Section Ⅰ Starting out & Understanding ideas
First Snow
Mr Robert Lynd once said of Jane Austen’s characters①： “They are people in whose lives a slight② fall of snow is an event.” Even at the risk of③ appearing to this fair and witty④reviewer⑤ as another Mr Woodhouse， I must insist⑥ that last night’s fall of snow here was an event.[1]I was nearly as excited about it this morning as the children， whom I found all looking through the window at the magic outside and talking away⑦ as excitedly as if Christmas had suddenly come round⑧ again. [2]The fact is， however， that the snow was as strange and fascinating⑨ to me as it was to them. [3]It is the first fall we have had here this winter， and last year I was out of the country， sweating⑩ in a hot climate， during the snowy season， so that it really does seem an age since I saw the ground so fantastically carpeted .
[1]whom引导非限制性定语从句，修饰先行词the children；as if引导方式状语从句。
[2]that引导表语从句；as引导比较状语从句。
[3]we have had here this winter为省略了关系代词that的定语从句，修饰先行词the first fall；动词-ing短语sweating in ...作伴随状语；so that引导结果状语从句；since引导时间状语从句。
The first fall of snow is not only an event but it is a magical event.You go to bed in one kind of world and wake up to find yourself in another quite different， and if this is not magic， then where is it to be found？ The very secrecy and quietness of the thing makes it more magical.
When I got up this morning the world was a cold place of dead white and pale blues.[4]The light that came through the windows was very strange， and it made the familiar business of splashing and shaving and brushing and dressing very strange too. Then the sun came out ， and by the time I had sat down to breakfast it was shining bravely and flushing the snow with delicate pinks.The dining-room window had been transformed into a lovely Japanese print.The little plum tree outside， with the faintly flushed snow lining its branches and artfully disposed along its trunk， stood in full sunlight.
An hour or two later everything was a cold sparkle of white and blue.The world had completely changed again.The little Japanese prints had all disappeared.I looked out of my study window， over the garden， the field， to the low hills beyond， and the ground went on and on， the sky was thick grey， and all the trees so many black and threatening shapes.There was indeed something curiously disturbing about the whole prospect .[5]It was as if our kindly countryside， close to the very heart of England， had been turned into a cruel grassland.At any moment， it seemed， a body of horsemen might be seen breaking out from the black trees， so many weapons might be heard and some distant spot of snow be reddened .It was that kind of landscape .
[4]本句为and连接的并列句；that引导定语从句，修饰先行词The light。
[5]as if引导表语从句，且as if引导的从句使用了虚拟语气。
Now it has changed again.The glare has gone and no touch of the disturbing remains .But the snow is falling heavily， in great soft flakes ， so that you can hardly see across the shallow valley， and the roofs are thick and the trees all bending ， and the weathercock of the village church， still to be seen through the grey loaded air ， has become some creature out of Hans Andersen.From my study， which is apart from the house and faces it， I can see the children flattening their noses against the window， and there is running through my head a rhyme I used to repeat when I was a child and flattened my nose against the cold window to watch the falling snow：
Snow， snow faster：
White alabaster！
Killing geese in Scotland，
Sending feathers here！
（Adaptation from First Snow by John Boynton Priestley）
【读文清障】
①character n.人物
②slight adj.小的，轻微的
③at the risk of
冒着……的风险
④witty adj.机智的；言辞诙谐的；巧妙的
⑤reviewer n.评论家
review v.评论
⑥insist v.坚称，坚决认为
insist on坚持
⑦talk away不停地说
⑧come round
再度发生，再次出现
⑨fascinating adj.迷人的
fascinate v.迷住，深深吸引
fascination n.魅力；入迷
⑩sweat v.出汗；流汗
carpet v.把……厚厚地覆盖
wake up醒来，唤醒
secrecy n.保密，秘密状态
shaving n.刮胡子
come out 出来，出现
flush v.（使）发红
delicate adj.柔和的；淡雅的
transform ...into ...
把……转变成……
faintly adv.微弱地；模糊地
dispose v.排列，布置
sparkle n.闪耀，闪光
study n.书房
threatening adj.恐吓的，威胁的
prospect n.开阔的景观，景色
spot n.斑点
redden v.（使）变红
landscape n.风景，景色
glare n.刺眼的强光
remain v.继续存在
flake n.小薄片
shallow adj.浅的
bend v.变弯曲
the grey loaded air
灰蒙蒙的空气
flatten v.（使）变平，把……弄平
rhyme n.儿歌，童谣
goose n.[pl.geese]鹅
【参考译文】
初雪
罗伯特·林德先生曾这样评论过简·奥斯汀笔下的人物：“在这些人的生命里，场场小雪皆是大事。”在这位公正睿智的评论家面前，即便是冒着让自己看起来像伍德豪斯先生那样的风险，我也得坚持说：“昨晚这儿的那场雪是件大事。”对于这场雪，我今早近乎像孩子们那样兴奋。我发现孩子们在透过窗子看着外面奇妙的世界，兴奋地说个不停，就像圣诞节突然又要来了一般。事实上，这场雪于我而言，也是同样的奇异，同样的迷人。这是今年冬天我们在这里的第一场雪，而在去年的雪季，我身在异国，在酷热的天气里汗流不止，所以离我上次欣赏到这银装素裹的世界，着实过了些时日了。
这场初雪不仅是一件大事，而且还是一件具有魔力的大事。入睡时，世界是一个模样，醒来则是完全不同的另一番模样，若非有魔力，如何才能这般？神秘，悄然，这给雪又添了几分魔力。
今早我起床时，世界是一片寂然的白色与浅淡的蓝色，到处清清冷冷。窗子透进来的光线很是怪异，使得洗脸、刮胡子、刷牙、穿衣服这些熟悉的日常行为也显得离奇古怪。接着太阳出来了，等到我坐下来吃早餐时，太阳的光彩已是绚烂夺目，给雪地添了一抹柔和的粉红色。餐厅的窗户成了一幅可爱的日本版画。在阳光的普照之下，屋外的李子树的树干和枝丫被淡粉的积雪精致巧妙地装点着。
一两个小时过后，一切都闪着或白或蓝的微光。世界又彻底改变了模样。小小的日本版画都消失不见了，我从书房看向窗外，越过花园、田野，再望向远处低矮的小山，沿着不断向前延伸的地面望去，天空成了厚重的灰色，所有的树木都显出一副黑黢黢和凶神恶煞的样子。整个景象确实会给人带来一种奇怪的、不安的感受。就好像我们这个靠近英格兰中心位置的亲切小乡村变成了暴躁的草原；仿佛随时可能看见一群骑兵从黑黝黝的树丛中冲出，可能听见武器的交错响声，最后好像看见远处的白雪一点点被血液染红。这幅景象就是给人这种感觉。
现在，一切又变了。炫目的日光已然消失，也不再有那种紧张不安感。大片柔软的雪花铺天盖地地飘落，遮挡了你的视线，让你几乎看不到浅浅的山谷，屋顶上存了厚厚的雪，树木被压得弯下腰来，村庄教堂的风信鸡在灰蒙蒙的空气中依稀可见，像是从安徒生童话里走出来的活物。我的书房是和房子独立开来的，书房在房子的对面。从书房看去，可以看到孩子们把鼻子抵在窗户上看雪的样子，我的脑海里出现了一首儿歌，那是我小时候将鼻子抵在冰凉的窗户上看雪时会一直重复哼着的歌：
下雪吧，下快一点吧：
石膏一样的雪白！
在苏格兰宰些鹅，
把雪白的羽毛送到这儿来吧！
（改编自约翰·博因顿·普里斯特利的《初雪》）
第一步：析架构理清脉络
Read the passage quickly and then fill in the blanks.
第二步：知细节明察秋毫
Read the passage carefully and choose the best answers.
1.What does “They” in Paragraph 1 refer to？（ ）
A.Mr Robert Lynd and Jane Austen.
B.Jane Austen’s characters.
C.Mr Robert Lynd and his friends.
D.People living in my hometown.
2.How did the writer find the first fall of snow here？（ ）
A.Magical. B.Quiet.
C.Strange. D.Common.
3.What happened to the dining-room window？（ ）
A.It was flushed with delicate pinks.
B.It became a lovely Japanese print.
C.It was covered by the faintly flushed snow.
D.It was artfully disposed in full sunlight.
4.What made the writer hardly see the shallow valley clearly？（ ）
A.The grey sky.
B.The white and blue light.
C.The falling great flakes.
D.The bending trees.
5.What kind of style does this passage belong to？（ ）
A.A scenery essay.
B.A story.
C.An argumentative writing.
D.A letter.
答案：1－5 BABCA
第三步：拓思维品质提升
Discuss the following questions with your partner.
1.How should humans treat nature？
We， humans， are also a part of nature， but we tend to distinguish ourselves from nature and do the things， which may harm nature.Therefore， respect nature and its resources， show some compassion towards it.It is the responsibility of a human being to protect nature.We， as humans， should refrain from doing any harm to nature if we need to provide a good natural environment to the future generations.Just as Charles Darwin puts it， “Everything， what is against nature， will not last for long.”
2.What do you think of the beauty of nature？
When I think about the beauty of nature， the first thing that comes to my mind may be greenery.But the beauty of nature is more than the greenery.Everything I feel and see around， including mountains， forests， rivers， birds， plants， animals， air， etc.— all are a part of the beauty of nature.
第四步：品语言妙笔生辉
1.Read the passage carefully and find the sentences describing the landscape.
（1）When I got up this morning the world was a cold place of dead white and pale blues.
（2）The little plum tree outside， with the faintly flushed snow lining its branches and artfully disposed along its trunk， stood in full sunlight.
（3）But the snow is falling heavily， in great soft flakes， so that you can hardly see across the shallow valley， and the roofs are thick and the trees all bending， and the weathercock of the village church， still to be seen through the grey loaded air， has become some creature out of Hans Andersen.
2.Read the passage carefully and find the sentences using similes or metaphors.
（1）The dining-room window had been transformed into a lovely Japanese print.
（2）It was as if our kindly countryside， close to the very heart of England， had been turned into a cruel grassland.
3.Read the passage carefully and find the sentence using personification.
Then the sun came out， and by the time I had sat down to breakfast it was shining bravely and flushing the snow with delicate pinks.
第五步：析难句表达升级
1.I was nearly as excited about it this morning as the children， whom I found all looking through the window at the magic outside and talking away as excitedly as if Christmas had suddenly come round again.
句式分析 本句为主从复合句。主句为I was nearly as excited ...as the children，其中使用了 as ...as ... 结构；whom引导 非限制性定语 从句，修饰先行词 the children ；as if引导 方式状语 从句。
自主翻译 对于这场雪，我今早近乎像孩子们那样兴奋。我发现孩子们在透过窗子看着外面奇妙的世界，兴奋地说个不停，就像圣诞节突然又要来了一般。
2.It is the first fall we have had here this winter， and last year I was out of the country， sweating in a hot climate， during the snowy season， so that it really does seem an age since I saw the ground so fantastically carpeted.
句式分析 we have had here this winter为省略了关系代词 that 的定语从句；sweating in a hot climate为动词-ing短语作伴随状语；so that引导 结果状语 从句，在此从句中，since引导 时间状语 从句。
自主翻译 这是今年冬天我们在这里的第一场雪，而在去年的雪季，我身在异国，在酷热的天气里汗流不止，所以离我上次欣赏到这银装素裹的世界，着实过了些时日了。
Part Ⅰ 核心词汇集释
inspector n.检查员，巡视员
【教材原句】 Priestley wrote many successful articles， essays， novels and plays， but is best remembered for his play An Inspector Calls.
普里斯特利写了许多成功的文章、散文、小说和戏剧，但他因他的戏剧《侦探来访》而成名。
【用法】
（1）inspect v. 检查；视察 inspect sb/sth for sth 因某物而检查某人/某物 （2）inspection n. 检查；视察 on closer inspection 经进一步检查
【佳句】 He worked as an inspector in a factory when young.他年轻时在一家工厂当检查员。
【练透】 单句语法填空
①Education officials have been using another two vehicles to inspect schools for structural damage.
②On closer inspection （inspect）， the painting exposes serious social problems.
③All the passengers are to be inspected （inspect） before boarding the subway.
insist v.坚称，坚决认为
【教材原句】 ...I must insist that last night’s fall of snow here was an event.
……我也得坚持说：“昨晚这儿的那场雪是件大事。”
【用法】
insist on/upon （doing） sth 坚决要求（做）某事 insist that ... （should） do sth 坚持主张……（应该）做某事
【佳句】 You should respect the views of others， and at the same time insist on what you think is right.
你应该尊重别人的观点，同时坚持自己认为正确的观点。
【点津】 当insist表示“坚持说，坚决认为”时，其后的宾语从句用陈述语气。
【练透】 同义句转换
①We insisted that the Browns should use our car， but they refused.
→We insisted on lending the Browns our car， but they refused.
【写美】 补全句子
②I insisted that he （should） be sent to the hospital at once， but he insisted that he was feeling quiet well then.
我坚持立即把他送到医院，但他坚持说他当时感觉相当好。
talk away 不停地说，喋喋不休
【教材原句】 I was nearly as excited about it this morning as the children， whom I found all looking through the window at the magic outside and talking away as excitedly as if Christmas had suddenly come round again.
对于这场雪，我今早近乎像孩子们那样兴奋。我发现孩子们在透过窗子看着外面奇妙的世界，兴奋地说个不停，就像圣诞节突然又要来了一般。
【用法】
talk down to sb 以高人一等的口气说话 talk sb into （doing） sth 说服某人（做）某事 talk sb out of （doing） sth 说服某人不（做）某事 talk off 说得天花乱坠；说得烦死人
【佳句】 Nobody’s listening， but she just keeps talking away.
没人在听，但她就是不停地说。
【练透】 单句语法填空
①She talked her husband into having a holiday in France.
②You can talk my head off ， but you can’t change wrong into right.
【写美】 补全句子
③The manager tried to talk him out of leaving .
经理极力劝他不要走。
come round 再度发生，再次出现；苏醒；顺道拜访
【教材原句】 ... as if Christmas had suddenly come round again.
……就像圣诞节突然又要来了一般。
【用法】
come about 发生；造成 come across （偶然）遇见；碰见 come out 出来；出版；发行 come up 走近；被提出 come up with 提出；想出 come to 总计；达到（某状况）；苏醒 When it comes to ... 当涉及/谈到……时
【佳句】 By the time the summer came round， Kelly was feeling much better.
当夏天来临的时候，凯莉感觉好多了。
【练透】 单句语法填空
①How did the accident come about since he drove at a speed of sixty miles per hour？
②It is said that he is focusing on writing a book on space exploration.But when it will come out is up in the air.
【写美】 补全句子
③She came round to see me on a sunny Sunday.
她在一个晴朗的星期天来看了我。
bend v.变弯曲 n.弯道，拐弯
【教材原句】 But the snow is falling heavily， in great soft flakes， so that you can hardly see across the shallow valley， and the roofs are thick and the trees all bending ...大片柔软的雪花铺天盖地地飘落，遮挡了你的视线，让你几乎看不到浅浅的山谷，屋顶上存了厚厚的雪，树木被压得弯下腰来……
【用法】
（1）bend down/over 弯下腰来；弯腰 bend forwards 向前弯曲 bend one’s head 低下头 bend sb to （doing） sth 迫使某人（做）某事 bend one’s mind/efforts to sth 致力于某事，专心致志于某事 （2）a sharp bend 一个急转弯
【佳句】 The road bends sharply to the right.
这条路向右急转弯。
【练透】 单句语法填空
①When the boy caught sight of Poppy， he went rushing towards the dog and bent down/over to give her a big hug.
②Eric bent himself to persuading （persuade） them to donate some blankets.
【写美】 补全句子
③When she bent her mind to her work ， she could always do it well.
当她专心工作时，她总是可以做好。
Part Ⅱ 重点句型解构
句型公式：find＋宾语＋宾语补足语
【教材原句】 You go to bed in one kind of world and wake up to find yourself in another quite different， and if this is not magic， then where is it to be found？
入睡时，世界是一个模样，醒来则是完全不同的另一番模样，若非有魔力，如何才能这般？
【用法】
此句中的find yourself in another quite different属于“find＋宾语＋宾语补足语”结构。 （1）find＋宾语＋形容词/介词短语/动词-ing形式（表主动或正在进行）/过去分词（表被动或完成） （2）“find＋oneself＋宾语补足语”结构指某人不知不觉地发现自己处于某种状态，常表示意料之外的情况。 （3）在“find it＋形容词/名词＋to do ...”结构中，it是形式宾语，后面的to do ...是真正的宾语。
【品悟】 Meanwhile， I find myself looking back at my senior year， and thinking about all the wonderful things that have happened.
同时，我发觉自己在回顾自己高中最后一年的时光，追忆所有发生过的美好往事。
【写美】 微写作
①不幸的是，我发现我自己被卡在大南瓜里了。
Unfortunately， I found myself stuck in the huge pumpkin.
②当他醒来时，他发现自己在一个陌生的房间里。
When he awoke， he found himself in a strange room .
③我发现我的大多数同学和老师都很友好。
I found most of my classmates and teachers friendly .
④我们经常发现意识到别人的缺点比意识到我们自身的缺点更容易些。
We often find it much easier to recognise other people’s weaknesses than our own.
句型公式：by the time引导的时间状语从句
【教材原句】 Then the sun came out， and by the time I had sat down to breakfast it was shining bravely and flushing the snow with delicate pinks.
接着太阳出来了，等到我坐下来吃早餐时，太阳的光彩已是绚烂夺目，给雪地添了一抹柔和的粉红色。
【用法】
（1）by the time＋从句（一般过去时），主句时态为过去完成时。 （2）by the time＋从句（一般现在时），主句时态为一般将来时或将来完成时。 （3）by the end of＋过去的时间，句子时态为过去完成时。 （4）by the end of＋将来的时间，句子时态为将来完成时。
【品悟】 By the time he was 14， Mozart had composed many pieces for the harpsichord， piano and violin， as well as for orchestras.
莫扎特到14岁的时候，不仅已经谱写了很多管弦乐曲，还谱写了许多拨弦键琴曲、钢琴曲和小提琴曲。
【练透】 单句语法填空
①By the time we got there， the play had begun （begin） already.
②By the time the course ends， we will have learned/will learn （learn） a lot about Britain.
③By the end of last month， the new building had been completed （complete） ahead of time.
【写美】 句型转换
④Next year he will be 18 and he will graduate from Guangming High School.
→ By the time he is 18 next year ， he will graduate from Guangming High School.
维度一：品句填词
1.The nursery rhyme （童谣） reminds me of my happy childhood spent with my grandparents.
2.To reduce food waste， some restaurants insist （坚持） their customers should take away the leftover food after their meals.
3.The bird has grey feathers （羽毛） with a lighter collar.
4.He hurried on with his shaving （刮胡子）， cutting his chin twice.
5.Notre Dame stands in the very heart of Paris and is one of the famous churches （教堂） in the world.
6.One of the main characters of this plastic is its ability to bend without breaking.
7.The weekly schedule may make you more aware of how you spend your time.
8.Standing on the top of the mountain， we can enjoy a delightful prospect of the lake.
维度二：词形转换
1.They hope this new evidence will prove her innocence （innocent）.
