks and $1，680 per month for volunteers.
Wildlife Rescue， Western Australia
Adult kangaroos and wallabies are hunted for food， leaving thousands of babies without parents.Many are killed or injured in road accidents.At the wildlife rescue center in Perth， Western Australia， volunteers live and help in the bushland caring for sick， injured and displaced animals.
Program Fee：$2，095 for four weeks.Volunteers stay on-site in a small room.Due to very limited space， applications must be sent at least 9－12 months in advance.
Endangered Species Reserve， South Africa
The project will give you an incredible wildlife experience while learning about conservation efforts.For the remainder of the time between monitoring sessions， volunteers are required to enter all the data that they have collected into our databases.At times， volunteers need to operate on night shifts.We also give lectures and presentations over the lunch period.
Program Fee：$1，750 for 2 weeks.
Big Cat Refuge， South Africa
As a volunteer on this project， you will be involved in a wide variety of activities.Volunteer’s work ranges from enrichment activities， such as toy-making and farm work， to educating the visitors.Volunteers will also directly care for the cats by preparing food or feeding them as well as maintaining their living spaces.
Program Fee：$1，450 for 2 weeks.
语篇解读：本文是一篇应用文。文章主要介绍了在世界不同地方的四项保护动物的志愿活动。
21.What is the monthly project fee to volunteers in Sri Lanka？（　　）
A.$1，280.　　B.$1，680.
C.$2，560.　　D.$2，960.
解析：B　细节理解题。根据Sea Turtles， Sri Lanka部分中的Program Fees： $1，280 for 2 weeks and $1，680 per month for volunteers.可知，在斯里兰卡做志愿者每月的项目费用是1，680美元。
22.What is required of volunteers for the project in Western Australia？（　　）
A.Having previous experience.
B.Working night shifts sometimes.
C.Applying for the project in advance.
D.Having a good knowledge of wildlife.
解析：C　细节理解题。根据Wildlife Rescue， Western Australia部分中的Due to very limited space， applications must be sent at least 9－12 months in advance.可知，志愿者要想参与在西澳大利亚的项目需要提前申请。
23.What will volunteers do for the project Big Cat Refuge？（　　）
A.Study the habits of big cats.
B.Help to sell some toys about cats.
C.Guide visitors to the habitat of the cats.
D.Do daily routines in the cats’ living spaces.
解析：D　细节理解题。根据Big Cat Refuge， South Africa部分中的Volunteers will also directly care for the cats by preparing food or feeding them as well as maintaining their living spaces.可知，该项目的志愿者要在猫科动物生活的地方做一些照顾它们的日常工作。
B
　　“Where I grew up， there were not a lot of plants outside，”said Yolanda Palmer.“Some people had them； some people didn’t.”
Palmer， who is from South-west Philadelphia， discovered her love for plants at the age of 10.Growing up， she developed great skills in growing plants and learned more about nature each and every day.
“As I got a little older， one block in my neighbourhood would be filled with flowers and things in the yard，”she said.“But in another block there would be none.”
Since then， Palmer had wanted to share her love of plants with the community.But the dream remained just a seed while she worked an ordinary day job.Sitting in the company she often thought she had to do something else.Palmer then planted the seed.She started small， selling at a local outdoor market in South-west Philadelphia and then coming to shows and festivals in Chestnut Hill.
By December 2021， she had her store on Germantown Avenue， “Foliage”.There， she sells common plants， rare plants， small plants， and large plants.“The goal is to sell them to homeowners to beautify their homes and also to clean the air，” she said.
Palmer’s home is in Chestnut Hill， a central gardening center in the city.She hopes her message will be able to reach other communities in the Philadelphia area.“Everyone should buy houseplants.Everyone should want cleaner air，”she said.“And that way， in the future when our children grow up， we can make it better.”
Palmer plans on continuing to work hard to support not only her store， but her boys， four dogs， one cat and 128 plants at home.
语篇解读：本文是一篇记叙文。Palmer从小热爱植物，长大后她开了植物销售店，期望更多人用植物美化家居，净化空气。
24.What did Palmer find when she was young？（　　）
A.Her neighbours disliked plants.
B.People knew little about plants.
C.There were few kinds of plants.
D.Plants were not seen everywhere.
解析：D　细节理解题。根据第一段和第三段内容可知，Palmer小时候发现植物不多见，不是处处都有。一些人养植物，一些人不养；她所在城区的一个街区有花卉植物，另一个街区则没有。
25.What is Palmer doing now？（　　）
A.Managing a gardening center.
B.Running her own plant store.
C.Beautifying her block with plants.
D.Teaching communities about plants.
解析：B　细节理解题。根据第五段前两句可知，Palmer开了植物销售店。
26.What does Palmer hope？（　　）
A.Everyone can protect the plants.
B.More people will have houseplants.
C.Children can learn more about plants.
D.She will have an outdoor market for plants.
解析：B　细节理解题。根据第五段最后一句和第六段第二句可知，Palmer希望更多人在家里摆放植物，以美化家居，净化空气。
27.What is the best title for the text？（　　）
A.From Hobby to Job： Palmer Has Made It
B.From Class to Work： Palmer’s Happy Habit
C.From Village to City： Palmer Is on the Road
D.From Seed to Flower： Palmer’s Future Dream
解析：A　标题归纳题。Palmer从小热爱植物，她发现有的街区有植物，有的街区则没有。她梦想与社区的人们分享她对植物的热爱，为此，她后来拥有了自己的植物销售店。她想告诉人们室内植物既美化家居又净化空气，希望更多人拥有室内植物。总之，从爱好到事业，Palmer实现了自己的梦想。因此A项为本文最佳标题。
C
　　（2024·黑龙江大庆中学高二下月考）Inspired by how ants move through narrow spaces， scientists have built a robot that can pass through narrow passages， climb over steps and move on grass and loose rock.
　　“Insects are really a neat inspiration for designing robot systems that can perform various movement behaviors，” says Nick Gravish， a roboticist at the University of California， San Diego.Ants adapt their gesture to crawl through tiny spaces.And they aren’t disturbed by uneven earth or small obstacles.For example， their legs collapse a bit when they hit an object， and they continue to move forward quickly.
　　Gravish team’s robot is about 30 centimeters wide and 20 centimeters long with four wavy limbs （肢）.Each limb is made up of six nested tubes that can draw into each other.What’s more， the limbs don’t need to be actively powered or adjusted to change their overall length.Instead， springs play a crucial role because they allow the legs to become short when the robot passes through a narrow space and stretch back out in an open space.
　　The robot can modify the width and height of its body to achieve a larger range of body sizes than other similar robots.The leg parts contracts into themselves to let the robot crawl through small tunnels and stretches out when under low ceilings.This adaptability lets the robot get into spaces as small as 72 per cent its full width and 68 per cent its full height.Next， the researchers plan to actively control the firmness of the springs that connect the leg parts to tune the motion to earth type without consuming too much power.
　　The researchers think that such small-scale， minimal robots are easy to produce and can be quickly adjusted to explore complex environments.However， the researchers think that these robots are， for now， too breakable for search-and-rescue， exploration or biological monitoring.The new robot takes a step closer to those goals， but getting there will take more time.
语篇解读：本文是一篇说明文。文章主要介绍了科学家从蚂蚁身上获取灵感，研发出了能像蚂蚁一样灵活调整四肢从而通过狭窄地方的机器人。
28.What inspired Gravish’s team to design the robot？（　　）
A.Ants’ ability to do a variety of movements.
B.Ants’ ability to move on uneven earth freely.
C.Ants’ ability to remove different obstacles.
D.Ants’ ability to adapt their gestures in tiny spaces.
解析：D　细节理解题。根据第一、二段内容可知，格拉维什团队制作机器人的灵感来自蚂蚁在狭小空间调整姿势的能力。
29.Which of the following determines the flexibility of the new robot？（　　）
A.The springs on its legs.
B.The tubes on its body.
C.Its short and wavy legs.
D.Its small power capacity.
解析：A　细节理解题。根据第三段中的Instead， springs play a crucial role because they allow the legs to become short when the robot passes through a narrow space and stretch back out in an open space.可知，如果机器人要像蚂蚁那样灵活地让四肢自动缩短或向外伸展，安装在四肢的弹簧将发挥重要作用。
30.What does the underlined word “modify” in Paragraph 4 mean？（　　）
A.Expose.　　 B.Expand.
C.Challenge.　　D.Change.
解析：D　词义猜测题。根据画线词下文to achieve a larger range of body sizes than other similar robots可知，画线词的意思是“改变”，该机器人可以改变身体的宽度和高度。
31.What will the researchers probably do next？（　　）
A.Perfect the function of the robot.
B.Find easier ways to produce the robot.
C.Look for inspiration from other insects.
D.Test the robot in more complex environment.
解析：A　推理判断题。根据最后一段最后两句可知，研究人员接下来可能会完善机器人的功能。
D
　　（2024·重庆璧山来凤中学高二下月考）Underwater travel is difficult and dangerous， but many people have reasons to stay deep under the ocean.Soldiers in submarines travel long distances panies looking for oil and other resources stay underwater， too.Humans have come up with a few designs of vehicles to move around under the ocean.But what if there was a better way to travel？
　　Hilary Bart-Smith， an engineer at the University of Virginia， thinks a vehicle that travels like a manta ray would be able to operate for long periods at sea as if it were a living organism.Manta rays， a type of cartilaginous （软骨的） fish， can grow up to 29 feet long， which are found throughout the world in tropical， subtropical， and temperate waters.Manta rays are some of the most efficient swimmers in the ocean.Different from animals and people pushing against water in order to swim， the manta ray swims by moving through the water with wing-like movements of their fins （鳍）.Efficiency means using less energy to move farther and causing less pollution.
　　Bart-Smith and other engineers at the University of Virginia had to find out what manta rays looked like on the inside to better understand how they move.They took X-rays to find out how a manta ray’s fins are built.They found that a web of cartilage， which is the same kind of material that your ears and nose are made from， stretches across each fin.
　　Once the engineers knew how a manta ray’s fin was constructed， they could build one of their own.They made a long row of metal struts with many hinges to imitate the manta ray’s web of cartilage， acting like your finger， which can bend as one long line， or bend in many places to make a curve.The engineers put their design inside a flexible cover， shaped like a manta ray’s fin.Then they tested it in the university swimming pool.They were happy to see that it swam just like a manta ray in the ocean.
　　Engineers and scientists are still learning and experimenting with how to imitate these amazing animals.Perhaps someday engineers will be able to build manta ray robots that are big enough to transport people.For now， engineers study their movement and learn from the most efficient swimmers in the ocean.
语篇解读：本文是一篇说明文。文章主要介绍了工程师们模仿魔鬼鱼的游泳方式来提高水下交通工具的效率。
32.Why does the author raise a question in the first paragraph？（　　）
A.To lead to the main topic.
B.To ask for a correct answer.
C.To suggest exploring the sea.
D.To summarize people’s views.
解析：A　推理判断题。根据第一段提出的问题以及第二段第一句可知，作者在第一段提出问题是为了引出文章主题：工程师们模仿魔鬼鱼的游泳方式制造高效的交通工具。
33.What can we learn about a manta ray？（　　）
A.It can grow at least 29 feet long.
B.It swims with much less energy.
C.It can inhabit all kinds of waters.
D.It swims by pushing against water.
解析：B　细节理解题。根据第二段中的Manta rays are some of the most efficient swimmers in the ocean.和Efficiency means using less energy to move farther and causing less pollution.可知，魔鬼鱼游泳的效率高，需要的能量少。
34.What can we infer from the research？（　　）
A.The engineers failed to build a manta ray’s fin.
B.Artificial “manta rays” remain to be improved.
C.The experiments were carried out in the ocean.
D.Vehicles like manta rays have been put into use.
解析：B　推理判断题。根据第五段中的Engineers and scientists are still learning and experimenting with how to imitate these amazing animals.可知，人造的魔鬼鱼鳍已经在大学的游泳池进行了测试，但工程师和科学家仍在学习和试验，仍需改进。
35.What is the author’s attitude towards the project？（　　）
A.Unclear.　　 B.Doubtful. C.Negative.　　 D.Optimistic.
解析：D　观点态度题。根据第五段中的Perhaps someday engineers will be able to build manta ray robots that are big enough to transport people.可知，作者对魔鬼鱼的研究持乐观的态度。
第二节（共5小题；每小题2.5分，满分12.5分）
　　阅读下面短文，从短文后的选项中选出可以填入空白处的最佳选项。选项中有两项为多余选项。
　　（2024·广东中山华侨中学高二下月考）Looking for a way to connect with nature but you’re not sure how to when you live in the city？ Here are a few ways to live in harmony with nature and reduce your pressure.
　　Go on a wildlife walk.
　　There’s lots of urban wildlife for you to discover， so you can reach out to your city park departments to get some valuable information.36.（　　）.A wildlife walk is one of the easiest ways to connect with nature because it helps you to realize that you’re surrounded by nature.
　　37.（　　）.
　　Nothing will make you feel as closely connected with the earth as walking without shoes on grass for a couple of minutes.This very direct connection with nature will make you realize that you’re part of the huge world， helping you to relax and feel calmer.
　　Attract nature yourself.
　　One of the best ways to connect with nature is to make it come to you.38.（　　）.You can also fill some tubs （盆） with flowers to attract butterflies.Create a friendly place for nature and you’re sure to attract all kinds of beings passing close to your home.
　　Create a small garden.
　　Plants and flowers are part of nature as well and even the tiniest amount of space can be turned into a beautiful garden.If you’ve got a balcony， fill it with pots full of flowers.39.（　　）.Imagine how satisfying it would be to share them with your friends and family.
　　Use these tips for connecting with nature and living a more comfortable lifestyle in a big city.40.（　　）.
A.Have a walk in a park
B.Take off your shoes and walk barefoot
C.You can grow your own vegetables on it as well
D.You can put a bird feeder （喂食器） on your balcony or by your window
E.Meantime， this is the best method of improving your health
F.They often offer guided walks to help you enjoy the natural beauty in your cities
G.It’s a different way of experiencing nature helping you to enjoy it from a different viewpoint
语篇解读：本文是一篇说明文。文章介绍了生活在城市里亲近大自然，与大自然和谐相处降低压力的几条建议。
36.F　根据Go on a wildlife walk.可知，本段建议进行发现野生动物的散步，空前一句说明你可以从市公园部门获取一些有效信息，F项（他们通常提供一些指导性的漫步，帮你享受你所在城市的自然之美）承接上文，符合语境。F项中的They指代上文中的your city park departments。
37.B　根据下文Nothing will make you feel as closely connected with the earth as walking without shoes on grass for a couple of minutes.可知，本段建议在草地上不穿鞋子的行走。B项（脱下鞋，赤着脚走路）能够概括本段主旨，B项中的walk barefoot与下文walking without shoes相呼应。
38.D　空前一句说明接近自然的最好的方法之一是让自然来到你身边，空后一句建议了一种方式，用养花的盆来吸引蝴蝶，因此推断，空处应该也是选择一种方式来吸引某个事物。D项（你可以在阳台上或窗户上放一个喂鸟器）符合语境。
39.C　空前一句说明在阳台上种植一些盆花，结合下文的them可知，空处应该代表种植某种植物。C项（你也可以在它上面自己种蔬菜）符合语境，vegetables和空前的flowers相呼应。
40.E　空处是文章最后一句，根据空前一句可知，空处应为一句总结性的话，全文都在解释亲近自然的好处，所以应该首尾呼应，也应该填亲近自然的好处之类的选项。E项（同时，这是改善你的健康的最佳方法）符合语境。the best method指的是和自然和谐相处的方式，符合首尾呼应的原则。
第三部分　语言运用（共两节，满分30分）
第一节（共15小题；每小题1分，满分15分）
　　阅读下面短文，从每题所给的A、B、C、D四个选项中选出最佳选项。
　　（2024·浙江培优联盟高二下月考）None of my friends are going to the art camp.Despite my 　41　 for drawing， I decided not to go because I had a hard time jumping into something with no 　42　 faces around.
　　Sitting under the bright sun， I thought about the art camp and wished I felt a little braver.To distract myself， I started sketching a pine.　43　 myself I was happy to skip the camp， I drew the pine’s strong trunk and 　44　 the graceful branches， making sure the upper ones 　45　 gently toward the sun.At this time， Mr Weston， my neighbour 　46　，“You’ve done a great job capturing the strength of that tree on paper.” He added， “Actually， you have to spread out the 　47　 near the surface so the tree can get enough water and grow tall.If you 　48　 the root ball too deep， the tree withers （凋零）.I learned that root grow out， not down from my experience of planting pine trees.” “That 　49　，” I said.I made adjustments to the root part and then added shading to the branches to give them depth.“You have a good 　50　，” Mr Weston said， and then nodded goodbye.
　　I thought about what Mr Weston told me as I 　51　at the towering pine.I’d never realized how 　52　a tree’s roots stretch outward.It made me think about art camp and my own roots.I wasn’t stretching them out at all.　53　， I was planting myself into one deep spot because it felt safer.I 　54　realized that if I wanted to grow， I had to start reaching out， too.That night， I took a deep breath and filled in the 　55　 for art camp.
语篇解读：本文是一篇记叙文。文章主要讲述了作者因为艺术营没有朋友而决定不去参加了，但是因为邻居讲解关于树根的知识意识到自己想要成长，就要延伸自己的“根”，于是填写了艺术营的申请表。
41.A.anxiety　　 B.enthusiasm
C.recognition　　 D.expectation
解析：B　根据Despite和I decided not to go可知，作者尽管对绘画充满热情，但还是决定不去。anxiety焦虑；enthusiasm热情；recognition识别；expectation期待。
42.A.pleasant　　 B.curious
C.familiar　　 D.regular
解析：C　根据上文None of my friends are going to the art camp.可知，作者很难在周围没有熟悉面孔的情况下投入其中。pleasant令人愉快的；curious好奇的；familiar熟悉的；regular定期的。
43.A.Informing　　 B.Teaching
C.Convincing　　 D.Reminding
解析：C　根据下文I was happy to skip the camp可知，不去营地是作者自己的选择，即说服了自己。inform通知；teach教学；convince说服；remind提醒。
44.A.added　　 B.counted
C.submitted　　 D.noticed
解析：A　根据语境可知，作者画了松树粗壮的树干，又给松树加上了优美的树枝。add增加；count计算；submit提交；notice注意到。
45.A.pressed　　 B.pulled
C.lifted　　 D.arranged
解析：C　根据gently toward the sun可知，要表现出树枝向着阳光，必须画得高一些。press按压；pull拉；lift举起；arrange安排。
46.A.came up　　 B.came across
C.checked in　　 D.checked out
解析：A　邻居在和作者对话，说明邻居靠近了作者。come up靠近；come across偶遇；check in入住；check out结账离开。
47.A.trunks　　 B.leaves
C.branches　　 D.roots
解析：D　根据下文the root ball too deep， the tree withers可知，邻居主要指导了根部的画法。trunk树干；leaf叶子；branch分枝；root根。
48.A.press　　 B.plant
C.hide　　 D.follow
解析：B　树根伸展到接近地表的地方，这样树才能得到足够的水，长得很高，即如果你把根球种得太深，树就会枯萎。press按压；plant种植；hide隐藏；follow跟随。
49.A.makes sense　　 B.makes out
C.makes it　　 D.makes up
解析：A　根据下文I made adjustments to the root part and then added shading to the branches to give them depth.可知，作者做了调整，说明作者认为邻居说的有道理。make sense有道理；make out理解；make it成功；make up组成。
50.A.eye　　 B.nose
C.mouth　　 D.ear
解析：A　根据语境可知，邻居夸奖作者眼光不错。eye眼光；nose鼻子；mouth嘴巴；ear耳朵。
51.A.glared　　 B.stared
C.aimed　　 D.knocked
解析：B　根据上文I thought about what Mr Weston told me可知，作者凝视着自己的绘画，在反思邻居的话。glare怒视；stare凝视；aim旨在；knock敲击。
52.A.wide　　 B.long
C.high　　 D.far
解析：D　根据下文a tree’s roots stretch outward可知，树根可以延伸很远。wide宽的；long长的；high高的；far远的。
53.A.Otherwise　　 B.Therefore
C.Instead　　 D.Besides
解析：C　根据上文I wasn’t stretching them out at all.可知，作者没有延伸自己的根，相反把自己埋在一个很深的地方，因为这样感觉更安全。otherwise否则；therefore因此；instead相反；besides此外。
54.A.surprisingly　　 B.slightly
C.suddenly　　 D.fortunately
解析：C　根据语境可知，作者因为这次经历突然意识到想要成长就必须向外走。surprisingly惊人地；slightly稍微；suddenly突然；fortunately幸运地。
55.A.statement　　 B.presentation
C.appointment　　 D.application
解析：D　根据上文可知，作者因为这次经历突然意识到想要成长就必须向外走，所以作者填写了艺术营的申请表。statement声明；presentation仪式；appointment约会；application申请表。
第二节（共10小题；每小题1.5分，满分15分）
阅读下面短文，在空白处填入1个适当的单词或括号内单词的正确形式。
　　（2024·江苏南京六校联合体高二下月考）In the mid-19th century， the world 56.　　　　　　 （destroy） by cholera， a disease that killed thousands.In London， the epidemic （流行病） was particularly severe， with bodies piling up and fear running wild.In this chaos， a man named John Snow rose 57.　　　　　　 （challenge） the invisible enemy.
