单元质量检测（四） Scientists who changed the world
（满分150分，时间120分钟）
第一部分 听力（共两节，满分30分）
第一节（共5小题；每小题1.5分，满分7.5分）
听下面5段对话。每段对话后有一个小题，从题中所给的A、B、C三个选项中选出最佳选项。听完每段对话后，你都有10秒钟的时间来回答有关小题和阅读下一小题。每段对话仅读一遍。
1.Who is probably at college？（ ）
A.Liza. B.Peter. C.Grace.
2.How does the man feel now？（ ）
A.Cheerful. B.Unhappy. C.Afraid.
3.What does the woman want to learn next year？（ ）
A.Math. B.Science. C.Law.
4.What’s the probable relationship between the speakers？（ ）
A.Professor and student.
B.Boss and secretary.
C.Manager and applicant.
5.What is the weather like in the man’s hometown？（ ）
A.Warm. B.Comfortable. C.Wet.
第二节（共15小题；每小题1.5分，满分22.5分）
听下面5段对话或独白。每段对话或独白后有几个小题，从题中所给的A、B、C三个选项中选出最佳选项。听每段对话或独白前，你将有时间阅读各个小题，每小题5秒钟；听完后，各小题将给出5秒钟的作答时间。每段对话或独白读两遍。
听第6段材料，回答第6、7题。
6.When does the man want to receive the sofa？（ ）
A.This weekend. B.Next Wednesday. C.Next weekend.
7.Where might the woman work？（ ）
A.At an express shipping company.
B.In a customer service centre.
C.In a furniture repair store.
听第7段材料，回答第8、9题。
8.What will the man do to keep dry？（ ）
A.Use an umbrella.
B.Put a newspaper over his head.
C.Put on a raincoat.
9.Where are the speakers？（ ）
A.In California. B.In Arizona. C.In Oregon.
听第8段材料，回答第10至12题。
10.What did the woman do？（ ）
A.An editor. B.A reporter. C.A teacher.
11.Why did the woman change her job？（ ）
A.Because she didn’t get a high salary.
B.Because her workplace was too far from her new house.
C.Because she wanted to work in her husband’s company.
12.Where is the man moving to？（ ）
A.England. B.America. C.Finland.
听第9段材料，回答第13至16题。
13.Who has a piano class？（ ）
A.David. B.Julia. C.Alice.
14.Why does Julia make the phone call？（ ）
A.To ask about the fashion show at the fair.
B.To invite the man’s sister to the fair.
C.To offer information about the fair.
15.When are Julia and Macy going to the fair？（ ）
A.18 October. B.20 October. C.22 October.
16.What is the fair intended for？（ ）
A.Charity. B.Friendship. C.Entertainment.
听第10段材料，回答第17至20题。
17.What do we know about Walmart’s monthly sales in April？（ ）
A.They dropped suddenly.
B.They decreased slightly.
C.They reached the bottom.
18.How much was the decline of the sales？（ ）
A.5%. B.2%. C.3%.
19.What was to blame for the sales drop according to Walmart？（ ）
A.An optimistic forecast.
B.The modest goal.
C.Bad weather.
20.What does the company think of the decrease？（ ）
A.It’s unexpected. B.It’s steady. C.It’s slow.
答案：1－5 CBCBB 6－10 BBBCC
11－15 BACBC 16－20 ACACA
听力材料：
（Text 1）
W：Hello？
M：Hi，Liza.It’s Peter.Is Grace there？
W：Oh， hi， Peter.No， she isn’t here at the moment.I’m afraid she’s at college this morning.Can I take a message？
（Text 2）
W：What’s the matter？You were really cheerful this morning but now you look rather upset.
M：I’m not very happy because I lost my wallet just now.I’m afraid I can’t find it.
（Text 3）
M：Mariam， tell us something about your life.
W：Well，I go to a private school.I’m studying four courses—math and three sciences.I want to go to university next year and study law.
（Text 4）
M：Susan，we’re going to hold a general meeting tomorrow at 7 a.m.You need to prepare the reports and make them in PowerPoint.
W：No problem， sir.I will be ready for that.
M：Remember to inform the managers to join the meeting.
W：Sure.
（Text 5）
W：How is the weather in your hometown？
M：Well， it’s not cold at all.It’s not exactly warm but it’s comfortable.While we were at your place，it rained a lot.
（Text 6）
W：Hello，you have reached the Furniture Warehouse.How can I help you？
M：Hello， yes， I need to schedule a delivery of a sofa for next week.I ordered it online yesterday， but I won’t be home this weekend to receive it.
W：That’s no problem，sir.What day next week would be best for you？
M：How about Wednesday？
W：Okay，Wednesday.Wednesday is July 25， right？
M：Yes， I believe so.
W：Great.Our team can deliver the sofa sometime between 9：00 a.m. and 3：00 p.m.
M：Wow， can you be more specific？I’m not going to be home all day， just in the morning.
W：Oh， I see.Well， I will make sure they arrive before noon.
M：Okay， thank you.
（Text 7）
M：It’s raining outside.Do you have an umbrella I can borrow？
W：No， I don’t.Don’t you have a raincoat？
M：I left it at home.I’m not used to the rain.I’ve lived in Arizona my whole life， and it barely rains there.
W：Well， now you’re in Oregon， so you’d better get used to it！
M：That’s for sure.It’s been raining here for two weeks straight！I guess I’ll just put The New York Times over my head and make a mad dash for my car.
W：It’s actually supposed to finally stop raining in a few days.I’m excited to be able to walk down the street without getting soaked.
（Text 8）
W：Hey， Tom， what are you doing here？
M：I come to put an advertisement in the newspaper.But what are you doing here， Susan？
W：I work here now.
M：Really？Why did you give up your teaching job in the English training centre？Didn’t you get a high salary？
W：My husband changed his job， and it took him a long time to get to the new office， so we moved.But it was a long distance from where I worked， so I decided to find a new job.
M：Oh， I see.
W：What kind of advertisement do you want to put in the newspaper？
M：I want to sell my house， as my wife wants me to move to England.She doesn’t want to live in America.
W：In that case， it might be hard to see you again.
M：I guess so.
（Text 9）
M：David speaking.
W：Hi.This is Julia.Is Alice there？
M：No.My sister is out.
W：Oh， it’s five fifteen.
M：She is out.Her piano class starts at six.
W：She must have gone to her class.Please ask her if she has time this Sunday.Macy and I are going to a fair.It aims to raise money for a children’s hospital.
M：OK.Today is the 18th of October， so this Sunday will be the 22nd of October.Would you like to leave her more information about the fair？
W：Yeah， please tell her the admission fee is twenty dollars.We can eat snacks， do crafts and play games.We can also watch a fashion show.Please ask if she’s interested in it.
M：OK.When will you meet her？
W：The fair opens at ten thirty and closes at five in the afternoon.We want to be there fifteen minutes before the fair opens.
M：All right.I’ll let her know when she gets back.Bye.
（Text 10）
M：Here is the news from Dallas.
Walmart posted its worst monthly sales results in history， declaring a large decrease in April.
Monthly sales measure sales gains or losses at stores open for at least a year.They are an obvious sign of the returns a supermarket earns， and thus an influence on the amount of profit it makes.Most US supermarkets are reporting their April results on Thursday.
Walmart’s 5% drop in the four-week period fell below its earlier forecast of “flat” sales of a 2% to 3% decrease.In a recorded phone message Thursday， Walmart blamed bad weather last month in most US areas.
Walmart’s chief financial officer warned a month ago that the company’s earlier goal of earnings for its latest quarter would be “a challenge” to achieve， considering what the company foresaw as a difficult April.The company didn’t provide an update.It did， however， predict a sales gain for this month of a small decrease.Walmart will report its results for its first quarter on Tuesday.
第二部分 阅读（共两节，满分50分）
第一节（共15小题；每小题2.5分，满分37.5分）
阅读下列短文，从每题所给的A、B、C、D四个选项中选出最佳选项。
A
As a photographer， have you thought about entering photo competitions？ Which photo competition should you enter？ If you’ve found yourself asking the questions， you’re in the right place.This article will introduce some of the most famous photo competitions to you.
World Press Photo Awards
If you want to test your photojournalism （摄影新闻报道） skills against others in more than one competition， consider joining the World Press Photo Awards.The competition has been hosted each year since 1955 and there are regional and overall winners.
Deadline （截止日期）： January
Entry Fees： Free
Prizes： Regional winners： 1，000.Global winners： 6，000.
Istanbul Photo Awards
The Istanbul Photo Awards is hosted each year by Anadolu Agency， Turkey.But you don’t need to have a base in Istanbul to enter the competition.
You can apply for several categories （类别）， including single news， story news， and categories ranging from sports to nature.The competition is organized mainly for news photographers.
Deadline： February
Entry Fees： Free
Prizes：Category winners：$3，000.Runners-up （亚军）：$1，500.Third-placed：$1，000.
Amateur Photographer of the Year
The Amateur Photographer of the Year award is held every year.You’ll have the opportunity to enter several rounds throughout the year， each of which has a different topic.
Deadline： Varies
Entry Fees： Free
Prizes： Winner gets ￡500 （each round）； ￡1，000 for the overall winner.Second-placed get ￡100.Third-placed get ￡50.
Landscape Photographer of the Year
If you live in the UK and want to show your country’s beauty， you might want to consider entering the competition.The competition has several categories， including city life， black and white， and classic view.
Deadline：May
Entry Fees：￡9.99
Prizes：Winner：￡10，000 and a book.Category winners：￡1，000 and a book.Category runners-up： A book.
语篇解读：本文是一篇应用文。文章介绍了几个世界有名的摄影比赛。
21.Which competition can a photographer enter several times in a year？（ ）
A.Istanbul Photo Awards.
B.World Press Photo Awards.
C.Amateur Photographer of the Year.
D.Landscape Photographer of the Year.
解析：C 细节理解题。根据Amateur Photographer of the Year部分中You’ll have the opportunity to enter several rounds throughout the year可知，年度业余摄影师比赛每年会举办多轮，参赛者每年可以参加多次。
22.What do World Press Photo Awards and Istanbul Photo Awards have in common？（ ）
A.They require entry fees.
B.They set three levels of prizes.
C.They are hosted in the same month each year.
D.They are mainly held for news photographers.
解析：D 细节理解题。根据World Press Photo Awards部分中If you want to test your photojournalism （摄影新闻报道） skills against others in more than one competition和Istanbul Photo Awards部分中The competition is organized mainly for news photographers.可知，这两个比赛都是主要为新闻摄影师举办的。
23.How much can a category winner who enters Landscape Photographer of the Year get？（ ）
A.￡500. B.￡1，000.
C.￡6，000. D.￡10，000.
解析：B 细节理解题。根据Landscape Photographer of the Year部分中Category winners：￡1，000 and a book.可知，该比赛中的类别获胜者可以获得1000英镑的奖金。
B
I call my beloved pair of grey jeans “Saturday Pants”.Originally hand-me-downs from a former roommate， they’re just a touch too informal to wear to the office， but for many years were my favourites to wear on the weekends for going shopping or hanging out with friends.But I needed to rethink my day-off clothes when the jeans got a large rip （撕开的大口子） next to the right back pocket.