2.The inspector （inspect） said that standards at the school had to be raised.
3.On the bench a large light bulb was glowing faintly （faint）.
4.We have made many enhancements （enhance） to the software that will strengthen system security.
5.The leaves turn yellow， and the maples redden （red）.So beautiful and so graceful！
维度三：固定搭配和句式
1.They talked away （不停地说） as if they hadn’t seen each other for a long time.
2.When she woke up （醒来） in the morning， the sun was streaming through the windows.
3.They prevented a serious railway accident at the risk of （冒着……的风险） their own lives.
4.The movie had begun by the time we got there （到我们到达那儿时）.
5.Nervous and frightened， I felt as if I were sitting on pins and needles （如坐针毡）.
6.I walked along the street， and about 30 minutes later， I found myself at the school gate （我发现自己来到了学校大门口）。
维度四：课文语法填空
It is the first time that I have seen snow this year.It is not only 1. an event but a magical event.You go to bed in one kind of world and wake up 2. to find （find） yourself in another completely different.The secrecy and 3. quietness （quiet） of the thing makes it more magical.When I 4. got （get） up this morning， I found the world dead white and pale blues.The light coming through the windows was very strange， 5. which made the familiar business of splashing and shaving and brushing and dressing strange too.When the sun came out， the snow became pink.The little plum tree stood in full sunlight.An hour 6. or two later， everything was a cold sparkle of white and blue.The little Japanese prints had disappeared.The ground went on and on， the sky was thick grey， and all the trees were in black and 7. threatening （threaten） shapes.Now the snow is falling 8. heavily （heavy） in great soft flakes so that you can hardly see across the shallow valley.The 9. roofs （roof） are thick and the trees are all bent.I can see the children 10. flattening （flatten） their noses against the window to watch the falling snow.
Ⅰ.阅读理解
A
（2024·山东青岛二中高二上期末）Never has there been a primate as big as Gigantopithecus blacki.Adults of this ancient ape （猿） stood about 10 feet tail and could weigh more than 500 pounds， wandering the thick forests of ancient China during the last Ice Age.
Why this impressive animal went extinct has puzzled scientists since the ape was discovered nearly a century ago.But now， a new analysis suggests that the primate’s unique lifestyle left it vulnerable.
The new study combines geological dates， pollen records， and clues preserved inside fossil teeth to present a detailed timeline of when， and how， Gigantopithecus blacki went extinct.The results reveal the creature’s decline and ultimate demise in fine detail.
Kira Westaway， lead author of the new study and a geochronologist at Macquarie University in Sydney， worked to come up with more accurate dates for the sediments （沉积物） that Gigantopithecus fossils have been found in.Studies of fossil pollen from the Gigantopithecus sites also allowed researchers to study how the animal’s habitat was changing.Prior to 700，000 years ago， both Gigantopithecus and Pongo weidenreichi， another ancient ape， lived in forests where they ate leaves， fruits， and flowers available much of the year round.Due to the environmental changes， dense forests of pines， birches and chestnut relatives gave way to more open habitats with larger patches of grassland.However， Gigantopithecus had a difficult time finding preferred foods.Meanwhile Pongo weidenreichi changed its diet to live on-fibrous-plants that were more readily available.
“It was the response of G， blacki to these changes that sealed its fate，” Westaway says.“The giant apes were so big that they had to move on the ground and were limited in how far they could venture， trying to make the most of twigs， bark， and other tough foods that were still accessible.It wasn’t enough.”
Yet knowing the ending of the ape’s story hardly closes the case on the giant primate.Did these huge primates follow the same path to extinction， or did the story vary by location？ This research opens new questions even as it explains the disappearance of Earth’s most huge ape.
语篇解读：本文是一篇说明文。文章主要介绍了一项新的研究揭示了步氏巨猿灭绝的原因以及时间。
1.What does the new research aim to do？（ ）
A.To study the climate changes of ancient China.
B.To analyze the geological features of the last Ice Age.
C.To solve the mystery of the Gigantopithecus blacki’s extinction.
D.To present some detailed findings of the Gigantopithecus blacki’s habitat.
解析：C 细节理解题。根据第二段内容可知，这项新研究的目的是找出步氏巨猿灭绝的原因。
2.What does the underlined word “demise” in the third paragraph mean？（ ）
A.Change. B.Removal.
C.Adaptation. D.Extinction.
解析：D 词义猜测题。根据第三段首句可知，这项新研究结合了地质年代、花粉记录和保存在牙齿化石中的线索，揭示了步氏巨猿什么时候以及怎样灭绝的。所以画线单词意为“灭绝”。
3.What do we know about the study？（ ）
A.The timing of the giant ape’s disappearance was worked out.
B.Another ape was included to show their common habitat.
C.The environmental shift had little impact on the giant ape’s habitat.
D.Some fossil pollen were studied to reveal the giant ape’s diet preference.
解析：A 细节理解题。根据第三段中的The results reveal the creature’s decline and ultimate demise in fine detail.以及最后一段中的This research opens new questions even as it explains the disappearance of Earth’s most huge ape.可知，这项新研究确定了步氏巨猿消失的时间。
4.What can be suggested from Westaway’s words about the giant ape？（ ）
A.The giant ape responded to the change of its habitat easily.
B.The inability to adapt quickly caused its disappearance.
C.The giant ape had sufficient food resources on the grassland.
D.The forested habitat was still accessible to the giant ape.
解析：B 推理判断题。根据倒数第二段中Westaway说的关于巨猿的话可知，步氏巨猿无法快速适应环境的改变，从而导致了灭绝。
B
To understand how much we rely on ecosystem services， imagine a world where humans are the only species — perhaps in a spaceship far from the Earth.
There are no plants releasing oxygen， so you have to engineer a way to make it yourself. So straight away you need a chemical processing plant on board your ship. That same plant will have to make water too.
There is also nothing to eat， so you must artificially make food.You could synthesise （人工合成） chemicals like sugars and fats， but making it delicious would be extremely hard.As of 2015， we can’t even make an artificial burger that everyone finds convincing.
Let’s not even get started on the microorganisms （微生物） living in your gut， many of which are beneficial. The point is that， while we could in theory do all these things artificially， it is far easier to let the existing wildlife do them for us.
The scale of these ecosystem services， when you add them up， turns out to be extraordinarily large.
In 1997， ecologist Robert Costanza and his colleagues estimated that the ecosystem provides services worth around $33 trillion a year.For comparison， they noted that the entire global economy at the time produced around $18 trillion a year.
Five years later， the team took the argument a step further by asking how much we would gain by conserving biodiversity.They concluded that the benefits would outweigh the costs by a factor of 100.In other words， conserving nature is an unbelievably good investment.
By contrast， letting species decline and go extinct looks like a bad move.A 2010 study concluded that unchecked species loss would wipe 18% off global economic output by 2050.
You may perhaps be feeling that all this talk of economics and growth is strange.It’s all rather cold and heartless， without any of the love for the natural world that we were talking about earlier.Well， many environmentalists feel the same way.
语篇解读：本文是一篇说明文。生态系统和生物多样性对人类究竟有多重要？文章从经济效益的角度对此进行了说明。
5.How does the author begin the passage？（ ）
A.By drawing a conclusion.
B.By offering an argument.
C.By providing an example.
D.By making an assumption.
解析：D 篇章结构题。根据第一段内容可知，作者为了帮助我们理解生态系统的重要性，首先作出了一个假设：想象一个只有人类的世界。
6.What does the author want to tell us by mentioning an artificial burger in Paragraph 3？（ ）
A.Artificial things are similar to natural ones.
B.Artificial things can hardly be the same as natural ones.
C.We have a long way to go to develop artificial things.
D.We can hardly distinguish artificial things from natural ones.
解析：B 细节理解题。根据第三段内容可知，作者首先指出：我们可以人工合成糖和脂肪，但很难使其味道可口；接下来又说直到2015年人们还没有人工合成出令人满意的汉堡。由此可知，作者提到人工汉堡，主要是说明人工合成食物跟真实天然的食物还有差距。
7.What’s the main problem with doing many things artificially？（ ）
A.Its high costs. B.Its negative effects.
C.Its being difficult. D.Its being impossible.
解析：C 细节理解题。根据第四段内容可知，作者认为，虽然人工合成食物在理论上是可能的，但问题在于让食物在大自然天然生长要容易得多。
8.What’s the author’s purpose of writing the passage？（ ）
A.To prove the value of biodiversity.
B.To stress the importance of the environment.
C.To tell us how the ecosystem works.
D.To teach us how to protect the ecosystem.
解析：A 写作意图题。综合全文内容可知，作者主要介绍了生态系统的重要性，尤其是生物多样性的价值。
C
（2024·浙江嘉兴高二上期末）In times of intense stress， people sometimes let it out with a scream and a new study suggests that plants might do the same.Researchers at Tel Aviv University in Israel has found that plants let out ultrasonic （超声的） screams when damaged or stressed by drought.
The noises， falling within a range of 20 to 100 kilohertz， are too high-frequency for humans to hear， but other plants and some animals perceive them.Insects might be listening for sounds from stressed plants to assess their condition before laying eggs on their leaves.A moth （蛾） may decide against laying eggs on a plant that sounds water-stressed.
Researchers attached recording devices directly to plants to listen for secret sounds inside their stems （茎）.In drought， air bubbles formed， burst and caused vibrations （振动） within the tissue that normally carries water up the plants’ stems.The process was picked up by the attached recording devices， but researchers wanted to know if any plant sounds could travel through the air.
So the team placed microphones 10 centimetres from stressed-out tomato and tobacco plants.They subjected one set of crops to drought and another to physical damage.A third group was untouched.
The microphones did pick up distinct sounds.On average， drought-stressed tomato plants let out about 35 ultrasonic screams per hour， while those with cut stems made about 25.Drought-stressed tobacco plants let out about 11 screams per hour， and cut crops made about 15 sounds in the same time.The average number of sounds from untouched plants fell below one per hour.
The researchers also attempted to identify each plant group just based on its screams.Using a type of artificial intelligence calculations， the team picked out distinct features in each set of sounds and successfully sorted their plants into three kinds： “dry， cut or untouched”.
If it is not too costly to set up the recording in a field situation， farmers might be able to hear these stress signals， too.In future， enabling farmers to listen for water-stressed plants could “open a new direction”， which will be increasingly important as climate change exposes more areas to drought.
语篇解读：本文是一篇说明文。当植物受到损伤或受到干旱的压力时，会发出超声波尖叫。
9.Why is the moth mentioned in Paragraph 2？（ ）
A.To show moths need enough water when laying eggs.
B.To show some animals are able to hear plants scream.
C.To show some insects are picky about their surroundings.
D.To show wildlife species depend on each other when stressed.
解析：B 推理判断题。根据第二段第二、三句可知，第二段提到了飞蛾，以表明一些动物能够听到植物的尖叫。
10.What can we learn from the research？（ ）
A.Plants’ sounds couldn’t be detected by humans.
B.Plants can be grouped according to their features.
C.Plants’ screams are related to stress types in a way.
D.Air bubbles contribute to the lack of water in plants.
解析：C 推理判断题。根据第五段中列举的数据可知，同种植物压力类型不同，尖叫次数不同。由此推知，植物的尖叫在某种程度上与压力类型有关。
11.What does the last paragraph focus on？（ ）
A.Supporting evidence for the research result.
B.Potential application of the research findings.
C.A further explanation of the research methods.
D.A reasonable doubt about the research process.
解析：B 根据最后一段第二句可知，这一新发现可以让农民能够听到缺水植物的声音，农民就可以快速判断植物当前处于缺水的状况。由此推知，这一段重点介绍了研究结果的潜在应用。
12.What can be a suitable title for the text？（ ）
A.Plants’ Vibrations： Way to React to Stress
B.Stress Signals： Secret Newly Found in Plants
C.Green Screams： Plants Make Noises When Stressed
D.Ultrasonic Screams： Discovery Opens a New Chapter
解析：C 标题归纳题。通读全文可知，植物在受到损伤或受到干旱的压力时，它们会发出声音。因此，C项（绿色尖叫：植物在受到压力时会发出响声）适合作为文章的标题。
Ⅱ.阅读七选五
As summer approaches， many are refreshing their gardens to reflect the change in the season.As we become more eco-conscious， enhancing biodiversity （生物多样性） tops our to-do list.13.（ ）.
◆Grow plants for pollinators.
Pollinators like bees can see the colour purple more clearly than any other， so planting purple colour flowers like lavender will lead to a bee-filled paradise （乐园）.Herbs also attract butterflies and bees if you allow them to flower.A key tip to remember is that most roses aren’t ideal for pollinators.14.（ ）.
◆Just add water.
Add running water to your garden.15.（ ）.Such additions can make it more appealing to birds and wildlife.Adding a bird bath or a small water feature can attract a whole new range of wildlife， from frogs to dragonflies.Add small rocks into your water feature to prevent insects or animals drowning.
◆16.（ ）.
Home-grown plants adapt to local soil and environmental conditions， meaning that they require less care.They also promote biodiversity and decrease soil erosion （侵蚀）， while also reducing the use of chemical fertilizers （化肥） — a true win-win situation.By buying home-grown plants you can help to prevent foreign species reaching your garden and the countryside.Although these species are often harmless in their native habitats， they can cause disease and competition in a new environment.
◆Create homes for wildlife.
17.（ ）.So consider building bee hotels and bird houses， placing planting pots upside down， or even letting leaves and sticks pile up in the garden to provide a safe place for wildlife.And before you commit yourself to a neatly polished space， consider leaving room for a little chaos.
A.Stick to native plants
B.Grow domestic vegetables
C.Thoughtful structures in gardens are ideal shelters
D.It helps purify the air and provide drinking water for local wildlife
E.Don’t feel discouraged if the wildlife shelter is empty at first
F.It is difficult for the bees to get to the center of the flower to feed
G.Here are some tips to help strike the balance between beauty and biodiversity
语篇解读：本文是一篇说明文。文章介绍了一些做园艺时在美和生物多样性之间寻求平衡的方法。
13.G 上文提到了许多人想要让花园焕然一新以及有提高生物多样性的环保意识。结合下文分条列出的建议可知，设空处起到承上启下的作用，G项（这里有一些有助于在美和生物多样性之间取得平衡的建议）符合语境。
14.F 空前一句提到了大多数玫瑰对传粉者来说并不理想，接下来应对此进行解释，F项（蜜蜂很难到达花朵的中心觅食）符合语境。
15.D 空前一句建议给花园浇水，这里应解释这么做的好处，D项（它有助于净化空气并为当地野生动物提供饮用水）承接上文，符合语境。
16.A 结合其他几处的小标题可知，此处应用祈使句。根据下文多次提到的Home-grown plants和整段内容可知，本段主要介绍了种本地植物的好处，故A项（坚持种本地植物）符合语境。
17.C 根据Create homes for wildlife.可知，本段主要讲述了如何给野生动物筑窝。C项（花园中周密的建筑物是理想的庇护所）符合语境，C项中的ideal shelters与小标题中的homes相呼应。
16 / 16单元质量检测（六） Nature in words
（满分150分，时间120分钟）
第一部分 听力（共两节，满分30分）
第一节（共5小题；每小题1.5分，满分7.5分）
听下面5段对话。每段对话后有一个小题，从题中所给的A、B、C三个选项中选出最佳选项。听完每段对话后，你都有10秒钟的时间来回答有关小题和阅读下一小题。每段对话仅读一遍。
1.Where are the speakers？（ ）
A.In a supermarket.
B.In a restaurant.
C.At home.
2.What did the woman do today？（ ）
A.She cleaned the car.
B.She bought an umbrella.
C.She listened to the weather forecast.
3.How will the speakers go to the bookstore？（ ）
A.By bike. B.By bus. C.By taxi.
4.What does the woman probably feel about Mary？（ ）
A.Doubtful. B.Confident. C.Concerned.
5.What are the speakers mainly talking about？（ ）
A.Preparing for a test.
B.Eating during an exam.
C.Getting a medical exam.
第二节（共15小题；每小题1.5分，满分22.5分）
听下面5段对话或独白。每段对话或独白后有几个小题，从题中所给的A、B、C三个选项中选出最佳选项。听每段对话或独白前，你将有时间阅读各个小题，每小题5秒钟；听完后，各小题将给出5秒钟的作答时间。每段对话或独白读两遍。
听第6段材料，回答第6、7题。
6.Where are the two speakers？（ ）
A.In a car.
B.At the Capitol exit.
C.At an accident spot.
7.What will the speakers do next？（ ）
A.Try to avoid traffic jams.
B.Listen to some music.
C.Buy some Beatles albums.
听第7段材料，回答第8、9题。
8.What’s the weather like now？（ ）
A.Sunny. B.Snowy. C.Rainy.
9.What is the man’s job probably？（ ）
A.A lawyer. B.A waiter. C.A travel agent.
听第8段材料，回答第10至12题。
10.How long did the man work in France？（ ）
A.For about five years.
B.For about seven years.
C.For about ten years.
11.Why is the woman here？（ ）
A.To give a class.
B.To learn the piano.
C.To pick up her son.
12.How do the speakers feel after realising where each other lives？（ ）
A.Disappointed.
B.Surprised.
C.Concerned.
听第9段材料，回答第13至16题。
13.Why is the man attracted by basketball games？（ ）
A.He is good at basketball skills.
B.His father is a fan of basketball games.
C.The result is changeable and unpredictable.
14.What does the woman usually do at weekends？（ ）
A.Stay in the dormitory.
B.Go skateboarding.
C.Watch music videos.
15.Where will the woman spend this weekend？（ ）
A.At home.
B.In the gym.
C.In the dormitory.
16.What do the man and the woman have in common？（ ）
A.They both have favourite sports.
B.Their favourite sports are risky.
C.They practise their favourite sports together.
听第10段材料，回答第17至20题。
17.What kind of trip had the speaker been expecting？（ ）
A.A sea diving trip.
B.A river diving trip.
C.A lake diving trip.
18.Where did the speaker go on his diving trip？（ ）
A.To Indonesia.
B.To the USA.
C.To Australia.
19.What did the speaker see on his diving trip？（ ）
A.Sharks. B.Whales. C.Flying fish.
20.How many dives did the speaker do on the third day？（ ）
A.Three. B.Four. C.Five.
答案：1－5 BAACB 6－10 ABBCA
11－15 CBCBC 16－20 AABBC
听力材料：
（Text 1）
W：So， what do you think of the lamb？
M：It’s pretty good， but I think the lamb you make at home is better.
W：You’re sweet to say that.Oh， can you get the waiter’s attention for me？
（Text 2）
M：I saw you washed the car today.I guess I’ll bring my umbrella to work.
W：Why would you do that？
M：It always rains right after you wash the car.
（Text 3）
M：Would you like to go with me to the new bookstore tomorrow morning？
W：I’d love to.But only if we go there by bike rather than by bus or by taxi.
M：No problem.We can use Mobike.
（Text 4）
M：There is a good chance that Mary will get home today.
W：Well， I hope she drives carefully.You know how the traffic is this time of year.
M：Oh， Mary’s a good driver.Have confidence in her.
（Text 5）
W：Can we eat food during the test？
M：Only drinks are allowed， unless you have a medical excuse.
W：I need to eat every hour， or my blood pressure will drop.