　　John Snow， 58.　　　　　　 medical doctor， had a keen interest in finding the source of cholera.He was not convinced by the then-common belief 59.　　　　　　 cholera was spread through bad air.His suspicions were aroused 60.　　　　　　 he noticed that most cases were concentrated around a single water pump in Soho.He investigated deeper， 61.　　　　　　 （map） the pumps and associating them with cholera cases.
　　With detailed observation and courageous experimentation， John Snow identified the polluted water 62.　　　　　　 the “criminal” behind the epidemic.He convinced authorities to remove the handle of the pump， 63.　　　　　　 （effective） stopping the spread of cholera.His actions saved 64.　　　　　　 （count） lives and marked a significant turning point in public health history.
　　John Snow’s lasting impact serves as a 65.　　　　 （remind） of the strength of observation， logical reasoning， and decisive action in the face of challenges.
语篇解读：本文是一篇记叙文。19世纪中叶，世界被霍乱摧毁，数千人死于霍乱。医生约翰·斯诺通过进行调查、观察和试验，最终确定受污染的水是流行病的源头，他的发现拯救了无数的生命。
56.was destroyed　考查动词的时态、语态和主谓一致。分析句子结构可知，空处作谓语，主语world与destroy构成被动关系，且In the mid-19th century为过去的时间，应用一般过去时的被动语态。主语为单数，谓语用第三人称单数形式。故填was destroyed。
57.to challenge　考查非谓语动词。分析句子结构可知，rose为谓语，空处用非谓语动词表示目的，应用动词不定式形式。故填to challenge。
58.a　考查冠词。空处作John Snow的同位语，泛指“一位医生”，medical的发音以辅音音素开头，故填a。
59.that　考查同位语从句。分析句子结构可知，空后的内容是对抽象名词belief的具体解释说明，为同位语从句，从句结构意思均完整，故填that。
60.when/after　考查状语从句。分析句子结构可知，空处缺少连词连接两个句子，表示怀疑在发现时产生，用when引导时间状语从句；或表示怀疑在发现之后产生，用after引导时间状语从句。故填when/after。
61.mapping　考查非谓语动词。分析句子结构可知，investigated为谓语，空处缺少非谓语动词作状语，逻辑主语He与map为主动关系，用动词-ing形式。故填mapping。
62.as　考查介词。分析句子结构可知，空处缺少介词，identify ...as ...认同……为……。故填as。
63.effectively　考查词形转换。分析句子结构可知，空处修饰动词stop，用副词作状语。故填effectively。
64.countless　考查词形转换。分析句子结构可知，空处修饰lives，用形容词作定语，表示“无数的”，故填countless。
65.reminder　考查词形转换。空处在a的后面，为名词单数作宾语，表示“提醒人的事物”，故填reminder。
第四部分　写作（共两节，满分40分）
第一节（满分15分）
　　（2024·河北张家口高二下月考）假定你是李华，本周六你和朋友打算去当地的一家动物收容所领养一只宠物。请你给喜欢宠物的留学生David写一封电子邮件，邀请他一同前往。
注意：1.写作词数应为80左右；
2.请按如下格式作答。
Dear David，
　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　
　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　
　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　
Yours，
Li Hua
参考范文：
Dear David，
　　I am writing to invite you to accompany us on a visit to a local animal shelter on Saturday to consider adopting a pet.
　　The shelter， located near the city center， is open from 9 am to 5 pm.We plan to arrive around 10 am and spend the rest of the day exploring the facility and meeting the animals.The staff will provide information about the adoption process and answer any questions.
　　If you are interested in joining us， please let me know as soon as possible.
Yours，
Li Hua
第二节（满分25分）
　　阅读下面材料，根据其内容和所给段落开头语续写两段，使之构成一篇完整的短文。
　　（2024·江苏无锡运河实验学校高二下期中）
My Lucky Bamboo
　　My wife Hannah and I don’t usually keep houseplants.Anything in pots gets either overwatered or underwatered.But after my diagnosis （诊断） with a brain cancer， I loved the idea of having something new and green around.
　　My friend Mitch gave me what he said was a lucky bamboo plant in a deep-green container.We placed the plant in the living room window across from the sofa where I spent much of the day.
　　I told Hannah I wanted to care for the plant myself.When it didn’t immediately turn yellow or brown or lose all its leaves， I was pleasantly surprised.
　　Tending to the plant gave me a sense of accomplishment at a time when I sometimes felt useless.The cancer limited my ability to walk， and the treatment left me worn out， making it hard for me to accomplish everyday tasks.As a family physician， I was used to being the one who provided care， not the one who received it.
　　Since my diagnosis， it seemed that I had to rely on help from other people.The enormous change left me feeling unsettled.Watering the plant， as small an act as it was， connected me to a core part of my old identity and taught me I could still be a caregiver.
　　Over the next few months， I recovered from surgery and completed treatment afterwards.Even after I returned to work， I continued to care for the plant.Soon， it had nearly doubled in height and its leaves were shiny.Both the tree and I were thriving （茁壮成长）.
　　Then， surprisingly， it began to show signs of stress.I increased my watering.I fed it commercial plant food.No matter what I did， the leaves kept browning and dropping to the floor.
　　I grew more and more discouraged and uneasy.“I can’t even care for a simple plant！” I yelled.“I’m failing！”Hannah reminded me that we’d seen houseplants die before.She asked me why I was getting so worked up about this particular one.
注意：1.续写词数应为150左右；
2.请按如下格式作答。
　　“If my lucky bamboo dies，” I said， “I might die， too！”　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　
　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　
　　As my anxiety decreased， I began to dig into online courses to help me figure out how to care for my ailing （状况不佳的） plant.　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　
　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　
参考范文：
　　“If my lucky bamboo dies，” I said， “I might die， too！” Unable to shake off the feeling that the plant had become a symbol of my own shaky health， I cried tears when I was alone.Now that the tree was struggling， increasing fear seized me， which in turn helped me regain calmness.Sunk into thought， I realized I had wrongly connected my care of the plant — something over which I had at least some control — with my own survival — something over which I had no control.
　　As my anxiety decreased， I began to dig into online courses to help me figure out how to care for my ailing （状况不佳的） plant.Following the instructions， I transplanted the bamboo to a larger pot to give it room to grow.When it was back in the sunny window， we both began to thrive again.On seeing the tree in its new pot， I couldn’t help thinking of Mitch and the other people who have cared for and supported me.So blessed and grateful were I that nothing in this world could beat me， even the cancer.
17 / 17Section Ⅰ　Starting out & Understanding ideas
Nature in Architecture
Trees， plants and flowers are all around us and we enjoy their beauty① every day.[1]In fact， we are so used to them that we may even take them for granted② without realising how much inspiration③ they have given us.When we look at a pine cone④， we might think how much it looks like the tiles on a roof.An open flower might make us think how closely it resembles⑤ an umbrella.[2]It is natural to think in this way， but of course it wasn’t the umbrella that inspired the flower or the roof that inspired the pine cone.
　　[1]so ...that ...引导结果状语从句；how much inspiration ...是宾语从句。
[2]本句为but连接的并列句。前一分句中动词不定式短语to think in this way为真正的主语，It作形式主语；后一分句为or连接的两个并列的强调句。
Nature has inspired many of the most fascinating⑥ designs around us， including those in architecture.From Barcelona’s forest-like Sagrada Familia to the modern style of Beijing’s Water Cube， nature is presented in various architectural designs.Today， architects⑦ continue to explore ways to capture⑧ the beauty of natural forms， to mimic⑨ the way nature works or even to make natural organisms⑩ part of a building.
　　ArtScience Museum， Singapore
People [3]whose interest is exploring the relationship between art and science will enjoy Singapore’s ArtScience Museum.The building was designed to show the connection between nature and the modern city environment in which it sits.[4]Shaped to resemble a lotus flower， it appears to float above the waterfront promenade and the water that surrounds it.Its roof collects rainwater and channels it 35 metres down to a waterfall in the centre of the space.The water is then recycled through the building’s plumbing system.Visitors are often amazed to find themselves in an urban building that so truly captures the beauty of natural forms.
　　[3]whose引导定语从句，修饰先行词People。
[4]过去分词短语作状语。　
The Eastgate Centre， Harare
Harare’s Eastgate Centre is a superb example of biomimicry .To use biomimicry is to create structures based on natural forms and processes.Zimbabwean architect Mick Pearce was inspired to create the Centre [5]while watching a nature documentary in which termites were constructing their nests.The insects built mounds covered in little holes designed to allow air to move freely in and out of the mounds.In a similar way， the Eastgate Centre has a “skin” covered in holes.[6]During the day， warm air is drawn into the building through the holes， cooling as it reaches the middle of the building. [7]At night， the heat absorbed by the wall during the day warms the cool air， creating a comfortable temperature inside. The design reduces the need for traditional air conditioning and heating systems， so the building uses less energy and costs less to run.
　　[5]while watching为while引导的时间状语从句的省略，in which引导定语从句。
[6]as引导时间状语从句。
[7]过去分词短语absorbed ...the day作后置定语；动词-ing短语creating ...inside作结果状语。
The Algae House， Hamburg
The world’s first algae-powered building is in Hamburg， Germany.The surface of the apartment building is covered in panels that contain algae.The algae are fed with liquid nutrients and carbon dioxide to encourage them to grow.In bright sunshine， they grow faster and provide shade .The panels also capture heat from the sun and convert it into energy that powers the building.And that’s not all — the algae inside the panels can be harvested and used to produce fuel .The building therefore not only responds to its environment and uses less energy， but also reduces damage to the environment by generating its own renewable energy.
[8]Creating buildings such as these enables us to live in closer harmony with our environment.[9]To meet the needs of today while protecting the world of tomorrow may be a challenge ， but even the simplest organisms can help teach us how to achieve this.
　　[8]Creating buildings such as these为动词-ing短语作主语。
[9]动词不定式在句中作主语；while protecting the world of tomorrow为“连词＋动词-ing短语”作时间状语。
【读文清障】
①beauty n.美，美丽
beautiful adj.美丽的
beautify v.美化
②take ...for granted
认为……理所当然
take it for granted that ...
认为……理所当然
③inspiration n.灵感
inspire v.赋予灵感
④pine cone松果，松球
⑤resemble v.像；与……类似
⑥fascinating adj.迷人的
fascinate v.深深吸引，迷住
fascination n.魅力
⑦architect n.建筑师
architecture n.建筑学
architectural adj.建筑学的
⑧capture v.捕获
⑨mimic v.模仿
⑩organism n.生物体
be designed to do sth
旨在做某事，目的是做某事
shape v.使成为……的形状
lotus n.莲花，荷花
float v.漂浮
channel v.（经过通道）输送，传送
plumbing n.管道系统
be amazed to do sth
因为做某事而感到惊讶
a superb example of
……的一个极好的范例
superb adj.极好的，出色的
biomimicry n.仿生学
documentary n.纪录片
construct v.建造，修建
construction n.建造；建筑物
under construction 在建设中
mound n.土堆，土丘
absorb v.吸收
be absorbed in专心致志于
warm v.（使）温暖
nutrient n.营养素；营养物
nutrition n.营养
nutritious adj.有营养的
shade n.阴凉处
convert v.使转变；使转换convert ...into ...
将……转变为……
power v.给……提供能量
fuel n.燃料
respond to对……作出反应
generate v.产生；引起
enable sb to do sth
使某人能够做某事
in harmony with与……协调一致；与……和谐相处
meet the needs of ...
满足……的需求
challenge n.挑战
challenging adj.具有挑战性的
【参考译文】
建筑中的自然元素
我们身边都有花、草、树木，并且每天都能欣赏到它们的美。事实上，我们已经习惯了它们的存在，甚至可能把它们视为理所当然，却没有意识到它们给了我们多少灵感。看到一个松果，我们可能会想它看起来多么像屋顶上的瓦片；看到一朵绽开的花，我们可能会觉得它和雨伞是多么相似。以这种方式思考是很自然的，但当然不是雨伞给了花朵灵感，也不是屋顶给了松果灵感。
我们身边许多最迷人的设计，包括建筑设计，它们的灵感都来自大自然。从巴塞罗那的森林般的圣家族大教堂到现代风格的北京水立方，在各式各样的建筑设计中都能发现自然元素。如今，建筑师不断探寻捕捉自然形态之美的方法，模仿自然运行的方式，或者让自然生物融为建筑的一部分。
　　新加坡艺术科学博物馆
对探索艺术与科学的关系感兴趣的人会乐于参观新加坡的艺术科学博物馆。该建筑旨在展示自然和现代城市环境之间的联系。它的形状像一朵莲花，漂浮在海滨长廊上，四周被水环绕。它的屋顶可收集雨水，雨水顺着管道向下35米到达博物馆中心的瀑布。然后，水通过建筑的管道系统循环使用。当置身于这样一座真实地捕捉到自然形态之美的城市建筑中时，参观者常常叹为观止。
哈拉雷东门大厦
哈拉雷东门大厦是极好的仿生学范例，利用仿生技术，在自然形态和过程的基础上创造建筑结构。津巴布韦建筑师米克·皮尔斯在一部大自然纪录片中看到白蚁筑造蚁穴，从中得到启发，从而设计了东门大厦。这种昆虫搭建表面覆有小洞的蚁丘，以保证蚁丘内外部的空气流通。东门大厦也用了相似的方法，大厦的“皮肤”上设计了很多洞。白天，暖空气通过洞口引入建筑内部，在流向建筑中部的过程中冷却下来。夜间，墙壁吸收的热量使冷空气变暖，创造着适宜的内部温度条件。该设计减少了对传统空调和供暖系统的需求，因此建筑运行能耗和成本都较低。
汉堡藻屋
世界上第一座藻类能源建筑位于德国汉堡。公寓楼表面的面板上覆盖着藻类。藻类以液体营养素和二氧化碳为养料，促进自身生长。阳光明媚的时候，它们长得更快，可以遮阴。这些面板还可以吸收太阳的热量，并转化为电能，给建筑物供电。除此之外，面板内的藻类可以收集起来，做燃料用。因此，该建筑不仅能够适应环境，减少能耗，而且自身可以产生可再生能源，减少对环境的危害。
创造这样的建筑物能够使我们与我们的环境更和谐地相处。保护明天的世界，同时满足当下的需求，这可能是一项挑战，但即使是最简单的生物也能帮忙，教我们如何实现目标。
第一步：析架构理清脉络
Read the passage quickly and then fill in the blanks.
第二步：知细节明察秋毫
Read the passage carefully and choose the best answers.
1.Why don’t we feel the inspiration from nature？（　　）
A.Because it is around us.
B.Because we are not close to it.
C.Because we are accustomed to it.
D.Because we tend to ignore its importance.
2.Which of the following was designed to show the connection between nature and the modern city environment？（　　）
A.Beijing’s Water Cube.
B.ArtScience Museum， Singapore.
C.The Eastgate Centre， Harare.
D.The Algae House， Hamburg.
3.What’s the advantage of the Algae House in Hamburg？（　　）
A.It produces its own renewable energy.
B.It is in harmony with its environment.
C.It doesn’t need any energy.
D.It is protected from the sunlight by panels.
4.What can we conclude from the text？（　　）
A.Nature is influenced by human architecture.
B.Nature is full of mysteries.
C.Nature can be our teacher.
D.Humans should protect nature.
答案：1－4　CBAC
第三步：拓思维品质提升
Discuss the following questions with your partner.
1.Do you think biomimicry is a new idea？ Why？
　Biomimicry is not a new idea.Since ancient times， simple people and scientists have been watching and studying nature’s best ideas and then imitated these designs and processes to find answers and solved many situations in human history.　
2.How can biomimicry benefit people？
　Biomimicry is a new way to perceive and value nature.It brings us the idea that the best way to benefit from the natural world is not to massively extract substances and valuables from it.The conscious emulation of life’s and nature’s genius is a survival strategy for the human race.It’s a possible path to a sustainable and better future.　
第四步：品语言妙笔生辉
1.Read the passage carefully and find the sentences using similes （明喻） or metaphors （暗喻）.
　（1）When we look at a pine cone，we might think how much it looks like the tiles on a roof.　
　（2）An open flower might make us think how closely it resembles an umbrella.　
　（3）Shaped to resemble a lotus flower，it appears to float above the waterfront promenade and the water that surrounds it.　
2.Read the passage carefully and find the sentence using personification （拟人）.
　In a similar way，the Eastgate Centre has a “skin” covered in holes.　
第五步：析难句表达升级
1.It is natural to think in this way，but of course it wasn’t the umbrella that inspired the flower or the roof that inspired the pine cone.
句式分析 本句为　并列　句。前一个分句中It作　形式主语　，动词不定式短语to think in this way为　真正的主语　；后一个分句中，使用了　强调　句型。
自主翻译 　以这种方式思考是很自然的，但当然不是雨伞给了花朵灵感，也不是屋顶给了松果灵感。　
2.Zimbabwean architect Mick Pearce was inspired to create the Centre while watching a nature documentary in which termites were constructing their nests.