I will happily mend （缝补） anything that rips a little， but usually when clothing in our household gets bigger holes I send these items away for recycling or add them to my collection of scrap fabric （废旧布料）.However， I couldn’t quite bring myself to add the Saturday Pants to either pile.Instead， they sat on the shelf under my other jeans for longer than I’d care to admit.
Then I came across Softpaw Vintage， the beautifully patched （打补丁的） and reworked clothes of Taylor Randal， a creator in Rhododendron， Oregon.Her perfectly patched up jeans gave me the inspiration to reuse the Saturday Pants with creative mending.
I went ahead and added a patch to the inside of my jeans to hopefully stop further tearing and to provide a strong base for the rest of the project.I then added more decorative patches to the outward-facing part of the jeans.My old favourites finally came back as my day-off clothes.I find it comforting that if these repairs don’t hold or work， I can add more patches or try a different technique.
To me， creative mending takes visible mending a step further， offering a space to play and be artistic with an eye to a functional end.As we attempt to move beyond throwaway culture and fight for the right to repair， it’s also worth finding pleasure and joy on the way to reducing our impact on the environment.
语篇解读：本文是一篇记叙文。创意缝补技巧让衣物长久地穿下去。
24.What is special about the author’s Saturday Pants？（ ）
A.They are a gift sent by her family.
B.They are a pair of second-hand jeans.
C.They are designed by Taylor Randal.
D.They are her favourites to wear to work.
解析：B 细节理解题。根据第一段内容可知，“Saturday Pants”是作者最喜欢的一条灰色牛仔裤，它是作者以前的室友穿过的旧裤子，虽然不太正式没法上班穿，但却是作者周末最喜欢穿的裤子。hand-me-downs别人穿过的衣服；a touch 轻微，稍许。
25.What did the author decide to do after getting to know Softpaw Vintage？（ ）
A.Repair the hole in her beloved jeans creatively.
B.Pass down her favourite items to others.
C.Donate her old clothes to be recycled.
D.Put her clothes on the shelf in order.
解析：A 细节理解题。根据第一段中的the jeans got a large rip （撕开的大口子） next to the right back pocket和第三段内容可知，Softpaw Vintage 是由Taylor Randal设计的服装，这些漂亮的打补丁的牛仔裤给了作者灵感，让作者决定创意缝补那条破了的牛仔裤。
26.What do we know about the author？（ ）
A.She has a strong sense of tradition.
B.She dreams of opening a clothing store.
C.She enjoys bringing everything to perfection.
D.She is a person with environmental awareness.
解析：D 推理判断题。根据文章末句As we attempt to move beyond throwaway culture and fight for the right to repair， it’s also worth finding pleasure and joy on the way to reducing our impact on the environment.可知，作者是一个具有环保意识的人。
27.What is the best title for the text？（ ）
A.My Unique Way to Become a Fashion Designer
B.My Efforts to Make Full Use of Day-off Clothes
C.My Fight for the Right to Get a Pair of Designer Jeans
D.My New Strategy to Make Favourite Clothes Last Forever
解析：D 标题归纳题。通读全文可知，作者最喜欢的裤子破了，但她既不愿意把这条裤子送去回收，也不愿意把它当作废旧布料，最终她通过创意缝补技巧让这条破了的裤子焕然新生。因此，D项作标题最符合本文主旨，其中的My New Strategy指代creative mending。
C
Not only does the use of plastic water bottles hurt your wallet， but it also causes pollution， wastes energy， and surprisingly wastes water.Only 23% of the plastic in America ends up in recycling bins， meaning over $1 billion worth of plastic is treated as rubbish a year.Recently， Skipping Rocks Lab has invented a kind of water bottle called Ooho.
It’s a kind of convenient， clear water bottle that can either be drunk or eaten.To drink it， you can either get rid of the membrane （膜） or tear a hole in the membrane with your teeth to pour the water into your mouth.To eat it， you simply put the whole bottle in your mouth.It’s completely insipid so you needn’t worry about any taste.
It aims for large outdoor events where tons of plastic bottles are used and frequently left behind as litter.Too much plastic is sure to do harm to the environment， which could account for the purpose of such a new invention.
The team has been working for the past two years to develop the technology and materials that are needed to produce Ooho.The price for an only bubble （泡状物） or a unit of bubbles hasn’t been decided yet， but it costs about two cents to create a unit， which is cheaper than plastic bottles.The team has also been selling Ooho water bottles in London for the past six months.
Ooho is catching many people’s attention and has raised over $1 million in only three days.It’s mostly being sold at events at the moment to interest the buyers while the production machine is getting up and running.It’s quickly making a rise， so keep an eye out for these bottles of the future.
语篇解读：本文是一篇说明文。文章主要介绍了一种可以食用的水瓶Ooho的使用方法、制作成本以及市场前景。
28.How is most plastic in America dealt with？（ ）
A.It is wasted by people. B.It is reused as new energy.
C.It is buried under the ground. D.It is applied to new technology.
解析：A 细节理解题。根据第一段第二句Only 23% of the plastic in America ends up in recycling bins， meaning over $1 billion worth of plastic is treated as rubbish a year.可知，在美国大多数塑料被人们浪费掉了。
29.What does the underlined word “insipid” in Paragraph 2 probably mean？（ ）
A.Sweet. B.Delicious. C.Tasteless. D.Interesting.
解析：C 词义猜测题。根据画线词上文的To eat it， you simply put the whole bottle in your mouth.和其后的so you needn’t worry about any taste可知，这种水瓶可以吃，你不必担心有任何味道，这是因为它是完全无味的。由此推测，insipid意为“无味道的”，与tasteless意思相近。
30.What can we infer about Ooho？（ ）
A.It plans to be sold at a very low price.
B.It has some advantages over plastic bottles.
C.It has taken the place of plastic bottles in London.
D.Proper materials of making Ooho are hard to find.
解析：B 推理判断题。根据第二段第一句It’s a kind of convenient， clear water bottle that can either be drunk or eaten.和第三段内容并结合第四段第二句可知，Ooho比普通塑料瓶有一些优点。
31.Who might be the target readers？（ ）
A.Scientists. B.Experts.
C.Environmentalists. D.The public.
解析：D 推理判断题。通读全文尤其根据最后一段可知，Ooho主要出售给大型户外活动，这种瓶子正在崛起中，需要公众的关注。由此可推知，文章是写给大众看的。
D
Scientists working on an experimental anti-ageing therapy have announced that they have broken a record by extending the lifespan of a lab rat called Sima.Named after the Hindi word for “limit” or “boundary”， Sima is the last remaining survivor that received infusions （输注） of blood plasma （血浆） taken from young animals to see if the treatment prolonged their lives.
Sima， who was born on 28 February 2019， has lived for 47 months， longer than the 45.5 months believed to be the oldest age recorded in scientific literature for a female Sprague Dawley rat， the researchers say.“We have the oldest living female Sprague Dawley rat，” said Dr Harold Katcher， a former biology professor at the University of Maryland， now chief scientific officer at Yuvan Research， a California-based start-up.
Researchers have rushed to produce and test therapies based on young blood plasma after numerous experiments found that infusions could give new energy and strength to ageing organs and tissues.But while studies have found benefits for rats， there is no evidence to date that the approach to youthfulness will help humans avoid the passage of time， despite the best wishes of Silicon Valley.
The results from Katcher’s latest study will be written up when Sima dies， but data gathered so far suggests that eight rats that received infusions that have no therapeutic effect lived for 34 to 38 months， while eight that received a purified and concentrated form of blood plasma， called E5， lived for 38 to 47 months.Rats normally live for two to three years， though the oldest ever one is a brown rat that survived on a restricted calorie diet for 4.6 years.
“The real point of our experiments is not so much to extend lifespan， but to extend youthspan， to make people look and feel younger， to make their golden years really potentially golden years， instead of years of pain，” Katcher said.“But the fact is， if you manage to do that， you also manage to lengthen life and that’s not a bad side-effect.”
Dr Steve Horvath is now a principal investigator at Altos Labs in San Diego， which is not working with Yuvan.“I think the results are impressive，” he said.“Some people won’t accept the results due to the low sample size.One swallow does not make a summer.But I believe the results because several studies support them.” He expects there will be safe and effective treatments from plasma research in the next 20 years.
语篇解读：本文是一篇说明文。研究抗衰老疗法的科学家们培育出了历史上寿命最长的SD大鼠Sima。
32.How is Sima different from other rats？（ ）
A.It is the oldest Sprague Dawley lab rat.
B.It has the rarest blood type.
C.It is the first Sprague Dawley rat.
D.It has survived several experiments.
解析：A 细节理解题。根据第一段首句和第二段首句中Sima ...has lived for 47 months， longer than the 45.5 months believed to be the oldest age 可知，Sima是实验室中寿命最长的老鼠。
33.What have researchers focused on when it comes to anti-ageing therapies？（ ）
A.Purifying and concentrating blood plasma.
B.Developing effective long-term diet plans.
C.Testing infusions of young blood plasma.
D.Replacing ageing organs and tissues.
解析：C 细节理解题。根据第一段第二句以及第四段中eight rats that received infusions that have no therapeutic effect和while eight that received a purified and concentrated form of blood plasma可知，在研究抗衰老疗法的过程中，研究者关注的是年轻动物的血浆产生的效果。
34.What can we infer from the words of Katcher in Paragraph 5？（ ）
A.Humans will finally live much longer than before.
B.The experiments have caused potential problems.
C.His team is worried about side-effects.
D.Youthspan is what his team cares about.
解析：D 推理判断题。根据第五段中Katcher所说可知，他的团队真正关注的是如何延长人类的青春岁月。
35.What does Horvath think of Katcher’s study？（ ）
A.It is worth believing. B.It requires further testing.
C.It studies too small samples. D.It is effective in treating disease.
解析：A 推理判断题。根据最后一段中Steve Horvath教授所说的话可知，虽然有些人对该抗衰老实验持怀疑态度，但他认为该实验有理论支持，其实验结果还是可信的。
第二节（共5小题；每小题2.5分，满分12.5分）
阅读下面短文，从短文后的选项中选出可以填入空白处的最佳选项。选项中有两项为多余选项。
Breakthroughs from science and technology have completely changed much of human life.36.（ ） Here are some examples of traditional methods， old ideas， and ancient techniques that are helping to solve problems here in the 21st century.
Growing food in the desert.
Yacouba Sawadogo， a farmer from Burkina Faso， a landlocked country in West Africa， has led the transformation of barren， dry land into productive agriculture.37.（ ） Pits （坑） are dug into the ground， allowing water to gather in one place.Since popularizing the use of pits， Sawadogo has helped increase food production in Burkina Faso.