（Text 6）
M：Oh， there’s another traffic jam on the highway！
W：How can there be traffic jams on the 16-lane highway every day？
M：There are just too many people， and too many cars.
W：I wonder if there is an accident.
M：No， they just said that too many people were trying to get off at the Capitol exit.
W：Well， let’s put on some music.We’re going to be stuck in this for a while.
M：All right， what do you want to listen to？
W：How about some Beatles music？
M：Yeah， all right.
（Text 7）
W：Oh， I wish that bus would come！ My feet are freezing！ I suppose I’ve been here for ten minutes or so.
M：That’s long enough in the winter.
W：This morning， the sun was shining ... even though they were predicting light rain.
M：But it started to snow one hour ago.They’re still predicting two or three inches.
W：Well， I won’t go into the office tomorrow.I’ll just work from home.
M：What do you do？
W：I’m a lawyer.My office is around the corner.
M：Oh， I work in the same building， in that travel agency next to the lobby.I’ve seen you walk by several times.Stop in and have a cup of coffee sometime.
W：OK.
（Text 8）
W：What a surprise to see you here， Frank！
M：Jane？ It’s you， right？ I can’t believe it.It’s been almost ten years since we last met.
W：Yeah， that was at Lisa’s birthday party.You left for France the following day.So when did you come back to the States？
M：Five years ago.I worked in France， got married there， and then after my daughter was born， came back here with my family.So， what are you up to here？
W：Oh， I’m here to pick up my son.He’s in the piano class.What about you？
M：I’m here to pick up my daughter.She’s in the dance class.Do you live near here？
W：Yeah， just two blocks east.What about you？
M：About five blocks west.That’s really shocking.We live just about seven blocks away from each other， and we haven’t met for five years.
W：That’s really something.Oh， there’s the bell！ Hey， let me get your phone number before all the kids come out.
M：OK.
（Text 9）
W：It’s Saturday tomorrow.So， what’s your plan？
M：I’m so exhausted this week.I’ll stay at home and relax myself.
W：You mean you’ll get some sleep and watch several basketball games， huh？
M：Yes， especially the game of Cavaliers.
W：Why do you love basketball games so much？
M：Basketball games are exciting.The outcome can be changed in only a few seconds.And there are fascinating skills.How about you？What will you do this weekend？ Go skateboarding as usual？
W：I’m worn out， too， and I’ll stay in the dormitory and see some videos about skateboarding.
M：How long have you been skateboarding？ Three years or four years？ I don’t remember it exactly.
W：About four years.During those four years， I watched videos about skateboarding and practised the skills once and once again.You may feel it boring and painful， but I take delight in it.Every advance in skills brings me a great sense of fulfillment.Every time I jump into the sky， I feel I’m flying.
M：Wow， amazing.
（Text 10）
M：My name is Jake， and I recently went on a diving trip with my family — swimming under the water.
It was very exciting.I’d never gone diving in open water before， like a river or a lake.And I had always been expecting a real sea dive.I’d just done my diving training in a pool.I was really looking forward to my first real sea dive.We couldn’t decide where to go at first.We considered going somewhere in Indonesia or in Australia， but then friends in the USA offered to let us stay with them， so we went to the coast there， where there were perfect diving conditions.
I was a bit worried as we were swimming around because we’d heard there might be sharks in the area — only small ones， but it didn’t matter！ So I was very scared when some big sea animals came swimming toward us — but they turned out to be whales！ They played with us in the water.We even managed to get some photos.We hoped we’d see some flying fish — but no such luck.
Each day’s dives were completely different.We did three dives on the first day， and four on the second， plus a few more on the third — twelve dives altogether！ It was the best trip ever.
第二部分 阅读（共两节，满分50分）
第一节（共15小题；每小题2.5分，满分37.5分）
阅读下列短文，从每题所给的A、B、C、D四个选项中选出最佳选项。
A
Shakespeare’s writing shaped our modern language， but how did his plays describe the landscape of 15th-and 16th-century Britain？ This guide will take you on a mini tour of the poet’s favoured locations.
Pontefract Castle， Yorkshire
In its prime， Pontefract Castle was one of the most powerful forts （堡垒） in Europe， but its fearful reputation was once so strong that the poet used it to suggest power and terror.In Richard Ⅱ， Pontefract is the terrible scene of the king’s murder and three men are condemned to death at the castle in Richard Ⅲ.Now， Pontefract is the perfect destination for a fearful yet fascinating day out.
Sandal Castle， West Yorkshire
First built from wood in the 12th century， by the 13th century Sandal Castle had become an impressive stone fort.In the 15th century， the castle found itself at the centre of a long and bloody battle.It was this conflict that inspired Shakespeare’s Henry Ⅵ.The site of the battlefield is now a peaceful farm and all that remains of the once grand castle are broken walls.
Dunsinane Hill， Perthshire
A castle built atop Dunsinane Hill in Scotland is one of the dramatic backdrops to the blood-soaked horror of Shakespeare’s shortest tragedy，Macbeth.Today， the hill has the remains of two forts， one of which is the site on which the real Macbeth suffered a military defeat in 1054.
Forest of Arden， Warwickshire
Situated in Shakespeare’s home county of Warwickshire， Arden was once a heavily wooded area and provided the complex setting for the poet’s pastoral comedy.Visitors can enjoy several picturesque walks around the young forest， which is now home to over a million new trees.
语篇解读：本文是一篇应用文。文章介绍了几处与莎士比亚的经典剧作有关的风景名胜。
21.What did Shakespeare use Pontefract Castle to stand for？（ ）
A.Hope and anger. B.Life and death.
C.Power and fear. D.Past and history.
解析：C 细节理解题。根据第二段第一句可知，莎士比亚把这个地方看成是权力和恐惧的象征。
22.What is Shakespeare’s inspiration for Henry Ⅵ？（ ）
A.The surroundings of Sandal Castle.
B.A long battle happening at Sandal Castle.
C.The impressive buildings of Sandal Castle.
D.Shakespeare’s preference for Sandal Castle.
解析：B 细节理解题。根据第三段中的In the 15th century， the castle found itself at the centre of a long and bloody battle.It was this conflict that inspired Shakespeare’s Henry Ⅵ.可知，莎士比亚创作《亨利六世》的灵感来自一场持久的战争。
23.Where was Shakespeare born？（ ）
A.In Yorkshire. B.In West Yorkshire.
C.In Perthshire. D.In Warwickshire.
解析：D 细节理解题。根据最后一段第一句中的Situated in Shakespeare’s home county of Warwickshire可知，莎士比亚出生在Warwickshire。
B
（2024·浙江G5联盟高二下期中）When I was a little boy growing up， my mom， dad， brothers and I lived in my nana’s old house.It was surrounded by four huge vegetable gardens.And around the house so many flowers were planted.It was so beautiful there in the spring and summer.That wasn’t all， though.On the back porch Nana had dozens of potted plants hanging on hooks.She watered them， talked to them and nurtured them.And in the winter she would carry them all inside and set them on shelves near the windows of our enclosed front porch.There with a little water and a lot of love she kept them alive， green， and growing even during the coldest， darkest months.
As a boy I was puzzled by all the effort she put into them.I understood the vegetable gardens.They helped to feed the family all winter long.I even understood the flowers around the house.They were pretty and smelled so sweet in the summer months.The reason she put so much effort into caring for those potted plants， however， eluded me.They didn’t give us any food and they rarely had any flowers on them.They remained a mystery to my child’s mind.
Now as I’ve grown older I am beginning to understand why my nana had those potted plants.It is the same reason I have so many pictures of sunrises and forests hanging in my home.They remind me during the dark， cold， winter months full of bare trees and yellow grass that light， love， and growth still exist.They remind me that spring will come again.They remind me that God loves us and is still with us even when the earth doesn’t show it.
Today I see Nana’s potted plants in a new light.They are worth every bit of the love and care she put into them.But what tells me most about light and love is Nana herself.She is light to my soul even in my darkest times.And her love lives on in my heart even if she is in Heaven.May we all learn to love as she loved， shine as she shined， and live as she lived.
语篇解读：本文是一篇记叙文。作者小时候不理解奶奶为什么喜欢盆栽，随着年龄的增长，作者明白了盆栽是希望的象征。
24.Which of the following is close in meaning to the underlined word “eluded” in Paragraph 2？（ ）
A.Upset. B.Misguided.
C.Confused. D.Distracted.
解析：C 词义猜测题。根据第二段最后两句可知，作者对于奶奶费心照顾这些盆栽感到困惑，因为作者认为它们没有贡献任何食物，而且也很少开花。故画线词意思是“困惑的”。
25.Why was Nana fond of potted plants？（ ）
A.They were a sign of hope.
B.They resembled sunrise and forests.
C.They constantly kept Nana company.
D.They were portable and easy to nurture.
解析：A 细节理解题。根据倒数第二段最后三句可知，奶奶喜欢盆栽是因为它们是希望的象征。
26.What is the author’s purpose in writing the passage？（ ）
A.To advocate growing potted plants.
B.To sing the praise of Nana’s spirit and love.
C.To stress the benefits of a positive lifestyle.
D.To recall beautiful memories spent with Nana.
解析：B 写作意图题。根据最后一段内容可知，作者写本文的目的是歌颂奶奶的精神和爱。
27.What’s the type of the passage？（ ）
A.A non-fiction.
B.A book review.
C.An agricultural leaflet.
D.A celebrity biography.
解析：A 推理判断题。文章主要讲述了作者小时候不理解奶奶为什么喜欢盆栽，随着年龄的增长，作者明白了盆栽是希望的象征。由此可推知，本文是一篇关于奶奶的非小说类文学作品。
C
A study published in the journal People and Nature found that even in the more remote and seldom visited national parks， the presence of even just a few humans impacts the activity and behavior of wildlife that lives there.
The study was based in Glacier Bay National Park， a remote coastal area in south-east Alaska that is accessible only by boat or airplane.The park only sees 40，000 people per year.“Glacier Bay is a great park to explore what the lower limits are where humans start to affect wildlife behavior，” said senior author Laura Prugh， from the University of Washington （UW） School of Environmental and Forest Sciences.
The team worked with park staff （管理人员） to place 40 cameras across 10 sites within the park.During the summers of 2017 and 2018， the cameras detected humans and four animal species—wolves， black bears， brown bears and moose.If humans were present in an area， fewer than five animals per week were detected across all four species studied.The team believed that the animals avoided the areas where humans were present.In more remote backcountry areas （偏僻地区）， the wildlife detections dropped to zero each week even if there were only 40 visitors to the park per week.
“It was eye-opening to see the number of wildlife sightings we were ‘missing’ in backcountry areas of Glacier Bay，”lead author Mira Sytsma， who completed this work as a UW graduate student， said in a statement.“I was surprised that for all four species， wildlife detections were always highest when there wasn’t any human activity.”
The findings supported some other research that showed that as people go to national parks in record numbers， their presence is impacting the animals who live there.“Our findings lend support to concentrating human activities in some areas， because if you’re going to go above zero human activity and it’s going to have an impact， you might as well go way above zero in some areas and then have other areas where you have almost no human activity，” Prugh said.“In those areas， then， wildlife can live their natural lives unaffected by people.”
语篇解读：本文是一篇说明文。研究表明，再少的人类活动也会对野生动物活动造成影响。
28.Why was Glacier Bay chosen for the study？（ ）
A.It is less visited.
B.It is less populated.
C.It is easier to get to.
D.It is richer in animal species.
解析：A 推理判断题。根据第二段内容可知，Glacier Bay国家公园比较偏远，游客稀少。这在Prugh看来符合他们的研究目的——探索人类开始影响野生动物行为的下限。
29.What did the team find about the animals in backcountry areas？（ ）
A.They had less and less habitat due to tourism.
B.They had a great influence on human activities.
C.They showed up more in groups than individually.
D.They disappeared totally even with little human presence.
解析：D 细节理解题。根据第三段最后一句可知，在更偏远的区域，即使每周只有40位游客出现，野生动物也不会出现在人类的视野中。
30.What did Sytsma think of the study？（ ）
A.It was amazing.
B.It was pioneering.
C.It was hard to explain.
D.It was easy to carry out.
解析：A 推理判断题。根据第四段内容可知，研究结果让Sytsma大开眼界，颇为惊讶。
31.What might Prugh suggest park staff do？（ ）
A.Control the number of visitors.
B.Set up human-free areas for animals.
C.Increase the number of animal species.
D.Move in animals that behave differently.
解析：B 细节理解题。根据最后一段中Prugh说的话可知，Prugh认为公园应划分人类活动区和无人区。
D
（2024·山东青岛二中高二下月考）Animals can adapt quickly to survive unfavorable environmental conditions.Evidence is mounting to show that plants can， too.A paper published in the journal Trends in Plant Science details how plants are rapidly adapting to the effects of climate change， and how they are passing down these adaptations to their offspring （后代）.
Plants are facing more environmental stresses than ever.For example， climate change is making winters shorter in many locations， and plants are responding.“Many plants require a minimum period of cold in order to set up their environmental clock to define their flowering time，” says Martinelli， a plant geneticist at the University of Florence.“As cold seasons shorten， plants have adapted to require shorter periods of cold to delay flowering.These mechanisms allow plants to avoid flowering in periods when they have fewer opportunities to reproduce.”
Because plants don’t have neural （神经的） networks， their memory is based entirely on cellular （细胞的），molecular （分子的），and biochemical networks.These networks make up what the researchers call somatic memory （体细胞记忆）.“It allows plants to recognize the occurrence of a previous environmental condition and to react accordingly，” says Martinelli.
These somatic memories can then be passed to the plants’ offspring via epigenetics （表观遗传学）.“Several examples demonstrate the existence of molecular mechanisms modulating plant memory to environmental stresses and affecting the adaptation of offspring to these stresses，” says Martinelli.
Going forward， Martinelli hopes to understand even more about the genes that are being passed down.“We are particularly interested in decoding the epigenetic alphabet without changes in DNA sequence （序列），” he says.“This is especially important when we consider the rapid climate change， we observe today that every living organism， including plants， needs to quickly adapt to survive.”
语篇解读：本文是一篇说明文。文章主要讲述了植物像动物一样，可以快速适应不利条件，同时分析了植物能快速适应不利条件，并将这些适应传递给下一代的原因。
32.What adaptations have plants made to shortened cold seasons？（ ）
A.They have shortened their flowering time.
B.They have got more chances to reproduce.
C.They have avoided flowering in cold seasons.
D.They have adjusted their environmental clock.
解析：D 细节理解题。根据第二段中Martinelli说的Many plants require a minimum period of cold in order to set up their environmental clock to define their flowering time可知，为了适应缩短的寒冷季节，植物会设置环境时钟来定义开花时间。
33.What can we learn about somatic memory？（ ）
A.It is entirely based on neural networks.
B.It can help the plants’ offspring to survive.
C.It can help relieve environmental stresses.
D.It disturbs the plants’ biochemical networks.
解析：B 推理判断题。根据第四段首句可知，这些体细胞记忆通过表观遗传学传给下一代。由此可以判断，体细胞记忆可以帮助下一代生存下来。
34.What does the underlined word “modulating” mean in Paragraph 4？（ ）
A.Adjusting. B.Treasuring.
C.Recording. D.Sharing.
解析：A 词义猜测题。根据第二段最后两句可知，这些机制使植物能够调整自己在繁殖机会少的时期避免开花，这是植物调整适应环境变化的结果。画线单词所在的句子谈论的是有几个例子表明存在这样的“分子机制”调节植物记忆来适应环境的变化，与第二段阐述的与“这些机制”允许植物调节花期适应环境的内容相当，故画线词意为“调节”。
35.Which of the following is a suitable title for the text？（ ）
A.Plants Are Smart about Flowering Time
B.Plants Can Also Adapt to Climate Change
C.Environmental Stresses Challenge Plants
D.Mysteries of Plant Genes Are to Be Unfolded
解析：B 标题归纳题。根据首段中的Animals can adapt quickly to survive unfavorable environmental conditions.，再结合下文围绕该话题举例说明和分析植物能快速适应不利条件的原因可知，本文主要是陈述植物和动物一样能快速适应不利条件。
第二节（共5小题；每小题2.5分，满分12.5分）
阅读下面短文，从短文后的选项中选出可以填入空白处的最佳选项。选项中有两项为多余选项。
（2024·辽宁鞍山高二下月考）Many films and TV shows will tell you that sharks are scary and often eat beach-goers.36.（ ） Sharks play an important ecological role in the ocean.
Many of these fish are top predators （捕食者）.They can help control populations of other animals.However， other sharks serve as clean-up crews， chowing down on migrating birds when they fall out of the sky.37.（ ） Migrating land-based birds that fall from the sky as they cross the Gulf of Mexico can end up in the belly of a young tiger shark.But not all sharks are meat-eaters.38.（ ）
As a group， sharks are much， much older than we are.The first shark — like fish appeared more than 400 million years ago.39.（ ） Some have saw-toothed noses， and some may have big hooks on their heads.
40.（ ） They have super-sensitive noses and use snouts （鼻子） to find weak electrical signals from their food.Scientists are even trying to design materials to imitate shark’s bacteria-battling skin.
A.But that’s simply not true.
B.There are many different birds.
C.Sharks also have a lot of fascinating talents.
D.They usually migrate in a very long distance.
E.Some are peaceful plant-eaters， like the whale shark.
F.Since that time， they’ve existed in many different forms.
G.Tiger sharks， for example， eat migratory birds that fall out of the sky.
语篇解读：本文是一篇说明文。文章主要介绍了鲨鱼的习性、天赋和重要性。
36.A 空前一句讲鲨鱼不好的一方面，空后一句讲鲨鱼好的一方面，前后形成转折。A项（但这不完全正确）符合语境。
37.G 空前一句说明有的鲨鱼会吃从空中落下的迁徙鸟，G项举例进行说明，符合语境。
38.E 空前一句说明并不是所有的鲨鱼都吃肉，E项（一些是和平的食草鲨鱼，比如鲸鲨）符合语境。
39.F 上文说明鲨鱼存在很长时间了，下文说明鲨鱼长的样子各不相同。F项（从那时起，它们就以许多不同的形式存在）承上启下，符合语境。
40.C 下文说明鲨鱼本领高强。C项（鲨鱼也有很多惊人的天赋）符合语境。
第三部分 语言运用（共两节，满分30分）
第一节（共15小题；每小题1分，满分15分）
阅读下面短文，从每题所给的A、B、C、D四个选项中选出最佳选项。
Jarrett Little， a 31-year-old brick and concrete business owner， was road-testing his mountain bike outside of Columbus， Georgia， when his riding partner， Chris Dixon， 41 abruptly.Something in the distance had caught her attention.It 42 to be a sandy-colored five-month-old Great Dane mix.
The cyclists fed the friendly pup and 43 their water.They were more than seven miles from downtown and riding bikes.However， they couldn’t leave the dog behind with its ribs （肋骨） showing and a hind leg 44 .
Little soon got an idea.He carefully 45 his new friend and slipped the 38-pound dog’s hind legs into the back pockets of his cycling shirt.Then he hung the dog’s front paws over his 46 .So badly injured was the dog that he wasn’t 47 at all.He was kind of loving their touch.
The 30 48 ride into town ended at a bike store， where they got more water and food for the dog.That was when Andrea Shaw， a lawyer from Maine in town on business， 49 to walk by.The dog made a beeline for her， licking and “loving on her”.Shaw was 50 and， after learning what had happened， declared her intention，“I am 51 this dog.”