句式分析 while watching为while引导的　时间状语　从句的省略；in which引导　定语　从句，修饰先行词a nature documentary。
自主翻译 　津巴布韦建筑师米克·皮尔斯在一部大自然纪录片中看到白蚁筑造蚁穴，从中得到启发，从而设计了东门大厦。　
Part Ⅰ　核心词汇集释
be amazed to do sth 因为做某事而感到惊讶
【教材原句】　Visitors are often amazed to find themselves in an urban building that so truly captures the beauty of natural forms.当置身于这样一座真实地捕捉到自然形态之美的城市建筑中时，参观者常常叹为观止。
【用法】
（1）amazed adj.　　　　 　惊奇的；惊讶的 be amazed at/by/that ... 　　对……大为惊奇 （2）amazement n.　　惊奇，惊愕，惊诧 to one’s amazement 　　令某人惊讶的是 in amazement 　　吃惊地 （3）amaze v.　　使惊奇；使惊愕；使惊诧 What amazes sb is ...　　让某人惊奇的是…… （4）amazing adj.　　令人大为惊奇的
【佳句】　I was amazed to hear that you had given up the chance to go abroad for further study.
听说你放弃了出国继续深造的机会，我感到惊讶。
【助记】　His look showed that he was amazed at the event.To my amazement， he responded in so amazing a way.他的表情表明他对这件事情感到吃惊。令我惊讶的是，他对此反应如此惊愕。
【练透】　单句语法填空
①With a goal in mind， you will be amazed 　at/by　 your potential if you make efforts.
②He enjoyed himself so much in the countryside where the 　amazing　 （amaze） scenery impressed him a lot.
③He looked at her 　in　 amazement when she appeared suddenly.
【写美】　一句多译
④令我惊奇的是，他能把这首诗全部背诵出来。
→　To my amazement　， he was able to recite the whole poem from memory.（amazement）
→　What amazed me was that　 he was able to recite the whole poem from memory.（what引导主语从句）
→I 　was amazed that　 he was able to recite the whole poem from memory.（amazed）
an example of ……的例子
【教材原句】　Harare’s Eastgate Centre is a superb example of biomimicry.哈拉雷东门大厦是极好的仿生学范例。
【用法】
set sb an example＝set an example to sb　　给某人树立榜样 make an example of sb （for sth）　　（因某事）惩罚某人 follow one’s example 　　效仿某人 give sb an example of 　　给某人举……例子 by example　　以身作则
【佳句】　This painting is a perfect example of the artist’s early work.
这幅画是这位艺术家早期作品的典例。
【练透】　单句语法填空
①They apparently decided to make 　an example of him.
②Just give me an example 　of　 his generosity.
③As an adult， we should set a good example 　to　 the young.
【写美】　补全句子
④Inspired by his deeds， I decided to 　follow his example　 doing good deeds every day.
受到他的事迹鼓舞，我决定效仿他每天做好事。
absorb v.吸收，吸引； 使专心
【教材原句】　At night， the heat absorbed by the wall during the day warms the cool air， creating a comfortable temperature inside.夜间，墙壁吸收的热量使冷空气变暖，创造着适宜的内部温度条件。
【用法】
（1）absorb one’s attention 吸引某人的注意 absorb ...into ...　　把……吸收进…… be absorbed by ...　　被……吞并；为……所吸收 absorb knowledge quickly 快速吸收知识 （2）absorbed adj. 　　全神贯注的 （be） absorbed in ...＝absorb oneself in ...　　全神贯注于…… （3）absorbing adj.　　十分吸引人的，引人入胜的 absorption n.　　吸收；专心致志；全神贯注
【佳句】　He was absorbed in writing a letter and didn’t even look up when I came in.
他聚精会神地写信，我进来时他甚至都没有抬头。
【练透】　单句语法填空
①Water and salt are 　absorbed　 （absorb） into our bloodstream every day.
②The novel was so 　absorbing　 （absorb） that she read on without a break even forgetting food and sleep.
【写美】　句式升级
③She was so absorbed in her job that she didn’t hear anybody knocking at the door.
→　So absorbed was she in her job　 that she didn’t hear anybody knocking at the door.（部分倒装结构）
→　Absorbed in her job， she didn’t hear anybody knocking at the door.　 （改写为简单句）
respond to 对……作出反应；响应
【教材原句】　The building therefore not only responds to its environment and uses less energy， but also reduces damage to the environment by generating its own renewable energy.
因此，该建筑不仅能够适应环境，减少能耗，而且自身可以产生可再生能源，减少对环境的危害。
【用法】
（1）respond v.　　回答；响应；作出反应 respond with sth　　以……回应 respond by doing sth　　通过做某事回应 （2）response n.　　回答，答复；响应；反应 make a/no response to ...　　对……给予/没有回答 in response to 　　对……作出反应
【佳句】　He responded to me soon after receiving my letter.收到我的信之后，他很快就回复我了。
【练透】　单句语法填空/一句多译
①She sent a letter in 　response　 （respond） to his inquiry.
②建筑师听到我的话时，她皱着眉头回应了我的评论。
→When the architect heard what I said， she 　responded to　 my comments with a frown.（respond）
→When the architect heard what I said， she 　made a response to　 my comments with a frown.（response）
in harmony with 与……协调一致，与……和谐相处
【教材原句】　Creating buildings such as these enables us to live in closer harmony with our environment.
创造这样的建筑物能够使我们与我们的环境更和谐地相处。
【用法】
（1）harmony n.　　融洽，和睦 in harmony 　　和谐地 out of harmony （with ...）　　（与……）不协调/不和谐 social harmony　　社会融洽 （2）harmonious adj.　　和谐的，融洽的 harmonious relationship　　和谐的关系 （3）harmoniously adv.　　和谐地，融洽地
【佳句】　We must ensure that tourism develops in harmony with the environment.
我们必须确保旅游业与环境和谐发展。
【练透】　单句语法填空
①The city’s rapid development has led to some areas being out of harmony 　with　 the surrounding natural environment.
②There are several ways to maintain a 　harmonious　 （harmony） dormitory life.
【写美】　补全句子
③Only when we learn to exist 　in harmony with　 nature can we stop being a threat to wildlife.
只有当我们学会与自然和谐相处时，我们才能停止成为野生动物的威胁。
Part Ⅱ　重点句型解构
句型公式：时间状语从句的省略
【教材原句】　Zimbabwean architect Mick Pearce was inspired to create the Centre while watching a nature documentary in which termites were constructing their nests.
津巴布韦建筑师米克·皮尔斯在一部大自然纪录片中看到白蚁筑造蚁穴，从中得到启发，从而设计了东门大厦。
【用法】
（1）在时间、条件、让步、方式或比较状语从句中，当从句的主语与主句的主语一致且从句中含有be动词的某种形式时，从句中的主语和be动词可以省略。 （2）当从句的主语与主句的主语不一致，但从句的主语是it，并且从句中有be动词的某种形式时，可以把it和be动词一起省略。
【品悟】　When asked （＝When he was asked） what the trip meant to him， the man said it was “an unforgettable experience of a lifetime”.
当被问到这次旅行对他意味着什么时，他说这是他“一生都难以忘怀的经历”。
【写美】　微写作
①如果当选，我将把提高节目质量当成我的职责。（申请信）
　If elected　， I will make it my duty to improve the quality of programs.
②我们沐浴在阳光下，一边摘橘子一边唱歌大笑。（活动介绍）
Bathed in sunshine， we sang and laughed 　while （we were） picking oranges　.
③尽管他们生活在不同的时代，但他们有一些共同的特征。（投稿）
　Although living in different eras　， they share some common characteristics.
维度一：品句填词
1.Children tend to 　mimic　 （模仿） their parents，so it pays to be a good role model.
2.In the show， they all showed their 　superb　 （极好的） skills， leaving a deep impression on me.
3.Cloning is the 　frontier　 （前沿） technology in the field of life science and it is challenged by both ethics and technology.
4.The architects　 have made imaginative use of glass and transparent plastic.
5.With much heat captured from the sun， the panels convert　 it into energy powering the building.
维度二：词形转换
1.However， they did not anticipate seeing such an open country， and were truly 　amazed　 （amaze）.
2.I’m really glad that you take great interest in ancient Chinese 　architecture　 （architect）.
3.People 　convert　 the energy of sunlight into electric energy.This 　conversion　 saves money and reduces cost.（convert）
4.In the past years， we have made great breakthroughs in this new 　frontier　 （front） of science.
维度三：固定搭配和句式
1.These children 　take it for granted that　 （认为这是理所当然） their parents should give them money.
2.The movie 　is based on　 （以……为基础） a popular novel of the same name.
3.I asked her what the time was， but she didn’t 　respond to　 （对……作出反应） my question.
4.I have a dream that our human beings could live 　in harmony with　 （与……和谐相处） the beautiful nature.
5.With the development of technology， solar energy and wind energy can 　be converted into　 （转换为） electrical energy.
6.　While walking the dog　 （遛狗时） the other day on the street， I met my best friend Shirley.
维度四：课文语法填空
We are used to things that we may even take them 1.　 for　 granted without realising how much inspiration they have given us.Nature 2.　has inspired　 （inspire） many of the most 3.　fascinating　 （fascinate） designs around us，4.　including　 （include） those in architecture and is presented in various architectural 5.　designs　 （design）.Today， architects continue to explore ways 6.　to capture　 （capture） the beauty of natural forms，to mimic the way nature works or even to make natural organisms part of a building.7.　Creating　 （create） buildings such as these enables us to live in 8.　closer　 （close） harmony with our environment.To meet the needs of today while protecting the world of tomorrow may be 9.　a　 challenge， but even the simplest organisms can help teach us 10.　how　 to achieve this.
Ⅰ.阅读理解
A
　　Sponges — is there anything they can’t do？ For thousands of years， humans have used dried natural sponges to clean up， to paint and as containers to consume liquids like water or honey.Whether artificial or natural， sponges are great at collecting tiny pieces with their many small holes.
　　Recently， researchers in China published a study describing their development of an artificial sponge that makes short work of removing microplastic pieces.The tests show that when a specially prepared plastic-filled solution （溶液） is pushed through one of their sponges， the sponge can remove microplastics and even smaller nanoplastics from the liquid.Researchers tried it in everything from tap water and seawater to soup from a local takeout spot.
　　According to Guoqing Wang， a materials chemist at Ocean University of China and co-author of the paper， the sponge is adjustable.By adjusting the temperature， the sponge can be made to have more or fewer holes， which affects the size of the microplastic pieces collected.The sponge， if ever produced on an industrial scale， Wang says， could be used in wastewater treatment factories to remove microplastics from the water or in food production facilities to avoid polluting water.
　　There are shortcomings to the sponge’s possible adoption， though.The sponge is made mostly from starch and gelatin （淀粉和明胶）， which are important to the food industry， meaning that there could be intense competition for the key ingredients in the future.Besides， starch and gelatin are able to break down naturally and harmlessly.However， the process developed by Wang and his co-workers to make their sponge uses formaldehyde， a highly poisonous chemical， and there were small amounts of this in the sponge itself.
　　When it comes to dealing with microplastic pollution in the ocean， Alice Horton at the United Kingdom’s National Oceanography Center says what she is confident about is that efforts to remove microplastics after they have already reached the ocean are probably certain to fail.“I don’t think there is anything we can do on a large enough scale that will have any impact，” she says.“We have to stop them getting there in the first place.”
语篇解读：本文是一篇说明文。文章主要介绍了中国科学家研发的一种人工海绵，这种海绵具有很强的吸附塑料微粒的能力。
1.What special characteristic of the new sponges is shown during the tests？（　　）
A.Their environmental friendliness.
B.Their operability and low production costs.
C.Their good performance in catching plastic pieces.
D.Their possibility of helping break down microplastics.
解析：C　细节理解题。根据第二段第二句可知，新海绵可以吸附微塑料和更小的纳米塑料，所以吸附能力很强。
2.What will be a possible problem if the new sponges are produced in large numbers？（　　）
A.The high cost of recycling them.
B.The poor quality of the products.
C.A shortage of the raw material.
D.A lack of skillful operators.
解析：C　推理判断题。文章第四段提到这种新海绵主要是由淀粉和明胶制成的，而淀粉和明胶也是食品工业的主要材料，这就意味着这种新海绵要和食品工业进行激烈竞争。因此，如果大量生产这种新海绵，可能会面临原材料短缺的问题。
3.What’s Alice’s opinion in regard to removing plastic from the ocean？（　　）
A.All roads lead to Rome.
B.Time and tide wait for no man.
C.Many hands make light work.
D.Prevention is better than cure.
解析：D　推理判断题。根据最后一段末Alice说的话可知，Alice认为任何大规模的行动都无法对清理海洋垃圾有任何影响，我们必须先阻止塑料进入海洋。由此可推知，Alice认为清理海洋垃圾还得防患于未然。
4.What is the author’s main purpose in writing the text？（　　）
A.To advertise a new sponge.
B.To introduce a new invention.
C.To stress the damage of plastic.
D.To popularize the sponge’s usage.
解析：B　写作意图题。根据文章内容可知，本文主要介绍了中国科学家所发明的新海绵，以及这种海绵的优缺点和一些专家的看法。
B
　　Medicine is not only a human invention.Many other animals have been known to self-medicate with plants and minerals for infections and other conditions.
　　Behavioral ecologist Helen Morrogh-Bernard has spent decades studying orangutans （猩猩） and says she has now found evidence they use plants in a medicinal way.
　　Morrogh and her colleagues watched 10 orangutans occasionally chew a particular plant （which is not part of their normal diet） into a foamy lather （泡沫） and then rub it into their fur.The apes spent up to 45 minutes at a time massaging the mixture onto their upper arms or legs.The researchers believe this behavior is the first known example using a painkiller.
　　Local people use the same plant， Dracaena cantleyi， to treat aches and pains.Morrogh’s co-authors studied its chemistry.They added extracts （汁） from the plant to human cells that had been grown in a dish and had been artificially stimulated to produce cytokines （细胞因子） that causes inflammation （炎症） and discomfort.The plant extract reduced the production of several types of cytokines， the scientists reported the finding in a study published last November in Scientific Reports.
　　The results suggest that orangutans use the plant to reduce inflammation and treat pain.Such findings could help identify plants and chemicals that might be useful for human medications.
　　In creatures such as insects， the ability to self-medicate is almost certainly innate； woolly bear （灯蛾毛虫） infected with flies seeks out and eats plant substances poisonous to the flies.But more complex animals may learn such tricks after an initial discovery by one member of their group.
　　For example， an orangutan may have rubbed the plant on its skin to try to treat parasites （寄生虫） and realized that it also had a pleasant pain-killing effect.That behavior may then have been passed on to other orangutans.“Because this type of self-medication is seen only in south-central Borneo，” Morrogh says， “It was probably learned locally.”
语篇解读：本文是一篇说明文。文章讲述了行为生态学家Helen Morrogh-Bernard发现猿类使用植物（龙血树）提取物来治疗疼痛。
5.Why does orangutans chew Dracaena cantleyi？（　　）
A.To self-medicate.
B.To have their normal diet.
C.To scare other animals away.
D.To pass on a message to other orangutans.
解析：A　细节理解题。根据第三段中的The researchers believe this behavior is the first known example using a painkiller.可知，红毛猩猩会咀嚼龙血树是为了治疗疼痛，进行自我治疗。
6.How can the findings benefit human being？（　　）
A.They can help vets treat pets.
B.They can help scientists study orangutans.
C.They can help botanist learn more about plants.
D.They can help people find new resources for human medications.
解析：D　细节理解题。根据第五段中的Such findings could help identify plants and chemicals that might be useful for human medications.可知，这些发现可以帮助人们找到人类药物治疗的新资源。
7.Which of the following best explains the underlined word “innate” in Paragraph 6？（　　）
A.Natural.　　 B.Sociable.
C.Obtainable.　　 D.Professional.
解析：A　词义猜测题。根据第六段画线词下文可知，感染了苍蝇的灯蛾毛虫寻找并食用对苍蝇有毒的植物物质进行自我治疗，有些动物还会学习族群内成员发现的自我治疗方法。由此可推出，在昆虫等生物中，自我治疗的能力几乎可以肯定是“天生的”。
8.What is the main idea of the text？（　　）
A.Apes use plant extracts to treat pain.
B.Humans and animals have a lot in common.
C.A plant has been found useful for human medication.
D.Morrogh-Bernard and her colleagues have been observing orangutans.
解析：A　主旨大意题。通读全文可知，本文讲述了行为生态学家Helen Morrogh-Bernard发现猿类使用植物（龙血树）提取物来治疗疼痛。
C
　　（2024·山东威海乳山高二下月考）In Iceland， these green houses melt into the natural landscape， a technique that first appeared with the arrival of British settlers during the 9th through 11th centuries.Unlike their previous warm and wet climate， wood was rare and slow to regenerate.Turf （草皮） became their first pick to make shelters.
　　Across Europe， turf bricks — widely available — were cut from local bogs （沼泽） and transported for use at higher lands.The turf was then laid over a wooden structure to form walls and a thick roof — to keep cold out from tough northern climates.Turf walls were replaced as frequently as every 20 years， and even up to 70 years.
　　It is difficult to find out its precise origins in the archaeological record.However， evidence of similar constructions can be found in many countries throughout the ages.Historic records suggest that up to 50 per cent of Icelandic houses were partly comprised of turf until the late 19th century.As populations began to gather in cities like Reykjavik， wood buildings replaced stones and earth architecture.After fires burned up the city in 1915， concrete became the material of choice.In 1918 Iceland gained independence from Denmark， setting in motion a wave of nationalism that threatened the survival of turf houses.Advocates of modernization argued that Reykjavik paled in comparison to the grand architecture that graced the skylines of Paris， Berlin， and London.Traditional techniques were criticized as “rotten Danish wood” from a troubled era， and there was a campaign to clear them in favor of modern buildings — a move later criticized by many as destruction of cultural heritage.
　　A tourism boom in the latter half of the 20th century encouraged Iceland to reexamine the value of traditional architecture.Do Icelanders still live in turf houses？ The quickest way to answer this question would be no.You might still see an occasional grass roof but that has everything to do with architecture and Icelanders wanting to hold on to their beloved heritage rather than any need for turf as insulation （隔热） material.
语篇解读：本文是一篇说明文。公元9至11世纪草皮屋因其容易获得且持久而大量出现，1918年冰岛的民族浪潮影响到它们的存在。现在，草皮屋和自然景观融为一体，成为冰岛亮丽的风景。
9.Why did people use turf to build houses in the past？（　　）
A.It matched nature perfectly.
B.It could be changed often.
C.It was long-lasting and accessible.
D.It was a request by settlers.
解析：C　细节理解题。根据第一段最后两句和第二段最后一句可知，在过去人们用草皮修建房屋，是因为草皮容易获得且持久。
10.What was a direct result of the wave of nationalism？（　　）
A.People packed into Reykjavik.
B.Traditional architecture was in favor.
C.Turf houses were almost unable to exist.
D.Concrete became a new building material.
解析：C　细节理解题。根据第三段中的In 1918 Iceland gained independence from Denmark， setting in motion a wave of nationalism that threatened the survival of turf houses.可知，民族浪潮的直接影响是导致草皮屋几乎无法继续存在。
11.What can we infer about the turf house from the last paragraph？（　　）
A.It starts coming to life.
B.It will live on.
C.Its material will improve.
D.It is out of date.