38.（ ）
Digging holes forms an important part of agriculture in Zimbabwe， too.Here the use of deep holes is helping to grow crops without the need for intensive ploughing.The holes are covered with soil， straw （稻草） and other materials to keep in as much moisture as possible.Unlike more conventional ploughing-based planting， this technique means water can be directed precisely where it is needed.
Saving a forest by burning it.
39.（ ） The reason is that they can clear out dead organic materials， open the forest floor up to sunlight， and nourish the soil.But this practice is nothing new.Researchers have found that ancient Amazon indigenous civilizations had long been using fires to clear the rainforest in a carefully controlled way， to limit the risk of large outbreaks.
Realizing natural pest control.
All farmers understand the importance of pest control.In Thailand， some farmers have avoided modern， chemical-based methods and are instead using ducks known locally as “ped lai thoong”， which means “field chasing （奔跑的） ducks”.40.（ ） They also eat rice husks （外皮） after harvests.
A.Building with naturally occurring materials.
B.Creating deep holes for more precise farming.
C.Many forests are benefitting from periodic fires.
D.He has done it thanks to an ancient way of trapping water in the soil.
E.This ground-based technique allows growers to gather accurate data in real time.
F.These birds are left to wander freely among fields， eating plenty of unwanted pests.
G.But sometimes， tried-and-tested ideas that have stood the test of time can still be of use.
语篇解读：本文是一篇说明文。文章介绍了几种帮助解决现代农业问题的传统方法。
36.G 设空处前一句说明了科技成就已经彻底改变了大部分的人类生活，设空处后一句对以下几个段落进行概述，说明了一些传统的方法正在帮助解决现代问题。G项与设空处前一句构成转折关系，其中的tried-and-tested ideas与设空处后一句中的traditional methods， old ideas， and ancient techniques相呼应。
37.D 上文介绍了在布基纳法索农民Yacouba Sawadogo的领导下，贫瘠干旱的土地变成了高产的农田，下文说明了这位农民推广使用挖坑聚水的方法，帮助提高了该国的粮食产量。D项中的He指代上文中提到的Yacouba Sawadogo， it指代上文中提到的情况，trapping water in the soil与下文中描述的挖抗聚水法相呼应。
38.B 通读设空处下面一段可知，挖坑也是津巴布韦农业的重要组成部分。通过挖出深坑，无需进行密集耕作便能种植庄稼。这种技术可以将水精确地引导到需要的地方。B项概括了本段主旨，适合作小标题。B项中的deep holes与段中的holes 和deep holes构成原词复现，且precise farming与段中的water can be directed precisely where it is needed相呼应。
39.C 下文说明了其中的原因是它们可以清除死去的有机物质，让森林地面接触阳光，并滋养土壤。但研究人员发现，古代亚马孙土著文明很早以前就在使用这种做法。C项与设空处后一句构成因果关系。设空处后一句中的they指代C项中的periodic fires；C项中的forests与小标题中的forest构成原词复现，且fires与下文中的fires构成原词复现。
40.F 上文指出，一些泰国农民通过将鸭子放入稻田来消灭害虫，F项对上文进行补充说明，其中的These birds指代设空处前一句中的鸭群，eating与设空处后一句中的eat构成原词复现。
第三部分 语言运用（共两节，满分30分）
第一节（共15小题；每小题1分，满分15分）
阅读下面短文，从每题所给的A、B、C、D四个选项中选出最佳选项。
I had just finished my dance class， and it was a disaster： I started on the wrong foot and couldn’t get the steps that other students seemed to do easily.I began to 41 my talent for ballet.
Just then， my big sister Julissa arrived.She took one 42 at me and asked， “What’s wrong， Lakeisha？”
“Nothing，” I said 43 .
“Uh huh，” Julissa replied.“Looks like a（n） 44 ‘nothing’ to me， so tell me what happened.”
“Well，” I mumbled （咕哝）， “maybe I shouldn’t be taking 45 classes？It felt like I was the only one who couldn’t land her pirouettes （单脚尖旋转） today.”
“Listen，” she said， “not every day is a（n） 46 one， and not everything you try is going to 47 the way you want.The point is to keep 48 .Remember that and you’ll be fine.”
“I tried my best， but ...” I replied.
Looking at me seriously， Julissa said， “Maybe ballet is not your 49 yet， but dance is. I see how you shake and move all the time.There are all kinds of 50 to dance， so maybe you just need to 51 your own style.Why not stick to jazz dance？You are so good at it.”
I thought about her 52 and my performances carefully.Yes， why had I never 53 that？I wanted to be a ballet dancer， but it may not be a good 54 for me.It seemed as if I suddenly saw the light.
“You’re right，” I replied. “Thank you.I’m so 55 to have you to guide me！”
语篇解读：本文是一篇记叙文。作者学芭蕾舞受挫，姐姐的话让她意识到她应该坚持自己擅长的爵士舞。
41.A.develop B.doubt
C.discover D.forget
解析：B 根据上句中it was a disaster： I started on the wrong foot and couldn’t get the steps that other students seemed to do easily可知，作者在芭蕾舞课上表现不好。由此推断，她开始怀疑自己跳芭蕾舞的天赋。
42.A.knock B.message
C.look D.wave
解析：C 根据空后的asked，“What’s wrong， Lakeisha？”可知，作者的姐姐问作者怎么了，这说明她看了作者一眼，看到了作者的沮丧。
43.A.quietly B.repeatedly
C.politely D.surely
解析：A 根据空前的“Nothing，” I said和下段首句“Uh huh，” Julissa replied.可推断，作者虽然心情不好，但还是轻声地说：“没什么。”
44.A.frank B.useful
C.old D.bad
解析：D 根据后半句so tell me what happened可知，作者的姐姐想了解究竟发生了什么。由此可推断，她听着这个“没什么”不太对劲，觉得作者肯定有事。
45.A.health B.gym
C.dance D.safety
解析：C 根据下句It felt like I was the only one who couldn’t land her pirouettes （单脚尖旋转） today.可知，作者觉得这节课上只有她自己做不到单脚尖旋转。由此推断，她怀疑自己也许不该上舞蹈课。
46.A.effective B.great
C.relaxing D.warm
解析：B 根据本段尾句Remember that and you’ll be fine.可知，本段是作者的姐姐劝慰她的话。上段中作者说自己在舞蹈课上的表现不好。由此推断，作者的姐姐安慰她说：“并不是每一天都是美好的，也不是你所尝试的每件事都能如你所愿。”
47.A.work out B.settle down
C.go off D.break up
解析：A 参见上题解析。
48.A.thinking B.acting
C.waiting D.trying
解析：D 根据下段“I tried my best， but ...” I replied.可知，作者回答说：“我尽力了，但是……”。由此推断，作者的姐姐劝作者说：“关键是要不断尝试。”
49.A.excuse B.thing
C.goal D.idea
解析：B 根据本段中Maybe ballet is not your 49 yet， but dance is.和Why not stick to jazz dance？ You are so good at it.可知，作者的姐姐建议作者坚持跳爵士舞，因为作者擅长这种舞蹈。由此推断，她劝作者说：“也许芭蕾舞不是你的菜，但舞蹈是……跳舞有各种各样的方式，也许你只是需要找到自己的风格……”。thing在此意为“适当的东西，合适的东西”。
50.A.places B.plans
C.ways D.tips
解析：C 参见上题解析。
51.A.find B.test
C.change D.spread
解析：A 参见第49题解析。
52.A.results B.jokes
C.lessons D.words
解析：D 本段是作者对姐姐的话的思考，故选words。
53.A.run into B.thought of
C.applied for D.referred to
解析：B 根据本段中I wanted to be a ballet dancer， but it may not be a good 54 for me.可知，作者思考自己为什么从来没想过这一点（坚持跳爵士舞，因为自己擅长这种舞蹈）。她想成为芭蕾舞演员，但这对她来说也许不是一个好选择。
54.A.dream B.deal
C.choice D.position
解析：C 参见上题解析。
55.A.lucky B.curious
C.strong D.smart
解析：A 根据本段中作者所说的话可知，作者肯定了姐姐的建议，对姐姐表示感谢。由此推断，作者说她很幸运有姐姐来引导她。
第二节（共10小题；每小题1.5分，满分15分）
阅读下面短文，在空白处填入1个适当的单词或括号内单词的正确形式。
Danish researchers have just set a new record for data transmission （传输）.56. （use） one small computer chip， they moved about 1.8 petabits of data per second.That equals 122 million 57. （movie） streaming at the same time.In their new demonstration， 8，251 beams of light 58. （carry） more than an entire world’s worth of data.For this test， the date traveled 7.9 kilometers along a fiber optic cable （光纤电缆）.
That’s truly impressive， notes Bill Corcoran. 59. （previous）， an accomplishment like this would have taken many chips and consumed far more energy.Corcoran， a physicist 60. wasn’t involved in this research， knows a lot about this field.His group had held the record for the 61. （high） data transmission rate with a single chip since 2020.Corcoran says，“62. is great to see records being broken at this pace.”
“Even though no one needs to move data so quickly right now， researchers are planning ahead.Such 63. high rate may be useful in data centers even sooner，” one of the Danish researchers says.More work should 64. （do） before the new device can be put into real-world use.Right now， the energy needed for difficult computing tasks already poses a risk to climate.The new 65. （innovate） in moving data could help lessen the Internet’s climate impact.
语篇解读：本文是一篇说明文。丹麦科学家研发出超高速芯片，打破了数据传输记录。
56.Using 考查非谓语动词。设空处与one small computer chip一起作状语，且they与use之间是逻辑上的主谓关系，句首单词首字母应大写，故填Using。
57.movies 考查名词复数。movie是可数名词，且前面有122 million修饰，故填movies。
58.carried 考查动词的时态。根据语境可知，设空处描述的这场实验是发生在过去的事情，应用一般过去时，故填carried。
59.Previously 考查词形转换。设空处在句中作状语，应用副词，句首单词首字母应大写，故填Previously，意为“以前”。
60.that/who 考查定语从句。设空处引导限制性定语从句，指代先行词a physicist， 且在从句中作主语，故填that/who。
61.highest 考查形容词的最高级。根据设空处前的the record以及for后的定冠词the可知，应用形容词的最高级形式，故填highest。
62.It 考查代词。设空处作形式主语，句中的真正主语是to see records being broken at this pace， 句首单词首字母应大写，故填It。
63.a 考查冠词。“such a/an＋形容词＋可数名词单数”是固定搭配，且high的读音以辅音音素开头，故填a。
64.be done 考查被动语态。More work与do之间为被动关系，应用被动语态，且设空处前有情态动词should， 故填be done。
65.innovation 考查词形转换。设空处在句中作主语，且其前有定冠词The 和形容词new修饰，应用其名词形式，故填innovation。
第四部分 写作（共两节，满分40分）
第一节（满分15分）
假定你是校英文杂志Teens的一名编辑，因下个月将推出科技专栏，现需要向全体学生征集题目为The Scientist That I Admire Most的文章。请你撰写一篇征文通知，内容包括：
1.稿件要求（内容、词数等）；
2.投稿方式及截止日期；
3.欢迎同学们积极投稿。
注意：1.写作词数应为80左右；
2.请按如下格式作答。
NOTICE
Teens
参考范文：
NOTICE
Our magazine Teens is planning to launch a new column about science and technology next month.Therefore， we’re looking forward to your contributions， the title of which should be The Scientist That I Admire Most.