Shaw named him Columbo 52 the town where they’d met and 53 an operation on his broken leg.Today， Columbo is living the 54 life on a farm with a horse， a pony， and a six-year-old boy to keep him 55 .He is literally the luckiest dog alive.
语篇解读：本文是一篇记叙文。狗狗Columbo在路上受伤，被31岁的砖混企业老板Jarrett Little和同伴Chris Dixon在骑行途中救助，并碰巧遇到律师Andrea Shaw，最后狗狗被Andrea Shaw收养，现在在农场上过着自由自在的生活。
41.A.sped B.turned
C.stopped D.backed
解析：C 根据下文Something in the distance had caught her attention.可知，此处是指Chris Dixon突然停了下来。
42.A.claimed B.proved
C.pretended D.seemed
解析：B 此处是指事实证明这是一只5个月大的沙土色大丹混血狗。
43.A.drank B.spilt
C.boiled D.shared
解析：D 根据上文fed the friendly pup可知，此处是指给小狗分享他们的水。
44.A.destroyed B.broken
C.gone D.bandaged
解析：B 根据上文with its ribs （肋骨） showing可知，此处是指这只狗的后腿断了。
45.A.picked up B.cheered up
C.swept up D.straightened up
解析：A 根据下文slipped the 38-pound dog’s hind legs into the back pockets of his cycling shirt可知，此处是指他小心地抱起这只狗。
46.A.chest B.waist
C.head D.shoulders
解析：D 根据上文hung the dog’s front paws over可知，此处是指他把狗的前爪搭在他的肩上。
47.A.fighting B.breathing
C.weeping D.walking
解析：A 根据下文He was kind of loving their touch.可知，此处是指狗根本就不挣扎。
48.A.seconds B.minutes
C.hours D.days
解析：B 根据ride into town可知，此处是指进城30分钟的路程。
49.A.arranged B.meant
C.happened D.wanted
解析：C 根据下文The dog made a beeline for her， licking and “loving on her”.可知，此处是指Andrea Shaw碰巧路过。happen to do sth意为“碰巧做某事”。
50.A.distracted B.fascinated
C.angered D.defeated
解析：B 根据下文Shaw named him Columbo可知，此处是指Shaw被深深吸引了，要收养这只狗。
51.A.keeping B.adapting
C.checking D.employing
解析：A 参见上题解析。
52.A.in B.outside
C.after D.on
解析：C name ...after ...意为“以……为……命名”。
53.A.prevented B.performed
C.underwent D.scheduled
解析：D 根据an operation on his broken leg可知，此处是指为狗安排手术。
54.A.distant B.critical
C.high D.long
解析：C 此处是指Columbo在农场里过着奢华的生活，自由自在。
55.A.company B.assistance
C.healthy D.close
解析：A 此处是指有一匹马、一匹小马和一个六岁的男孩陪伴着它。
第二节（共10小题；每小题1.5分，满分15分）
阅读下面短文，在空白处填入1个适当的单词或括号内单词的正确形式。
Cold Dew， the 17th solar term of the year， begins usually in October.At this time， there are some interesting 56. （phenomenon） you need to know.
Not only do temperatures drop significantly， but also rainfall 57. （reduce）.When the cold air encounters autumn rain， it turns into misty rain or fog.When the humidity is high， 58. （fog） regions form in many areas of China.
People always say that fishing in shallow water in autumn makes sense.That’s 59. temperatures decrease quickly and sunshine doesn’t reach deep water thoroughly.Fish swim to shallow water areas 60. the water temperature is 61. （relative） high.
Pomegranates （石榴） are ripe during Cold Dew， releasing a sweet scent.With their exquisite beauty， flavor and colour， pomegranates never fail to attract people and have been cherished for centuries also for 62. （they） health benefits and anti-aging benefits.
Chrysanthemum （菊花） is the iconic flower of Cold Dew.63. （prevent） autumn dryness， many regions in China have the custom of drinking chrysanthemum wine， which is thought to boost heart health by strengthening blood vessels and 64. （stimulate） blood flow.
During Cold Dew， North China takes on a look of late autumn with white clouds， red leaves and early frost.People often climb hills with cornels （茱萸） 65. the day of the Double Ninth Festival， aiming to dispel evils.
语篇解读：本文是一篇说明文。文章主要介绍了一个节气——寒露。
56.phenomena 考查名词复数。根据some可知，此处应用可数名词phenomenon的复数。故填phenomena。
57.is reduced 考查动词的时态、语态和主谓一致。根据句意可知，这里要用被动语态；由上文do可知，空处谓语动词需用一般现在时，主语是不可数名词，谓语动词需用第三人称单数形式。故填is reduced。
58.foggy 考查词形转换。空处应用形容词作定语，修饰名词regions。故填foggy。
59.because 考查表语从句。根据句意可知，空处表示“因为”，应用引导词because引导表语从句。故填because。
60.where 考查定语从句。空处引导定语从句，先行词是shallow water areas，在从句中作地点状语，故填where。
61.relatively 考查词形转换。空处应用副词作状语，修饰形容词high。故填relatively。
62.their 考查代词。空处应用形容词性物主代词作 health benefits的定语。故填their。
63.To prevent 考查非谓语动词。根据句子结构可知，空处为非谓语动词。根据句意，此处表目的，应用动词不定式。位于句首，单词首字母需大写。故填To prevent。
64.stimulating 考查非谓语动词。and表示并列，空处应与strengthening形式保持一致，作介词by的宾语。故填stimulating。
65.on 考查介词。此处表示具体的某一天，应用介词on＋具体日期。故填on。
第四部分 写作（共两节，满分40分）
第一节（满分15分）
（2024·山东临沂十九中高二下期中）上周末你参加了校学生会组织的“认识我们身边的植物”活动。请你为校英文报写一篇报道，内容包括：
1.活动的过程；
2.收获与感想。
注意：1.写作词数应为80左右；
2.请按如下格式作答。
Getting to Know the Plants Around Us
参考范文：
Getting to Know the Plants Around Us
Last weekend， I participated in a “Getting to Know the Plants Around Us” activity organised by our Students’ Union.
The activity began with a lecture by a local botanist， who taught us about the different characteristics and uses of various plant species.We then went on a natural walk to observe and collect samples of different plants.Throughout the event， I was struck by the incredible variety of plants that exist in our world and learned about plants that are used for medical purposes， as well as those that provide food and shelter for animals.I also gained a greater appreciation for the role that plants play in maintaining the balance of our ecosystem.
Overall， it was a valuable and enriching experience.
第二节（满分25分）
阅读下面材料，根据其内容和所给段落开头语续写两段，使之构成一篇完整的短文。
（2024·辽宁名校联盟高二下月考）Kim’s family moved frequently from one place to another due to his father’s profession.Kim had to start a new school every few years.Therefore， Kim’s school life was terrible.He didn’t have any best friends.
One day， Kim went to his classmate Rocky’s home.As soon as they entered the house， Rocky’s pet jumped on Rocky and started licking his face.Rocky said， “My doggy loves me very much.Animals can’t speak， but they have feelings， too.” His words were so touchy that Kim thought about keeping a pet.
Kim talked with his mother.She was afraid of dogs.She said that if Kim kept a dog at home， then it would be entirely his responsibility.The real task for Kim was his father.They were pure vegetarian.His father knew that animal needs meat for growth， which he never bought in the market.Therefore， he said a clear no to Kim’s demand.
One day， Kim saw a puppy in the park， who was in pain because of an injured ear.The puppy was weeping.Kim couldn’t stop himself and took it home.He took good care of it and decided to keep it permanently at home.When his father saw the dog， he scolded Kim， the little pup sitting in the corner and listening to them.Since Kim requested him a lot， finally， he agreed unwillingly.
Kim named that cute puppy Dooner.He trained Dooner and took care of his food， water， and cleanliness.Dooner and Kim became good friends.Everyone loved Dooner except Kim’s father.Every time his father got home， Dooner would hide somewhere in the house.
Then the day came when the results of the examination were declared.Kim failed in one subject， which made Kim’s father disappointed.He scolded Kim and even blamed Dooner for Kim’s failure.
注意：1.续写词数应为150左右；
2.请按如下格式作答。
Dooner hid himself in the corner， listening to everything.
Although Dooner had left the house for several days， he decided to pick up Kim’s father’s wallet on the ground of the market and returned it.
参考范文：
Dooner hid himself in the corner， listening to everything.He felt the tension in the air and understood that his presence was somehow connected to Kim’s scolding.With a heavy heart， Dooner decided to leave to prevent further trouble for Kim.That night， he quietly slipped out of the house and into the darkness.Kim woke up the next morning to find Dooner missing.He searched everywhere but found no trace of his beloved pet.Days later， as Dooner roamed the streets， he stumbled upon Kim’s father’s wallet lying on the ground at the market.
Although Dooner had left the house for several days， he decided to pick up Kim’s father’s wallet on the ground of the market and returned it.As he approached the house， he saw Kim’s father frantically searching for something.Understanding the situation， Dooner carefully placed the wallet at Kim’s father’s feet and barked to get his attention.Surprised and grateful， Kim’s father picked up the wallet and looked at Dooner with new-found respect.He realized that the dog was more than just a pet； he was a loyal and intelligent companion.From that day on， Kim’s father’s attitude towards Dooner changed， and he welcomed him back into their home with open arms.
16 / 16Section Ⅲ Developing ideas
Silent Spring
There was a strange stillness①.The birds， for example — where had they gone？[1]Many people spoke of them， puzzled and disturbed.The feeding stations in the backyards were deserted.The few birds seen anywhere were moribund； they trembled② violently and could not fly.It was a spring without voices.On the mornings that had once throbbed with the dawn chorus③ of robins， catbirds， doves， jays， wrens， and scores of other bird voices there was now no sound； only silence lay over the fields and woods and marsh.
[1]puzzled and disturbed为形容词短语作状语。
Rachel Carson was a scientist by profession④， but these lines from the opening chapter of her 1962 book Silent Spring， “A Fable for Tomorrow”， show her talent as a writer.By imagining a world without birds， she aimed to alert⑤ not only the scientific community but also the general public to the damaging effects of human activity on natural ecosystems — in particular⑥， to the harmful use of pesticides， such as DDT.She believed that the chemical industry was knowingly⑦ causing harm to⑧ plants， animals and even humans， and wished to see pesticides used in a more responsible， limited and carefully monitored⑨ way.
Carson urged⑩ people to make themselves aware of the facts and do something about the situation.Silent Spring contains a lot of scientific research and case studies.The book details the gypsy moth eradication programme， which killed birds， in addition to gypsy moths.Another case study was the fire-ant programme that killed cows， but not fire ants.[2]The book also gives dozens of other examples of eradication programmes that did nothing to reduce the problems they were originally designed to solve.[3]The 50 or so pages at the end of the book list Carson’s sources， showing how thorough and precise she was as a scientist.
[2]that引导定语从句；they were originally designed to solve为定语从句，省略了关系代词that或which。
[3]how引导宾语从句。
Carson’s message was very alarming ， causing a great increase in environmental awareness.Its impact was immediate and far-reaching ： the use of DDT was banned and the Environmental Protection Agency （EPA） was established in the US.Silent Spring was therefore regarded as a milestone in the launch of the green movement in the Western world.It also earned Carson a posthumous Presidential Medal of Freedom and put her face on the 17-cent US stamp.
Silent Spring was not， however， received positively by everyone.[4]Though Carson’s research was strong and was supported by most scientists who reviewed her work， the book quickly became a target for critics in the pesticide industry.They said that Carson did not understand the science behind her arguments because she was a marine biologist rather than a chemist.Some also said that her work was more emotional than scientific.These were attempts to damage Carson’s reputation and stop her work from influencing public policy， but she remained determined to stand by her research.Carson appeared in public and on television to defend her claims — and today， more than 50 years after it was published， the voice of Silent Spring is still ringing loud and clear.
[4]Though引导让步状语从句；who引导定语从句。
Personally ， I enjoy Carson’s book.She made a crucial but potentially difficult-to-understand subject interesting and accessible to millions of people.[5]This is not so much because of the quality of her arguments， strong though they are， but because of the beauty and elegance of her writing.Her book not only changed the world； half a century later [6]it remains a book that deserves to be reread today， so that we can once again feel ourselves warm to the fire of its passionate message.[7]For unless we do listen to Rachel Carson’s warning， one day we may wake up to the strange and quiet horror of another silent spring.
[5]not ...but ...连接并列的表语；though引导让步状语从句，此处为倒装句。
[6]that引导定语从句；so that引导目的状语从句。
[7]unless引导条件状语从句。
【读文清障】
①stillness n.安静，静止
still adj.静止的
②tremble v.颤抖，发抖
③chorus n.合唱曲
④by profession职业上
⑤alert v.提醒，使（某人）意识到
alert ...to 使意识到，使认识到
⑥in particular尤其，特别
particularly adv.尤其，特别
⑦knowingly adv.故意地
⑧cause harm to对……造成伤害
⑨monitor v.监督，监视
⑩urge v.敦促；催促
urge sb to do sth 敦促某人做某事
detail v.详细说明 n.细节
eradication n.消灭
originally adv.最初地，原来地
be designed to 旨在，设计用于
thorough adj.仔细的；缜密的
thoroughly adv.彻底，完全；缜密地
precise adj.精确的；一丝不苟的
precisely adv.精确地
alarming adj.令人惊恐的，令人恐慌的
alarm n.惊恐，惊慌；警报
v.使惊恐，使害怕
far-reaching adj.影响深远的
ban v.禁止，取缔 n.禁令
ban ...from ... 禁止……做……
place/put/impose a ban on 颁布对……的禁令
milestone n.里程碑，重要事件
launch n.推出，发起
posthumous adj.死后获得的
become a target for 成为……的目标
critic n.批评家
criticize v.批评
criticism n.批评，批判
marine adj.海洋的
rather than而不是
emotional adj.情绪的
attempt to ……的努力/尝试
reputation n.名誉，名望
remain determined to do sth 仍然决心做某事
stand by支持
personally adv.就本人而言
crucial adj.关键的，至关重要的
elegance n.优美；简洁
elegant adj.优美的；简洁的
passionate adj.具有强烈信念的
passion n.激情，强烈情感
passion for 对……的热情，对……的激情
【参考译文】
寂静的春天
“一片古怪的寂静笼罩着这里。小鸟都飞到哪里去了？许多人谈论着，茫然困惑、惴惴不安。后院的饲养站已经被遗弃，为数不多的几只鸟也奄奄一息；它们浑身打战，无法飞翔。这是一个寂静的春天。原本喧闹的清晨，再也没有了知更鸟、北美猫鸟、鸽子、松鸦、鹪鹩的奏鸣曲以及其他小鸟的鸣叫声：只留下一片寂静，笼罩在田野、树林和沼泽的上空。”
蕾切尔·卡森本是一位科学家，但是1962年，她在《寂静的春天》一书的开篇章节“明天的寓言”中的这段描写，展现了她作为作家的天赋。通过想象一个没有鸟儿的世界，她想要警告科学界，提醒公众，人类活动已经对自然界生态系统造成了破坏性的后果，尤其是使用DDT之类的杀虫剂给自然界带来了严重的危害。她认为化学工业正在明目张胆地对动植物，甚至对人类本身造成伤害，她希望人们在使用杀虫剂时能够更加负责、节制，并且严加监管。
卡森督促人们认清事实，并且为此做出努力。《寂静的春天》中含有大量的科学研究和真实案例。在灭除舞毒蛾项目这一案例中，她细致讲述了人们在消灭舞毒蛾的同时，也杀死了鸟类；另一个案例则是在开展消灭火蚁计划时，人们杀死的是奶牛，而非火蚁。书中还讲了几十个其他灭除计划的案例，都未能像预期那样解决问题。这本书最后的五十几页列出了卡森的资料来源，显示出她作为一名科学家的周密和严谨。
卡森所述的事实让人们十分担忧，大大提升了人们保护环境的意识。这本书的效果立竿见影，并且影响深远：DDT被禁用；环境保护署也在美国成立。《寂静的春天》因此被视为西方发起绿色运动的里程碑。这使卡森在去世后获得了“总统自由勋章”的荣誉，美国17美分的邮票上也印上了她的头像。
但并不是所有人都支持《寂静的春天》。虽然卡森的研究很有说服力，而且得到多数审阅过这本书的科学家的支持，但是这本书很快成了杀虫剂行业批判的对象。他们说卡森并不理解她论证背后的科学原理，因为她是一位海洋生物学家，而非化学家。还有一些人说她的作品过于情感化，科学性并不强。他们想要通过破坏卡森的名声来削减她的作品对公共政策的影响，但卡森仍然坚持自己的研究，在公众面前、在电视节目中捍卫自己的观点。时至今日，《寂静的春天》已经出版五十多年了，但它的影响力依旧深远绵长。
而我个人也十分喜欢卡森的书。她把一个至关重要但十分复杂的问题用简单有趣的方式传达给了数百万人。这并不都是因为她书中高质量的论点是多么强有力，而是因为她美丽和高雅的文笔让读者喜欢。她的书不仅在当时改变了世界，就是在半个世纪后的今天，它仍然值得人们重新阅读，以感受她充满感情的文字带给我们如火焰般的温暖。因为如果我们不听从卡森的劝告，可能有一天在我们醒来之后，真的会面对一个古怪而又相当恐怖的寂静的春天。
第一步：析架构理清脉络
Read the passage quickly and then fill in the blanks.
第二步：知细节明察秋毫
Read the passage carefully and choose the best answers.
1.Why did many people get puzzled and disturbed？（ ）
A.Because they didn’t speak of birds again.
B.Because the feeding stations were destroyed.
C.Because birds’ voices were unusual.
D.Because most birds were gone.
2.What does Rachel Carson think of the use of pesticides？（ ）
A.The use of pesticides should be totally banned.
B.The use of pesticides does little harm to human.
C.Pesticides should be used in a more reasonable way.
D.Pesticides should be widely used in plants and animals.
3.What caused a great increase in the awareness of protecting the environment？（ ）
A.Carson’s scientific research.
B.The fire-ant program.
C.The green movement.
D.Some gypsy moths.
4.What is the author’s attitude to Carson’s book？（ ）
A.Critical. B.Indifferent.
C.Supportive. D.Unfavourable.
答案：1－4 DCAC
第三步：拓思维品质提升
Discuss the following questions with your partner.
1.What is the significance of the book Silent Spring on today’s environmental awareness and green movement？
Today， environmentalists and the green movement argue that many silent chemical and radioactive toxins， as well as carbon emissions， pollute the earth， the effects of which we will not feel until it is too late and the damage has been done.We need to pay attention now， they say， or pay the price.
2.Is Rachel Carson’s opinion in Silent Spring still relevant today？
The book is relevant because it carefully compiles scientific evidence to make its case.It shows that even though the impact of pesticides seems invisible， it is real， and it shows how all of the earth is interwoven ecologically.Damaging the soil or water damages animals（Carson focuses on birds） and humans.
In these days， the political debate about climate change is fierce.We debate， despite overwhelming evidence and consensus among scientists， whether climate change is really happening in the world.Her book will provide some ideas for these global problems.