解析：B　推理判断题。根据最后一段最后一句推知，草皮屋会继续存在，因为冰岛人想要保留他们心爱的遗产。
12.Which of the following is a suitable title for the text？（　　）
A.Iceland’s Turf Stretches Brightly across Europe
B.Iceland’s Turf — An Important Building Material
C.Iceland’s Turf Houses — An Exceptional Example
D.Iceland’s Turf Houses Survive Beautifully with Nature
解析：D　标题归纳题。通读全文可知，本文介绍公元9至11世纪草皮屋因其容易获得且持久而大量出现，1918年冰岛的民族浪潮影响到它们的存在。现在，草皮屋和自然景观融为一体，成为冰岛亮丽的风景。因此D项（冰岛的草皮房屋与自然和谐相处）可以作为本文标题。
Ⅱ.阅读七选五
　　When you need to seek a solution to a design problem， you could ask yourself，“What animals or plants face a similar problem in their lives， and how do they handle it？”13.（　　） Termites in Africa control the temperature and air currents in their nests by having thick walls and air spaces in the top part.The Eastgate Centre in Harare， Zimbabwe was designed in a similar way， with thick overhangs shading the windows， and all the offices connected to a big chimney letting hot air escape.This allows it to stay cool while using much less air-conditioning.14.（　　）
　　Engineer Nakatsu also asked himself the same question.15.（　　） A keen birdwatcher， Nakatsu realised that kingfishers also experience an abrupt pressure change when diving into the pond， but their beaks allow them to pierce through the water smoothly.His team found that putting a long， pointed nose on the train greatly reduced the loud boom in the tunnel and allowed it to run faster.
　　Having a big picture of the world we live in also helps us understand how technology can be used to protect instead of destroy it.16.（　　） On the other hand， plastic packaging creates a lot of waste and pollution.One company has come up with an alternative material made of cornhusk waste and some big companies are starting to use it.
　　17.（　　） Nakatsu worries that children today do not have the opportunity to touch and feel nature.He advises that students in university should study more than one narrow field so that they do not just have one fixed way of thinking.
A.In nature， everything gets recycled.
B.To mimic nature， we must be familiar with it.
C.It turns out that natural beauty often has a logical reason behind it.
D.Large cities full of people are often compared to ants’ colonies （群）.
E.This idea was used to arrange hundreds of mirrors at a solar power plant.
F.It could be a good solution for the hot and crowded cities in Southeast Asia， too.
G.His problem was that the pressure from a bullet train rushing into a tunnel at high speed caused loud noises.
语篇解读：本文是一篇说明文。文章主要介绍了人们可以从大自然中获取灵感，以便用更环保的方式解决我们所面临的问题。
13.D　上文讲到遇到设计问题时可以想象面临类似问题的动植物，下文讲到非洲白蚁巢穴的特点。D项（人口众多的大城市经常被比作蚁群）承上启下，符合语境。D项中的ants’呼应下文中的Termites。
14.F　根据上文可知，津巴布韦哈拉雷的伊斯特盖特中心也采用了类似的设计方法，厚实的悬架遮蔽窗户，所有的办公室都连接到一个大烟囱，让热空气逸出。这使得它在使用更少的空调的同时保持凉爽，即这种类似白蚁巢穴的设计适用于处于炎热地带的城市。F项（对于在东南亚的炎热、拥挤的城市来说，这也是一个很好的解决方案）承接上文，符合语境。F项中的too表明上下文的并列关系。
15.G　根据空前一句可知，工程师Nakatsu也问了自己同样的问题。由此推知，空处应指出Nakatsu面临的问题是什么。G项（他的问题是高速行驶的高速列车冲进隧道时产生的压力会产生巨大的噪声）符合语境。G项中的 problem与上句中的question相呼应。
16.A　根据下文中的On the other hand可知，空处内容与下文形成对照。下文说的是破坏环境的情况，则推知空处陈述环保的一方面。A项（在自然界，一切都是循环使用的）符合语境。
17.B　根据下文可知，Nakatsu担心现在的孩子没有机会接触和感受大自然。他建议大学里的学生应该学习不止一个狭窄的领域，这样他们就不会只有一种固定的思维方式。B项（要模仿大自然，我们必须熟悉它）符合语境。B项中的nature在下文中复现。
16 / 16Section Ⅲ　Developing ideas
Back to Nature
Tao Yuanming and Henry David Thoreau were both poets， but one lived in Ancient China and the other in 19th century America.[1]Superficially①， these two men， whose lives were separated in time by nearly 1，500 years， were polar② opposites.And yet they shared an intense③ respect for nature， which made them each an influential figure④ of their time⑤.
　　[1]whose引导定语从句，修饰先行词these two men； Superficially为副词作状语。
Both men made dramatic transformations⑥ to their lives in order to reconnect with nature.As an official⑦ in the Eastern Jin Dynasty， Tao felt conflicted⑧ over life at court⑨.[2]In 405， he quit⑩ the service of the court for good， expressing his unhappiness in the now famous line that he would not “bow like a servant in return for five dou of grain”.He spent the next 22 years until his death， working the land in a poor， rural area.[3]From his poetry， we can learn that although his life was arduous， he succeeded in finding contentment in its simplicity and in drawing pleasure from nature.
　　[2]expressing ...为动词-ing形式作状语；that引导同位语从句。
[3]that引导宾语从句，在此从句中包含although引导的让步状语从句。
[4]While Tao’s return to nature was a reaction to a lifestyle he was opposed to ， Thoreau’s was a personal decision to transform the way he lived.He had a decent quality of life， but he wanted to live in a simpler way.For two years， two months and two days， he lived in a cottage in the forest on the edge of Walden Pond， focusing on himself and his writing.He explained his reason for doing so in Walden：“I went to the woods because I wished to live deliberately ， to front only the essential facts of life.” Both men were happy to withdraw from contemporary life， seeking a harmonious relationship with nature in the quietness of their lives.
　　[4]While意为“却；但是；而”，用于强调两种情况、活动等之间的区别，此处作者用对比的方法介绍了两位诗人回归田园生活的不同初衷。
　　Although Tao and Thoreau do not treat nature in quite the same way， their works show its beauty and value.Tao’s nature is a place of fields and villages， in other words， rural，and his animals are domestic ones， such as chickens and dogs.The calm and peaceful life he wrote about is in contrast to and critical of the depressive court life：
Beyond the dark and distance lies a village，
The smoke above reluctant to depart.
A dog is barking somewhere down the lane，
And chickens sit atop the mulberry tree.
Thoreau’s descriptions of nature emphasised the beauty and purity of the wild areas around him.[5]Devoting himself to observations of the natural phenomena ， he recorded his detailed findings in his journals .[6]Thoreau’s writing aimed to convince people that animals and plants had a right to live and prosper ， as we do. We should live with them in harmony and enjoy nature’s gifts， as he describes in his journals：
　　Live in each season as it passes； breathe the air， drink the drink， taste the fruit， and resign yourself to the influences of each.Let them be your only diet， drink and botanical medicines.
　　[5]Devoting himself to ...为动词-ing短语作伴随状语。
[6]that引导宾语从句，作convince的宾语；as引导方式状语从句。　
[7]It takes considerable courage to reject the easy and familiar and instead try to live closer to nature， as both Tao and Thoreau did.Their choices led them to quiet and reflective lives with fewer material desires.In today’s modern world， their ideas about living simply and being at ease with nature may take us a step closer to attaining personal well-being and fulfilment.
　　[7]本句中的the easy and familiar为“the＋形容词”结构，构成名词，表示一类人或事物；It是形式主语，真正的主语是动词不定式短语to reject ...；as引导方式状语从句。
【读文清障】
①superficially adv.表面（上）地
superficial adj.表面的
②polar adj.完全相反的，截然对立的
③intense adj.很大的，强烈的
④figure n.人物
⑤time n.时期，时代
⑥transformation n.转变，改观
transform v.转变
⑦official n.官员 adj.官方的；公务的
officially adv.官方地；正式地
⑧conflicted adj.矛盾的
⑨court n.王宫，宫廷
⑩quit v.离开，离任
bow v.鞠躬
in return for作为对……的回报
in turn反过来
rural adj.农村的，乡村的
succeed in doing sth
成功做成某事
reaction to对……的反应
be opposed to反对
decent adj.可接受的，相当好的
cottage n.乡村小屋
deliberately adv.不慌不忙地，从容不迫地
deliberate adj.从容不迫的；故意的
withdraw v.退出
domestic adj.驯养的；家养的
depressive adj.抑郁的
depress v.使沮丧
depression n.沮丧，压抑
emphasise v.强调
purity n.纯洁；洁净
pure adj.纯洁的，纯净的
devote oneself to献身于
devotion to献身于
phenomenon n.现象
journal n.刊物，杂志；日记
convince v.说服；使相信
convince sb of sth 说服某人某事
prosper v.繁荣，兴旺
prosperous adj.繁荣的，兴旺的
considerable adj.相当多的，相当大的
reject v.拒绝接受
reflective adj.沉思的，深思的
ease n.舒适，悠闲
at ease with不拘束，放松
well-being n.健康，安乐
【参考译文】
回归大自然
陶渊明和亨利·大卫·梭罗都是诗人，但是一位生活在古代中国，另一位生活在19世纪的美国。表面上看，这两个人生活在不同的时代，相隔近一千五百年，迥然不同。然而，他们都非常尊重自然，这使得他们在各自的时代都成为有影响力的人物。
为了重归自然，两人的生活都发生了戏剧性的转变。陶渊明是东晋的官员，但是对官场生活感到困惑。公元405年，陶渊明永久地辞去了官职，以表达他对仕途的不满，用今天的一句名言形容就是“不为五斗米折腰”。在之后的22年里，直到生命的尽头，他躬耕于田野，生活在清贫的农村。我们可以从他的诗歌中看出，尽管生活艰苦，但他从这种简单的生活中成功获得了满足感，并从大自然中获得了乐趣。
陶渊明回归大自然是对自己反对的生活方式做出的一种反应，而梭罗则是出于个人的决定而改变自己的生活方式。虽然梭罗过着体面的生活，但他希望活得更简单些。两年两个月零两天，他住在瓦尔登湖边森林里的一间小屋里，专注于自身和写作。他在《瓦尔登湖》中解释了这样做的原因：“我步入丛林，是因为我希望自由地生活，只面对生活中的基本事实。”两个人都乐于从当下的生活中抽身而退，在平静的生活中寻求与自然和谐的关系。
尽管陶渊明和梭罗对待自然的方式不同，但他们的作品都展现了自然的美丽和价值。陶渊明的自然是田野和村庄，换句话说，是田园。他的动物们都是家养的，比如鸡和狗。他描写的平静祥和的生活，与压抑的官场生活形成鲜明对比，是对压抑的官场生活的批判：
暧暧远人村，依依墟里烟。狗吠深巷中，鸡鸣桑树颠。
梭罗在描述自然时，重点描绘了他周围原野的美丽与纯粹。他全身心投入到观察自然现象中，并在日记中详细地记录了自己的发现。梭罗的写作意在使人们信服，动物和植物就像我们人类一样都有生存和繁荣的权利。我们应该与它们和谐共处，享受大自然的恩赐，正如他在日记中描述的那样：
好好度过每一个季节，呼吸新鲜的空气，畅饮美酒，品尝水果，尽情享受这一切。让生活中只有饮食和草药。
像陶渊明和梭罗那样，拒绝简单熟悉的事物，转而尝试亲近大自然，这需要相当大的勇气。他们的选择使他们过上了平静而沉思的生活，物质欲望减少了。在今天这个现代世界，他们关于简单生活和与自然和谐相处的想法，可能会让我们离获得个人幸福和满足感更近一步。
第一步：析架构理清脉络
Read the passage quickly and then fill in the blanks.
第二步：知细节明察秋毫
Read the passage carefully and choose the best answers.
1.Why did Tao Yuanming quit the service of the court？（　　）
A.Because he was an influential figure of their day.
B.Because he felt conflicted over life at court.
C.Because he wanted to work the land.
D.Because he liked living in a rural area.
2.How did Thoreau feel about his life in the forest？（　　）
A.Pleased.　　 B.Puzzled.
C.Disappointed.　　 D.Bored.
3.What did Thoreau describe in his writings？（　　）
A.Fields and villages.
B.Chickens and dogs.
C.Animals and plants.
D.Mountains and rivers.
4.According to passage， what does the author want people to do？（　　）
A.To live a life in the countryside.
B.To attain personal well-being and fulfilment.
C.To live with as much material as we can.
D.To live a free life.
5.What should we do if we want to attain personal well-being and fulfilment？（　　）
A.Live closer to nature.
B.Increase material desires.
C.Walk a lot in the forest.
D.Share a respect for nature.
答案：1－5　BACBA
第三步：拓思维品质提升
Discuss the following questions with your partner.
1.How do you understand the poem by Tao in the text？
　The first sentence describes a beautiful scene of the dusk.The village is so far away that it looks fuzzy and the smoke rises gently and slowly.The scenery described in the sentence gives people a sense of peace and serenity， as if the world is not disturbed by any force.　
　The second sentence makes this beautiful rural painting come to life all of a sudden.Instead of writing about the songs of birds and insects， the poet wrote a very common song and bark of chickens and dogs， because the sound of chickens and dogs is the most characteristic of rural environment and the most harmonious and unified with the whole picture.It properly shows the life atmosphere of the countryside， and does not damage the peaceful mood at all.　
2.What lesson do you learn from Tao Yuanming and Thoreau？
　Though we live in modern times， it isn’t possible for us to go back to nature to live a life as they do， what we should know is that it is urgent for humans to live with nature in harmony now， because we humans have already paid price for treating nature badly， such as global warming， floods， hurricanes， etc， which can be considered a sign that nature warns us.　
第四步：析难句表达升级
1.Superficially，these two men， whose lives were separated in time by nearly 1，500 years， were polar opposites.
句式分析 本句主干为these two men were polar opposites。Superficially为副词作　状语　；whose引导　定语　从句，修饰先行词these two men。
自主翻译 　表面上看，这两个人生活在不同的时代，相隔近一千五百年，迥然不同。　
2.In 405， he quit the service of the court for good，expressing his unhappiness in the now famous line that he would not “bow like a servant in return for five dou of grain”.
句式分析 expressing ...为动词-ing形式作　状语　；that引导　同位语　从句。
自主翻译 　公元405年，陶渊明永久地辞去了官职，以表达他对仕途的不满，用今天的一句名言形容就是“不为五斗米折腰”。　
3.From his poetry，we can learn that although his life was arduous，he succeeded in finding contentment in its simplicity and in drawing pleasure from nature.
句式分析 本句为主从复合句。that引导　宾语　从句，其中含有although引导的　让步状语　从句。and连接并列的状语in its simplicity和in drawing pleasure from nature。
自主翻译 　我们可以从他的诗歌中看出，尽管生活艰苦，但他从这种简单的生活中成功获得了满足感，并从大自然中获得了乐趣。　
4.Thoreau’s writing aimed to convince people that animals and plants had a right to live and prosper， as we do.
句式分析 本句为主从复合句。that引导　宾语　从句；to live and prosper为动词不定式作　定语　；as引导　方式状语　从句。
自主翻译 　梭罗的写作意在使人们信服，动物和植物就像我们人类一样都有生存和繁荣的权利。　
Part Ⅰ　核心词汇集释
in return for 作为对……的回报
【教材原句】　...he would not “bow like a servant in return for five dou of grain”.……他“不为五斗米折腰”。
【用法】
（1）in return 　　作为报答/回报/交换 （2）in turn 　　反过来 by turns 　　交替；轮流 in one’s turn　　轮到某人 take turns to do sth　　轮流做某事
【佳句】　I will work hard in return for the trust they have placed in me.
我会努力工作以回报他们给予我的信任。
【练透】　单句语法填空
①Theory is based on practice and 　in　 turn serves practice.
②I wish I could do something for you 　in　 return.
【写美】　补全句子
③He wanted to do something 　in return for　 her kindness.
他想做点什么事来酬谢她的好意。
reaction to 对……的反应
【教材原句】　While Tao’s return to nature was a reaction to a lifestyle he was opposed to， Thoreau’s was a personal decision to transform the way he lived.陶渊明回归大自然是对自己反对的生活方式做出的一种反应，而梭罗则是出于个人的决定而改变自己的生活方式。
【用法】
（1）reaction n.　　反应；回应 in reaction to　　作为对……的反应 （2）react v.　　反应；应答，起作用；起反应 react against 　　反对；反抗 react on/upon 　　对……起作用，有影响 react with 　　与……反应 react to 　　对……作出反应/起反应
【佳句】　Their reaction to the joke is to laugh.
他们对这个笑话的反应是笑。
【练透】　单句语法填空
①They react 　with　 many metals to form a salt and give off hydrogen.
②He reacted strongly 　against　 the artistic conventions of his time.
【写美】　一句多译
③你认为他会对这个坏消息作何反应？
→How do you think 　he will react to the bad news　？ （react）
→What do you think 　his reaction to the bad news will be　？ （reaction）
withdraw v.退出；撤离；撤回；收回；提取
【教材原句】　Both men were happy to withdraw from contemporary life ...
两个人都乐于从当下的生活中抽身而退……
【用法】
（1）withdraw from 　　从……退出/撤回 withdraw sth from sth 　　从……中提取…… withdraw one’s eyes from 　把视线从……移开（不再看……） withdraw a remark 　　收回发言 （2）withdrawal n.　　收回；撤回；撤退；取款 withdrawn adj.　　沉默寡言的；内向的
【佳句】　Just at that time， the wolf might feel the threats from the people， starting to withdraw.
就在那时，狼可能感觉到来自人们的威胁，开始撤退。
【点津】　withdraw的过去式和过去分词均为不规则形式，它们分别是withdrew， withdrawn。
【练透】　语境辨义/单句语法填空
①The product was withdrawn from the market on safety grounds.　　退出　
②The people in the buildings withdrew in time in the big fire.　　撤离　
③The general has ordered a partial 　withdrawal　 （withdraw） of troops from the area.
④Following her failure at work， she became quiet and 　withdrawn　 （withdraw） and rarely went out.
【写美】　补全句子
⑤After half an hour or so， he received a call and 　withdrew from the meeting　 quietly.
大约过了半个小时，他接了一个电话，然后悄悄地退出了会议。
resign v.使自己顺从于（做）某事；安于；辞职；辞去（工作、职位等）
【教材原句】　Live in each season as it passes； breathe the air， drink the drink， taste the fruit， and resign yourself to the influences of each.
好好度过每一个季节，呼吸新鲜的空气，畅饮美酒，品尝水果，尽情享受这一切。
【用法】
resign one’s post/position 　辞去职务 resign oneself to （doing） sth　听任/顺从/只好接受（做）某事 resign ...to ... 　　把……托付给…… resign from ... 　　从……辞职
【佳句】　I finally resigned myself to going to Mexico with him even though I didn’t want to.
我最终还是接受和他一起去墨西哥，尽管我不想去。
【练透】　单句语法填空
①More and more parents resign their children 　to　 their grandparents at home while working in the city.
②After he resigned 　from　 the post， he was dedicated to helping the disabled.
【写美】　补全句子
③Although I was very tired， I didn’t want to 　resign myself to giving up halfway　.
虽然我很累，但我不想中途放弃。
at ease with 不拘束，放松
【教材原句】　In today’s modern world， their ideas about living simply and being at ease with nature may take us a step closer to attaining personal well-being and fulfilment.在今天这个现代世界，他们关于简单生活和与自然和谐相处的想法，可能会让我们离获得个人幸福和满足感更近一步。
【用法】
ease n.舒适，悠闲v.减轻（痛苦、忧虑）；缓和 take one’s ease 　　使某人放松一下 at ease 　　舒适；自由自在 put sb at ease　　使某人感到轻松自在 feel at ease 　　感到心情放松 with ease 　　容易地；毫不费劲地 ease sb of sth　　减轻某人的（痛苦、负担等）
【佳句】　I felt at ease with my new school life half a month later.