As the title suggests， the content of the article should be an introduction to a scientist that you admire most， including his/her contributions and his/her influence on you.Your article should be within 200 words.
Everyone is welcome to send your article to our mailbox teens@.Please remember to submit your article by next Friday.
Teens
第二节（满分25分）
阅读下面材料，根据其内容和所给段落开头语续写两段，使之构成一篇完整的短文。
Tick-tock.Tick-tock.
Andreas watched the clock.It seemed to be moving very slowly.This was his last class of the day — biology.After school there would be tryouts for the basketball team.Andreas had been practicing for months.He loved the feeling of the basketball in his hands and the sound the ball made when it sailed through the net.
“Andreas！”
Andreas’s best friend， Tyrell， was trying to get his attention.
“I feel like this class will never end，” said Tyrell.
“Me， too，” said Andreas.
Tyrell and Andreas had been best friends since kindergarten （幼儿园）.Tyrell loved basketball， too， and he was also trying out for the basketball team.Andreas was glad he’d have his best friend by his side.
Suddenly the bell rang and class was over.Andreas and Tyrell ran to the gym and there were at least 60 boys crowded onto the bleachers （露天看台）.
“Oh no，” said Tyrell.“I never imagined there would be so many kids trying out for the basketball team.”
Andreas knew the basketball team only had room for 20 people.That meant two-thirds of the kids there wouldn’t make the team.Andreas and Tyrell looked at each other， worried.
The coach blew a whistle （哨子） and the tryouts began.Andreas and Tyrell were separated into different groups.First Andreas ran sprints （短跑） across the gym， over and over until his legs felt weak， and he was out of breath.Then， the coaches divided them into teams to play against one another.As soon as he felt his hands on the basketball， Andreas felt better.All the nights of practicing paid off as he took shots from the 3-point line.Not all of the shots went in， but a lot of them did.
Tyrell was waiting outside when the tryouts were over.
“How did it go？” Andreas asked.
“I don’t know ...I think it went all right，” said Tyrell.
Andreas felt worried.He knew he had played well， but was it good enough？
“It’s okay，” said Tyrell.Tyrell had known Andreas for so long that he could see when Andreas was upset.“I’m sure you made it.”
They walked the rest of the way home in silence.
注意：1.续写词数应为150左右；
2.请按如下格式作答。
The next morning Andreas couldn’t eat any of his breakfast.
“But I didn’t see my name，” Andreas replied.
参考范文：
The next morning Andreas couldn’t eat any of his breakfast.He couldn’t wait anymore.He asked his mother to send him to school early.Five minutes later， Andreas was standing in front of the gym.He looked at the list.Tyrell’s name was at the very top — he had made it！Andreas’s eyes moved down the list， slowly， reading every name.He didn’t see his name anywhere.He felt very sad.Suddenly he heard Tyrell’s happy voice， “Andreas！ We made it！”
“But I didn’t see my name，” Andreas replied.Tyrell came up to Andreas， saying aloud， “Didn’t you look at the second sheet？” Andreas realized he didn’t read it.He looked back at the list hurriedly.Tyrell was right； there was a second sheet of paper underneath.Andreas lifted up the first sheet of paper and saw his name at the very top.He turned and gave Tyrell a high-five.They were going to be on the basketball team together.
17 / 17Section Ⅲ Integrated skills
设计一份校园科学节的活动方案
本单元的写作任务是设计一份校园科学节的活动方案。活动方案应用场合非常广泛，其性质类似于制订计划书。活动方案一般由标题和正文组成。
1.标题
活动方案的标题要简洁明了，新颖醒目，能够引起读者的兴趣，吸引其注意力，而且这个标题要反映设计方案的主题。
2.正文
活动方案的正文通常包括主题和活动事项两部分内容，也可以根据活动方案内容灵活安排。一般来说，可以在活动方案的最前面写一些鼓励性较强的词句来吸引读者，这些词句通常会使用排比、反问、设问等修辞手法，接着按照时间顺序列出活动的主要内容，其中也可以增设小标题。
要写好活动方案，还需要注意以下三点：
1.明确活动方案的类型
明确你要写的活动方案是有关活动宣传，还是有关项目介绍的等，类型确定后再确定写作内容。
2.掌握活动方案的语言特点
活动方案不同于其他类型的书面表达形式，它要求用最简短的文字包含最多的信息，以达到醒目的效果。因此活动方案多用正式的、礼貌的及类似的语言结构。学生应注意活动方案言简意赅的语言特点。
3.突出重要信息，说明活动的具体内容
为进一步增强活动方案的醒目性，还常需分行突出一些重要信息，并且在其前用粗点、星号等特殊符号标注出来，以表示强调。活动内容应包括时间、地点、参加人员、注意事项等内容。
一、写作常用词汇
1.exhibition n. 展览
2.invention n. 发明
3.robot n. 机器人
4.virtual adj. 虚拟的
5.experience vt. 体验
6.the Science Festival 科学节
7.the Science and Technology Exhibition
科技展
8.perform their functions 示范它们的功能
9.the science building 科研大楼
10.artificial intelligence （AI） 人工智能
11.think creatively 创造性地思考
12.participate in 参加
13.carry out scientific experiments 开展科学实验
二、写作常用句式（注意加蓝部分的表达）
1.介绍活动举办的时间和地点
The Science and Technology Exhibition will be held in the science building by our school next week.
科技展将于下周由我校在科研大楼举行。
Next Saturday from 2：00 p.m.to 4：00 p.m.， we will carry out group activities in the city Science and Technology Museum.
下周六下午2：00到4：00，我们将在市科技馆开展小组活动。
2.介绍活动内容
The exhibition， including several themes like AI and VR， features a new collection of science books and videos.
这次展览包括人工智能和虚拟现实等几个主题，以一些新收集的科学书籍和视频为特色。
Visitors can not only enjoy a variety of inventions， such as robot models， 3D printers， etc.， but they can also experience the 9D Virtual Reality chair.
参观者不仅可以欣赏各种发明，如机器人模型、3D打印机等，还可以体验9D虚拟现实椅。
We will have many activities， such as enjoying all kinds of gadgets and sharing their invention experience.
我们将会有很多活动，比如欣赏各种小装置，并分享他们的发明经验。
3.表达活动将给人留下深刻印象
I firmly believe that the activity is very significant/important.
我坚信这项活动非常重要。
The event was of great significance， which impressed everyone most.
这次活动非常有意义，它给大家留下了深刻印象。
Through this activity， I began to be interested in scientific and technological exploration.
通过这次活动，我开始对科技探索产生了兴趣。
假定你是李华，你们学校下周六要举行科技节。请你写一个设计方案，内容包括：
1.科技节的主题：怎样保护环境；
2.在学校大厅举行，届时有著名科学家出席；
3.会展示很多有趣的实验，参加者会从中获益良多。
注意：1.写作词数应为80左右；
2.可以适当增加细节，以使行文连贯。
Plan for the School Science Festival
第一步：审题谋篇，合理布局
第二步：遣词造句，规范得体
◎核心词汇
1.发生，举行 take place
2.保护环境 protect the environment
3.另外 in addition
4.打算做…… be intended to do ...
5.做实验 conduct an experiment
6.对……感兴趣 be/get interested in
7.在……末尾 at the end of
8.从……学到…… learn ...from ...
◎遣词造句
1.科技节的主题是“怎样保护环境”，下周六在我们学校大厅举行。
The Science Festival will take place in our school hall next Saturday and its theme is “How to Protect the Environment”.
2.将会有一些著名科学家出席科技节，他们会介绍关于保护环境的知识。
There will be some famous scientists attending the festival and they will introduce some knowledge about protecting the environment.
3.每个班都有机会做实验，学生们会从中学到很多。
Each class has the chance to conduct an experiment and the students will learn a lot from it.
4.在科技节结束时公布一等奖名单。
At the end of the festival，the first prize will be announced.
5.科技节将激励更多的学生对科学感兴趣并努力学习。
The Science Festival will inspire more students to get interested in science and work hard at it.
第三步：词句升级，彰显文采
1.用非限制性定语从句改写句1
The Science Festival，whose theme is “How to Protect the Environment”， will take place in our school hall next Saturday.
2.用非限制性定语从句改写句2
There will be some famous scientists attending the festival， who will introduce some knowledge about protecting the environment.
3.用非限制性定语从句改写句3
Each class has the chance to conduct an experiment， from which the students will learn a lot.
第四步：检查誊写，连句成篇
Plan for the School Science Festival
The Science Festival， whose theme is “How to Protect the Environment”， will take place in our school hall next Saturday.
There will be some famous scientists attending the festival， who will introduce some knowledge about protecting the environment.In addition，they will show some interesting experiments.Each class has the chance to conduct an experiment， from which the students will learn a lot.At the end of the festival， the first prize will be announced.
The Science Festival will inspire more students to get interested in science and work hard at it.
【即时演练】
假定你是李华，你校上周五举办了主题为“人人都是科学家”的展览，该展览展示了学生们的科学发明。请你为校报“英语天地”栏目写一份新闻稿，内容包括：
1.活动目的；
2.活动内容；
3.活动意义。
注意：1.写作词数应为80左右；
2.请按如下格式作答。
Exhibition Themed “Everyone Is a Scientist” Successfully Held
参考范文：
Exhibition Themed “Everyone Is
a Scientist” Successfully Held
In order to develop students’ interest in science and technology， an exhibition themed “Everyone Is a Scientist” was successfully held at the school hall last Friday.
At 9 a.m.， the exhibition started with a speech delivered by our headmaster.About a hundred inventions created by students were on display， some of which could be operated according to the instructions attached to them.
All the students thought it very meaningful to hold the exhibition as it has greatly inspired students’ creativity.
Ⅰ.阅读理解
Several years ago， Jason Box， a scientist from Ohio， flew 31 giant rolls of white plastic to a glacier （冰川） in Greenland.He and his team spread them across 10，000 feet of ice， and then left.His idea was that the white blanket would reflect back the rays of the sun， keeping the ice cool below.When he came back to check the results，he found it worked.Exposed ice had melted faster than covered ice.He had not only saved two feet of glacier in a short time.No coal plants （火电厂） were shut down， no jobs were lost， and nobody was taxed or fired.Just the sort of fix we’re looking for.
“Thank you， but no thank you，” says Ralph King， a climate scientist.He told Grey Childs， an author and commentator， that people think technology can save the planet， but there are other things we need to deal with， like consumption.They burned $ 50，000 just for the helicopter to bring the plastic to the glacier.This experiment， quote-unquote， gives people false hope that climate change can be fixed without changing human behavior.It can’t.Technology won’t give us a free ride.