第四步：析难句表达升级
1.She believed that the chemical industry was knowingly causing harm to plants， animals and even humans， and wished to see pesticides used in a more responsible， limited and carefully monitored way.
句式分析 句中that引导 宾语 从句，第二个and连接并列谓语 believed 和 wished ；see pesticides ...way为“see＋宾语＋宾语补足语”结构。
自主翻译 她认为化学工业正在明目张胆地对动植物，甚至对人类本身造成伤害，她希望人们在使用杀虫剂时能够更加负责、节制，并且严加监管。
2.Though Carson’s research was strong and was supported by most scientists who reviewed her work， the book quickly became a target for critics in the pesticide industry.
句式分析 句中Though引导 让步状语 从句，从句中又包含一个who引导的 定语 从句。
自主翻译 虽然卡森的研究很有说服力，而且得到多数审阅过这本书的科学家的支持，但是这本书很快成了杀虫剂行业批判的对象。
Part Ⅰ 核心词汇集释
ban v.（banned， banned， banning） 禁止，取缔 n.禁令
【教材原句】 Now banned in many countries， it is still used in some for malaria control.
（杀虫剂）现在在许多国家已经被禁止，但在一些国家仍然用于控制疟疾。
【用法】
（1）ban sb from （doing） sth 禁止某人（做）某事 （2）a ban on 对……的禁令 lift/remove a ban （on） 解除（对……的）禁令 impose/put/place a ban （on） 颁布（对……的）禁令
【佳句】 In my opinion， taking cellphones with the students should not be banned， but should be limited to certain areas.依我看来，学生带手机不应该被禁止，但应该被限制在某些区域内。
【练透】 单句语法填空
①To develop the habit of saving food， everyone is banned from littering everywhere and wasting food.
②The president supports a total ban on cigarette advertising.
【写美】 补全句子
③In this country， there is a ban on smoking for people under the age of 18.
在这个国家，禁止18岁以下的人吸烟。
alert v.提醒，使（某人）意识到n.警惕，戒备adj.警觉的，警惕的
【教材原句】 By imagining a world without birds， she aimed to alert not only the scientific community but also the general public to the damaging effects of human activity on natural ecosystems — in particular， to the harmful use of pesticides， such as DDT.
通过想象一个没有鸟儿的世界，她想要警告科学界，提醒公众，人类活动已经对自然界生态系统造成了破坏性的后果，尤其是使用DDT之类的杀虫剂给自然界带来了严重的危害。
【用法】
（1）alert sb to sth 使某人意识到/注意到某事 （2）on the alert for 密切注意……；提防…… （3）be alert to sth 意识到/注意到某事 （4）alertly adv. 警惕地，警觉地
【佳句】 The villagers alerted the travellers to the wolves and other wild animals which might come out in the night.
村民们提醒旅行者注意夜间可能出现的狼和其他野兽。
【练透】 单句语法填空
①Climbers need to be alert to the possible dangers of bad weather.
②A poster campaign was launched last week to alert people to the disease.
【写美】 同义句转换
③The public were warned to be watching carefully for suspicious packages.
→The public were warned to be on the alert for suspicious packages.
cause harm to 对……造成伤害
【教材原句】 She believed that the chemical industry was knowingly causing harm to plants， animals and even humans， and wished to see pesticides used in a more responsible， limited and carefully monitored way.
她认为化学工业正在明目张胆地对动植物，甚至对人类本身造成伤害，她希望人们在使用杀虫剂时能够更加负责、节制，并且严加监管。
【用法】
（1）harm v.& n. 伤害，损害 do harm to 伤害，损害 harm sb/sth 伤害某人/某物 （2）harmful adj. 有害的 be harmful to 对……有害 （3）harmless adj. 无害的 be harmless to 对……无害
【佳句】 Urban environmental pollution mainly caused great harm to human health.
城市环境污染主要对人类健康造成极大危害。
【练透】 单句语法填空
①She thought the bug was harmless （harm）， but later she found out that it could cause some minor problems.
【写美】 同义句转换
②However， online learning has some disadvantages.Staring at the screen is harmful to our eyes.
→However， online learning has some disadvantages.Staring at the screen does harm to our eyes .（harm n.）
urge sb to do sth 敦促某人做某事
【教材原句】 Carson urged people to make themselves aware of the facts and do something about the situation.
卡森督促人们认清事实，并且为此做出努力。
【用法】
（1）urge v.敦促；催促n.强烈的欲望；冲动 urge that sb （should） do sth 敦促某人（应该）做某事 the urge to do sth 做某事的强烈欲望 （2）urgent adj. 紧急的，迫切的 in urgent need of 迫切需要 It is urgent that ... ……是迫切的（从句谓语用“should＋动词原形”，should可以省略） （3）urgency n. 紧急
【佳句】 I urge that all of us （should） form the habit of thinking independently and going over lessons in time.
我主张大家养成独立思考、及时复习功课的习惯。
【练透】 单句语法填空
①With the aid of some warm-hearted people，I perfectly solved the urgent （urge） matter.
②Action must be taken to deal with the urgency （urge） as soon as possible.
③Parents should actively urge their children to take （take） advantage of the opportunity to participate in outdoor activities.
【写美】 补全句子
④It is urgent that government and experts （should） take measures to solve these problems .
迫切需要政府和专家采取措施解决这些问题。
be designed to do sth 旨在/被设计用于做某事
【教材原句】 The book also gives dozens of other examples of eradication programmes that did nothing to reduce the problems they were originally designed to solve.
书中还讲了几十个其他灭除计划的案例，都未能像预期那样解决问题。
【用法】
（1）design ...for ... 为……而设计…… be designed for sb/sth 为某人/某物而设计 （2）by design 有意地，故意地 （3）designer n. 设计者
【佳句】 Paper cuttings of special designs are put up to celebrate the Spring Festival.
特殊图案的剪纸被张贴来庆祝春节。
【联想】 by design的同义短语为on purpose，反义短语为by accident。
【练透】 单句语法填空
①What annoyed the teacher was that this student frequently lied to him by design.
【写美】 补全句子
②Many columns of the English newspaper Youth are specially designed for senior high school students and they are designed to enrich our campus life.
英文报Youth中的许多专栏是专门为高中生设计的，旨在丰富我们的校园生活。
a target for ……的目标
【教材原句】 Though Carson’s research was strong and was supported by most scientists who reviewed her work， the book quickly became a target for critics in the pesticide industry.虽然卡森的研究很有说服力，而且得到多数审阅过这本书的科学家的支持，但是这本书很快成了杀虫剂行业批判的对象。
【用法】
（1）target n. 目标；对象 reach one’s target 达到某人的目标 target language 目标语言，对象语言 （2）target v.把……作为攻击目标，把……作为批评对象；面向……，把……对准（某群体） be targeted at 瞄准，针对……
【佳句】 His war record became a target for his enemies.
他的参战经历成了他的敌人攻击的目标。
【助记】 Our course is targeted at English beginners.They can reach their targets in six months.我们的课程针对英语初学者。他们能在六个月内达到他们的目标。
【练透】 单句语法填空
①The new policy has become a target for criticism， attracting widespread attention.
②The advertisement campaign is targeted （target） at attracting the younger generation.
【写美】 补全句子
③Finally， being polite is highly recommended， which can protect you from being a target for a cyberbully.
最后，礼貌是强烈推荐的，这可以保护你避免成为网络欺凌的目标。
reputation n.名誉，名望，名声
【教材原句】 These were attempts to damage Carson’s reputation and stop her work from influencing public policy， but she remained determined to stand by her research.
他们想要通过破坏卡森的名声来削减她的作品对公共政策的影响，但卡森仍然坚持自己的研究。
【用法】
have a reputation for 以……著称 earn/establish/build a reputation 赢得/确立/树立声誉 live up to one’s reputation 名副其实 enjoy a good reputation 享有很好的声誉 damage/ruin one’s reputation 有损/毁坏某人的名声
【佳句】 This school enjoys a good reputation in my hometown.
这所学校在我的家乡享有很好的声誉。
【练透】 单句语法填空
①The company has a worldwide reputation for quality of design.
②She has won a good reputation for her contribution to medicine.
③His reputation was ruined （ruin） when he was caught cheating people of large fortune.
【写美】 补全句子
④Sima Qian lived up to his reputation as one of the cultural elites.
司马迁是名副其实的文化精英之一。
remain determined to do sth 仍然决心做某事
【教材原句】 These were attempts to damage Carson’s reputation and stop her work from influencing public policy， but she remained determined to stand by her research.
他们想要通过破坏卡森的名声来削减她的作品对公共政策的影响，但卡森仍然坚持自己的研究。
【用法】
（1）determined adj. 坚决的，坚定的 be determined to do sth 决心/决定做某事 （2）determine v. 决定，确定 determine to do sth 下定决心做某事 （3）determination n. 决心 with determination 坚定地
【佳句】 There were numerous diving spots in the area and Larry was determined to visit all of them.
这个地方有数不清的潜水点，拉里决心去参观所有这些地方。
【点津】 be determined to do sth表示状态，常考查determined to do sth在句中作状语，有类似用法的还有be lost in， be caught in， be absorbed in等。
【练透】 单句语法填空
①Write a poem about how courage， determination （determine）， and strength have helped you face challenges in your life.
② Determined （determine） to carry out the plan in time， they will make careful preparations.
【写美】 一句多译
③不知道在什么动机的驱使下，他决定写一本书。
→Driven by heaven-knows-what motives，he determines to write a book .（determine v.）
→Driven by heaven-knows-what motives，he is determined to write a book .（determined adj.）
Part Ⅱ 重点句型解构
句型公式：形容词短语作状语
【教材原句】 Many people spoke of them， puzzled and disturbed.许多人谈论着，茫然困惑、惴惴不安。
【用法】
句中puzzled and disturbed为形容词短语作状语。形容词（短语）作状语的用法如下： （1）结构：可以是单个形容词，也可以是形容词短语，一般要用逗号将其和句子的其他部分分开。 （2）位置：通常位于句子主语前或句子主语后，有时位于句末。 （3）作用：一般用于说明主语的状态，可表示原因、结果、伴随状况等。
【品悟】 Excited and overjoyed， the children rushed to the front.孩子们跑到了前面，既激动又欣喜。
【点津】 如果修饰句子的谓语动词或整个句子，则用副词作状语。
【写美】 微写作
①想弄清楚里面是什么，我打开了那张小纸条。
Curious to find out what was inside， I unfolded the tiny note.
②累得喘不过气来，我们到达山顶，并欣赏了美丽的景色。（动作描写）
Tired and breathless ， we reached the top of the mountain and enjoyed the beautiful views.
③为了及时赶到那里，我在路上加快了车速，生怕给顾客留下不好的印象。（日常活动）
Worried about making a bad impression on the customer ， I speeded up my car on the way to get there in time.
句型公式：though引导的倒装让步状语从句
【教材原句】 This is not so much because of the quality of her arguments， strong though they are， but because of the beauty and elegance of her writing.
这并不都是因为她书中高质量的论点是多么强有力，而是因为她美丽和高雅的文笔让读者喜欢。
【用法】
句中strong though they are是由though引导的倒装句， 作表语的strong提到了句首。though引导的倒装句也可以是正常语序，其中的though也可以使用as， 但是as引导的倒装句必须使用倒装语序。as/though引导让步状语从句倒装的用法： 名词/形容词/副词/动词原形＋as/though＋主语＋动词
【品悟】 Much tired though he was， he still worked late into the night.
虽然他很累，但他仍然工作到深夜。
【点津】 （1）该倒装结构中，句首名词不能带任何冠词。
（2）句首是实义动词，其他助动词放在主语后。如果实义动词有宾语和状语，随实义动词一起放在主语之前。
【写美】 微写作
①尽管他可能会尝试，但还是不能自己解决问题。
Try as/though he might ， he couldn’t solve the problem himself.
②尽管他们做了很大努力，他们却没法让她改变主意。
Hard as/though they tried ， they couldn’t make her change her mind.
③那条项链虽然很漂亮，但我们认为价格太高。
Beautiful as/though the necklace was ， we thought it was over-priced.
④虽然他是个孩子，但他知道做什么是正确的。
Child as/though he was ， he knew what was the right thing to do.
维度一：品句填词
1.The restaurant enjoys a worldwide reputation （声誉） because of its delicious food and excellent service.
2.As we all know， diamond （钻石） is considered to be one of the most precious stones in the world.
3.Tom sang the verses and everybody joined in chorus （合唱曲）.
4.The number of participants has risen to more than two dozen （一打）.
5.Can you give a more precise （精确的） definition of the word？
6.When he came out of the water， he was trembling （发抖） with cold.
7.In my opinion，bringing cellphones to campus should be banned .
8.The country successfully launched 104 satellites in a single space mission to explore the space.
维度二：词形转换
1.The furniture managed to combine practicality with elegance （elegant）.
2.He brought to the job not just considerable experience but passionate （passion） enthusiasm.
3.It is difficult to know precisely （precise） how much impact the changes will have.
4.He was accused of knowingly （knowing） making a false statement to the police.
5.I thoroughly （thorough） approve of what the government is doing.
6.When the little girl was asked such a puzzling question，she stood there with a puzzled look on her face.（puzzle）
维度三：固定搭配和句式
1.It is our parents who stand by （支持） us all the time even if all others reject us.
2.These days littering are common， causing serious harm to the environment （对环境造成严重危害）.
3.The city has dozens of （许多） new millionaires， Asia’s biggest building， and fancy new hotels.
4.I am puzzled about （对……感到迷惑不解） why his books are so popular worldwide.
5.If the disease is prevented or cured， the gene becomes a target for （……的目标） treatment.
6.He is regarded as （被看作） the most suitable man to do this work.
7. Hard as/though he worked （虽然他学习努力）， he didn’t pass the exam.
8.The soldier climbed to the top of the mountain at last， hungry and tired （又饿又累）.
维度四：课文语法填空
Silent Spring by Rachel Carson was published in 1962.Carson wrote the book 1. aiming （aim） to alert people to the damaging effects of human activity 2. on natural ecosystems.And she wished to see pesticides 3. used （use） in a more responsible， limited and carefully monitored way.The book contained a lot of scientific research， examples and so on，4. which showed how thorough and precise she was as a scientist.The arguments were strong and the writing was 5. elegant （elegance） and influential.However， the book was not received positively by everyone.It quickly became a target for critics in the pesticide industry， who said that Carson’s research was not precise.Carson appeared in public and on television 6. to defend （defend） her claims.
Carson’s message was very 7. alarming （alarm） and its influence was immediate and far-reaching.The use of DDT 8. was banned （ban） and the EPA was established in the US.The book was considered as 9. a milestone in the launch of the green movement in the Western world.It earned Carson a Presidential Medal of Freedom after she passed away.
The book changed the world by increasing people’s 10. awareness （aware） of protecting natural ecosystem.
Ⅰ.阅读理解
A
（2024·四川自贡高二上期末）New York — like Philadelphia， Baltimore and Washington — sits underneath the “Atlantic Flyway”， an ancient migration route travelled by millions of birds， every spring and autumn.Up to a quarter of a million of them die crashing into windows in New York every year， according to New York City Audubon， the bird charity that organizes Project Flight Safe.Birds confuse reflections of sky or plants for the real thing and fly straight for them.
In 2021， however， new laws came into force in New York requiring all new buildings and restoration work to be made bird-friendly.It is the strictest such laws in America.The case of the Jacob K.Javits Convention Centre in west Manhattan is a good example.It used to be a top bird-killer， but after swapping its glasses for bird-friendly glass， strikes dropped by 90%.The centre has now fully embraced bird life.Its green roof is home to a breeding seagull group， and as of 18 October， 62 different species have been spotted there.
At night， artificial light draws birds into the city， where they are more likely to crash.Some studies suggest birds can fail to tell direction because artificial light prevents them from sensing the Earth’s magnetic （磁的） field effectively.Last year the city passed a law that requires all city owned and managed buildings to switch their lights off at night during birds’ migration seasons.The law will extend the requirement to privately owned commercial buildings next year.Though exceptions would be allowed for landmarks such as the Empire State and the Chrysler Building， the change would still transform the world’s most famous skyline.
Jessica Wilson of NYC Audubon says that would be a good thing for birds， energy consumption and people.New York is on track to become the most bird-friendly big city in America.
语篇解读：本文是一篇新闻报道。文章主要报道了纽约市为保护鸟类和减少能源消耗所采取的一系列措施，包括实施新的法律和规定、推广使用鸟类友好的建筑材料、关闭夜间照明等。
1.What is responsible for bird crashes in New York？（ ）
A.Glass reflections.
B.The attraction of sunlight.
C.New York’s unique climate.
D.Birds’ confused sense of balance.
解析：A 细节理解题。根据第一段最后两句可知，每年有多达25万只鸟在纽约撞到窗户上死亡，是因为鸟类把天空或植物的反射误认为是真实的，并直接向它们飞去。
2.What can we know about the Jacob K.Javits Convention Centre？ （ ）
A.It has reduced birds’ death by 90%.
B.It was painted green to attract birds.
C.It was the first to put new laws into force.
D.It has developed into a bird-friendly place.
解析：D 推理判断题。根据第二段最后三句可知，Jacob K.Javits Convention Centre已经发展成为一个鸟类友好的地方。
3.What is Paragraph 3 mainly about？（ ）
A.Birds’ talent for telling directions.
B.Distinctive landmarks in New York.
C.Results of applying bird-protection laws.
D.Efforts to protect birds from crashing at night.
解析：D 段落大意题。根据第三段内容可知，第三段主要讲述的是该市为了保护鸟类不在夜间坠毁，要求所有城市拥有和管理的建筑物在鸟类迁徙季节的晚上关掉灯。
4.What does Jessica Wilson think of the law issued last year？（ ）
A.Energy-consuming. B.Promising.
C.Eye-catching. D.Annoying.
解析：B 推理判断题。根据最后一段内容可知，Jessica Wilson认为去年颁布的法律是非常好的，有发展前景。
B
We’re often reminded of the importance of protecting the planet as we see it for future generations — and children at St Oswald’s Primary School in Chester certainly agree.
Nine-year-old Isohel Kelleher from the school’s Hummingbirds class thinks adults need to take notes. “Sometimes they can be busy and I don’t think they think they can make a difference， but if everyone does a little bit， it all adds up，” she says.“We started looking at plastic pollution in our oceans and the things like plastic bags that are polluting them. Fish can eat the plastic and they can die.”
Mr Timms， Isohel’s teacher， has been leading a new project at the school which lets children loose creatively to raise public awareness of the need to be more environmentally friendly. The entire Hummingbirds class， which is made up of nine-year-old and ten-year-old pupils， has been busy writing poems and creating online videos to warn adults about the serious situation of our oceans and wildlife.
Mr Timms thinks children play an important role in teaching us how to take care of the things around us. “We sometimes overlook how much we can really learn from children，” he says.“It is really hard to believe having parents come in saying that their children have been asking them to stop using plastic and to recycle more， and even stopping them from using plastic straws.”
Mr Timms is proud of his Hummingbirds class. The message that they would like to send to the world is simple： Stopping this isn’t someone else’s job， and it won’t be OK if we just leave it.
语篇解读：本文是一篇记叙文。一所学校的蜂鸟班举行环保活动，呼吁人们正视严峻的环境问题。
5.What does Isohel Kelleher mean in Paragraph 2？（ ）
A.People shouldn’t eat fish any more.