半个月后，我适应了新的学校生活。
【练透】　单句语法填空
①How could we feel 　at　 ease while you refuse to take anything from us？
②The ease 　with　 which she learns languages is astonishing.
③His mind was 　at　 ease when he knew that his wife and children were safe.
【写美】　补全句子
④Soon， his warm， bright smile 　put me at ease　.
很快，他温暖、灿烂的笑容使我放松下来。
evaluate v.评估，评价
【教材原句】　A comparative essay compares， contrasts and evaluates two or more topics.
比较类文章比较、对比和评价两个或两个以上的主题。
【用法】
（1）evaluate sb on/by 　　根据……评价某人 evaluate ...as ... 　　把……评价为…… （2）evaluation n.　　评估，评价 make an evaluation of 　　对……进行评估 an evaluation of the health care system　　对医疗制度的评价
【佳句】　It’s impossible to evaluate these results without knowing more about the research methods employed.如果不能对使用的研究方法有更多了解，就不可能对其结果作出评价。
【练透】　单句语法填空
①We evaluated his performance 　as　 outstanding among his peers.
②Before you make a decision， you need to evaluate us 　on/by　 our technique.
【写美】　一句多译
③我们必须评估火灾造成的后果。
→We must 　evaluate the consequences　 caused by the fire.（evaluate）
→We must 　make an evaluation of the consequences　 caused by the fire.（evaluation）
Part Ⅱ　重点句型解构
句型公式：while用作并列连词，连接并列句
【教材原句】　While Tao’s return to nature was a reaction to a lifestyle he was opposed to， Thoreau’s was a personal decision to transform the way he lived.
陶渊明回归大自然是对自己反对的生活方式做出的一种反应，而梭罗则是出于个人的决定而改变自己的生活方式。
【用法】
句中while作并列连词，意为“而，然而”，表示对比，常用来连接两个并列分句。 （1）while引导让步状语从句时，意为“尽管，虽然”，从句往往位于主句之前。 （2）while引导时间状语从句时，意为“当……时候”，从句谓语往往用进行时态。
【品悟】　Some people are trying hard to make their dreams come true， while some are wasting their time.
有些人在努力实现自己的梦想，而有些人却在浪费时间。
【写美】　微写作
①姑娘们又唱又跳，而露西一个人静静地坐在角落里。（动作描写）
The girls sang and danced 　while Lucy sat in the corner silently alone　.
②当我妈妈和我在购物的时候，我们遇到了我的老师，他提到学校没有音乐老师来帮助我们班为冬季博览会组织表演。
　While my mom and I were shopping　， we ran into my teacher， who mentioned that the school didn’t have a music teacher to help our class organize a performance for Winter Fair.
句型公式：as引导定语从句
【教材原句】　We should live with them in harmony and enjoy nature’s gifts， as he describes in his journals ...
我们应该与它们和谐共处，享受大自然的恩赐，正如他在日记中描述的那样……
【用法】
句中as引导非限制性定语从句，并在从句中作宾语，意为“正如，像”。 （1）as 引导非限制性定语从句的用法： ①as指代整个主句的内容，并在定语从句中作主语、宾语或表语，可放在句首、句末或句中；which引导定语从句指代整个主句的内容时，只能位于句末。 ②先行词作主语且定语从句为被动语态时，通常用as 不用which，从句谓语通常为be known， be said， be reported， be mentioned等； ③as常用于这些习惯用语中：as is mentioned above正如上面提到的；as we all know众所周知；as is often the case情况常常如此；as is expected 正如预料的那样。 （2）as还可以引导限制性定语从句，先行词前通常有as， so， such， the same等修饰语。
【品悟】　Thanksgiving day has been an international festival， as we know.
正如我们所知道的那样，感恩节已经成为一个国际性的节日。
【写美】　微写作
①像往常一样，在比赛结束很久之后，观众还在继续庆祝自己球队的胜利。（动作描写）
　As is often the case　， the spectators continued celebrating their team’s victory long after the match was over.
②众所周知，词汇是语言的一个重要部分，就像一座楼的砖块。（投稿）
　As we all know　， vocabulary is an important part of the language， just like bricks of a building.
③正如上面提到的，在中国大多数高中，对武术感兴趣的学生人数正在增加。（告知信）
　As is mentioned above　， the number of the students who are interested in wushu is increasing in most high schools in China.
④你最好让孩子们读那些能使他们更好、更聪明的书。（建议信）
You’d better let the children read such books 　as will make them better and cleverer　.
维度一：品句填词
1.More people who lived in cities and suburbs said they wanted to try driverless cars than those who lived in 　rural　 （农村的） areas.
2.Everyone should be entitled to a 　decent　 （相当好的） standard of living.
3.Nick 　attained　 （获得） admission to become a member of the club last year.
4.In some countries， the more respect you want to show， the deeper you should 　bow　 （鞠躬）.
5.A small town in New Zealand has announced an unusual plan to ban 　domestic　 （家养的） cats.
6.She was 　reluctant　 （不情愿的） to admit she was wrong.
7.As we all know， blue represents freedom， purity　 and peace.
8.The president stated that all foreign forces would withdraw　 as soon as the crisis ended.
9.I can’t evaluate　 his ability without seeing his work.
10.We have to resign　 ourselves to the reality since we can do nothing.
维度二：词形转换
1.Calmly and 　deliberately　 （deliberate）， she cut up his suits one by one.
2.White also appeals due to its association with innocence and 　purity　 （pure）.
3.　Superficially　 （superficial）， they are on good terms with each other， but actually they hold widely divergent opinions on some issues.
4.For many such families， getting a child into university was the 　fulfilment　 （fulfill） of a lifelong dream.
5.Emmeline was an 　influential　 （influence） woman activist， who helped British women get the right to vote.
6.So absorbed were we in being with them that we didn’t realize it was time for 　departure　 （depart）.
7.The government’s 　rejection　 （reject） of the plans is a setback for us.
8.We need to carry out a proper 　evaluation　 （evaluate） of the new system.
9.Plant breeders declared it to be one of the 　botanical　 （botany） finds of the century.
10.This standard is easily 　attainable　 （attain） by most students.
维度三：固定搭配和句式
1.We 　are opposed to　 （反对） killing animals and hope that nobody will buy animal fur products.
2.　In return for　 （作为……的回报） your help， I invite you to spend the weekend with my family.
3.He is not easy to get along with， and I never 　feel at ease with him　 （和他在一起感到自在）.
4.This is 　the same pen as I lost last week　 （同我上周丢失的那支钢笔一样）.
5.For fear of being laughed at， Tom has decided to 　withdraw from　 （退出） the competition.
6.She was not a woman who 　resigned herself to　 （听任） fate， so she gained respect from others.
7.You can’t control what happens but you can control your 　reaction to　 （对……的反应） it.
8.Boys often overestimate their abilities 　while girls lack confidence　 （而女孩缺乏自信）.
维度四：课文语法填空
Although separated in time by nearly 1，500 years， both Tao Yuanming and Henry David Thoreau 1.　shared　 （share） an intense respect for nature.Feeling conflicted over life at court， in 405， Tao quit the service of the court for good， 2.　expressing　 （express） his unhappiness in his poems， finding contentment in its simplicity and in drawing pleasure from nature.3.　Similarly　 （similar）， Thoreau wanted to live in a simpler way， focusing on 4.　himself　（him） and his writing.While they did not treat nature in quite the same way， their 5.　works　（work） show its beauty and value.Tao’s nature is a place of fields and villages while Thoreau’s descriptions of nature emphasised the beauty and 6.　purity　 （pure） of the wild areas around him.The calm and peaceful life Tao wrote about is in contrast to and critical of the depressive court life.On 7.　the　 other hand， Thoreau’s writing aimed to convince people that animals and plants had a right to live and prosper，8.　as　 we do.We should live with them in harmony and enjoy nature’s gifts.During their times， it took great courage 9.　to reject　 （reject） the easy and familiar and instead try to live closer to nature.Nowadays， their ideas about living simply and being at ease with nature are still valued by those 10.　who　 want personal well-being and fulfilment.
Ⅰ.阅读理解
A
　　（2024·湖北荆州八县高二上期末）Each year， my kindergarten students in Armour， South Dakota， learn to identify hundreds of birds by sight and more than 50 species by their song or call.It started out simply enough.Bird-watching is my hobby， so about six years ago， I started sharing my love for birds with my students.I’ve always felt like it’s important to get kids outside and away from so many screens， and I consider this doing my part.And guess what？ They absolutely love it！
　　Kindergartners are pretty amazing at identifying birds， especially by their songs.I find that younger children are naturally tuned into nature and have great curiosity about it.This became quite obvious once I began teaching about birds.You wouldn’t believe how easily these 5-year-olds learn to identify different species.
　　With every year that I’ve done this， the kids immediately get hooked.Then we have this common passion to share and build on it throughout the year.I’ve found that my students’ love of birds is a great way to get them more interested in writing， reading and story problems in maths.
　　So how do I do it？ With identification （识别）， I use a flash-card approach.We also use a Bird Bingo game that the kids love.Then I introduce one or two bird songs a day.Learning about bird songs is a lot like learning a foreign language.It teaches students to think in a different way by learning to recognize different sounds.The best part is that it makes them more aware of nature and which birds are in their area.
　　If you want to try teaching bird songs to your students， I’d suggest starting with the common backyard birds.Check out the All About Birds website， where you can look up the species， find photos and even play the bird songs right there！
语篇解读：本文是一篇记叙文。来自南达科他州阿默尔的一位幼儿园老师通过教授学生识别和了解鸟类来激发学生对大自然的兴趣。通过教授鸟类知识，学生在写作、阅读和数学问题方面也获得了提高。
1.What inspired the author to start teaching kindergartners about birds？（　　）
A.His love for bird-watching.
B.The science teaching standards.
C.The students’ curiosity about nature.
D.The students’ talent in identifying birds.
解析：A　细节理解题。根据第一段中的Bird-watching is my hobby， so about six years ago， I started sharing my love for birds with my students.可知，作者对鸟类观察的兴趣激发了他开始教授幼儿园学生关于鸟类的知识。
2.How did the author feel about his students’ speed of learning to identify birds？（　　）
A.Annoyed.　　 B.Amazed.
C.Disappointed.　　 D.Discouraged.
解析：B　细节理解题。根据第二段第一句可知，幼儿园的孩子们在识别鸟类方面的能力相当惊人，即作者对学生们快速学习识别鸟类的能力感到惊讶。
3.What does the underlined word “hooked” in Paragraph 3 mean？（　　）
A.Interested.　　 B.Challenged.
C.Encouraged.　　 D.Praised.
解析：A　词义猜测题。根据画线词后的Then we have this common passion to share and build on it throughout the year.可知，孩子们和作者一样，对鸟有着共同的激情，即对鸟是感兴趣的。由此推断，画线词与interested同义。
4.How does the author teach kindergartners to learn to identify different bird species？（　　）
A.By listening to bird songs.
B.By studying bird photos on a website.
C.Through writing and reading exercises.
D.Through flash cards and a Bird Bingo game.
解析：D　细节理解题。根据倒数第二段中的With identification（识别）， I use a flash-card approach.We also use a Bird Bingo game that the kids love.可知，作者通过使用闪卡和Bird Bingo游戏的方式来教学生识别不同的鸟类。
B
　　（2024·广东广州高二上期末）One old-school gardening belief is that it is inadvisable — even risky — to have plants in the bedroom.This centers around the claim that while plants take in carbon dioxide and release oxygen in the day， at night this is reversed （相反）， so they compete with us for the very air we breathe while asleep.
　　Indoor air quality is indeed affected by CO2 build-up， which has proven health implications， providing a clear basis for concern.However， assessing whether sharing our bedroom with plants truly jeopardizes our health involves three key considerations.
　　Firstly， how much CO2 do plants release at night compared with what they absorb in the day？ This proves complex due to varying factors like species， light exposure， and room temperature and the research on the precise measurements is pretty thin on the ground.Thankfully， a 2015 study found that sizeable houseplants enclosed in glass boxes manage to absorb six to eight times as much CO2 in the day as they give off at night， creating a pretty significant net reduction over a 24-hour period.
　　Secondly， it’s essential to compare the nighttime impact of plants on air quality with that of other potential competitors， such as your roommates.A single human breath contains roughly 40，000 ppm of CO2， over 10 times the effect a plant could have in 8 hours.Consequently， it might be wiser to kick out your roommates before your plants.
　　Finally， and this may seem apparent， our living spaces differ from the controlled environments in research studies.Indoor air is constantly being exchanged naturally through openings like doors and windows， and human movement.A recent review suggests that reproducing the air-refreshing impact of an open window would require between 100 and 1，000 plants per square meter of floor space， considering plants’ pollution-removing abilities.
　　So enjoy houseplants whenever you like， because， frankly， if sleeping near plants were bad for your health， camping in a forest would be positively deadly.
语篇解读：本文是一篇说明文。作者从三个方面说明了在卧室养植物是安全的。
5.What does the underlined word “jeopardizes” in Paragraph 2 probably mean？（　　）
A.Threatens.　　 B.Changes.
C.Improves.　　 D.Suspends.
解析：A　词义猜测题。根据第一段内容可知，一种观点认为在卧室种植物很危险，它在晚上与我们竞争我们睡觉时呼吸的空气，画线词所在句意为“然而，要评估与植物共用卧室是否真的会危害我们的健康，需要考虑三个关键因素”。jeopardizes意为“危害”。
6.What does the author think of having plants in the bedroom？（　　）
A.It is a health risk that requires immediate action.
B.It is a dangerous practice that should be avoided.
C.It is not as concerning as believed and can be enjoyed.
D.It is beneficial only if proper air exchanging is ensured.
解析：C　推理判断题。根据最后一段中的So enjoy houseplants whenever you like可知，作者认为在卧室养植物不像人们想象的那样令人担忧，可以享受。
7.How does the author illustrate the nighttime impact of bedroom plants？（　　）
A.By citing examples.
B.By giving definitions.
C.By quoting researches.
D.By making comparisons.
解析：D　推理判断题。根据第四段前两句可知，作者是通过作比较来说明夜间植物对空气质量的影响。
8.Why does the author mention camping in a forest at the end of the passage？（　　）
A.To highlight the risks of sleeping outdoors.
B.To suggest that sleeping near plants is dangerous.
C.To promote forest camping as a healthy alternative.
D.To emphasize the safety of having plants in the bedroom.
解析：D　推理判断题。根据最后一段可知，作者提到在森林露营是为了强调在卧室养植物的安全性。
C
　　（2024·广西南宁高二上期末）Despite heavy illegal hunting of rhinos， South Africa’s Kruger National Park is still a natural paradise.One of the largest remaining lion populations in Africa lives there.Yet there is something the local animals fear even more than the big cats.
　　Liana Zanette of Western University in Ontario and her colleagues were able to show that animals react most strongly to human voices and flee in response.For their experiment， the team placed camera traps and loudspeakers at water holes in the national park， which allowed the researchers to influence and record the behavior of a total of 19 mammal species.They played the animals sounds of normal conversations of humans in four South African languages， dogs barking， gunshots and lion sounds.
　　The study group found that animals were twice as likely to flee and vacated an area faster when they heard human voices than when they heard lions or gunshots.This was true for 95 per cent of the animal species observed， including giraffes， leopards， hyenas， zebras， kudu， warthogs， impalas and rhinos.Only elephants were significantly more likely to run from lions than from humans.
　　The same was true of the time that animals spent at water holes： they usually stayed longer when lion sounds were played to them than when human voices were heard.Wild dogs， leopards and buffalo were the only animals who stayed at water holes longer when they heard humans， and the difference was not statistically significant for these species.“There is a notion that animals get used to humans when they are not being hunted.But we’ve shown that’s not the case，” Clinchy says.“Fear of humans is deeply rooted and common， so we need to seriously address it for conservation reasons.”
　　The team is now investigating whether its customized sound systems can be used to help endangered species， such as the southern white rhino， away from known poaching （偷猎） areas in South Africa.Initial tests of keeping rhinos away from such areas through the use of human voices have been successful.
语篇解读：本文是一篇说明文。一项研究发现，人类的声音对野生动物来说是根深蒂固的恐惧。
9.What can we know about South Africa’s Kruger National Park？（　　）
A.Rhinos are effectively protected in the park.
B.Lions are the biggest threat for local animals.
C.Human voices cause fear in the local wildlife.
D.It is a natural paradise without illegal hunting.
解析：C　推理判断题。根据第二段中的Liana Zanette of Western University in Ontario and her colleagues were able to show that animals react most strongly to human voices and flee in response.可知，研究表明，人类的声音引起当地野生动物的恐惧。
10.What does the underlined word “vacated” in Paragraph 3 probably mean？（　　）
A.Occupied.　　 B.Left.
C.Encountered.　　 D.Filled.
解析：B　词义猜测题。根据画线词前的The study group found that animals were twice as likely to flee and可知，画线词与flee意义相近，从而推知，画线词意为“离开，逃离”。
11.What did researchers find about animals’ reaction to different sounds？（　　）
A.Elephants are more afraid of humans than lions.
B.Giraffes react most strongly to lions or gunshots.
C.Rhinos were more likely to run from lions than gunshots.
D.Wild dogs stayed at water holes longer when hearing humans.
解析：D　细节理解题。根据第四段中的Wild dogs， leopards and buffalo were ... not statistically significant for these species.可知，关于动物对不同声音的反应，研究人员发现野狗在听到人类声音时在水坑里待的时间更长。
12.What is the best title for the text？（　　）
A.Human Voices： a Surprising Deep-rooted Fear in Wildlife
B.Lions： the Primary Source of Threat for the Local Animals
C.Lion Sounds： the Potential Use for Wildlife Protection
D.Humans： the Impact on Decreasing Rhino Population
解析：A　标题归纳题。通读全文可知，本文介绍了一项研究发现：人类的声音对野生动物来说是根深蒂固的恐惧。A项（人类的声音：在野生动物中是令人惊讶的根深蒂固的恐惧）为文章最佳标题。
Ⅱ.应用文写作
　　（2024·重庆高二上期末）假定你是李华，你的美国笔友Johnson给你发来邮件，询问你最钦佩的科学家是谁。请你用英语给他回复一封邮件，内容包括：
1.对钦佩对象的简介；
2.钦佩他/她的原因；
3.他/她对你的影响。
注意：1.写作词数应为80左右；
2.请按如下格式作答。
Dear Johnson，
　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　
　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　
　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　
Best regards，
Li Hua
参考范文：
Dear Johnson，
　　I hope this email finds you well.You asked about the person I admire the most， and I would like to share with you my admiration for Yuan Longping.
　　Yuan Longping， often referred to as the “Father of Hybrid Rice”， is a famous Chinese agricultural scientist.His groundbreaking work in developing high-yield hybrid rice has revolutionized global agriculture， helping to feed countless people around the world.
　　Yuan Longping’s work has influenced me by highlighting the importance of perseverance and making a meaningful difference in the world.His dedication to solving global issues has motivated me to explore how I can contribute to positive change in my own field of interest.