Individuals respond to climate change differently.Climatologist Kelly Smith is hardly alone in her prediction that some day soon we won’t be climate victims （受害者） — we will be climate choosers.More scientists agree with her that if the human race survives， the engineers will get smarter， the tools will get better， and one day we will control the climate.But that then？ “Just the mention of us controlling the climate sent a small shiver down my back，” Grey writes.“Something sounded wrong about stopping ice by our own will，” he says.
Me？ I like it better when the earth takes care of itself， I guess one day we will have to run the place， but for the moment， sitting at my desk， looking out at the trees bending wildly and the wind howling， I’m happy not to be in charge.
语篇解读：本文是一篇说明文。文章主要介绍了科学家Jason Box企图控制气候变化的极端例子及科学家对其不同的观点，并阐述了作者自己的想法，即反对人类控制气候，要让地球自我修复。
1.Why does the author mention Jason Box’s experiment in the first paragraph？（ ）
A.To introduce a possible solution to climate change.
B.To describe a misleading attempt to fix the climate.
C.To report on a successful experiment on saving the glacier.
D.To arouse people’s attention to the problem of global warming.
解析：B 推理判断题。根据第一段前三句和第二段的This experiment， quote-unquote ...Technology won’t give us a free ride.可知，为保护冰川，Jason Box尝试用白色塑料覆盖它们，但是直升机运送这些塑料却消耗了5万美元。这个例子引出下文对人类干预气候的可行性的探讨。作者提到Jason Box的实验，是为了描述一种具有误导性的试图解决气候问题的尝试。
2.Which statement would Ralph King most probably agree with？（ ）
A.The experiment against climate change will not succeed.
B.Technology is not the final solution， let alone its high cost.
C.It’s best to deal with climate change without changing our behavior.
D.Jason’s experiment plays a significant role in fixing climate change.
解析：B 推理判断题。根据第二段最后四句可知，Ralph King认为在环保问题上，技术并不是最终的解决方案，更不用说其高昂的成本。
3.Which of the following words has the similar meaning to the underlined word in Paragraph 3？（ ）
A.Relief. B.Click.
C.Shake. D.Description.
解析：C 词义猜测题。根据第三段末句中Something sounded wrong about stopping ice by our own will可知，Grey认为人为控制气候变化是有问题的。由此推测，上句应表示“仅仅提及控制气候的想法，就会使我感觉不寒而栗”，shiver意为“发抖，战栗”。
4.Which of the following is a suitable title for the text？（ ）
A.But Should We Fix the Climate？ B.Is Climate Change a Real Problem？
C.How Can We Take Care of the Earth？ D.What If All the Glaciers Disappeared？
解析：A 标题归纳题。根据最后一段并结合上文人们企图控制气候变化的极端例子及科学家们的观点可知，作者更喜欢地球自己照料自己，即反对人类利用科技手段控制气候。故A项适合作本文的标题。
Ⅱ.阅读七选五
Microbes exist everywhere — in soil， air， water and also in the human body and the bodies of plants and other animals！ They also exist in places where no other life forms exist.So far， we have learnt that these microorganisms cause diseases in humans， plants and animals.5.（ ） Let’s learn about them in more detail.
In household products
You may have seen people add a small amount of curd （凝乳） to fresh milk.In time， this milk at a suitable temperature then turns into curd！ How does this happen？ This is due to the action of lactic acid bacteria.6.（ ） For example， Swiss cheese develops large holes due to the large amount of CO2 produced by Propionibacterium shermanii.
In industrial products
7.（ ） Since products are made on a large scale in industries， microorganisms are also grown in large amounts in large tanks.These products include drinks， chemicals， medicines， and bioactive molecules that can be used to weaken the immune system during organ transplant procedures.
In biogas production
Microbial activity produces a mixture of gases， mostly methane （甲烷）， a primary part of natural gas.8.（ ） Anaerobic （厌氧的） bacteria generate large amounts of methane along with CO2 and H2.Cattle dung （粪） is rich in these bacteria， so it is commonly used to generate biogas.
As biocontrol agents （媒介）
Using pesticides not only kills harmful pests but also gets rid of beneficial life forms.Therefore， farmers are now using biological methods to control pests and plant diseases.This use of biological methods is called “biocontrol”.Baculoviruses are excellent biocontrol agents.9.（ ）
A.This is called biogas and is used as fuel.
B.Another product made using microorganisms is cheese.
C.They keep a check on disease-causing microbes in our gut.
D.However， they can also be useful to mankind in several ways.
E.Industries also use microbes to make products of value to humans.
F.The reason is they attack pests without negatively impacting plants and beneficial insects.
G.Through genetic engineering， scientists have made these plants resistant to attack by pests.
语篇解读：本文是一篇说明文。文章主要介绍了微生物为人类做出贡献的几个领域。
5.D 设空处前一句说明了微生物会给人类、植物和动物带来疾病。设空处后一句承接上文，引出下文，下面几段主要说明了微生物给人类带来的益处。由此判断，设空处需要有一个表示转折意义的衔接，D项恰当地起到了这一作用。
6.B 上文介绍了鲜牛奶是如何变成凝乳的，下文则以瑞士奶酪为例进行说明。由此推知，设空处应起到引出下文的作用。B项中的cheese与下文中的cheese构成原词复现。
7.E 设空处位于段首，应为概括性较强的主旨句。根据小标题和本段内容可知，本段内容与工业产品有关。E项中的Industries和products分别与小标题中的industrial和products以及下文中的industries和products构成原词复现。
8.A 设空处前一句指出微生物活动会产生气体混合物，主要成分是甲烷。A项紧承上文，作出进一步说明，其中的This指代上文中的a mixture of gases；biogas与小标题中的biogas构成原词复现；fuel与设空处前一句中的natural gas相呼应。
9.F 上文首先解释了生物防治的概念，之后指出杆状病毒（baculoviruses）是优秀的生物防治媒介。F项与设空处前一句构成因果关系，其中的they指代上文中的Baculoviruses；F项中的attack pests与上文中的kills harmful pests、control pests相呼应。
Ⅲ.应用文写作
假定你是李华，英语课上，老师要求就应用人工智能（artificial intelligence）的利弊进行讨论，请你代表小组写一篇发言稿，说明讨论的结果。
注意：1.写作词数应为80左右；
2.请按如下格式作答。
On the Use of Artificial Intelligence
参考范文：
On the Use of Artificial Intelligence
Hi， everybody！ Our group discussed the use of AI and finally agreed that its advantages outweigh the disadvantages.
On the one hand， it goes without saying that AI has brought much convenience and has been doing us a great favour in jobs requiring accuracy and calculation.Plus， AI has such fantastic speed in collecting data.On the other hand， AI is becoming too smart nowadays， concerns arising.Some of us think that AI will be a threat to humans one day.However， AI can be our best assistant as long as we develop it in the right way.
That’s our opinion.Thank you.
7 / 7Section Ⅰ Welcome to the unit & Reading
Chinese scientist wins 2015 Nobel Prize
By Dina Conner
11 December 2015
[1]Tu Youyou has become the first female scientist of the People’s Republic① of China to receive a Nobel Prize， awarded for her contribution to the fight against malaria②， one of the deadliest③ diseases in human history.Thanks to her discovery of qinghaosu， malaria patients all over the world now have had a greatly increased chance of survival④.
[1]动词不定式短语to receive a Nobel Prize作scientist 的后置定语；动词-ed形式短语awarded for her contribution to the fight against malaria作a Nobel Prize的后置定语；one of the deadliest diseases in human history 为名词短语作同位语，解释说明malaria。
[2]Born in 1930， in Ningbo， Zhejiang Province⑤， Tu studied medicine at university in Beijing between 1951 and 1955.After graduation， she worked at the Academy of Traditional Chinese Medicine⑥.[3]She completed further training courses in traditional Chinese medicine， acquiring a broad⑦ knowledge of both traditional Chinese medicine and Western medicine.
[2]Born in 1930 ...为形容词化的动词-ed形式作状语。
[3]句中动词-ing形式短语acquiring a broad ...作结果状语，acquire与其逻辑主语She之间是逻辑上的主谓关系。
Tu’s education was soon to prove very useful.In the 1960s， many people were dying of⑧ malaria， and in 1969 Tu became head of a team that intended⑨ to find a cure for the disease.She collected over 2，000 traditional Chinese medical recipes for malaria treatment and made hundreds of extracts⑩ from different herbs .When they failed to produce any promising results， Tu referred to the ancient books of traditional Chinese medicine again.[4]Inspired by an over 1，600-year-old text about preparing qinghao extract with cold water， Tu redesigned the experiments and tried extracting the herb at a low temperature in order not to damage its effective part.[5]On 4 October 1971， after 190 failures ， she succeeded in making qinghao extract that could treat malaria in mice.
[4]动词-ed形式短语Inspired by ...作原因状语，相当于状语从句Because she was inspired by ...。
[5]句中that could treat malaria in mice为that引导的定语从句，修饰先行词extract，且that在定语从句中作主语。
[6]However， it was hard to produce enough qinghao extract for large trials because research resources were limited .Tu and her team managed to find solutions to the problem.When there was no research equipment， they had to extract herbs using household water containers .They worked day and night and their health began to suffer because of the poor conditions， but they never gave up.
[6]句中it作形式主语，动词不定式短语to produce ...trials是真正的主语；because引导原因状语从句。
[7]Even with large amounts of qinghao extract produced， however， they still faced another problem.[8]The trials on patients were likely to be postponed because they did not have sufficient safety data .[9]To speed up the process and ensure its safety， Tu and her team volunteered to test qinghao extract on themselves first.
[7]句中with复合结构（with＋名词＋动词-ed形式）作状语，produced表示被动和完成。
[8]介词短语on patients作后置定语，because引导原因状语从句。
[9]第一个动词不定式短语To speed up the process and ensure its safety作目的状语；第二个动词不定式短语to test qinghao extract on themselves first作宾语。
The efforts of Tu and her team finally paid off .In November 1972， through trial and error ， they successfully discovered qinghaosu—the most effective part of the qinghao extract.As a key part of many malaria medicines， qinghaosu has since benefited about 200 million malaria patients.More than 40 years after its discovery， Tu was eventually awarded a Nobel Prize for her work.In her Nobel Lecture ， she encouraged scientists to further explore the treasure house of traditional Chinese medicine and raise it to a higher level.[10]Perhaps the next generation of scientists， drawing on the wisdom of traditional Chinese medicine， will indeed discover more medicines beneficial to global health care .