B.Adults have done their part pretty well.
C.Everyone can do something to stop pollution.
D.Plastic pollution is already too serious to be solved.
解析：C 细节理解题。根据第二段中的but if everyone does a little bit， it all adds up可知，Isohel Kelleher认为每个人都可以采取一点措施阻止污染。
6.What can be inferred from Mr Timms’ words in Paragraph 4？（ ）
A.The project has already proved effective.
B.Some parents are angry with the project.
C.Children are good at looking after adults.
D.Adults ought to learn little from their kids.
解析：A 推理判断题。根据第四段中的It is really hard to believe ... them from using plastic straws.可知，孩子们所做的事情对家长产生了影响。由此可推测，这个项目已经证明是有效的。
7.What does the underlined word “this” in the last paragraph refer to？（ ）
A.Using plastic straws.
B.Plastic pollution.
C.Protecting the planet.
D.The Hummingbirds class.
解析：B 代词指代题。根据第二段中的We started looking at plastic pollution in our oceans and the things like plastic bags that are polluting them. Fish can eat the plastic and they can die.可知，蜂鸟班的孩子所做的事情是在应对塑料污染，因此他们想要向全世界传递的信息是，阻止塑料污染不是别人的事情。由此推知，此处this指代的是塑料污染。
C
The Department of Energy（DOE） is dealing with a tough research problem that has troubled experts for more than a decade： developing a low-cost alternative to the present jet fuel.
The search began around 2010， originally pushed by the concerns about the country’s reliance on imported oil.More recently，airlines have raised the question themselves.There are potential restrictions on the amount of carbon dioxide from jet airliners and a lack of an electricity-fueled replacement for their heavy planes.
Researchers at DOE’s National Renewable Energy Laboratory （NREL） are taking a fresh look at a promising family of new and plentiful raw materials： food wastes and urban used water containing human manure （粪肥）.
“Everyone is beginning to see the potential of taking these organic materials that we normally have sent to landfills or wastewater treatment plants，” said Derek Vardon，a senior research engineer at NREL.Manure and food wastes contain fatty acids that can be changed to link their chain-like structures together.The result is a liquid fuel，Vardon explained，one that has seven times the energy of methane — the major component of natural gas.That’s needed to get a heavy airliner off the ground.
Other researchers are also sensing the potential of rich and low-carbon resources that could be developed by working with wastewater treatment plants.One of them is Jianping Yu，the main researcher of a separate NREL project that is exploring how to remove major and troublesome water pollutants from conventional wastewater treatment processes.His idea is to feed the pollutants to algae （海藻） in the wastewater plants and then sell the algae as a product that can be made into commercial fertilizers.Yu’s idea is to collect and develop special algae， so they can remove as much as 50% of the pollutants from processed wastewater.Growing more powerful algae， he points out， will also be a way to remove more CO2 from the air.The outcome is that it could reduce the amount of energy needed to run wastewater plants.“That’s the goal.Our main motivation is future environmental requirements，” Yu said.
语篇解读：本文是一篇说明文。文章主要讲述了能源部专家与废水处理厂合作开发清洁航空燃料。
8.Why are the airlines anxious to find a new kind of jet fuel？（ ）
A.Their planes are heavier than before.
B.They need to cut costs of electrical energy.
C.Their oil fuel harms the environment.
D.They want to rely less on imported oil.
解析：C 推理判断题。根据第二段最后一句可知，喷气式客机的二氧化碳排放量可能会受到限制，重型飞机也缺乏电力燃料替代品。由此可推知，为了环保航空公司急于寻找一种新的航空燃料。
9.What can we learn about the liquid fuel according to Vardon？（ ）
A.It has as much energy as natural gas. B.It can be changed into fatty acids.
C.It’s born out of organic wastes. D.It’s similar to natural gas in structure.
解析：C 推理判断题。根据第四段内容可知，Vardon认为液体燃料来自我们通常送往垃圾填埋场或废水处理厂的有机垃圾，例如粪便和食物垃圾。由此可知，根据Vardon的说法，液体燃料是从有机垃圾中产生的。
10.What role does algae play in Jianping Yu’s idea？（ ）
A.Producing green fuel.
B.Cleaning processed wastewater.
C.Making commercial fertilizers.
D.Absorbing wastewater.
解析：B 细节理解题。根据最后一段中的Yu’s idea is to collect and develop special algae， so they can remove as much as 50% of the pollutants from processed wastewater.可知，余建平的想法是利用特殊的藻类去除处理过的废水中的污染物。
11.What does the text mainly tell us？（ ）
A.Developing new fuel is quite necessary for airlines.
B.Researchers find a way of environmental protection.
C.Wastewater plants are a very useful source of new energy.
D.Search for clean jet fuel leads scientists to wastewater plants.
解析：D 主旨大意题。文章第一段提出，能源部正在处理一个棘手的研究问题，这一问题困扰了专家十多年：开发一种替代现有航空燃料的低成本替代品。最后一段第一句指出，其他研究人员也感受到了与废水处理厂合作开发丰富低碳资源的潜力。由此可知，文章主要告诉我们对清洁航空燃料的探寻将科学家带到废水处理厂。
Ⅱ.阅读七选五
Plants are intelligent.It sounds like a fable.However， science is beginning to think so.In 2013， The New Yorker published an article that set the plant science world on fire， forever changing the way both the public and researchers looking at and studying the plant kingdom.The “Intelligent Plant” was previously unheard of.12.（ ） But fast forward to 2022， there were now dozens of research papers and hours of video prepared and published by plant biologists discussing so many facts of plant intelligence.13.（ ）
Communication：A lot of evidence suggests that plants， trees in particular， can communicate with one another.14.（ ） It is in some ways similar to the Internet we use.The idea of plants forming such a relationship to interact is considered as an evolutionary outcome.
Learning：15.（ ） What if plants can learn from experiences like the dogs？The scientists designed experiments， whose goal was to prove whether plants could learn， an idea that seemed impossible.Ultimately， they succeeded in not only their experiments， but also in proving that plants can actually learn.
Memory：As research and experiments continue into the plant memory， people can’t help but ask the question “How can something without a brain have memories？” Studies have determined that plants can indeed learn and create memories.16.（ ）
Figuring out the “plant brain” question is the logical next step.As more research comes in， it seems that plant intelligence is a very real possibility.
A.Can plants be taught？
B.The plant biology community launched a campaign.
C.This communication occurs through underground networks.
D.It makes no sense to research plant communication methods.
E.They can display their memory recall through learned response.
F.The following behavioral characteristics are from the experiments.
G.Therefore， the plant biology community claimed it was completely baseless.
语篇解读：本文是一篇说明文。文章主要介绍了智慧植物及其特征。
12.G G项中的completely baseless与空前一句中的previously unheard of相匹配，故G项符合语境。
13.F 下文列举了智慧植物的三个行为特征。F项 （这些实验得出了以下行为特征）引起下文，符合语境。
14.C C项中的This communication与上文的communicate with one another相呼应；C项中的underground networks与下文中的the Internet相呼应。故C项符合语境。
15.A 根据空前的Learning和下文中的learn from experiences以及whether plants could learn可知，A项（植物可以被训练吗？）符合本段主旨，与下句衔接紧密，由两个问句引出本段话题。
16.E 本段讲的是植物有记忆。E项与记忆有关，且E项中的memory与上句的memories是原词复现，They指代上句中的plants。
Ⅲ.应用文写作
你校英文报正在举办主题为Observing Nature的征文活动。请你写一篇英语短文投稿，内容包括：
1.你的观察；
2.你的感悟。
注意：1.写作词数应为80左右；
2.可以适当增加细节，以使行文连贯。
参考范文：
A moment in nature
Once， as I sat beneath the shelter of a tree， the world around me burst into a glorious display.Birds sang melodiously， butterflies danced in flowers， and a gentle breeze whispered through the trees.It was a symphony of sights and sounds， which left me amazed.
At that moment， I realized the profound wisdom that nature holds.Simply spending a moment appreciating nature’s wonders can be a soul-cleansing experience.Nature offers us so many things from which we can find harmony within ourselves and with the world around us.
18 / 18Section Ⅳ Writing a poem about nature
本单元的写作项目是写一首描绘自然的诗歌。
一、诗歌中常使用的修辞手法
1.明喻
明喻是将两个不同的事物作比较，展示二者的相同之处。明喻一般借助like或as这样的词来描绘相似之处。例如：
The mountains are like enormous shadows on the horizon.
群山就像地平线上巨大的阴影。
Her cheeks are red like a rose.
她的脸颊像玫瑰一样红。
2.暗喻
暗喻是将两个不相关但具有某些共同特征的事物进行含蓄的、暗示的或是隐含的比较。例如：
That test was a total breeze.
那次考试真是易如反掌。（breeze意为“微风”，也可以指代“轻而易举的事”，因此，这句话表示那次考试并不难。）
3.拟人
拟人是指把人类的情感、欲望、感觉、手势和语言等赋予人类以外的事物。这些人类以外的事物可以是物体、事件、动植物等。例如：
The sun was smiling.
太阳在微笑。
The branches waved in the wind.
树枝在风中摇曳。
二、英文格律诗较中文格律诗的优势
1.以英语为依托，在世界范围内更易懂，受众群体更广泛。
2.更容易表现和吸收其他文化元素。
3.押韵方式更灵活，有abab， abba以及其他隔句押韵的方式。
三、写作方法指导
1.进行发散思维：利用思维导图进行头脑风暴，构思自己要写的人、物、景色。
2.运用修辞手法：写作时要适当地运用比喻、拟人等修辞手法来突出景物的特点与特征，要细致捕捉描写对象的颜色、形态、气味等，把景物描写得更加生动、形象。
3.采用灵活押韵：押韵方式有abab， abba以及其他隔句押韵的方式。
【佳作欣赏】
A Spring Morning
By Meng Haoran
This spring morning in bed I’m lying，
Not to awake till birds are crying.
After one night of wind and showers，
How many are the fallen flowers！
动作描写 insist v.坚称，坚决认为；坚持 flush v.（使）发红；脸红 bend v.变弯曲 sweep v.吹过，掠过；打扫 enhance v.改进；增强 ban v.禁止，取缔 pile v.堆放，摞起 tremble v.颤抖，发抖
人物描写 puzzled adj.困惑的，无法理解的 passionate adj.具有强烈信念的 elegance n.优美；简洁 elegant adj.优美的 gentle adj.轻柔的；温和的 gently adv.柔和地
环境描写 bloom v.开花 wheat n.小麦 prospect n.开阔的景观，景色
请从以上语料中选择合适的词汇，并用适当的过渡词完成下面语段。
在过去的两年里，因为我一直保持着冠军的地位，所以我被选中参加比赛。我的老师坚持让我为比赛而练习。我撒谎说：“我喉咙有点痛。”我甚至告诉Sara女士不要担心，因为我对任何事情都不困惑。然而，当我走上舞台时，我的手掌大量出汗，声音颤抖。最终，我走下舞台，羞愧得脸红。我对Sara女士说：“我本应该练习以提高我的能力。” 她低下头，温柔地告诉我，为一切做好充分的准备是很重要的。
Having held the championship for the past two years， I was chosen to participate in the competition.My teacher insisted that I practice for the contest.“I have a bit of sore throat，” I lied.I even told Ms Sara not to worry as I was not puzzled about anything.However，when I stepped on the stage，my palms sweated heavily and my voice trembled.Finally，I walked off the stage and flushed with shame.“I should have practiced to enhance my ability，” I said to Ms Sara.Bending her head， she gently told me that getting well prepared for everything was of great importance.
Ⅰ.完形填空
On an early summer day in the fascinating landscape of Jiulong Peak Reserve， deep in Anhui Province， Du Minghui， working in the reserve， was taking a group of 20 students on a study 1 .With the symphony of birdsong 2 through the air， they went on the journey， winding their way through the forest to 3 the secrets and wonders of wildflowers and trees.
The tours primarily 4 nature education.They aim to allow children to gain a profound understanding of nature by acquiring knowledge of the animals and plants in the 5 .Throughout the tour， students have the opportunity to acquire essential 6 skills in the wild， such as learning to tie knots and 7 simple stretchers （担架）.
In recent years， the reserve has strengthened partnerships with scientific institutions， making use of its advantages to develop 8 tours and ecotourism.During the first three days of June， Du and his colleagues 9 three groups of students.With summer vacation approaching， they 10 a flood of children to appreciate the appealing beauty of nature.
The 11 in study tours is closely linked to the 12 environment of the mountains.In the past four years， the reserve has captured nearly 350，000 13 of wild animals.With the environment becoming better， people are 14 to witness the return of animal species that had been 15 for years.
语篇解读：本文是一篇说明文。安徽省九龙峰自然保护区通过加强与科研机构的合作，利用其优势发展教育旅游和生态旅游，让学生了解自然。
1.A.schedule B.task
C.tour D.experience
解析：C 根据下文they went on the journey可知，这是一个由20名学生组成的游学团。schedule时刻表；task任务；tour旅行；experience经历。
2.A.playing B.echoing
C.releasing D.composing
解析：B 根据through the air可知，鸟的叫声在空中回响。play玩；echo重复；回响；release释放；compose创作。
3.A.keep B.leak
C.spread D.unlock
解析：D 根据the secrets and wonders of wildflowers and trees可知，此处指通过这次游学旅程，发现野花和树木的秘密和奇迹。keep保持；leak泄露；spread传播；unlock打开；发现。
4.A.center around B.rely on
C.cope with D.take over
解析：A 根据下文They aim to allow children to gain a profound ... the animals and plants可知，这次游学主要以自然教育为中心。center around以……为中心；rely on依赖；cope with应付，处理；take over接管。
5.A.zoos B.mountains
C.villages D.cities
解析：B 此处指通过了解山上的动物和植物，让这些学生对自然有一个深刻的了解。zoo动物园；mountain山脉；village村庄；city城市。
6.A.writing B.weaving
C.survival D.withdrawal
解析：C 根据skills in the wild， such as learning to tie knots and 7 simple stretchers可知，这些技能，对于人们在野外生存是必要的。writing写作；weaving编织；survival生存；withdrawal取款；撤回。
7.A.lifting B.building
C.sending D.borrowing
解析：B 根据learning to tie knots and可知，这里指学习打结和搭建简单担架的技巧。lift举起；build建造；send发送；borrow借用。
8.A.recreational B.commercial
C.educational D.medical
解析：C 根据上文The tours primarily 4 nature education.可知，这里指保护区加强与科研机构的合作，利用其优势发展教育旅游。recreational娱乐的；消遣的；commercial商业的；educational教育的；medical医疗的。
9.A.hosted B.assessed
C.sponsored D.rewarded
解析：A 根据上文Du Minghui， working in the reserve， was taking a group of 20 students on a study 1 可知，在游学活动中，杜作为领队带领孩子，所以此处指他们接待了三组学生。host举办；作为主人组织（聚会）；assess评定；评估；sponsor发起；赞助；reward奖励。
10.A.persuade B.anticipate
C.require D.allow
解析：B 此处指他们预想会有很多学生来参加游学活动。persuade说服；劝说；anticipate预感；期望；require要求；allow允许。
11.A.contest B.prejudice
C.reform D.boom
解析：D 根据上文a flood of children to appreciate the appealing beauty of nature可知，参加游学的学生数量很多，说明游学活动在日益繁荣。contest竞争；prejudice偏见；reform改革；boom繁荣。
12.A.improved B.mixed
C.disturbed D.exploited
解析：A 根据下文With the environment becoming better可知，游学团的兴起与山区环境改善密切相关。improved改善的；mixed混合的；disturbed烦恼的；心神不安的；exploited开发过的。
13.A.feelings B.images
C.sounds D.shapes
解析：B 根据captured nearly 350，000可知，此处指拍摄了350，000张野生动物的照片。feeling情感；image形象；图像；sound声音；shape形状。
14.A.confused B.moved
C.delighted D.shocked
解析：C 根据下文witness the return of animal species可知，在人们看到好多年不见的动物又出现在保护区里时，心情自然是高兴的。confused困惑的；moved感动的；delighted高兴的；shocked震惊的。
15.A.free B.diverse
C.extinct D.absent
解析：D 参见上题解析。free自由的；diverse多样的；extinct灭绝的；absent缺席的；不存在的。
Ⅱ.语法填空
Over the years， human activities have unintentionally caused great damage to the environment， leading 16. climate change， global warming， pollution， and many more issues.Therefore， protecting the environment has become an important yet critical challenge for the human race.It is high time for us 17. （repair） the environment.But how？One of the solutions to these environment-related issues is nanotechnology.
Nanotechnology is a branch of science and technology 18. deals with dimensions of less than 100 nanometers.19. concept was discovered in 1959 by Dr Richard P.Feynman， and the term nanotechnology 20. （coin） in 1974 by Norio Taniguchi.Nanotechnology can be used across all the other science 21. （field）， such as chemistry， physics， engineering， and biology.It is even used to reduce and prevent damage and repair the environment.
Nanotechnology has the potential to have a（n） 22. （significance） impact on the environment.For example， it can help us to reduce greenhouse gas emissions.Methods for the separation of carbon dioxide from gasses are 23. （extreme） expensive and not competitive for large-scale applications.However， nanomaterials can work in the same yet cost-effective way without even 24. （produce） additional compounds （化合物）.
Today， nanotechnology is becoming more and more real.Nanotechnology can cause positive changes to air quality， water quality， and sustainable （可持续的） energy 25. （generate）， and help us to repair the environment and save it.
语篇解读：本文是一篇说明文。文章介绍了解决环境问题的途径之一——纳米技术。
16.to 考查介词。lead to表示“导致”。
17.to repair 考查非谓语动词。it is high time for sb to do sth表示“某人早就应该做某事”，故填to repair。
18.that/which 考查定语从句。设空处引导定语从句，指代先行词a branch of science and technology，且在从句中作主语，故填that/which。
19.The 考查冠词。“设空处＋concept”特指上文提到的Nanotechnology，应用定冠词，故填The。
20.was coined 考查动词的时态、语态和主谓一致。the term nanotechnology与coin之间为被动关系，且根据空后的in 1974 可知，设空处应用一般过去时，故填was coined。
21.fields 考查名词的单复数。field是可数名词，表示“领域”，且前面有all the other修饰，故填其复数形式fields。
22.significant 考查形容词。设空处作定语，修饰impact，表示“重大的”，应用形容词形式，故填significant。
23.extremely 考查副词。设空处作状语，修饰形容词expensive，应用副词，表示“非常”，故填extremely。
24.producing 考查非谓语动词。设空处作介词without的宾语，应用动词-ing形式，故填producing。
25.generation 考查名词。“sustainable （可持续的） energy＋设空处”与air quality和water quality并列作介词to的宾语，故填名词generation。
Ⅲ.读后续写
阅读下面材料，根据其内容和所给段落开头语续写两段，使之构成一篇完整的短文。
（2024·山东潍坊高二上期末）
Swim Buddies
I leaned over the side of the boat and stared at the clear blue water.This was my last chance， I thought.“I hope you find a green turtle （乌龟） today， Alexa， and realize your dream of swimming with it.” Dad said， as if reading my thought.“Me， too，” my brother， Jonah， said.“I want to see one， too！”
I lifted my head up， turned toward Jonah， and glared.Why did he always insist on following me everywhere， doing everything I did？ Make your own friends.I wanted to scream at him.Find your own green sea turtle！ But I said nothing.Ever since Jonah was a little kid and they discovered he acted so differently because he had autism （自闭症）， I had been trained to show understanding for him， trained to put up with a lot， including his shouts at the top of his lungs.