　Best regards，
　Li Hua
17 / 17Section Ⅳ　Writing about a lesson from nature
Step 1　品教材课文
The Meaning of Struggle
One day， a man found the pupa of a butterfly.Seeing an opening in the pupa， he realised that the butterfly was ready to emerge. So he sat down and watched as the butterfly struggled to force its body through the little hole.However， minutes passed and the butterfly still couldn’t get out.The struggle was too hard for its weak body.The man then kindly enlarged the hole in the pupa so that the butterfly could finally break free.But instead of flying away， it just dragged itself around weakly， then died.The struggle to break out of the pupa was necessary for the butterfly’s survival because it enabled its wings and body to grow strong.Without the struggle， it was too weak to live.
In the same way， we need struggle to grow strong and survive.We must go through some difficult things if we really wish to spread our wings and fly.
Step 2　析写作手法
A suitable title for the story
选取一个与自然界相关的富有哲理寓意的主题，并为故事拟定了一个贴合文意的标题。
Para.1：The background， plot and ending of the story
首段第二句中使用了动词-ing短语Seeing an opening in the pupa作状语，使句子表达简洁；第三句中使用了as引导的时间状语从句；第六句中使用了so that引导的目的状语从句，这些从句的使用使表达富于变化。本段中还多处使用了衔接词，如so， however， but等，使语言连贯，过渡自然，衔接紧密。
Para.2：What lessons we can learn from the story
文中使用了隐喻的修辞手法，将蝴蝶破茧挣扎的过程与人的成长过程进行比较，实际上是为了给读者启示：成长的过程需要个人努力奋斗，同时也要尊重自然规律。
Step 3　背出彩佳句
1.Nature is often regarded as our best teacher.
大自然经常被认为是我们最好的老师。
2.It’s not surprising for us to draw wisdom from nature.
从大自然中汲取智慧对我们来说是不足为奇的。
3.The idiom reminds us of the importance of diligence.
这个成语提醒我们勤奋的重要性。
4.Preparation plays an important role on the road to success.
准备在成功的道路上起着重要的作用。
5.Make full preparations and you can make achievements and attain your goals.
做好充分的准备，你就能取得成就，实现你的目标。
6.In my opinion， this short story tells us that life is not fair and that anything can happen.
在我看来，这个短篇故事告诉我们，生活是不公平的，任何事情都可能发生。
7.What the picture attempts to convey is that cooperation will benefit everyone.
图片试图传达的是，合作将惠及所有人。
8.It is obvious that if we behave like the ants， we will defeat all the difficulties.
很明显，如果我们表现得像蚂蚁一样，我们将战胜一切困难。
9.In the same way， if we’re too anxious for quick results and rush to complete them， we may neglect some important stages and ended in failure.
同样，如果我们急功近利，急于完成，我们可能会忽视一些重要的阶段，最终遭受失败。
假定你是李华，你的朋友Mike向你询问汉语成语“揠苗助长”的含义。请你根据下面的汉语提示用英语写一篇短文，向其解释该成语的由来和意义。
宋人有闵其苗之不长而揠之者，芒芒然归，谓其人曰：“今日病矣！予助苗长矣！”其子趋而往视之，苗则槁矣。
一、审题谋篇，结构分明
第一段：解释成语的含义；
第二段：叙述故事的经过；
第三段：感受和教训。
二、要点陈述、语言规范
1.成语“揠苗助长”的意思就是通过将植物拔高而帮助它们生长。
　The set phrase “ya miao zhu zhang” means “Trying to help seedlings grow by pulling them up”.　
2.它背后有一个故事。
　There is a story behind it.　
3.宋国有个人，很担心自己种的秧苗长得太慢。
　A man in the Song State was anxious about the slow growth of his seedlings.　
4.他把它们一棵棵往上拔。
　He pulled them upward one by one.　
5.他回来对家人说：“我今天累坏了，因为我帮秧苗长高了。”
　He came back saying to his family，“I’m exhausted today，for I’ve helped the seedlings grow much taller.”　
6.他的儿子听了，跑去田地，发现秧苗都死了。
　Hearing this，his son ran to the field and found all the seedlings had died.　
7.这个成语给了我们一个教训。
　This set phrase teaches us a lesson.　
8.违背事物发展规律，急功近利，只会使事情变得更糟。
　Going against the law of development in things and being overanxious for quick results will only make things worse.　
三、句间衔接，过渡自然
1.用定语从句合并要点1和要点2。
　The set phrase “ya miao zhu zhang” means “Trying to help seedlings grow by pulling them up”，behind which there is a story.　
2.用同位语从句合并要点7和要点8。
　This set phrase teaches us the lesson that going against the law of development in things and being overanxious for quick results will only make things worse.　
四、检查誊写，卷面整洁
　The set phrase “ya miao zhu zhang” means “Trying to help seedlings grow by pulling them up”，behind which there is a story.　
　A man in the Song State was anxious about the slow growth of his seedlings.So， he pulled them upward one by one.He came back saying to his family， “I’m exhausted today，for I’ve helped the seedlings grow much taller.”Hearing this， his son ran to the field and found all the seedlings had died.　
　This set phrase teaches us the lesson that going against the law of development in things and being overanxious for quick results will only make things worse.　
动作描写 seek solutions to 寻求解决方法 take inspiration from 从……中获取灵感 employ v.使用，运用 bow v.鞠躬 reject v.拒绝接受 ease v.减轻；缓解；使安心；（使）宽慰 n.舒适，悠闲 depart v.离开
环境描写 lotus n.莲花；荷花 pond n.池塘 mulberry n.桑葚；桑树 dragonfly n.蜻蜓 lane n.（乡间的）小路 cottage n.乡村小屋 rural adj.农村的，乡村的 botanical adj.植物（学）的
人物描写 physician n.医生 decent adj.可接受的，相当好的 reluctant adj.不情愿的；勉强的 fulfilment n.满足（感） wisdom n.智慧
　　请从以上语料中选择合适的词汇，并用适当的过渡词完成下面语段。
为了减轻工作压力，上周我和朋友哈里开车去了乡村地区。走在乡间的小路上，我被池塘里的荷花、随风摇曳的桑树和飞舞的蜻蜓所吸引。“这景色多美啊！”哈里低声自言自语，脸上不自觉地挂着微笑。突然，我们看见远处有一座乡村小屋。小屋越来越近，我们越来越高兴，因为我们在那里看到了一个美丽的植物园。欣赏着田野的美景，我们感到一种满足感。
　To ease the working pressure，I drove to the rural area with my friend Harry last week.While walking on the lanes，I was attracted by the lotuses in the pond，the mulberry trees swinging in the wind and the flying dragonflies.“How amazing the scenery is！”Harry whispered to himself，unconsciously a smile spreading over his face.All of a sudden，we caught sight of a cottage in the distance.The nearer the cottage was， the more delighted we were，because we saw a beautiful botanical garden there.Enjoying the beautiful scene of the field，we felt a sense of fulfilment.　
Ⅰ.阅读理解
　　（2024·海南琼海高二下月考）Scientists have shown that bees have some surprising maths skills.Now， new study shows that bees can even be trained to tell the difference between odd and even numbers.Before this， humans were the only animals known to have this ability.
　　In 2018， researchers in Australia discovered that bees could understand the idea of “zero”.The researchers were perplexed， since only a few animals， like dolphins， monkeys， and some birds， had shown that they understood zero.Later， the same scientists showed that bees could be trained to add and subtract （减）.
　　In the study， researchers divided honeybees into two control groups.They showed bees cards containing printed shapes that numbered from one to ten.One group was trained to fly to even-numbered cards， which earned them a sugar water treat if they successfully completed the task.If they flew to an odd-numbered card， they received a sour liquid.The second group had a similar approach， but the numbers were reversed （相反的）.An odd card would earn them a sweet treat and an even card would give them a sour liquid.Researchers continued this lesson until the bees succeeded at least 80% of the time.
　　Then， they added a new challenge.They had the bees choose between cards with 11 and 12 shapes on them.The bees had never seen these numbers in their training.Even so， they succeeded 70% of the time.
　　The reason for this study is that the scientists believe that studying bee brains might help us learn how to build better and faster computers.After all， a bee’s brain is about 86，000 times smaller than a human brain.How does it handle such complicated ideas？ Unless the brain structures for processing numbers aren’t so complicated.Then， the scientists built an extremely simple computer system with just five connections called neurons （神经元）， and they were able to train it to tell the difference between even and odd numbers up to 40.
语篇解读：本文是一篇说明文。科学家已经证明蜜蜂有一些惊人的数学技能。现在，一项新的研究表明，蜜蜂甚至可以通过训练来区分奇数和偶数。科学家们认为研究蜜蜂的大脑可能有助于我们学习如何构建更好、更快的计算机。
1.What does the underlined word “perplexed” in Paragraph 2 mean？（　　）
A.Tolerant.　　B.Creative.
C.Puzzled.　　D.Discouraged.
解析：C　词义猜测题。上文说“澳大利亚的研究者在2018年发现蜜蜂能理解‘零’的概念”，下文说“因为只有一些哺乳动物，像海豚、猴子和一些鸟类，已经表明它们理解‘零’”。由此可知，此处为研究人员对于这一现象感到困惑。故可猜测，画线单词perplexed为“困惑的”意思，与puzzled意思一致。
2.How did the bees get their reward in the study？（　　）
A.By mixing the two drinks.
B.By drawing the right shapes.
C.By removing correct numbers.
D.By landing on specified cards.
解析：D　细节理解题。根据第三段中的One group was trained to fly to even-numbered cards， which earned them a sugar water treat if they successfully completed the task.可知，在这项研究中，蜜蜂通过降落在指定的卡片上得到奖励。
3.What is the final goal of this study？（　　）
A.Finding potential technology innovations.
B.Teaching bees different means of learning.
C.Speeding the learning behavior of humans.
D.Training bees to serve mankind more easily.
解析：A　推理判断题。根据最后一段中的The reason for this study is that the scientists believe that studying bee brains might help us learn how to build better and faster computers.可推知，这项研究的最终目的是寻找潜在的技术创新。
4.What is the best title for the text？（　　）
A.Bees Calculate Numbers like Humans
B.Scientists Train Bees to Count Numbers
C.Odds and Evens Are Significant to Bees
D.Bees Can Learn Odd and Even Numbers
解析：D　标题归纳题。文章主要讲述了科学家已经证明蜜蜂有一些惊人的数学技能。现在，一项新的研究表明，蜜蜂甚至可以通过训练来区分奇数和偶数。科学家们认为研究蜜蜂的大脑可能有助于我们学习如何构建更好、更快的计算机。因此D项（蜜蜂可以学习奇数和偶数）为文章最佳标题。
Ⅱ.完形填空
　　（2024·广东湛江高二上期末）In November 2020， a polar bear named Suka gave birth to several little ones， including Laerke.Laerke and her brothers and sisters were the first polar bears successfully born and 　5　 in the Detroit Zoo since 2004.
　　Days after her 　6　， Laerke became significantly inactive and appeared increasingly 　7　.She was sent off to the zoo’s health complex for 　8　， but by the time she returned home， her mom no longer 　9　Laerke as her cub （小熊）.
　　Without having any other polar bear who would 　10　 her， she would have to go without a 　11　， or so they thought.　12　， that’s right when Jebbie needed a new home！ Jebbie， the baby grizzly bear was 　13　 all by himself helplessly in Tok， Alaska， when he was 　14　 and taken to the Detroit Zoo， where he and Laerke had been gradually getting to know each other.
　　After some time， Jebbie and Laerke became best 　15　！ The zookeepers have since posted pictures and videos of them playing， showing just how 　16　 they are.Together， they’re able to wrestle in the grassy tundra （苔原）， splash around in the freshwater or saltwater pools， and play with toys 　17　.
　　“We’re excited that we are able to give Jebbie a home and 　18　 a much-needed friend for Laerke，” said Scott， chief life sciences officer of the Detroit Zoo.“This social development is critically 　19　 for both Laerke and Jebbie.”
语篇解读：本文是一篇记叙文。底特律动物园成功诞生的北极熊Laerke因为生病被带去检查后，它的妈妈不再认它，但幸运的是它和在阿拉斯加被救助的灰熊Jebbie成为好朋友，它们在园中一起玩耍、成长，这对于两只小熊的社交发展非常重要。
5.A.found　　 B.hurt
C.raised　　 D.caught
解析：C　根据上文the first polar bears successfully born and可知，Laerke和它的兄弟姐妹是自2004年以来底特律动物园成功出生和抚养的第一批北极熊。find找到；hurt受伤；raise抚养；catch捕捉。
6.A.birth　　 B.survival
C.escape　　 D.return
解析：A　根据第一段中的In November 2020， a polar bear named Suka gave birth to several little ones， including Laerke.可知，在Laerke出生后，变得明显不活跃。birth出生；survival存活；escape逃生；return返回。
7.A.anxious　　 B.weak
C.big　　 D.excited
解析：B　根据上文significantly inactive可知，Laerke变得明显不活跃，并且看起来越来越虚弱。anxious焦虑的；weak虚弱的；big大的；excited兴奋的。
8.A.entertainment　　 B.development
C.experiment　　 D.treatment
解析：D　根据空前的the zoo’s health complex可知，它被送到动物园的健康中心接受治疗。entertainment娱乐；development发展；experiment实验；treatment治疗。
9.A.understood　　 B.recognized
C.forgave　　 D.scared
解析：B　根据but和下文as her cub可知，但当Laerke回到家时，它的妈妈已认不出Laerke是自己的幼崽。understand理解；recognize认出；forgive原谅；scare害怕。
10.A.accept　　 B.teach C.depend on　　 D.believe in
解析：A　根据上文her mom no longer 　9　 Laerke as her cub可知，自己的妈妈认不出自己，同时别的北极熊也不愿意接受它。accept接受；teach教；depend on依赖于；believe in相信。
11.A.companion　　 B.meal
C.room　　 D.toy
解析：A　没有其他的北极熊愿意接受它，它就不得不孤零零地没有同伴了。companion同伴；meal餐食；room房间；toy玩具。
12.A.Generally　　 B.Sadly
C.Honestly　　 D.Luckily
解析：D　根据下文that’s right when Jebbie needed a new home可知，就在此时另外一只小熊Jebbie需要一个新家，因此Jebbie可以成为Laerke的伴侣，这对Laerke来说是幸运的。generally通常地；sadly悲伤地；honestly诚实地；luckily幸运地。
13.A.crying　　 B.wandering
C.hunting　　 D.playing
解析：B　根据空后的all by himself helplessly in Tok， Alaska和下文taken to the Detroit Zoo可知，Jebbie是一只小灰熊，它在阿拉斯加州托克无助地徘徊时被人们救助，并被带到底特律动物园。cry哭泣；wander徘徊；hunt狩猎；play玩耍。
14.A.beaten　　 B.examined
C.rescued　　 D.shot
解析：C　参见上题解析。beat打败；examine检查；rescue救援；shoot射击。
15.A.examples　　 B.friends
C.models　　 D.witnesses
解析：B　根据上文where he and Laerke had been gradually getting to know each other可知，经过一段时间，Jebbie和Laerke成为最好的朋友。example例子；friend朋友；model模特；witness证人。
16.A.lonely　　 B.careful
C.lovely　　 D.fearful
解析：C　根据上文The zookeepers have since posted pictures and videos of them playing可知，动物园管理员上传了它们玩耍的照片和视频，向人们展示它们有多可爱。lonely孤独的；careful小心的；lovely可爱的；fearful害怕的。
17.A.crazily　　 B.regretfully
C.happily　　 D.hopefully
解析：C　根据空前的play with toys可知，它们可以一起开心地玩玩具。crazily疯狂地；regretfully遗憾地；happily快乐地；hopefully希望地。
18.A.provide　　 B.recover
C.visit　　 D.protect
解析：A　根据上段最后一句可知，此处表示为Laerke提供一位非常需要的朋友。provide提供；recover恢复；visit访问；protect保护。
19.A.impossible　　 B.dangerous C.strange　　 D.important
解析：D　底特律动物园能够给Jebbie一个家，并为Laerke提供一位非常需要的朋友，因此这种社交发展对它们都很重要。impossible不可能的；dangerous危险的；strange奇怪的；important重要的。
Ⅲ.读后续写
　　阅读下面材料，根据其内容和所给段落开头语续写两段，使之构成一篇完整的短文。
　　（2024·四川眉山高二上期末）
How a Powerful Dream Taught Me to Respect My Sister
　　It was Friday about 4：15 pm.I had just gotten back from school； I sat down on a table to do my homework.“Hi， Mom.” “Daniela， I need to talk with you.” “About what？” “Your dad and I have been thinking really hard about this， and you are getting a new sister.” “What， but what about me？” I asked.“I don’t want a sister.Don’t you love me？” “Yes， but ...”
　　Without letting her finish， I rushed to my room crying.I closed my door and went to my bed.I had so much anger that I threw my glass cup on the floor.“What happened here？” Mom asked to herself.My mom came in a few minutes later.She said that the way I was acting wasn’t the right way to act.My mom started talking about how my new sister was having a really hard time.She said that her parents had unfortunately died in an earthquake， so she had to go to a foster （寄养的） home.A few days later， she got adopted by a family who treated her badly.They didn’t give her enough food or water and she had to do all the housework until one day she got tired of being treated poorly and escaped to a shelter， and that is where they found her.But whatever she said， I just couldn’t agree.
　　That night I had a terrible dream.I dreamed an earthquake happened and when the shaking stopped， my house and parents were nowhere to see.I became homeless and was brought to a farm， staying there with a horrible woman who never gave me food.Later I found an opportunity to run away from the farm.Then the woman ran after me and I ran harder till suddenly I opened my eyes， finding myself still on the bed.“OMG！ What just happened？” I asked myself， full of fear.
注意：1.续写词数应为150左右；
2.请按如下格式作答。
　　The dream changed me and I started to reflect on myself.　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　
　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　
　　The next morning Dad drove alone to the shelter and brought my new sister home.　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　
　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　
参考范文：
　　The dream changed me and I started to reflect on myself.There is no doubt that we are supposed to help those who are in trouble.There is an old saying that disaster is merciless， there is love in the world.My new sister survived the earthquake， during which she lost her loved parents.What was worse， she was treated badly in the fostered family， resulting in the terrible and desperate situation.Faced with her sufferings， I shouldn’t be so selfish to reject her coming.Deeply realized what I did was completely wrong， I apologized to my parents.
The next morning Dad drove alone to the shelter and brought my new sister home.She received a warm and enthusiastic welcome from our family.My mom prepared a big and delicious dinner.After enjoying the dinner， I shared my toys with my new sister， playing with her with enthusiasm.The poor girl moved to tears， saying no words.Instead she hugged each of us tightly.My parents felt extremely proud of what I had done.
9 / 9Section Ⅱ　Using language
复习：非谓语动词作主语、宾语和表语
①It is natural to think in this way ...
②Today，architects continue to explore ways to capture the beauty of natural forms， ...
③People whose interest is exploring the relationship between art and science will enjoy Singapore’s ArtScience Museum.
④...it appears to float above the waterfront promenade and the water that surrounds it.
⑤Visitors are often amazed to find themselves in an urban building that so truly captures the beauty of natural forms.
⑥To use biomimicry is to create structures based on natural forms and processes.
⑦Creating buildings such as these enables us to live in closer harmony with our environment.