[10]句中动词-ing形式短语drawing on ...medicine作定语，修饰名词scientists，相当于一个非限制性定语从句who draw on the wisdom of traditional Chinese medicine。
【读文清障】
①republic n.共和国，共和政体
the People’s Republic of China （PRC） 中华人民共和国
②malaria n.疟疾
malaria medicines 疟疾药物
malaria patients 疟疾患者
③deadly adj.致命的；十足的，彻底的
the deadliest disease 最致命的疾病
④survival n.生存，存活；残存物，幸存事物
survive vi.生存，存活vt.幸存，幸免于难
survivor n.幸存者
⑤province n.省，省份
Zhejiang Province 浙江省
⑥traditional Chinese medicine传统中医
traditional Chinese medical recipes传统中药配方
Western medicine 西医
⑦broad adj.广泛的；宽阔的，广阔的；概括的；开阔的
broadly adv.大体上；基本上
⑧die of死于……（常指死于疾病、寒冷等内因）
die from 死于……（常指死于灾祸、暴力等外因）
⑨intend vt.& vi.想要，计划；意指
intend doing/to do sth 打算做某事
intention n.打算；计划；目的；意图
⑩extract n.提取物；选录 vt.提取；选录；取出；设法得到
make hundreds of extracts 获取数百种提取物
make qinghao extract 获取青蒿提取物
herb n.药草，香草；草本
refer to 查阅，参考；提到，谈及
[拓展] “查词典”的表达法：
refer to the dictionary
look up a word in the dictionary
consult the dictionary
experiment n.实验，试验；尝试，实践
vi.做试验，进行实验；尝试
redesign the experiments 重新设计实验
failure n.[U] 失败；[C] 失败的人或事物
success n.[U] 成功，成名；[C] 成功的人或事物
succeed in doing sth 成功地做成某事
trial n.试用，试验；审讯，审判；考验
vi.& vt.测试，试验
large trials 大规模试验
on trial 试用；受审
limited adj.有限的
limit n.限制；极限；界限 vt.限制
household adj.家庭的，家用的，家务的
n.一家人，家庭
container n.容器；集装箱，货柜
household water containers 家用的盛水容器
large amounts of （＋不可数名词） 许多，大量的
[同义] a large amount of （＋不可数名词）
a great deal of （＋不可数名词）
postpone vt.延迟，延期
sufficient adj.足够的，充足的
[同义] adequate， enough， abundant
data n.数据，资料，材料
safety data 安全数据
speed up （使）加速
at a speed of ... 以……的速度
test sth on sb 在某人身上实验某物
pay off 成功，奏效，达到目的
[同义] make it
error n.错误，差错
through trial and error 反复试验
be awarded a Nobel Prize 获得诺贝尔奖
Nobel Lecture 诺贝尔获奖演讲
further explore the treasure house 进一步探索宝库
wisdom n.智慧，知识，学问；才智；明智
draw on the wisdom 借鉴智慧
beneficial adj.有益的，有用的
be beneficial to 对……有益
global health care 全球医疗
【参考译文】
中国科学家荣获2015年诺贝尔奖
迪娜·康纳
2015年12月11日
屠呦呦成为中华人民共和国第一位获得诺贝尔奖的女科学家。她获奖是因为她在抗击疟疾中做出的贡献，疟疾是人类历史上最致命的疾病之一。得益于她发现的青蒿素，如今全世界疟疾患者的存活率大大提高。
1930年，屠呦呦出生于浙江宁波。1951年至1955年，屠呦呦在北京读大学，学习药学。毕业后，她在中医研究院工作。她完成了中医领域的培训课程深造，获得了广泛的中西医知识。
屠呦呦接受的教育很快被证明非常有用。20世纪60年代，许多人死于疟疾。1969年屠呦呦担任了一个课题组的组长，这个课题组计划找到该疾病的治疗方法。她收集了2000多种治疗疟疾的中药配方，并从不同的草药中获取了数百种提取物。当它们未能产生预期效果时，屠呦呦再次查阅历代中医典籍。据一本1600多年前的古籍记载，古人通过冷水制备青蒿提取物，受此启发，屠呦呦重新设计了这个试验，为了不破坏其（抗疟的）有效成分，她尝试在低温下提取青蒿。1971年10月4日， 在历经190次失败之后，她成功制备出可以治疗老鼠疟疾的青蒿提取物。
然而，由于研究资源有限，很难制造出足够的青蒿提取物用于大规模试验。屠呦呦团队成功找到了解决这个问题的方法。当时没有研究设备，他们只能用家用的盛水容器提取青蒿。他们夜以继日地工作，由于条件恶劣，他们的健康开始受损，但却从未放弃。
然而，即使制造了大量的青蒿提取物，他们仍然面临着另外一个问题。因为他们没有充足的安全数据，在病人身上进行试验有可能推迟。为了加快进度并保证其安全性，屠呦呦和她的团队自愿先在他们自己身上试验青蒿提取物。
屠呦呦和其团队的努力终于有了回报。1972年11月，经过反复试验，他们成功发现了青蒿素——青蒿提取物中最有效的成分。作为许多抗疟药物中的关键成分，青蒿素迄今已经造福了近2亿疟疾患者。在发现青蒿素40多年后，屠呦呦终于因此获得了诺贝尔奖。在她的获奖演讲上，屠呦呦鼓励科学家们进一步探索中医这座宝库，并让其更上一层楼。也许下一代的科学家借鉴中医的智慧，确实会发现更多有益于全球医疗的药物。
第一步：析架构，理文本脉络
Read the passage quickly and fill in the blanks with suitable words.
第二步：精读文，达明察秋毫
Read the passage carefully and choose the best answer.
1.What was the proper description about malaria？（ ）
A.A disease which infects plants. B.A deadly disease of its day.
C.A disease which infects animals. D.A disease which can be cured easily.
2.What is qinghaosu？（ ）
A.A key part of many malaria medicines.
B.A key part of many medicines for cancer.
C.A key part of many medicines for heart disease.
D.A key part of many medicines for cholera.
3.Why did they lack qinghao extract for large trials？ （ ）
A.Because Tu Youyou and her team lacked experience.
B.Because research resources were in short supply.
C.Because there was no good laboratory for experimenting.
D.Because they had no support from the government and their families.
4.What’s the meaning of “speed up” in Paragraph 5？（ ）
A.Pull up. B.Turn up.
C.Hurry up. D.Hold up.
5.What can we learn about Tu Youyou from Paragraph 6？（ ）
A.She doesn’t continue to conduct research today.
B.She made traditional Chinese medicine spread.
C.She did not have sufficient data to start trials on patients.
D.She encouraged scientists to further explore traditional Chinese medicine.
答案：1－5 BABCD
第三步：通词句，学语言表达
1.词汇学习——循规律，记单词
在形容词、名词或动词后加某些后缀可以构成抽象名词。这篇新闻报道中就运用了很多这样的抽象名词，请找出来并试着再想出一些分别写在下面的表格中。
词性 后缀 名词
形容词 -dom wisdom， freedom
-ness effectiveness， usefulness， kindness， loneliness， happiness
动词 -al survival， arrival， approval， proposal， refusal， removal
-ance appearance， acceptance， performance， assistance
-ure failure， pleasure， exposure， closure
形容词/ 动词/名词 -age shortage， marriage， passage， percentage
2.美文欣赏——赏美文，学写法
该语篇的体裁属于新闻报道，这种文体时效性强。与一般人物描写类文章不同的是，新闻报道中的人物描写强调以客观事实说话，尽量不加入报道者的情感，但读者能够通过语篇内容了解人物品质。下面结合课文分析和品悟一下新闻报道类语篇的特点。
（1）语篇内容客观、准确，使用具体数据来说明屠呦呦及其团队的科学研究过程的艰辛。如课文第三段中出现的数据She collected over 2，000 traditional Chinese medical recipes for malaria treatment and made hundreds of extracts from different herbs.和Inspired by an over 1，600-year-old text about preparing qinghao extract with cold water， Tu redesigned the experiments ...就体现了新闻报道的准确性和真实性。
（2）新闻报道的语言具有言简意赅的特点。 文章开头用一句话（新闻导语）Tu Youyou has become the first female scientist of the People’s Republic of China to receive a Nobel Prize， awarded for her contribution to the fight against malaria， one of the deadliest diseases in human history.介绍了屠呦呦获得诺贝尔奖的事实、她的突出贡献以及疟疾这种疾病，具有高度“概括性”。
（3）从故事层面来看，本文注重通过描述人物的具体事迹，包括引用人物语言来刻画人物形象。这些语言特点能加深读者对屠呦呦获诺贝尔奖这一新闻事件以及对屠呦呦这一人物的认知。课文第三段中的On 4 October 1971， after 190 failures ， she succeeded in making qinghao extract that could treat malaria in mice.和第四段中的They worked day and night and their health began to suffer because of the poor conditions， but they never gave up .等表达成功地塑造出一个齐心协力、永不言弃的团队形象。
（4）从叙事结构层面来看，语篇首先报道发生的重大新闻事件，与标题呼应，然后再详细报道其他相关的重要信息，如人物生平、事件发生的过程等。语篇以 Chinese scientist wins 2015 Nobel Prize 为标题，向读者报道了这一重要消息，并介绍了屠呦呦的生平经历和她带领团队为治疗疟疾发现并提取青蒿素的过程，给读者提供了比简单的新闻播报更为详细的信息。
Part Ⅰ 核心词汇集释
survival n.生存，存活；残存物，幸存事物
【教材原句】 Thanks to her discovery of qinghaosu， malaria patients all over the world now have had a greatly increased chance of survival.
得益于她发现的青蒿素，如今全世界疟疾患者的存活率大大提高。
【用法】
（1）survive vt. 幸存，幸免于难 vi. 生存，存活 survive sth 幸免于；从……中挺过来/活过来 survive on 依靠……生存下来 survive from 从……存活下来/流传下来 A survive B （by ...） A比B活得长（……） （2）survivor n. 幸存者
【佳句】 The wedding ceremony is a survival from ancient times.
这种结婚仪式是从远古时期流传下来的。
【点津】 survive 表示“生存，存活”时是不及物动词。表示“幸存，幸免于难”时是及物动词，后面不需要加介词in或from。
【练透】 单句语法填空
①Some strange customs have survived from earlier times.
②As far as I know， the old lady survived her husband by 5 years.
③Millions of people survive on a very limited diet.
④He was the only one survivor （survive） of the crash.
【写美】 句式升级
⑤After she had survived that night， she was confident that everything else would be all right.
→ Having survived that night ， she was confident that everything else would be all right.（动词-ing形式短语作状语）
intend vt.& vi.想要，计划；意指
【教材原句】 In the 1960s， many people were dying of malaria， and in 1969 Tu became head of a team that intended to find a cure for the disease.
20世纪60年代，许多人死于疟疾。1969年屠呦呦担任了一个课题组的组长，这个课题组计划找到该疾病的治疗方法。
【用法】
（1）intend to do/doing sth 打算做某事 intend sb to do sth 打算让某人做某事 had intended to do sth 本打算做某事 （2）intended adj. 打算的；设计的 be intended for ... 为……打算/设计的 （3）intention n. 意图，目的；企图 with the intention of 有……的打算/目的 have no intention of doing sth＝have no intention to do sth 无意做某事
【佳句】 Originally， we had intended to go to Italy， but then we won the trip to Greece.起初，我们打算去意大利，但后来获得去希腊的机会。
【练透】 单句语法填空
①Yesterday I found a book in the bookstore by chance which was intended （intend） for bird lovers.