“We’ll stop here， and if we are lucky enough to see turtles，” Father said， “remember not to get too close， or they will be scared away.Do the ‘dead man’s float’ and wait.If they’re curious enough， they’ll check you out.”
Jonah said — too loudly， of course， so everyone on the boat could hear him — “That turtle sounds just like me.It wants to be friends but doesn’t know how， like me.I really， really， really want to see one， Dad.”
Putting the mouthpiece into my mouth， I dived into the water.I swam in a different direction and searched the seafloor.Suddenly， I saw a huge green turtle chewing on the seaweed.Excited as I was， I did the dead man’s float， lying as still as possible.“Come on， buddy （伙伴）.” I said to myself， “Come swim with me！”
As I watched that lonely turtle， I couldn’t help but think of Jonah’s words about friends — Jonah didn’t have friends.He functioned well enough to be in a regular class， but he was still strange enough that the other kids stayed away from him.This turtle might be the only one we could find today.And I knew that Jonah had got his heart set on seeing one， just like I did.Even though Jonah made my life really hard， I understood how he felt.I swam to Jonah.
注意：1.续写词数应为150左右；
2.请按如下格式作答。
Together， we swam back toward my turtle.
Emerging from the water， Jonah shouted，“The turtle is our friend now！”
参考范文：
Together， we swam back toward my turtle.We stopped.I went into dead man’s mode and Jonah followed.Silently， we watched it eat.And finally， the turtle began to move up toward the surface， toward us.We moved apart as the turtle broke the surface right between us.It took a breath， then slowly swam away.Jonah and I swam along on either side of the turtle for several minutes.I almost couldn’t believe it， I actually swam with a green sea turtle！ My dream came true.
Emerging from the water， Jonah shouted，“The turtle is our friend now！” Instead of embarrassment at his shouting， I smiled at my brother.“Sure，” I agreed.“Wouldn’t it be nice if it was always so easy to make friends？” Jonah was too excited to hear my question.But my dad heard me and smiled.“Thank you， Alexa，” he said.I shrugged.Sure， whatever， for a few minutes today， my brother and a turtle and I were swim buddies， and that was sure to become an awesome memory — maybe not for the turtle， but definitely for Jonah and me.
7 / 7Section Ⅱ Using language
复习：非谓语动词作定语、状语和补语
①...I saw the ground so fantastically carpeted.
②...wake up to find yourself in another quite different， ...
③...I can see the children flattening their noses against the window， ...
④...flattened my nose against the cold window to watch the falling snow ...
⑤...last year I was out of the country，sweating in a hot climate， ...
【我的发现】
1.以上句子中，句①和句③为非谓语动词作 宾语补足语 。
2.句②和句④中的动词不定式和句⑤中的动词-ing形式在句中作 状语 ；句②中的动词不定式作 结果 状语，句④中的动词不定式作 目的 状语，句⑤中的动词-ing形式作 伴随 状语。
3.句④中的动词-ing形式作 定语 ，并与所修饰的名词之间是 主谓 关系。
一、非谓语动词作定语
1.动词不定式作定语
（1）动词不定式作定语，须放在被修饰的名词或代词的后面。动词不定式与所修饰词一般存在主谓关系、动宾关系或同位关系。
The man to help you is Mr Smith.（the man will help you）
要帮助你的人是史密斯先生。
I have a lot of work to do.（to do a lot of work）
我有许多工作要做。
The ability to express an idea is as important as the idea itself.（the ability＝to express an idea）
表达观点的能力与观点本身同等重要。
名师点津
动词不定式作定语，且与被修饰词有逻辑上的动宾关系时，动词不定式须用及物动词；如果作定语的动词不定式是不及物动词，或者动词不定式所修饰的名词或代词是动词不定式动作的地点、工具等，动词不定式后需要加相应的介词。
He has no pen to write with.
他没有钢笔写字。
（2）当中心词为序数词、形容词最高级、the last、the only等或被这些词修饰时，常用动词不定式作定语。
It’s agreed that the last person to arrive pays for the meal.
大家一致同意最后到的人付餐费。
（3）有些抽象名词后常用动词不定式作定语，常见的这类名词有ability， chance， opportunity， plan， attempt等。
The exhibition is a unique opportunity to see her later works.
这次展览是观看她后期作品的难得的机会。
2.动词-ing形式和过去分词作定语
（1）动词-ing形式和过去分词作定语往往具有形容词的性质。单个的动词-ing形式和过去分词作定语经常置于所修饰词之前；动词-ing短语和过去分词短语作定语经常置于被修饰词之后。
He poured some boiled water into the bottle.
他往瓶子里倒了一些开水。
The house standing on the north bank of the river was built in 1955.
河北岸的那所房子是1955年建的。
（2）动词-ing形式作定语表示被修饰名词的某种用途或性能，常置于被修饰词的前面。
a walking stick 拐杖
a sleeping bag 睡袋
a parking lot 停车场
cooking oil 食用油
（3）动词-ing形式（短语）作定语，与被修饰词之间存在逻辑上的主谓关系，表示事物存在的状态或动作正在进行。
They built a way leading to the mountain.
他们修了一条通往山里的路。
（4）过去分词（短语）作定语，与被修饰词之间存在逻辑上的动宾关系，表示被动或完成。
The players selected from the whole country are expected to bring us honour in this summer game.
这些从全国选拔出来的运动员有望在今年夏天的比赛中为我们带来荣誉。
【即时演练1】 单句语法填空
①Fearful that he might have an intention to harm （harm） her， Helen started to run.
②The airport to be completed （complete） next year will help promote tourism in this area.
③It is up to the regulating （regulate） authority to put the measures into effect.
④The research conducted （conduct） recently shows that WeChat is the most popular social networking tool among Chinese netizens.
⑤Henry ran one hundred metres， jumped over a 1.2-metre fence， and held out his arms to catch the falling （fall） child.
⑥Fitness Magazine recently ran an article titled （title） “Five Reasons to Thank Your Workout Partner”.
二、非谓语动词作状语
非谓语动词作状语时，非谓语动词的逻辑主语必须与句子的主语保持一致。
1.动词不定式作状语
动词不定式可以起副词作用，在句中作状语。动词不定式可以作目的状语、结果状语、原因状语等。
（1）动词不定式作目的状语
动词不定式作目的状语，意为“为了……；以便于……”，常用to do， in order to do， so/such as to do等结构。
We will continue our campaign to prevent air pollution to make our sky blue again.
我们将继续我们防止空气污染的运动，以使我们的天空再次蔚蓝。
To avoid any delay， please phone your order directly.
为避免延误，请直接打电话订购。
名师点津
强调动词不定式所表示的目的时，可用in order to或 so as to接动词原形，但so as to不用于句首。动词不定式作目的状语可转换为 so that/in order that或so ...that ...引导的目的状语从句。
He got up early in order to catch the first bus.
他早起是为了赶上第一班公共汽车。
The bus stopped so as to pick up passengers.
公共汽车停下来以便搭载乘客。
He worked very hard to pass the exam.
→He worked so hard that he could pass the exam.
→He worked hard so that/in order that he could pass the exam.
他努力学习是为了通过考试。
（2）动词不定式作结果状语
动词不定式作结果状语常表示出乎意料的结果，常用于下列结构中：only to do， enough to do， too ...to do ...， so/such ...as to ...
I arrived at the shop only to find I’d left all my money at home.
我到达商店却发现钱全落在家里了。
He is too tired to stay up any longer.
他太累了以至于不能再熬夜了。
（3）动词不定式作原因状语
动词不定式在某些表示喜、怒、哀、乐等的形容词后作原因状语，用以说明产生这种情绪的原因。常见的这类形容词有sorry， surprised， glad， disappointed， excited， happy等。
He was glad to be home again.
再次回到家里，他感到很高兴。
2.动词-ing形式和过去分词作状语
动词-ing形式和过去分词作状语表示时间、原因、结果、条件、让步、方式或伴随情况，相当于状语从句。
（1）作时间状语
Seen from the hill， our town looks very beautiful.
从山上看，我们的城镇看起来很美。
When crossing street， you must be careful.
过街时，你必须小心。
（2）作原因状语
Being ill， he didn’t go to school yesterday.
由于生病，他昨天没去上学。
（3）作结果状语（过去分词无此用法）
Fifteen million trees had been blown down by the high winds， blocking roads， paths and railway lines.
1，500万棵树被狂风刮倒，把大小道路和铁路线都堵塞了。
名师点津
动词-ing形式作结果状语表示自然而然的结果。
（4）作条件状语
Given more time， we could have done it better.
如果给我们更多的时间，我们会做得更好。
（5）作让步状语
Warned of the danger， he still went skating on the thin ice.虽然被警告有危险，但他仍然去薄冰上滑冰。
（6）作方式或伴随状语
Mary stood at the school gate waiting for Betty.
玛丽站在学校门口等贝蒂。
【即时演练2】 单句语法填空
① To keep （keep） his students occupied with an indoor sport on rainy days， James Naismith created basketball.
②He hurried to the school， only to find （find） nobody was there.
③ Having studied （study） volcanoes for many years， I am still amazed at their beauty as well as their potential to cause great damage.
④ Located （locate） on the third floor beside the online reading rooms， it can be accessible from 8 am till 9 pm throughout the weekdays.
⑤She burst into tears， releasing （release） all her sorrowful emotions.
三、非谓语动词作补语
1.作宾语补足语
（1）动词不定式作宾语补足语
下列动词或词组后面要跟动词不定式作宾语补足语：forbid， advise， allow， ask， beg， cause， encourage， expect， persuade， prefer， force， get， intend， invite， remind， require， teach， tell， want， depend on等。
You are not allowed to smoke here.
这里不允许你抽烟。
The doctor warned him not to eat too much meat.
医生告诫他不要吃太多的肉。
名师点津
下列动词（短语）接省略to的动词不定式作宾语补足语：一感（feel），二听（hear，listen to），三让（let， have， make），四看（see， notice， observe， watch），五帮助（help）。
（2）动词-ing形式和过去分词（短语）作宾语补足语
动词-ing形式和过去分词一般只在两类动词（短语）后作宾语补足语：
①感觉、感官、意愿动词（短语）：see， observe， notice， watch， look at， hear， listen to， smell， feel， find， want， wish等。
②使役动词：have， make， get， leave， keep， set等。
When I opened the door， I found the ground covered by fallen leaves.
当我打开门时，我发现地上覆盖着落叶。
I saw him entering the bank.
我看见他正走进银行。
I had my bike repaired yesterday.
昨天我把我的自行车给修了。
2.作主语补足语
动词不定式作主语补足语时，同句子的主语是主谓关系。分词作主语补足语时，说明主语的状态、动作等。
He was considered to have prospects.
人们认为他有前途。
Tom was caught sleeping in class.
汤姆被抓到在课堂上睡觉。
名师点津
带有宾语补足语的句子变为被动句时，原来的宾语成为被动句的主语，原来的宾语补足语也就变成主语补足语。若宾语补足语为省略to的动词不定式，句子变为被动句时，动词不定式符号to需还原。
Someone observed him enter the reading room.
→He was observed to enter the reading room.
有人看见他进了阅览室。
【即时演练3】 单句语法填空
①One day， while driving near her home， she saw a dog wandering （wander） on the road， clearly lost.
②I have the same 24 hours in a day as you do，but I have made specific choices that allow me to make （make） the most of every day.
③I need a new passport so I will have to have my photograph taken （take）.
④Fat and salt are very important parts of a diet.They are required to process （process） the food that we eat.
⑤With so much work to do （do）， I have to stay behind after work.
句型公式：what引导的感叹句
【教材原句】 ...what a pleasant time it is！ ……多么愉快的时光啊！
【用法】
what和how引导的感叹句结构如下： （1）What＋a/an＋形容词＋可数名词单数（＋主语＋谓语）！ What ＋形容词＋可数名词复数（＋主语＋谓语）！ What＋形容词＋不可数名词（＋主语＋谓语）！ （2）How＋形容词/副词＋主语＋谓语（＋其他）！ How＋形容词＋a/an＋可数名词单数（＋主语＋谓语）！
【品悟】 Look！What a magnificent horse it is！
看！好一匹骏马！
【写美】 微写作/一句多译
①最后，我们走出了困住我们的森林。多么难忘的经历啊！事实证明，只要我们保持冷静，就总有办法摆脱困境。（主旨升华）
Finally， we went out of the forest that trapped us.What an unforgettable experience ！ It turns out that there’s always a way out of trouble as long as we stay calm.
②我们从山顶上看到的景色多么优美啊！（情感描写）
→What a beautiful view we see from the top of the hill ！
→How beautiful a view we see from the top of the hill ！
add ...to ... 把……加到……中
【教材原句】 Now think of more words in each category and add them to the boxes.
现在想想每个类别中还有没有其他的词，把它们添加到方框中。
【用法】
（1）add to 增添；加入 add up 把……加起来；有意义，有道理 add up to 合计，总共 add that ... 补充说 （2）addition n. 增加，添加；添加物 （3）additional adj. 额外的，附加的
【佳句】 Her inspiring speech added a lot of confidence to the students.
她鼓舞人心的演讲给学生们增添了许多信心。
【练透】 单句语法填空
①The dictionary is out of date.Many new words have been added to the language since it was published.
②He is good at maths. In addition （add）， his physics is also quite excellent.
【写美】 补全句子
③Please add up these numbers and I’m sure they will add up to more than 100 .
请把这些数字加起来，我确信总数会超过100。
维度一：基础题型练
单句语法填空
1.Technological innovation， combined （combine） with good marketing， will promote the sales of these products.
2.When we got a call saying （say） she was short listed， we thought it was a joke.
3. To help （help） us learn more efficiently， the teacher suggested reading through our notes on a weekly basis.
4.Ordinary soap， used （use） correctly， can deal with bacteria effectively.
5.I find some students in this school often punished （punish） by the teachers.
6.The inspector spoke slowly and clearly so that he could make himself understood （understand）.
7.The stadium being built （build） at present in our city is intended for the coming Asian Games.
8.I will have my bike repaired （repair） tomorrow.
维度二：语法与写作
补全句子
1. With many effective measures taken to prevent pollution ， we’re enjoying a happy life.
由于采取了许多有效措施来防止污染，我们正享受着幸福的生活。
2.Our teachers try to raise their voice to make themselves heard .
我们的老师尽量提高声音以便自己能够被学生听到。
3.He hurried to the booking office， only to be told that all the tickets had been sold out.
他匆忙赶到售票处，却被告知票都卖光了。
4. With the boy leading the way ， we had no difficulty in finding his home.
有那个男孩带路，我们毫不费力地找到了他的家。
5.He was very funny and had us laughing all the way.
他非常滑稽，一路上逗得我们笑个不停。
6.After a long day， I finally got back to my small room， feeling exhausted .
漫长的一天过后，我终于回到了自己的小房间，感到疲惫不堪。
7. Punished by his teacher ， he was in low spirits.
受到了老师的惩罚，他情绪低落。
8.When he woke up， he found himself trapped on a deserted island .
当他醒来时，他发现自己被困在了一座荒岛上。
维度三：语法与语篇
用所给单词的适当形式完成下面短文。
There once was a goat and a donkey 1. living （live） on a farm.The donkey worked harder so the farmer fed it with more food.With the donkey 2. given （give） more food， this made the goat so jealous that it began 3. plotting （plot） against （谋划对付） the donkey.“Hey， donkey，” the goat said one day，“I think you do too much work on this farm.You carry such heavy things from morning to night.Why don’t you pretend 4. to get （get） sick so you can take a day off？” The donkey thought the goat had a great idea.So the next morning， the donkey lay in the stable on its side with its eyes 5. closed （close）.Right away， the farmer called a doctor.After 6. looking （look） at the donkey， the doctor said it needed a special medicine 7. made （make） from the heart of a goat.So the farmer killed his goat.
Ⅰ.阅读理解
A
Next to a tall building， the Muziekplein forest is one of seven such special and very small forests in the Dutch city of Utrecht， and 144 tiny forests across the Netherlands.It’s about the size of a basketball court.Before it was planted， the area was a parking lot.
By the end of this year， according to IVN Nature Education， an organization leading the country’s plan， there will be 200 such small forests in the Netherlands.In many other countries， communities are creating such small-area and native forests in response to big environmental challenges.The forests can be in any shape， but must be at least four meters wide based on IVN’s instructions.A tiny forest can be built under a year.And it generally includes between 20 and 40 different tree species.
Since the first forest was planted in the Netherlands in 2015， the idea has become popular.Daan Bleichrodt launched IVN’s Tiny Forest plan with the goal of making it easier for children to know the significance of protecting environment.He thinks it is popular because people are becoming more and more aware of major environmental challenges.It’s a very practical way for people to do something positive considering climate change and loss of biodiversity.
Data released by Wageningen University researchers in April shows that the forests hold a range of animal and plant species.Across the 11 tiny forests in a study， volunteers observed 636 animal species.They also recognized 298 plant species in addition to the original species planted in the areas.Daily maintenance of the forests sometimes involves obliterating unwanted weeds， but in general， new plant species， such as wildflowers， are allowed to grow， according to Bleichrodt.
Suzanne Valkman， head of the World Wildlife Fund （WWF） Netherlands forests unit， said，“I was just amazed to see so many species were recognized.” A WWF report in 2020 found that wildlife populations in the Netherlands had decreased by half over the last three decades.Butterflies， birds and reptile species were particularly hard hit.Valkman said， “The Tiny Forest data shows that the small project can improve biodiversity in cities.”
语篇解读：本文是一篇说明文。文章主要介绍了荷兰通过建造小森林来改善城市环境。
1.What is the feature of the Muziekplein forest？（ ）
A.It has a small size.
B.It includes only rare species.
C.It has an interesting shape.
D.It is beside a parking lot.
解析：A 细节理解题。根据第一段中的such special and very small forests和It’s about the size of a basketball court.可知，Muziekplein森林的特点是尺寸很小。
2.What’s the purpose of creating tiny forests in the Dutch city？（ ）
A.To make a great profit.
B.To raise the awareness of kids’ education.
C.To set an example to other countries.
D.To help improve the local environment.
解析：D 推理判断题。根据第三段内容可知，建造这样的小森林是为了让孩子们知道保护环境的重要性，并为防止气候变化和物种多样性流失做一些事情。由此推知，在荷兰的城市里建造小森林的目的是帮助改善当地环境。
3.What does the underlined word “obliterating” in Paragraph 4 probably mean？（ ）
A.Checking. B.Protecting.
C.Removing. D.Discovering.
解析：C 词义猜测题。根据画线词后面的unwanted weeds可知，obliterating unwanted weeds表示“清除不要的草”。画线词与removing同义。
4.Why did the author mention Suzanne Valkman’s words？（ ）
A.To describe the situation of wildlife species.
B.To show the effects of the Tiny Forest plan.
C.To explain the importance of biodiversity.
D.To encourage all of us to plant more trees.