【我的发现】
1.以上句子中，句①和句⑥中的To use biomimicry为动词不定式短语作　主语　，有时可以用　it　作形式主语而把动词不定式短语放在后面，如句①；句②中的动词不定式短语作　宾语　；句④和句⑥中的to create structures为动词不定式短语作　表语　。
2.句③中的动词-ing短语作　表语　；句⑦中的动词-ing短语作　主语　。
3.句⑤中为过去分词作　表语　。
一、非谓语动词概述
　非谓语动词有三种：动词不定式、动词-ing形式和过去分词。非谓语动词在句中不可单独用作谓语，没有人称和数的变化，但可以有自己的宾语、状语等。
二、非谓语动词的形式
形式 主动形式 被动形式
动词不定式 一般式 to do to be done
进行式 to be doing ——
完成式 to have done to have been done
完成进行式 to have been doing ——
动词-ing形式 一般式 doing being done
完成式 having done having been done
过去分词 done ——
名师点津
非谓语动词的否定形式是在非谓语动词的前面直接加not，如not to do， not doing， not to be done， not having done。
三、非谓语动词的句法功能
　　句法功能 形式　　　 主语 宾语 表语 定语 状语 补语
动词不定式 √ √ √ √ √ √
动词-ing形式 √ √ √ √ √ √
过去分词 √ √ √ √
四、非谓语动词的语法功能
1.非谓语动词作主语
（1）动词-ing形式和动词不定式作主语的区别：动词-ing形式作主语多指抽象的、概念性的动作，可以是多次的、经常性的行为；动词不定式作主语表示具体的动作，尤指一次性的动作。
To teach you English is my job.
教你们英语是我的工作。
Travelling along the old Silk Road is an interesting experience.
沿着古老的丝绸之路旅行是一次有趣的经历。
（2）动词-ing形式和动词不定式作主语，都可以用it作形式主语，经常用于以下句型中：
①It is/was no use/good/worth ... doing sth
②It＋be＋名词＋to do sth
③It＋be＋difficult/easy/important/impossible/necessary ...＋for sb to do sth
④It＋be＋careless/clever/foolish/honest/kind/wise ...＋of sb to do sth
It is important for the data to be updated regularly.
数据经常被更新是重要的。
It is no good playing computer games all day long.
整天玩电脑游戏是不好的。
【即时演练1】　单句语法填空
①　Being exposed　 （expose） to the sunlight does great harm to your skin.
②It’s hard 　to distinguish　 （distinguish） one twin from the other.
③It took him about a month 　to accustom　 （accustom） himself to the senior high life.
④　Facing　 （face） up to your problems rather than running away from them is the best approach to working things out.
⑤I think it is no good 　having　 （have） another talk with him on this matter.
2.非谓语动词作宾语
动词不定式和动词-ing形式在句中都可以作宾语。动词不定式作宾语一般表示一次性的动作或将来的动作；动词-ing形式作宾语常表示经常性的动作或正在进行的动作。但在很多情况下，两者可以通用，使用时要注意一些特殊的规则。
（1）下列动词后只能用动词不定式作宾语：
decide/determine， learn， want， expect/hope/wish； refuse， manage， care， pretend； offer， promise， choose， plan； agree， ask/beg， help； afford， strive， happen， wait， threaten， fail等
If I fail to appear by 7 o’clock， I will not be coming.
如果我7点钟没有出现的话，我就不会来了。
After a gap of five years， Jennifer decided to go back to work full-time.
间隔五年之后，詹妮弗决定继续全职工作。
（2）下列动词或动词短语后只能用动词-ing形式作宾语：
consider，suggest/advise，look forward to，excuse/pardon； admit，delay/put off，fancy； avoid，miss，keep/keep on，practice； deny，finish，enjoy/appreciate； forbid，imagine，risk； can’t help，mind， allow/permit， escape等
此外，下列动词短语后也要用动词-ing形式作宾语：
be used/accustomed to， lead to， be devoted to， go back to， stick to， object to， get down to， pay attention to， can’t stand， give up， feel like， insist on， thank ...for， apologise for， be busy （in）， have difficulty/trouble （in）， have a good/wonderful/hard time （in）， spend time （in）等
I don’t mind having a dog in the house so long as it’s clean.
我不反对房子里有条狗，只要它干净就行了。
He has become accustomed to doing morning exercises every day.
他每天晨练，已经习以为常了。
（3）下列动词或动词短语后既可以用动词-ing形式作宾语，也可以用动词不定式作宾语，但意义上有区别，要特别注意。
后接动词不定式 后接动词-ing形式
regret to do sth 遗憾地去做某事 regret doing sth 后悔做过某事
forget to do sth 忘记要去做某事 forget doing sth 忘记做过某事
remember to do sth 记得要去做某事 remember doing sth 记得做过某事
mean to do sth 打算去做某事 mean doing sth 意味着做某事
try to do sth 努力/企图去做某事 try doing sth 尝试做某事
can’t help （to） do sth 不能帮助做某事 can’t help doing sth 忍不住做某事
If we want to catch the 7：30 train， that will mean leaving the house at 6：00.
如果我们想赶上7：30的火车，那就意味着要6：00从家中出发。
I didn’t mean to leave her name off the list； it was an oversight.
我不是有意在名单上漏掉她的名字的，这是个疏忽。
（4）动词allow， permit， forbid， advise等后直接跟动词-ing形式作宾语，如果后面有名词或代词作宾语，其后用动词不定式作宾语补足语。
Sorry， we don’t allow making noises in the reading room.
对不起，在阅览室里不准喧哗。
We don’t allow students to make noises in the reading room.
我们不允许学生在阅览室里喧哗。
（5）need， want， require作“需要”，deserve作“应受，应得”讲时，其后用动词-ing形式的主动形式（doing）或动词不定式的被动形式（to be done）表示被动意义。be worth后也用动词-ing形式的主动形式（doing）表达被动含义。
The window needs/requires/wants to be cleaned/cleaning.
窗户需要擦了。
（6）think， find， feel， make， believe等动词可用于“动词＋it＋形容词＋to do sth”结构，在此句型中，it作形式宾语，而真正的宾语是后面的动词不定式。
I think it important to take notes in all classes.
我认为在所有课上做笔记是重要的。
【即时演练2】　单句语法填空
①Tom’s English is not good， so he devoted all his free time to 　studying　 （study） it.
②He didn’t feel well and suggested 　being given　 （give） a good medical examination.
③She pretended 　to be reading　 （read） when the teacher came into the classroom.
④If you wish to be admitted to a key university， you must tolerate 　working　 （work） hard all the three years in senior high school.
⑤I intend 　to take　 （take） full advantage of this trip to buy the things we need.
3.非谓语动词作表语
（1）动词不定式和动词-ing形式作表语时的区别。
动词不定式和动词-ing形式作表语虽然都是用于回答主语“是什么”的，但二者仍有一些区别。动词不定式作表语强调的是一次性的、具体的、将要发生的动作；而动词-ing形式作表语强调的是一般性的、抽象的、经常发生的动作。
Our plan is to make better use of these materials.
我们的计划是更好地利用这些材料。
My job is teaching you English.
我的工作是教你们英语。
（2）动词-ing形式和过去分词作表语时的区别。
动词-ing形式和过去分词作表语都是用于回答主语“怎么样”的。动词-ing形式说明主语的特征，过去分词则说明主语的状态。
I was surprised at the news that he had failed the test.听到他考试不及格的消息，我很惊讶。
The music they are playing sounds exciting.
他们演奏的音乐听起来令人激动。
（3）动词不定式作表语和动词不定式表示将来时的区别。
动词不定式作表语用于说明主语“是什么”，主语和表语可以交换位置，其意思不变；动词不定式用来表示将来时态时，表示主语即将要执行的动作，主语和表语不可交换位置。
The purpose of fundamental education is to develop a fine personality in children.
基础教育的目的是培养儿童优良的品格。
My American teacher is to leave China soon.
我的美国老师即将离开中国。
（4）过去分词作表语和过去分词用于被动语态时的区别。
过去分词作表语说明主语所处的状态或特征；过去分词用于被动语态说明主语所承受的动作。
The painting remains unfinished.
这幅画仍未完成。
The painting was finished by his apprentice.
这幅画是由他的徒弟完成的。
【即时演练3】　单句语法填空
①The purpose of the activity is 　to raise　 （raise） people’s awareness of environmental protection.
②The argument is very 　convincing　 （convince） and we are all convinced of you.
③The pilot asked all the passengers on board to remain 　seated　 （seat） as the plane was making a landing.
④Joining the firm as a clerk， he gradually got 　promoted　 （promote） and ended up as a manager.
vary from ...to ...从……到……不等
【教材原句】　This could vary from a view of a pond and the splashing of fish， to a tree in blossom， a pagoda or a moon-shaped gate.从池塘和鱼儿飞溅的景色，到盛开的树、宝塔或月亮形的大门，这些都是不同的。
【用法】
（1）vary v.　　变化，不同；使不同，使多样性 vary with 　　随……而变化 vary in　　 在……方面变化，在……方面有差异 （2）variety n.　　多样化；不同种类 a variety of 　　各种各样的 （3）various adj.　　各种各样的，各种不同的
【佳句】　The levels of tolerable pain vary greatly from individual to individual.
对疼痛的忍受程度因人而异，差别很大。
【练透】　单句语法填空
①There are a 　variety　 （vary） of ways to learn English beyond the classroom.
②Often due to 　various　 （vary） pressures， we tend to ignore our health.
③The two products have a lot in common but vary 　in　 their functions.
【写美】　补全句子
④Teenagers’ attitudes towards failure 　vary from person to person　.
青少年对待失败的态度因人而异。
employ v.使用，运用；雇用
【教材原句】　Inspired by dolphins， people have learnt how to send signals underwater， which is currently employed in tsunami early-warning systems.
人们受到了海豚的启发，学会了如何在水下发送信号，这项技术目前被应用于海啸早期预警系统中。
【用法】
（1）employ sb （as ...） 　　雇用某人（为……） employ sb to do sth 　　雇用某人做某事 employ sth to do sth 　　运用某物做某事 （2）be employed in （doing） sth＝employ oneself in （doing） sth　　从事/忙于（做）某事 （3）employer n.　　雇用者，雇主 employee n.　　受雇者，雇员
【佳句】　Sophisticated statistical analysis was employed to obtain these results.
运用尖端的统计分析技术得到了这些结果。
【练透】　单句语法填空
①She was employed 　as　 a shop assistant the other day.
②I was employed 　to assist　 （assist） the manager with his duties.
【写美】　同义句转换
③Employed in drawing up plans， the architect didn’t see Tom come in.
→　Employing himself in drawing up plans　， the architect didn’t see Tom come in.
维度一：基础题型练
单句语法填空
1.It is no use 　operating　 （operate） on the sick man now； he should have been sent here early.
2.　Going　 （go） abroad for a visit and settling down abroad are two different things.
3.Rachel’s father’s job is 　teaching　 （teach） maths in a high school.
4.In April， thousands of holidaymakers remained 　stuck　 （stick） abroad due to the volcanic ash cloud.
5.We all rely on it that respecting others is 　respecting　 （respect） ourselves.
6.Pahlsson and her husband now think the ring probably got 　swept　 （sweep） into a pile of kitchen rubbish.
维度二：语法与写作
补全句子
1.I 　regret to inform you　 that you didn’t pass the interview.
我很遗憾地告诉你，你的面试没有通过。
2.It is our duty 　to analyse the problem　 and see what went wrong.
我们有责任分析问题，看看出了什么问题。
3.I 　was disappointed　 at the film I saw last night.I had expected it to be better.
我对昨晚看的电影很失望。我原以为它能更好些。
4.I can hardly imagine Peter 　drowning his sadness in wine　.
我很难想象彼得借酒消愁。
5.Her cellphone 　got stolen　， which made her upset.
她的手机被盗了，这使她很心烦。
6.They asked 　to be sent to the west of China　 to work as teachers.
他们请求被派到中国西部去当教师。
7.His wish is 　to be a doctor　 in the future.
他的愿望是将来当一名医生。
维度三：语法与语篇
用所给单词的适当形式完成下面短文。
　　It is usual for young people and old people not 1.　to agree　 （agree） with each other about life，work and play.But in one special program in New York State， the adults and the teenagers live in peace.Each summer， 200 teenagers and 50 adults keep 2.　living　 （live） for eight weeks as members of a special work group.Some teenagers work in the woods or on the farms near the villages.Some learn 3.　to make　 （make） furniture and to build houses.The adults are 4.　delighted　 （delight） to teach them these skills.Everyone has several free hours every day and is completely free on weekends， too.During the free hours some teenagers enjoy photographing or 5.　painting　 （paint）.
　　It is necessary 6.　to make　 （make） rules when people live together.In this program the teenagers and the adults make the rules together.When someone breaks the rules， the group will discuss the problem.After the program，one of the teenagers said，“This program has taught me that I should stop 7.　thinking　 （think） only about myself.I began to think about the whole group.”
Ⅰ.阅读理解
A
　　Over the past decade or so， camera technology has become more and more integrated into our everyday lives.We use our phone camera to store memories and important information， and cameras help keep us safe while we are driving.Parallel parking is much easier now because cars come with rearview cameras.
　　However， up until now， cameras have also been limited.Wide field of vision cameras have been around since 2013， but these cameras only have a 180 degree field of vision， and can be clumsy （笨拙的）.They work by essentially merging images coming from two or more cameras.This can lead to distortion （失真）.In addition， using the cameras underwater also leads to distortion as light is refracted （折射） differently underwater.
　　According to Fast Company， the researchers took inspiration from nature.They began by studying the fiddler crab （招潮蟹） and its compound eye.Unlike humans， fiddler crabs can look in many directions at the same time， giving them a full 360 degree field of vision.In addition， fiddler crabs need to be able to see well both on land and in water.
　　Dr Fredo Durand， a professor of electrical engineering and computer science at MIT’s Computer Science and Artificial Intelligence Laboratory， told Laser Focus World， “Amphibians （两栖动物） are particularly exciting because they need to operate in two environments with vastly different visual characteristics.It’s humbling to learn from nature how to address these challenges.”
　　The result is a little round black ball of a camera that interprets and understands light in various ways.The scientists tested the camera’s capabilities by projecting a group of images onto the camera at different angles.They also immersed the camera halfway in a tub to test its underwater capabilities.It passed with flying colours.
　　Though the camera is still in the early stages of its development and is not ready for commercial use， the hope is that it will eventually be used to help make cars safer by improving camera quality in general and improving camera capabilities in the rain.
语篇解读：本文是一篇说明文。近十年来，相机技术已经越来越多地融入我们的日常生活。研究人员从自然界中寻找灵感，研究并开发了一种新款相机。
1.Which is a limitation of the wide field of vision cameras？（　　）
A.They can only be used underwater.
B.They occupy too much space.
C.They consist of only two cameras.
D.They cover a limited field of vision.
解析：D　细节理解题。根据第二段中的Wide field of vision cameras have been around since 2013， but these cameras only have a 180 degree field of vision， and can be clumsy （笨拙的）.可知，宽视野相机覆盖的视野有限。
2.What is Paragraph 3 mainly about？（　　）
A.The surprising adaptability of the fiddler crab.
B.The advantages of the fiddler crab’s compound eye.
C.The way of carrying out research into creatures.
D.The possibility of having a 360 degree field of vision.
解析：B　段落大意题。第三段提到研究人员开始研究招潮蟹和它的复眼，与人类不同的是，招潮蟹可以同时向多个方向看，这给了它360度的视野。此外，招潮蟹需要在陆地和水中都能看得很清楚。由此可知，本段主要介绍了招潮蟹复眼的优点。
3.Which is closest in meaning to the underlined word “immersed” in Paragraph 5？（　　）
A.Designed.　　B.Repaired.
C.Drowned.　　D.Abandoned.
解析：C　词义猜测题。根据画线词所在句中的to test its underwater capabilities可知，为了测试相机的水下能力，要将相机浸泡在水中。design设计；repair修理；drown浸泡；abandon放弃。
4.What is the author’s attitude towards the camera？（　　）
A.Positive.　　B.Doubtful.
C.Unclear.　　D.Carefree.
解析：A　观点态度题。根据最后一段可知，虽然这款相机仍处于开发的早期阶段，还没有准备好投入商业使用，但人们希望它最终能通过提高相机的整体质量和其在雨天的性能，来帮助提高汽车的安全性。由此可知，作者对于这款相机的态度是积极的。positive积极的；doubtful怀疑的；unclear不确定的；carefree不负责任的。
B
　　In valleys with thick plants， different-sized round and square buildings with faded yellow clay walls and wooden roofs，tulou lie in mountainous villages in Longyan， Fujian Province.There are more than 23，000 tulou in Yongding， which became well-known after 46 were given World Heritage status by UNESCO in 2008.“The structures were awarded because they are exceptional examples of a building of tradition and function demonstrating a particular type of communal （共有的） living and defensive organization， and， in terms of their harmonious relationship with their environment， an outstanding example of the human settlement，” UNESCO said.
　　The multistorey giant tulou buildings were built with wood and mud walls.Constructed from the 15th to 20th centuries， these massive communal homes were sited based on fengshui principles， which claim to use energy forces to harmonize individuals with their environment.Tulou are also purposefully resting amid tea， tobacco， rice plantations and abundant forests of pine and bamboo.
　　Throughout history， tulou residents have mostly been Hakkas — migrants in southern China.Population pressures created conflict between the Hakkas and their neighbours， so they built their homes to double as defending.The buildings are mainly four or five storeys high.The first floor serves as the kitchen， the second is used for grain storage and the upper floors act as living areas.The structures are mainly symmetrical （对称的）， and their defensive features include ironclad gates， escape tunnels， narrow openings for weapons under the dark-tiled roofs， and a water well.For their defensive function， only rooms on the third floor and higher have windows， which are very small.With sufficient food， the residents could survive in the event of a lengthy conflict.
　　Communal living is integral to these villages， where the closed wall design boosts social interaction.Residents gather in the courtyard for ceremonies such as ancestor worship and weddings.Tulou is such a superb piece of architecture， living up to the title given by UNESCO.
语篇解读：本文是一篇说明文。文章主要介绍了中国的土楼建筑，以及其建造特点、功能等。
5.What do we know about tulou？（　　）
A.Over 23，000 tulou were given World Heritage status.
B.Among 23，000 tulou， only 46 became famous globally.
C.They’re exceptional buildings of tradition and function.
D.Tulou is the most outstanding Chinese human settlement.
解析：C　细节理解题。根据第一段中的The structures were awarded because they are exceptional examples of a building of tradition and function可知，土楼是具有传统和功能的杰出建筑。
6.What is most important for residents during a long period of conflict？（　　）
A.Escape tunnels.　　B.Enough food.
C.Small windows.　　D.Defensive weapons.
解析：B　细节理解题。根据倒数第二段中的With sufficient food， the residents could survive in the event of a lengthy conflict.可知，在长期的冲突中，对居民来说最重要的是有足够的食物。
7.What is probably the author’s attitude to the protection of tulou？（　　）
A.Favorable.　　B.Unclear.
C.Negative.　　D.Unconcerned.