②I don’t intend anyone to see （see） the painting until it is finished.
③Everything they do is intended to improve （improve） the living standards.
④This programme was set up with the intention （intend） of providing help for homeless people.
【写美】 完成句子
⑤Peter had intended to go to Australia ， but something changed his mind.（intend）
彼得本来打算去澳大利亚，但有些事使他改变了主意。
refer to 查阅，参考；提到，谈及
【教材原句】 When they failed to produce any promising results， Tu referred to the ancient books of traditional Chinese medicine again.当它们未能产生预期效果时，屠呦呦再次查阅历代中医典籍。
【用法】
（1）refer v. 提到；参考；查阅 refer to ...as ... 把……称作…… refer ...to ... 把……提交给…… （2）reference n. 谈及，提到；参考，查阅 reference to ... 谈及，提到…… in/with reference to 关于 reference books 参考书
【佳句】 When I am faced with a difficulty， I usually choose to refer to relevant learning materials or web pages.
当我面对困难时，我常常选择参考相关学习资料或网页。
【点津】 （1）refer的过去式、过去分词、现在分词分别为referred、 referred、 referring，类似的词还有prefer。
（2）refer to和look up都可以表示“查阅；参考”，但二者是有区别的：refer to后接所查的工具书或资料，如词典、笔记、参考书等；look up后接word、phrase等需要查找的对象。
【练透】 品句猜词/单句语法填空
①The professor referred to global warming at least three times in his speech. 提到，谈及
②If you meet with the characters you don’t know， I strongly suggest that you should refer to reference books or turn to others for help. 查阅，参考
③He made no reference （refer） to his illness but only to his future plans.
④The question referred to at the meeting is hard to answer.
⑤I have nothing to say in/with reference to that case.
⑥The scientist referred to the discovery as the most exciting new development in this field.
【写美】 完成句子
⑦The custom may date back to the Tang Dynasty； for more detailed information， please refer to the book .
这种风俗可能追溯到唐朝，想要了解更多详细的信息，请查阅这本书。
limited adj.有限的
【教材原句】 However， it was hard to produce enough qinghao extract for large trials because research resources were limited.然而，由于研究资源有限，很难制造出足够的青蒿提取物用于大规模试验。
【用法】
（1）be limited to 局限于…… （2）limit vt. 限制；限定 n.[C] 限度，限制 limit ...to ... 把……限制在……范围内 there is a limit to ... ……是有限度的 （3）limitless adj. 无限制的，无止境的 limitation n. 限制；局限 unlimited adj. 无限制的
【佳句】 As we all know， a person’s life is limited， but knowledge is limitless/unlimited.
众所周知，人的生命是有限的，而知识是无限的。
【练透】 单句语法填空
①Families are limited （limit） to three free tickets each.
②The teacher limited his students to 500 words for their compositions.
③There is a limit to the amount of pain we can bear.
④We are doing our best with the limited （limit）resources available.
【写美】 完成句子
⑤Besides， essays are supposed to be limited within 800 words and written in English only.
此外，文章应限制在800词以内，且只能用英文撰写。
speed up （使）加速
【教材原句】 To speed up the process and ensure its safety， Tu and her team volunteered to test qinghao extract on themselves first.
为了加快进度并保证其安全性，屠呦呦和她的团队自愿先在他们自己身上试验青蒿提取物。
【用法】
at a high/low/full/top speed 以高/低/全/最高速 at a speed of ... 以……的速度 with great/full speed 以很快的速度/全速 pick up speed 加速 slow speed 减速
【佳句】 Modern inventions have speeded up people’s lives amazingly.
现代发明大大加快了人们的生活节奏。
【练透】 单句语法填空
①A sudden stop can be a very frightening experience， especially if you are travelling at a high speed.
②This flight is now heading for Paris at a speed of 1，000 kilometres an hour.
【写美】 翻译句子
③充足的新鲜空气和锻炼将会加速他的康复。
Plenty of fresh air and exercise will speed up his recovery.
pay off 成功，奏效，达到目的；偿清
【教材原句】 The efforts of Tu and her team finally paid off.
屠呦呦和其团队的努力终于有了回报。
【用法】
pay back 偿还（欠款）；报复；回报 pay for sth 付某物的钱；为某事付出代价 pay sb for sth 因某物给某人报酬 pay a visit to 参观，拜访 pay attention to 注意；留心
【佳句】 It will take him the rest of his life to pay off that loan.那笔贷款将需要他的余生才能还清。
【点津】 pay作及物动词时，后面可直接接宾语，但一般是表示钱、账单或人的词。如果要表示为某事或某物付钱时，需要用介词for或者是带to的动词不定式来引导。
【练透】 用pay的相关短语填空
①At last I paid back all the money I borrowed from him.
②Will you please pay a visit to Tianjin once more so that we may meet again？
③I’d also like to know how much I have to pay for the course and whether accommodation is included.
【写美】 翻译句子
④他们的努力最终有了回报。
Their efforts paid off in the end.
beneficial adj.有益的，有用的
【教材原句】 Perhaps the next generation of scientists， drawing on the wisdom of traditional Chinese medicine， will indeed discover more medicines beneficial to global health care.
也许下一代的科学家借鉴中医的智慧，确实会发现更多有益于全球医疗的药物。
【用法】
（1）be beneficial to ...＝be of benefit to ... 对……有益；有益于（to为介词） （2）benefit n. 益处 vt. 使受益 vi. 得益于 benefit from/by ... 从……中受益；得益于…… （3）for the benefit of＝for one’s benefit 为了……的利益
【佳句】 To take exercise indoors is less beneficial than in the open air.
在室内锻炼不如在室外锻炼更有益。
【练透】 单句语法填空
①China has been pushing the reform of public hospitals for the benefit of all its citizens.
②Both sides have benefited from/by the agreement they made.
【写美】 一句多译
③据说瑜伽对人体健康有很大益处。
→ It is said that yoga is of great benefit to human health. （benefit）
→ It is said that yoga is very beneficial to human health. （beneficial）
Part Ⅱ 中频词汇特训
trial n.试用，试验；审讯，审判；考验 vi.& vt.测试，试验
【教材原句】 However， it was hard to produce enough qinghao extract for large trials because research resources were limited.
然而，由于研究资源有限，很难制造出足够的青蒿提取物用于大规模试验。
【用法】
through trial and error 反复试验 a trial period 试用期 clinical trial 临床试验 stand/go on trial 受到审判，受审 on trial 在试验/测试/受审中
【佳句】 New cars have several severe trials before they are put on the market.
新汽车在投放市场前要经过多次严格的试验。
【练透】 完成句子
①We have had the machine on trial for a week.
这台机器我们已经试用一个星期了。
②He will stand/go on trial for fraud.
他将因涉嫌诈骗而受审。
③Like many animals， people also learn to swim through trial and error .
像许多动物一样，人也要通过反复试验才能学会游泳。
container n.容器；集装箱，货柜
【教材原句】 When there was no research equipment， they had to extract herbs using household water containers.当时没有研究设备，他们只能用家用的盛水容器提取青蒿。
【用法】
contain vt. 包含；含有；容纳；克制；抑制（强烈的感情等） contain oneself 克制自己
【佳句】 The container contains many kinds of fruits， including apples/apples included.
容器中盛着各种水果，其中包括苹果。
【点津】 （1）contain指某容器中盛有某物、装有某物。
（2）include表示把某事物作为其中的一部分包含在内，常构成分词短语sth included或including sth。
【练透】 单句语法填空/选词填空
①He was so excited that he could hardly contain himself （he）.
②I don’t know how much oil is in this old container （contain）.
③The girl went to pick up the bag containing （contain） much money.
④Our school lecture hall contains （contain） 1，000 people.
⑤Look！The box contains a number of letters， which include those from his students.（contain/include）
Part Ⅲ 重点句型解构
句型公式：the＋序数词＋名词＋to do ...
【教材原句】 Tu Youyou has become the first female scientist of the People’s Republic of China to receive a Nobel Prize， awarded for her contribution to the fight against malaria， one of the deadliest diseases in human history.
屠呦呦成为中华人民共和国第一位获得诺贝尔奖的女科学家。她获奖是因为她在抗击疟疾中做出的贡献，疟疾是人类历史上最致命的疾病之一。
【用法】
（1）当中心词是序数词或被序数词、形容词最高级等修饰或其前有the next、 the only、 the last等限定时，常用动词不定式作后置定语。 （2）动词不定式作后置定语用来修饰的词是抽象名词，常见的词有ability、 chance、 ambition、 offer、 anxiety、 answer、 reply、 attempt、 belief等。
【品悟】 He is always the first to bear hardships and the last to enjoy comforts.
他总是一个吃苦在前，享乐在后的人。
The ability to express an idea is as important as the idea itself.
表达思想的能力和思想本身一样重要。
【写美】 完成句子
①China has become the first country to land a spacecraft on the far side of the moon.
中国已经成为第一个将航天器降落在月球背面的国家。
②I believe that I have the ability to do the challenging work well .
我相信我有能力做好这项具有挑战性的工作。
③Practice is the only way to learn a language well .
学好一门语言的唯一途径就是实践。
④ The last person to arrive at the top of the mountain can also receive a gift.
最后一个到达山顶的人也可以得到一个礼物。
句型公式：形容词化的动词-ed形式作状语
【教材原句】 Born in 1930， in Ningbo， Zhejiang Province， Tu studied medicine at university in Beijing between 1951 and 1955.1930年，屠呦呦出生于浙江宁波。1951年至1955年，屠呦呦在北京读大学，学习药学。
【用法】
句中Born in 1930 ...是形容词化的动词-ed形式作状语。 （1）动词-ed形式包括动作类和状态类两种形式，状态类动词-ed形式相当于形容词。 （2）形容词（短语）或形容词化的动词-ed形式作状语可以表示方式、原因或伴随状况等，可位于句首、句末或句中，常用逗号与句子其他成分隔开。 （3）形容词化的动词-ed形式作状语时常用来表示主语的状态和结果。如果用来修饰句子的谓语动词或整个句子，则应用副词形式。
【品悟】 Exhausted， I fell fast asleep.
由于太累了，我很快就睡着了。
Absorbed in writing a letter， he didn’t even look up when I came in.
他在聚精会神地写信，当我进来时他甚至都没有抬头。
【写美】 完成句子/句式升级
① Surprised and happy ， Tony stood up and accepted the prize.
托尼既惊讶又高兴，站起来领奖。
②He spent three days in the wind and snow， tired and hungry .
他又累又饿地在风雪中过了三天。
③ Seriously injured ， some of the passengers were sent to the nearest hospital at once.
因严重受伤，其中有些乘客被立刻送到最近的医院。
④Because she was born into a poor family， Nadia had only two years of schooling.