解析：B 推理判断题。根据最后一段Suzanne Valkman说的“看到这么多物种被认出，我实在是惊讶”和“小森林的数据表明，这个小项目可以改善城市的生物多样性”可知，作者提到Suzanne Valkman的话是为了展示小森林计划的效果很好。
B
Seventeen-year-old Quinterro stood at the edge of the mountain pass high above the city of Lima， Peru.He aimed his binoculars （双筒望远镜） at the city below.Quinterro scanned the streets and buildings， letting the binoculars bring the busy place into focus for him.
Lowering the binoculars， Quinterro looked back at his family.He sighed as he thought of his life， day after day， watching the llamas （美洲驼）.Operating a llama caravan （旅行队） wasn’t exciting ...
“Quinterro！”his older brother Ireneo’s voice interrupted his thoughts.“I’ve told you a million times to pay attention！”
Quinterro aimed the binoculars toward the mountain pass only to see that another caravan had reached the clearing.The new llamas smelled the other animals and ran wildly.Quinterro watched as a girl of his age chased after one of the jumpy animals.Quinterro and Ireneo led the llamas back to the clearing.Quinterro glanced around until he spotted the innocent girl he had been watching earlier.She seemed to be making friends with the llamas， saying something to the animals in a gentle voice.
“My name is Marta，” the girl said as Quinterro approached.Quinterro introduced himself.“Do you do this all the time？” she asked.
“My family does.I help out during school breaks，” Quinterro said.
Marta smiled，“I live in the city.The prospect here is so beautiful from below.”
Quinterro stared at her， disbelieving what he had heard.
“The city looks so different from up here，” Marta said as she looked down.
Quinterro took the binoculars from around his neck，“Try these.”
He passed the binoculars to Marta and then turned to look down at the city.When not magnified （放大）， the city looked smaller and duller.
“I think they’re broken，” Marta said.
Curious， Quinterro reached for the binoculars and held them to his eyes.The bushes in front of him were huge like green mountains.He aimed the binoculars at the llamas， at the mountain pass， and then at his family.Everything seemed bigger， closer， and more defined.He could even see the geese in the yard.
Next， he aimed the binoculars at the city below.It was completely out of focus.Quinterro adjusted the lenses （镜头）.With a smile， he handed the binoculars back to Marta.“They’re not broken.” Quinterro said.“It depends on how you look through them.”
语篇解读：本文是一篇记叙文。文章主要讲述了Quinterro通过望远镜从不同的视角见到了不一样的风景。
5.What was Quinterro doing in Paragraph 1？（ ）
A.Searching for lost llamas.
B.Talking to his older brother.
C.Watching the llamas.
D.Looking at the city.
解析：D 细节理解题。根据第一段中的He aimed his binoculars （双筒望远镜） at the city below.可知，在第一段中Quinterro在看城市。
6.What can be inferred about Marta？（ ）
A.She enjoyed being with animals.
B.She was scared by a jumpy llama.
C.She was a bit shy around new people.
D.She would love to operate a llama caravan.
解析：A 推理判断题。根据第四段中的making friends with the llamas及in a gentle voice可推断，Marta喜欢和动物在一起。
7.What did Quinterro want to show Marta by passing her the binoculars？（ ）
A.How he looked after the llamas.
B.The details of the mountains.
C.Why the city seemed dull.
D.A clear sight of the city.
解析：D 推理判断题。根据倒数第四段内容可知，他把双筒望远镜递给Marta，然后转过身来俯视这座城市。如果不放大，这座城市看起来更小、更沉闷。由此可知，Quinterro把双筒望远镜递给Marta是想向她展示城市的清晰景象。
8.What is the best title for the text？（ ）
A.A Different View
B.An Unexpected Visitor
C.A Pair of Broken Binoculars
D.A Life-changing Mountain Trip
解析：A 标题归纳题。综合全文内容尤其是最后一段中的It depends on how you look through them.可知，文章主要讲述了Quinterro通过望远镜从不同的视角见到了不一样的风景。因此A项（不同的视角）为文章最佳标题。
C
High on the top of White Mountains of the US， the hard conditions make it difficult for life to take root.But for a certain type of tree — and for those who have travelled here to study it — this place is a perfect place.
These bristlecone pines are the oldest individual trees in the world.Researchers like Andy Bunn have come to learn from the ancients.“It’s remarkable to sit here and have your hand on one of these trees and know that it was growing when the pyramids were built，” Bunn added.
“By studying samples from the trunks， it’s possible to discover their hidden precise history.Each tree ring is like a time capsule of the environment for that year from which it was formed，” said Matt Salzer， a scientist at the University of Arizona’s Laboratory of Tree-Ring Research.“And it contains dozens of information — chemical information， the information on growth， and climate information.”
“If you’re trying to look at people in the past through time， tree rings give you a way to do it in a way that makes sense in a human life，” said Charlotte Pearson，a professor in the University of Arizona.She first became fascinated by the bristlecone pines after reading about an ancient volcanic eruption on the Greek island of Santorini.“It blew my mind that trees on the other side of the world could possibly be used to date this thing within a single year，” she said excitedly.
The oldest known living bristlecone pine is estimated to be over 4，800 years old.For Bunn， the climate record written in the tree rings offers guidance for how we might think about what’s happening in the present as we plan for the future.“What we’re seeing increasingly is that a lot of climate events that we are experiencing and living through right now have no example in the paleoclimate （古气候） record，” he insisted.“So， we are really moving into an unknown field.”
语篇解读：本文是一篇说明文。文章主要介绍了美国深山中生长的一种松树。这是全世界最长寿的树种，其中最老的那棵树已经活了超过四千八百年了。
9.Why did Bunn mention the pyramids in Paragraph 2？（ ）
A.To state the trees are very old.
B.To prove his discovery is important.
C.To attract readers’ attention.
D.To stress the hard living conditions of the trees.
解析：A 推理判断题。根据第二段中的the oldest individual trees in the world以及it was growing when the pyramids were built可知，提到金字塔是为了说明这种松树非常古老。
10.What’s the third paragraph mainly about？（ ）
A.The result of the research.
B.The process of the research.
C.The method of the research.
D.The significance of the research.
解析：D 段落大意题。根据第三段中的discover their hidden precise history以及it contains dozens of information — chemical information， the information on growth， and climate information可知，研究这种树有很多益处。由此可知，第三段主要介绍了这项研究的意义。
11.What does the underlined part “It blew my mind” in Paragraph 4 probably mean？（ ）
A.It puzzled me. B.It surprised me.
C.It defeated me. D.It disappointed me.
解析：B 句意理解题。根据画线部分所在句的前一句可知，此处是在介绍Charlotte Pearson教授对这种树着迷的相关情况。再结合语境推测后边是说她对这种树着迷的原因。结合画线部分所在句中的she said excitedly可知，B项与画线部分更匹配，更符合语境。
12.What can we infer from the last paragraph？（ ）
A.The paleoclimate record is hard to find.
B.There are lots of unknown things about pines.
C.Studying the tree rings is important for climate research.
D.There were frequent occurrences of the extreme climate events.
解析：C 细节理解题。根据最后一段第二句可知，写在年轮中的气候记录为我们在计划未来时如何看待现在发生的事情提供了指导。由此可知，研究树木年轮对气候研究很重要。
Ⅱ.完形填空
Natalie and Callie， both 13 years old， started raising monarch butterflies for fun in 2020.
But after realizing the monarchs were an endangered species， their 13 soon turned into a serious and passionate mission.
They learned that the population of monarch butterflies had 14 since the early 1990s， due to habitat 15 and the widespread use of chemicals， which made the milkweed （马利筋） the monarchs 16 for their main diet dangerous to eat.
So the girls teamed up with a national nonprofit group to plant a native garden 17 for the monarchs.The garden grew organic milkweed that 18 and kept the butterflies.To alert people to the creature’s condition and help 19 the locals to sustain the monarch population， they created an exhibition about the monarchs in the local library.They also wanted to put up an educational sign in town， but it 20 a lot.To cover the expense， they set up a stand at the farmers’ market to sell their 21 milkweed to people to plant.Although the fundraising days were 22 ， they finally succeeded in earning enough money with their hard work and people’s support.
The team has won the silver award for their 23 of taking care of butterflies， but they are not 24 with their work.“Our next step is to cut down on the use of 25 to guarantee a safe environment for the monarchs，”said Natalie.In the award ceremony， their teacher Brian 26 ，“I am so proud of them for their constant 27 .”
语篇解读：本文是一篇记叙文。文章讲述了Natalie和Callie从养帝王蝶的爱好到致力于保护帝王蝶的故事，她们的项目最终获奖且受到好评。
13.A.dream B.hobby
C.career D.decision
解析：B 根据文章首句可知，Natalie和Callie以前是把养帝王蝶作为一种爱好，但在意识到帝王蝶是濒危物种后，她们的爱好很快就变成了一项严肃而具有强烈信念的任务。dream梦想；hobby业余爱好；career事业；decision决定。
14.A.doubled B.faded
C.declined D.exploded
解析：C 根据上文the monarchs were an endangered species可知，由于种种原因，帝王蝶已经是濒危物种，数量应该是在减少。double（使）加倍；fade逐渐消失；decline减少；explode爆炸。
15.A.management B.assessment
C.selection D.destruction
解析：D 此处讲述帝王蝶数量减少的原因，帝王蝶栖息地遭到破坏是其原因之一。management管理；assessment评估；selection选择；destruction摧毁，破坏。
16.A.relied on B.kept off
C.broke down D.gave away
解析：A 分析句子结构可知，the monarchs 16 for their main diet为定语从句，修饰the milkweed，空处为定语从句的谓语，此处指帝王蝶所依赖的主要食物是马利筋草。rely on依赖；keep off与……保持距离；break down打破；分解；give away泄露；赠送。
17.A.partly B.secretly
C.rarely D.specially
解析：D 根据下文The garden grew organic milkweed可知，这个本土花园种植着帝王蝶的主要食物马利筋草，因此是专门为帝王蝶种植的本土花园。partly部分地；secretly秘密地；rarely很少；specially专门地。
18.A.attracted B.protected
C.monitored D.enhanced
解析：A 这个本土花园种植着帝王蝶的主要食物马利筋草，这会吸引并留住帝王蝶。attract吸引；protect保护；monitor监视；enhance改进，增强。
19.A.employ B.educate
C.force D.limit
解析：B 根据下文they created an exhibition about the monarchs in the local library可知，她们举办关于帝王蝶展览的目的是提醒人们注意这种生物的现状，并帮助教育当地人维持帝王蝶的数量。employ雇用；educate教育；force迫使；limit限制。
20.A.meant B.cost
C.changed D.hurt
解析：B 根据下文的To cover the expense和the fundraising days可知，她们还想在镇上张贴一个教育标志，但这花费很大。mean意味着；cost花费；change改变；hurt伤害。
21.A.dry B.medical
C.healthy D.wild
解析：C 根据上文The garden grew organic milkweed可知，她们种植的是有机的马利筋草，因此卖给人们种的马利筋草应该是健康的。dry干燥的；medical医学的；healthy健康的；wild野生的。
22.A.pleasing B.light
C.long D.disappointing
解析：C 根据下文they finally succeeded in earning enough money with their hard work and people’s support可知，筹款并不顺利，持续的日子很长。pleasing令人愉悦的；light明亮的；long漫长的；disappointing令人失望的。
23.A.project B.concept
C.schedule D.assignment
解析：A 她们为保护帝王蝶设立了一个花园，这是一个项目。project项目；concept概念；schedule工作计划；assignment任务。
24.A.concerned B.connected
C.finished D.occupied
解析：C 根据下文Our next step is ...可知，她们还有保护帝王蝶的下一步计划，说明她们保护帝王蝶的工作尚未完成。be finished with sth完成某事。
25.A.chemicals B.time
C.funds D.energy
解析：A 根据第三段中的the widespread use of chemicals可知，因化学制品的广泛使用，帝王蝶的生存环境不安全，所以此处表示要减少化学品的使用，以保证帝王蝶拥有安全的环境。chemical化学制品；time时间；fund基金；energy精力。
26.A.quoted B.continued C.replied D.commented
解析：D 根据下文的I am so proud of them for their constant 27 .可知，这是她们的老师布莱恩对她们的评论。quote引用；continue继续；reply答复；comment评论。
27.A.donations B.support
C.patience D.efforts
解析：D 根据上文可知，二人为了保护帝王蝶，不仅给帝王蝶种食物，做保护帝王蝶的宣传活动，还赚钱来实现目标。由此可知，老师为她们的不断努力感到骄傲。donation捐赠；support支持；patience耐心；effort努力。
14 / 15单元素养提升
◇本单元语法学了什么内容？ ◇自我评价
◇本单元写作练了哪个方面？
回顾单元知识·提高语言能力
一、 核心单词
1. weekly adj. 一周一次的，每周的
2. shaving n. 刮胡子
3. prospect n. 开阔的景观，景色
4. bend v. 变弯曲
5. church n. 教堂
6. rhyme n. 儿歌，童谣
7. enhance v. 改进；增强
8. wheat n. 小麦
9. gentle adj. 轻柔的；温和的
10. sweep v. 吹过，掠过
11. ban v. 禁止，取缔
12. chorus n. 合唱曲
13. dozen number 一打；许多
14. launch n. 推出，发起
15. reputation n. 名誉，名望
16. diamond n. 钻石
Ⅰ.选用上面单词并用其适当形式填空
1.He bent forward and gave a kiss softly on her forehead.
2.In the next five years， China will continue to enhance the old age pension payment level gradually to safeguard people’s livelihoods.
3.They rank him as a realistic painter， who has gained a good reputation .
4.Although the use of certain pesticides has been banned in many countries， some farmers still secretly use them.
5.A space shuttle launch is incredibly exciting and inspiring to witness.
6.Much damage has been caused by the storm which swept across the north of England last night.
7.She checks her emails weekly ， and when she finds an important one， she immediately takes action.
二、拓展单词
1. inspector n.检查员，巡视员→inspect v.检查
2. insist v.坚称，坚决认为→insistence n.坚持，坚决要求
3. innocent adj.天真无邪的→innocence n.天真；清白，无辜
4. thorough adj.仔细的；缜密的→thoroughly adv.仔细地；谨慎地
5. precise adj.精确的；一丝不苟的→precisely adv.精确地；一丝不苟地
6. elegance n.优美；简洁→elegant adj.优美的；简洁的→elegantly adv.优美地
7. passionate adj.具有强烈信念的→passion n.强烈情感，激情
Ⅱ.用所给单词的适当形式填空
1.It was her natural elegance （elegant） that struck me， and I fell in love with her at first sight.
2.This manager claims that he has evidence which can prove his innocence （innocent）.
3.Although he had studied the subject thoroughly （thorough）， he still felt a bit nervous when presenting his findings.
4.He went home very late last night， or， more precisely （precise）， in the early hours of this morning.
5.She was a Spanish woman with a passionate （passion） nature.
三、重点短语
1. talk away 不停地谈
2. come round 发生，到来
3. break out （战争、火灾等）爆发
4. at the risk of 冒着……的风险
5. wake up 醒来
6. come out 出现；显露；出版；开花；公布，揭晓
7. transform ...into ... 把……转变成……
8. longing for 对……的渴望
9. participate in 参加
10. alert ...to 使……意识到，使……认识到
11. cause harm to 给……造成伤害
12. urge sb to do sth 催促某人做某事
13. a target for ……的目标
14. stand by 支持
15. attempt to ……的努力/尝试
16. dozens of 许多
17. or so 大约
18. be regarded as 被视为
19. rather than 而不是
Ⅲ.选用上面短语并用其适当形式填空
1.As the smallest child of his family， Alex is always longing for the day when he is independent.
2.Only when the fish were hard to find in the river did they begin to stand by the government.
3.Alice promised me to come round to keep you company today.
4.He has distinguished himself many times at the risk of his life since he joined the army.
5.What is known to us is that eating too much junk food causes harm to our health.
6.In only 20 years， the country has been transformed into an advanced industrial power.
7.Honesty is regarded as the traditional virtue of our Chinese nation.
8.There are fifty students or so in each class in our school.
四、经典句式
1.find＋宾语＋宾语补足语
You go to bed in one kind of world and wake up to find yourself in another quite different （发现自己在另一个完全不同的世界里）， and if this is not magic， then where is it to be found？
2.形容词短语作状语
Many people spoke of them， puzzled and disturbed （茫然困惑、惴惴不安）.
3.though引导的倒装让步状语从句
This is not so much because of the quality of her arguments， strong though they are （虽然它们很有力）， but because of the beauty and elegance of her writing.
Ⅳ.句式仿写
1.When he went into the library， he found many students buried their heads in books .
当他走进图书馆时，发现很多学生埋头看书。
2. Surprised and happy ， Tony stood up and accepted the prize.
既惊讶又高兴，托尼站起来领了奖。
3. Patient though he was ， he didn’t like waiting that long.
虽然他很有耐心，但他不喜欢等那么长时间。
整合话题元素·增强思维品质
一、自然景象
1.magic adj. 有魔力的，神奇的
2.fascinating adj. 迷人的
3.snowy season 雪季
4.quietness n. 安静，平静
5.carpet v. 把……厚厚地覆盖
6.dead white 寂然的白色
7.pale blue 浅淡的蓝色
8.light n. 光，光线
9.come out 出来，出现；出版
10.shine v. 照射
11.fresh adj. 新鲜的
12.bloom v. 开花
13.clear sky 晴朗的天空
二、环境危害
1.pesticide n. 杀虫剂
2.poisonous adj. 有毒的
3.ban v.& n. 禁止；取缔；禁令
4.consume v. 消耗；挥霍
5.absorb v. 吸收
6.filter v. 过滤
7.desert v. 遗弃，抛弃
8.silence n. 寂静
9.damage v. 损害，毁坏
10.human activity 人类活动
11.natural ecosystem 自然生态系统
12.harmful adj. 有害的
13.chemical n.& adj. 化学品；化学的
三、环保意识
1.responsible adj. 有责任的
2.limited adj. 受……限制的
3.monitor v. 监督，监视
4.urge v. 催促，敦促
5.aware of 意识到
6.solve v. 解决
7.alarming adj. 引起恐慌的
8.environmental awareness 环保意识
9.impact n.& v. 影响
10.immediate adj. 立即的，即刻的
11.far-reaching adj. 深远的，广泛的
12.establish v. 建立；创建
13.be regarded as 被认为
14.milestone n. 里程碑
15.launch v. 推出，发起
16.critic n. 批评家，评论员
4 / 4UNIT 6 Nature in words
单元话题导入
本单元涉及的主题语境内容是不同文学形式中描写的自然，介绍了不同作家笔下妙不可言的自然，包括Emily Dickinson的诗歌、John Boynton Priestley 和Rachel Carson的散文、Charles Dickens的小说等，旨在引导学生体会作者对自然的爱，更好地理解人与自然的关系，树立欣赏和保护自然的意识，建立感恩自然、珍视自然、关爱自然的信念。
看图感悟语境，选词填空。
sunshine， absolutely， recover， get ...ready for， by all means， be full of， go back to
1.Birds sing among the trees， and begin to get their nests ready for summer.
2.Only by being close to nature can we recover our vitality and go back to our true selves.
3.I think the environment must absolutely be strictly protected by all means .
4.The days are warmer， for bright sunshine has come again.Everything is full of life and joy.
1 / 1