解析：A　观点态度题。根据最后一段中的Tulou is such a superb piece of architecture， living up to the title given by UNESCO.可知，作者对土楼的评价是肯定的，因此作者对土楼保护的态度可能是支持的。favorable支持的，赞同的；unclear不确定的；negative消极的；unconcerned不关心的。
8.Which of the following could be the best title for the text？（　　）
A.Tulou： in Harmony with Their Environments
B.Tulou： Different-Sized Round and Square Buildings
C.Tulou： Given the World Heritage Status by UNESCO in 2008
D.Tulou： a Special Chinese Structure Combining Living and Defending
解析：D　标题归纳题。文章在第一段对土楼进行整体介绍，接下来介绍了土楼的建造特点、功能等。因此，D项（土楼：中国特色的居住与防御相结合的建筑）最适合作文章标题。
Ⅱ.阅读七选五
　　Nature has a lot to offer.9.（　　）.Here are some valuable life lessons.
　　·Respect our roots.With time， a young tree grows into a full-grown one — something that was so tiny and delicate develops into a strong tree capable of supporting others.However tall it grows， its roots are firmly buried where it once took root.10.（　　）， and give something back to those humble beginnings that made us develop into who we are.
　　·Develop our creativity.Have you ever noticed various types of different plants’ leaves， those brightly coloured flowers， and unique patterns on animals？With so much beauty around， who could refuse to admit that nature is the most creative artist out there？11.（　　）.Be inspired and create something that will in turn inspire others.
　　·Learn to coexist peacefully.Nature provides every creature a chance to exist， however big or small it may be.12.（　　）.The tiger eats the antelope； without the antelope，the tiger wouldn’t survive.Likewise， without tigers， the overpopulation of antelopes would cause them to starve to death.
　　·13.（　　）.For example， the icy cold snow melts in the warmth of spring to give birth to fresh green leaves， and these leaves turn into shades of gold in the autumn but are once again buried in the cold winter.Change is unavoidable.It is important that we enjoy what we have to the fullest because who knows how long it will last.Meanwhile， we shouldn’t get attached to things that may lead to heartbreak and sorrow.
　　What we can learn from nature is limitless.So learn to respect her and include her wisdom in our lives.
A.Change is constant
B.We should not forget but respect our origins
C.She inspires creatures to challenge themselves
D.Trying to maintain the balance of nature is essential
E.She teaches us values that may lead to a full and happy life
F.Take a minute to admire this beautiful artist’s creation around you
G.But the existence of one creature depends on the existence of the other
语篇解读：本文是一篇说明文。大自然给我们提供了很多东西，并且教会我们很多道理。文章列举了一些我们能从大自然中学到的道理。
9.E　根据空后的Here are some valuable life lessons.可知，E项符合语境，起承上启下的作用。
10.B　根据本段主旨句Respect our roots可推知，B项符合语境。B项中的origins呼应上文中的roots。
11.F　结合选项可知，F项承上启下，符合语境。F项中的this beautiful artist’s creation呼应上文中的nature is the most creative artist。
12.G　根据本段空后内容可知，生物间是相互依存的。故G项（但一种生物的存在依靠另一种生物的存在）符合语境。
13.A　根据本段内容可知，本段主要说明改变是不可避免且持续不断的。由此可知，A项符合语境。
Ⅲ.完形填空
　　（2024·广东潮州高二上期末）In the last 100 years， the global temperature has gone up by around 0.75 ℃.Such a small increase is causing sea levels to rise and 　14　 the habitat of many species of plants and animals.A（n） 　15　 of 2 ℃ in global temperatures could result in 　16　 of 30% of the world’s land species.
　　Sea levels in the UK have increased by around 10 cm in the last 100 years and experts 　17　 that global sea levels could rise by up to 59 cm in the near future.　18　， areas which were land a few hundred years ago are now under water.
　　As a result of the changing 　19　， the world’s ecosystems are also changing faster than ever before.So what is 　20　 climate change？ The main cause of climate change is the huge amount of greenhouse gases like CO2 in the atmosphere， but the reason for this is the world’s population — you and me.As the 　21　 increases， more land is needed to provide food， and more energy is 　22　 too.Burning fossil fuels for heating， lighting， transport， or electricity 　23　 CO2.Furthermore， humans breathe out CO2 and trees “breathe in” CO2 and produce oxygen — so by 　24　 trees， we are increasing the amount of CO2 in the atmosphere and reducing the amount of oxygen.As a result of these 　25　， CO2 levels are now at their highest for 800，000 years.
　　The biggest 　26　 we all face is to prevent further environmental disasters.We need to 　27　 burning fossil fuels and start using renewable energy.If we can get enough 　28　 from renewable fuels， we can stop using fossil fuels completely.
语篇解读：本文是一篇说明文。文章介绍了气候变化对全球生态系统的影响和引起气候变化的原因。
14.A.attacking　　 B.ignoring
C.threatening　　 D.discovering
解析：C　根据上文causing sea levels to rise and可知，海平面上升从而威胁到了许多动植物的栖息地。attack攻击；ignore忽视；threaten威胁；discover发现。
15.A.limitation　　 B.reduction
C.increase　　 D.improvement
解析：C　根据上文In the last 100 years， the global temperature has gone up by around 0.75 ℃.可知，本段主要讲全球气温升高的影响。因此，此处意为“全球气温每升高2 ℃”。limitation限制；reduction减少；increase升高；improvement改善。
16.A.extinction　　 B.escape
C.change　　 D.development
解析：A　上文提到了海平面上升威胁到许多动植物的栖息地。由此可知，气温升高会导致物种灭绝。extinction灭绝；escape逃走；change改变；development发展。
17.A.argue　　 B.explain
C.doubt　　 D.predict
解析：D　根据空后的that global sea levels could rise by up to 59 cm in the near future可知，此处是专家的预测：在不久的将来，全球海平面可能会上升59厘米。argue争论；explain解释；doubt怀疑；predict预测。
18.A.Surprisingly　　 B.Consequently
C.Immediately　　 D.Usually
解析：B　上文提到在过去的100年里，英国的海平面上升了大约10厘米，因此结果就是几百年前还是陆地的地区现在都被水淹没了。surprisingly惊人地；consequently结果；immediately立即；usually通常。
19.A.climate　　 B.height
C.period　　 D.environment
解析：A　根据下文the world’s ecosystems are also changing faster than ever before可知，生态系统变化是因为气候在发生变化。下文climate change也给出了提示。climate气候；height高度；period时期；environment环境。
20.A.forcing　　 B.allowing
C.causing　　 D.helping
解析：C　根据下文The main cause of climate change可知，此处问的是：是什么导致了气候变化？force迫使；allow允许；cause导致；help帮助。
21.A.animal　　 B.species
C.plant　　 D.population
解析：D　根据上文The main cause of climate change is the huge amount of ... you and me.可知，此处指人口的增长。animal动物；species物种；plant植物；population人口。
22.A.wasted　　 B.needed
C.supplied　　 D.stored
解析：B　根据上文more land is needed to provide food可知，随着人口的增长，需要更多的土地来提供食物，同时也需要更多的能源。waste浪费；need需要；supply供应；store储存。
23.A.produces　　 B.includes
C.requires　　 D.provides
解析：A　根据常识可知，燃烧化石燃料会产生二氧化碳。produce产生；include包含；require需要；provide提供。
24.A.transporting to　　 B.searching for
C.planting in　　 D.cutting down
解析：D　根据下文we are increasing the amount of CO2 in the atmosphere and reducing the amount of oxygen.可知，我们增加了大气中的二氧化碳含量，是因为砍伐森林。transport to运送到；search for寻找；plant in种植；cut down砍伐。
25.A.questions　　 B.activities
C.procedures　　 D.disasters
解析：B　根据语境可知，人口增加、燃烧化石燃料、砍伐森林等人类的一系列活动导致了二氧化碳增加。question问题；activity活动；procedure程序；disaster灾难。
26.A.challenge　　 B.disadvantage
C.adventure　　 D.influence
解析：A　根据下文to prevent further environmental disasters可知，防止进一步的环境灾难是人们面临的最大挑战。challenge挑战；disadvantage缺点；adventure冒险；influence影响。
27.A.consider　　 B.deny
C.stop　　 D.hate
解析：C　根据下文we can stop using fossil fuels completely可知，我们需要停止燃烧化石燃料，开始使用可再生能源。consider考虑；deny否认；stop停止；hate讨厌。
28.A.time　　 B.energy
C.inspiration　　 D.knowledge
解析：B　根据空后的from renewable fuels可知，从燃料中获得的是能量。time时间；energy能量；inspiration鼓舞；knowledge知识。
Ⅳ.语法填空
　　Malaindrano is a giant baobab （猴面包树） that is hollowed out （被挖空） for the storage of water， 29.　　　　　　 （exist） in the rural area in Madagascar.Malaindrano means “he who hates water”， 30.　　　　　　 this baobab doesn’t hate water at all.It is so big that many people believe it has never been 31.　　　　　　（complete） filled.Even semi-full， the trees are vital for storing water in one of Madagascar’s driest regions.Also known 32.　　　　　　 bottle trees because of their unique thick trunks， such baobab trees form a network of 33.　　　　　　（nature） water tanks.Employing them has allowed people to live in a place where rain is rare， and where the little rain that falls 34.　　　　　　（absorb） quickly by the soil.
　　Lack of rain can lead to a lack of food.In the 1920s and 1930s， thousands of people 35.　　　　　（die） because of extreme drought.This forced the locals to take inspiration from nature and come up with an idea： hollowing out baobabs 36.　　　　　（store） water when water is abundant.A large baobab has the 37.　　　　　　（able） to store about 14，000 litres of water.Today， some 20，000 people live in the region， many of 38.　　　　　　rely on the tree water for around a third of the year.
语篇解读：本文是一篇说明文。文章介绍了马达加斯加的猴面包树的储水功能，该功能帮助当地人应对干旱的气候。
29.existing　考查非谓语动词。Malaindrano后的is是谓语动词，that is ... of water为定语从句，修饰baobab；空处为非谓语动词，exist与其逻辑主语Malaindrano为主谓关系，应用动词-ing形式作状语。故填existing。
30.but　考查连词。空处前后分别为两个完整的句子，都不缺成分，空处应用连词，且空前与空后为转折关系，故填but。
31.completely　考查词形转换。空处修饰filled，应用副词，故填completely。
32.as　考查介词。be known as意为“以……著称”。此处为非谓语动词形式作状语，故填as。
33.natural　考查词形转换。空处修饰空后的名词短语water tanks，应用形容词作定语。故填natural。
34.is absorbed　考查动词的时态、语态及主谓一致。空处在where引导的定语从句中作谓语；陈述客观存在的状况，应用一般现在时；the little rain与absorb之间为被动关系，应用被动语态；主语为the little rain，谓语应用第三人称单数形式。故填 is absorbed。
35.died　考查动词的时态。根据句中时间状语In the 1920s and 1930s可知，应用一般过去时。故填died。
36.to store　考查非谓语动词。空处为非谓语动词，表目的，应用动词不定式，故填to store。
37.ability　考查词形转换。have the ability to do sth意为“有做某事的能力”。故填ability。
38.whom　考查定语从句。many of 38.　　　　　 rely on the tree water for around a third of the year为“many of＋关系代词”引导的非限制性定语从句，修饰先行词some 20，000 people，关系代词在从句中作介词of的宾语，指人，故填whom。
14 / 14单元素养提升
◇本单元语法学了什么内容？ 　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　 　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　 ◇自我评价 　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　 　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　 　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　 　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　 　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　
◇本单元写作练了哪个方面？ 　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　 　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　
回顾单元知识·提高语言能力
一、核心单词
1.　superb　 adj.　　极好的，出色的
2.　frontier　n.　　（学科的）知识前沿
3.　pond　n.　　池塘
4.　sow　 v.　　播（种）
5.　employ　 v.　　使用，运用
6.　bat　 n.　　蝙蝠
7.　physician　 n.　　医生
8.　bow　 v.　　鞠躬
9.　rural　 adj.　　农村的，乡村的
10.　decent　 adj.　　可接受的，相当好的
11.　cottage　 n.　　乡村小屋
12.　withdraw　 v.　　退出
13.　domestic　 adj.　　驯养的；家养的
14.　ease　 n.　　舒适，悠闲
15.　attain　 v.　　得到，获得
16.　fulfilment　 n.　　满足（感）
Ⅰ.选用上面单词并用其适当形式填空
1.The government is making efforts to avoid the unbalanced distribution of resources between 　rural　 and urban schools.
2.Whether you can do the work depends on whether you have 　attained　 the qualification certificate.
3.If you want to achieve better results， you should 　employ　 more creative strategies as he does.
4.I was green with envy from the bottom of my heart because he was leading a cosy and 　decent　 life.
5.When he heard of his failure， Tom 　bowed　 his head with sorrow.
6.The seeds of friendship were 　sown　 during our childhood， and they have grown stronger with time.
二、拓展单词
1.　architect　 n.建筑师→architecture n.建筑学，建筑设计→architectural adj.建筑的
2.　convert　 v.使转变；使转换→conversion n.转变；转换；转化
3.　wisdom　 n.智慧→wise adj.明智的
4.　depressive　 adj.抑郁的→depress v.使抑郁；使沮丧→depression n.抑郁，抑郁症；沮丧，消沉
5.　purity　 n.纯洁；洁净→purify v.使洁净，使净化→pure adj.纯洁的，纯净的
6.　resign　 v.使自己顺从于（做）某事；安于→resignation n.顺从，听任
7.　botanical　 adj.植物（学）的→botany n.植物学→botanist n.植物学家
8.　reject　 v.拒绝接受→rejection n.拒绝接受
9.　evaluate　 v.评估，评价→evaluation n.评估，评价
Ⅱ.用所给单词的适当形式填空
1.These Qing Dynasty 　architectural　 （architecture） marvels， along with many others， were all built by members of the same family — the Lei family.
2.Bad emotion descended when he got the 　rejection　 （reject） from the company again.
3.The way the guests were treated in the hotel influenced their 　evaluation　 （evaluate） of the service.
4.When you suffer from severe 　depression　 （depress）， it is essential to seek professional help and support to overcome it.
5.The book is full of 　wisdom　 （wise）， which can guide us in our daily lives.
6.In literature， the swan is a symbol of 　purity　 （pure） and virtue.
三、重点短语
1.　take ...for granted　　　认为……理所当然
2.　an example of　　　……的例子
3.　covert ...into　　　将……转变为
4.　respond to　　　对……作出反应；响应
5.　in harmony with　　　与……协调一致，与……和谐相处
6.　seek solutions to　　　寻求解决方法
7.　take inspiration from　　　从……中获取灵感
8.　in return for　　　作为对……的回报
9.　draw ...from ...　　　从……中获得……
10.　be opposed to　　　反对
11.　reaction to　　　对……的反应
12.　withdraw from　　　从……退出/撤回
13.　resign oneself to　　　听任，顺从，只好接受
14.　at ease with　　　不拘束，放松
15.　be ready to　　　准备好
Ⅲ.选用上面短语并用其适当形式填空
1.To the monitor’s surprise， most of the students 　are opposed to　 his proposal of having a picnic on weekends.
2.The local tourism has been 　in harmony with　 the environment for decades.
3.Although he tried to hide his 　reaction to　 the situation， his expression gave him away.
4.You will soon feel 　at ease with your fellow students or workers.
5.When he was criticized， he didn’t know how to 　respond to　 those harsh words.
6.Eleven million bottles of water had to 　be withdrawn from　 sale due to a health scare.
7.The government 　is ready to　 introduce protection for the car industry.
四、经典句式
1.时间状语从句的省略
Zimbabwean architect Mick Pearce was inspired to create the Centre 　while watching a nature documentary　 （观看一部大自然纪录片时） in which termites were constructing their nests.
2.动词-ing短语作主语
　Creating buildings such as these　 （创造这样的建筑物） enables us to live in closer harmony with our environment.
3.while用作并列连词，连接并列句
　While Tao’s return to nature was a reaction to a lifestyle he was opposed to　 （陶渊明回归大自然是对自己反对的生活方式做出的一种反应）， Thoreau’s was a personal decision to transform the way he lived.
4.as引导定语从句
We should live with them in harmony and enjoy nature’s gifts， 　as he describes in his journals　 （正如他在日记中描述的那样） ...
Ⅳ.句式仿写
1.　While looking at the photograph　 taken with my grandma in the past， I found myself crying.
当我看着过去跟奶奶一起拍的照片时，我发现自己在哭。
2.　Being exposed to English frequently　 will help you speak English fluently.
经常接触英语将帮助你流利地说英语。
3.There’s plenty of rain in the south-east， 　while there’s little in the north-west　.
东南部雨量充足，而西北部则很少。
4.　As everyone knows　， Shakespeare is a famous writer.
众所周知，莎士比亚是一位著名的作家。
整合话题元素·增强思维品质
一、人与自然
1.creature n.　　生物；动物
2.relationship n.　　关系
3.connection n.　　联系
4.damage n.　　损害
5.power v.　　给……提供能量
6.convert v.　　使转变；使转换
7.fuel n.　　燃料
8.harvest v.　　收割，采集
9.respond to　　对……作出反应，响应
10.generate v.　　产生
11.renewable energy　　可再生能源
12.in harmony with　　与……协调一致；与……和谐相处
13.meet the needs of　　满足……的需求
14.solution n.　　解决办法
15.admire v.　　欣赏
16.a respect for　　对……尊重
17.influential adj.　　有影响力的
18.transformation n.　　转换
19.rural adj.　　农村的，乡村的
20.arduous adj.　　艰苦的，艰难的
21.contentment n.　　满意，满足
22.simplicity n.　　简单，质朴
23.draw ...from ...　　从……中汲取……
24.pleasure n.　　乐趣
25.reaction to　　对……的反应
26.essential adj.　　基本的
27.harmonious adj.　　和谐的
28.withdraw from　　从……退出/撤回
29.in contrast to　　与……形成对照
30.description of　　对……的描述
二、自然启示
1.convince v.　　说服
2.right n.　　权利
3.prosper v.　　繁荣，昌盛
4.resign v.　　使自己顺从于（做）某事
5.considerable adj.　　相当大的
6.reflective adj.　　沉思的
7.meaning n.　　意义
8.struggle to do sth　　努力做某事
9.survival n.　　生存，幸存
10.enable v.　　使能够
11.go through　　经历
12.difficult adj.　　困难的
13.wish v.　　希望
14.spread v.　　展开
15.understanding n.　　理解
16.return to nature　　回归大自然
17.study and imitate nature　　研究和模仿大自然
18.take inspiration from nature　　从大自然中获得灵感
19.capture the beauty of natural forms　　捕捉自然形态的美
5 / 5UNIT 5　Learning from nature
单元话题导入
　　本单元涉及的主题语境内容是人类向自然界学习。本单元从介绍人类应该向自然界的动植物学习开始，依次呈现了人类从自然界获取灵感进行建筑设计、苏州留园、二十四节气、仿生学、五禽戏、中国诗人陶渊明和美国诗人Henry David Thoreau对自然的热爱等相关内容，引导学生深入思考人与自然的关系，树立向大自然学习和与环境和谐相处的观念。
看图感悟语境，选词填空。
create， imitate， harmoniously， repay， a set of， take from
1.Our society is a part of nature， so people should live 　harmoniously　 with nature.
2.All the materials we need to live with come from nature， so we should also 　repay　 the nature， rather than blindly 　take from　 nature.
3.The Five-animal Exercises 　created　 by Hua Tuo were 　a set of　 medical qigong （breathing exercises） mainly characterized by 　imitating　 animal actions and expressions in order to prevent and cure illness and prolong life.
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