→ Born into a poor family ， Nadia had only two years of schooling.（动词-ed形式作状语）
维度一：品句填词
根据所给单词的首字母或汉语提示，写出单词的正确形式。
1.He had intended to come to your birthday party， but his mother got ill that day.
2.The sports meeting has already been postponed three times because of bad weather.
3.Many people do not like the idea of experiments on animals.
4.The boss of the restaurant agreed to employ me for a trial period of two months.
5.As is known to all， Guangdong is an important province of South China.
6.A survey conducted （进行） by a famous scientist showed that sitting too long contributes to heart disease.
7.The money she has saved is sufficient （足够） for buying a big apartment for her family.
8.We are surrounded （围绕） by a natural playground just perfect for walking， caving， climbing and cycling.
9.He wants to buy the books in quantity， so the storekeeper will not charge （收费） him much.
10.People were frightened when a deadly （致命的） disease called cholera broke out in the town.
维度二：词形转换
用所给单词的正确形式填空。
1.The man went abroad with the intention （intend） of trying his fortune， but failed at last.
2.For some students studying abroad， cooking is an essential survival （survive） skill.
3.Her menu was so limited （limit） that few customers came to her restaurant.
4.Both sides agreed that our cooperation will be mutually beneficial （benefit） and will help keep regional peace.
5.The statistics are a clear illustration （illustrate） of the point I am trying to make.
6.When I was confused about my life， I was impressed with the wisdom （wise） of my grandfather’s words.
7.Place them in a jam jar， porcelain bowl， or other similar containers （contain）.
8.It is said that the cobra （眼镜蛇） is one of the world’s deadliest （dead） snakes.
维度三：固定搭配和句式
根据汉语及括号内提示完成下列句子。
1.在我看来，是他坚定的决心改变了一切。（强调句）
As far as I’m concerned， it was his strong determination that made a difference .
2.如果没有电，今天的生活将会十分不同。（含蓄虚拟条件句）
Without electricity ， life would be quite different today.
3.学习查词典是小学生必须掌握的一项技能。（refer to）
Learning to refer to a dictionary is a skill that must be mastered by pupils.
4.她是在奥运会上第一位获得金牌的女性运动员。（the＋序数词＋名词＋to do ...）
She was the first female athlete to win the gold medal in the Olympic Games.
5.他躺在那儿，放松得连书都不看。（动词-ed形式短语作状语）
He lay there， too relaxed even to read a book .
维度四：课文语法填空
阅读课文内容，在空白处填入1个适当的单词或括号内单词的正确形式。
Tu Youyou has become the first female Chinese scientist 1. to receive （receive） a Nobel Prize， awarded for her 2. contribution （contribute） to the fight against malaria.In 1969 Tu became head of a team intending 3. to find （find） a cure for malaria.When they failed， Tu didn’t give up.4. Inspired （inspire） by an over 1，600-year-old text， Tu redesigned the experiments.After 190 failures， she succeeded 5. in making qinghao extract that could treat malaria in mice.When there was no research 6. equipment （equip）， they had to extract herbs using household water 7. containers （contain）.They volunteered to test it on themselves to test their results.Their efforts finally paid 8. off .Qinghaosu has since been 9. beneficial （benefit） to many people.In Tu’s Nobel Lecture， she encouraged scientists to further explore the treasure house of traditional Chinese medicine， 10. which will benefit global health care.
Ⅰ.阅读理解
A
At 1：43 a.m.， Bertozzi was awakened by a phone call from a Nobel committee representative who， revealing the significant news， told her， “You have 50 minutes to collect yourself and wait until your life changes.”
Instructed not to share the announcement outside of her tightest inner circle， the first person Bertozzi called was her father， William Bertozzi， a retired physics professor from MIT.“He’s 91 and， of course， he was just overjoyed，” said Bertozzi.“And then he called my sisters for me.One of my sisters and my dad watched it live.”
Bertozzi was recognized for founding the field of biorthogonal chemistry （生物正交化学）， a set of chemical reactions that allow researchers to study molecules （分子） and their interactions in living things without involving natural biological processes.Bertozzi’s lab has been using the new methods to answer basic questions about the role of sugars in biology， to solve practical problems， like developing better tests for infectious diseases， and to create a new medicine that can better target tumors （肿瘤）. “I could not be more delighted that Bertozzi has won the Nobel Prize in Chemistry，” said Stanford President Marc Tessier-Lavigne.“In pioneering the field of biorthogonal chemistry， Bertozzi invented a new way of studying biomolecular processes， one that has helped scientists around the world gain deeper understanding of chemical reactions in living systems.Being a crown jewel in chemistry， her work has had an outstanding real-world impact.The research achievements have been used to study how cells build proteins and other molecules， to develop new cancer medicines， and to produce new materials for energy storage， among many other applications.”
“They call and I’m not even awake ...Starbucks isn’t even open yet，” she exclaimed while in her pajamas at her kitchen table.By 3 a.m.， Bertozzi had nearly three dozen voicemails.“This is how it’s going to be all day.This is insane，” she said.“Maybe I should cancel meetings.”
Pausing between interviews about two hours later to check her messages， Bertozzi said， “My family has already booked their flights to Stockholm.It’s amazing.Go back to sleep！”
语篇解读：本文是一篇记叙文。凌晨，Bertozzi接到电话被告知获得了诺贝尔奖。文章介绍了她研究的内容，斯坦福大学校长对她的评价以及她接受采访时的情景。
1.Why was a call made to Bertozzi at midnight？（ ）
A.To warn her of some emergency.
B.To inform her of winning the prize.
C.To prepare for a meeting.
D.To collect things to visit her relatives.
解析：B 细节理解题。根据第一段和下文内容可知，凌晨1点43分，Bertozzi被诺贝尔委员会代表的电话吵醒，这个电话通知Bertozzi获奖了。
2.What does Bertozzi’s lab use the new methods to do？（ ）
A.Develop a new drug for cancer.
B.Produce more nutritious sugars.
C.Separate biology from chemistry.
D.Find cures for infectious diseases.
解析：A 细节理解题。根据第三段中的Bertozzi’s lab has been using the new methods to answer basic questions about the role of sugars in biology， to solve practical problems可知，Bertozzi的实验室运用这些新方法来开发一种治疗癌症的新药。
3.What does the underlined part “a crown jewel” in Paragraph 4 refer to？（ ）
A.The king’s treasure.
B.The universal focus.
C.The most complex part.
D.The most valuable breakthrough.
解析：D 词义猜测题。根据第四段最后一句描述研究成果的后续使用方向可推知，她的发现非常有价值。由此可知，画线部分所在句子意为“作为化学界最有价值的突破，她的工作在现实世界中产生了显著的影响”，a crown jewel意为“最有价值的突破”。
4.What kind of person is Bertozzi？（ ）
A.Courageous and quiet.
B.Creative and generous.
C.Wise and hard-working.
D.Pioneering and humorous.
解析：D 推理判断题。根据第三段中Bertozzi was recognized for founding the field of biorthogonal chemistry可知，Bertozzi因创立生物正交化学领域而受到认可；根据第四段中In pioneering the field of biorthogonal chemistry， Bertozzi invented a new way of studying biomolecular processes可知，Bertozzi发明了一种研究生物分子过程的新方法，由此推知Bertozzi是有开拓性的；根据第五段对Bertozzi的采访及最后一段中“My family has ...Go back to sleep！”可知，她是幽默的。
B
Sofia Kovalevskaya was born in Moscow， Russia， in 1850.As a young child， Kovalevskaya was attracted to the unusual wallpaper on the wall of a room in the family house： the lecture notes of Mikhail Ostrogradsky on differential and integral calculus （微积分）.
Although her father provided her with private teachers， he would not allow her to study abroad for further education， and Russian universities would not then admit women.Kovalevskaya wanted to continue her studies in mathematics， so she found a solution： to get married to a young student， Vladimir Kovalevsky.This allowed her to leave Russia and continue her studies.
The pair traveled together to Austria and then to Germany， where in 1869 Kovalevskaya studied at Heidelberg University.The following year she moved to Berlin to study with Karl Weierstrass privately， as the university in Berlin would not allow any women to attend classes.In 1874， she presented three papers to the University of Gottingen and was awarded a doctoral degree.Her paper on partial differential equations （偏微分方程） won her valuable recognition within the European mathematical community.
Having received her degree， she returned to Russia with her husband.However， they were unable to find the academic positions they desired.So Kovalevskaya returned to Berlin.In 1883， she became a lecturer in mathematics at Stockholm University.
In 1888 she was awarded the Prix Bordin of the French Academy of Sciences for research now called the Kovalevskaya Top.She also won a prize from the Swedish Academy of Sciences in 1889， and that same year was appointed （任命） to a chair at the university — the first woman appointed to a chair at a modern European university.She was also elected to the Russian Academy of Sciences as a member that same year.
Kovalevskaya was also known as a writer and a supporter of women’s rights.She composed novels， plays， and essays， including the autobiographical novel A Russian Childhood and Nihilist Girl， a story of her life in Russia.
语篇解读：本文是一篇记叙文。文章介绍了俄国数学家Sofia Kovalevskaya。
5.What can be learned about young Kovalevskaya？（ ）
A.She received public education. B.She was addicted to mathematics.
C.She showed interest in wallpaper. D.She had no support from her father.
解析：B 细节理解题。根据第一段第二句和第二段中Kovalevskaya wanted to continue her studies in mathematics可知，小时候的Kovalevskaya痴迷于学习数学。
6.What happened to Kovalevskaya in the 1870s？（ ）
A.She got married to a young student. B.She was noted in the academic world.
C.She studied at Heidelberg University. D.She worked with Karl Weierstrass in Berlin.
解析：B 细节理解题。根据第三段最后两句可知，在1874年，Kovalevskaya关于偏微分方程的论文使她获得了欧洲数学界的认可。
7.What does Paragraph 5 mainly say about Kovalevskaya？（ ）
A.Her goal. B.Her research.
C.Her problems. D.Her achievements.
解析：D 段落大意题。根据第五段内容可知，本段主要介绍了Kovalevskaya所获得的奖项及荣誉，即主要介绍了她的成就。本段中的chair意为“大学教授的职位”。
8.Which of the following can best describe Kovalevskaya？（ ）
A.Creative and generous. B.Patient and productive.
C.Positive and considerate. D.Talented and determined.
解析：D 推理判断题。通读全文可知，Kovalevskaya不仅极具天赋，而且在追求数学的道路上意志坚定，不畏困难、不惧挑战，最终取得成功。
C
Role models are important for inspiring scientists， but new research suggests that scientists who are known for their hard work are more encouraging than scientists who are viewed as naturally brilliant.
In a series of studies， researchers found that young people were more motivated by scientists whose success was connected with efforts than those whose success was because of natural intelligence， even if that scientist was Albert Einstein.
Danfei Hu， a doctoral student at Pennsylvania State University， and Janet N.Ann， an assistant professor of psychology at William Paterson University， said the findings — recently published in Basic and Applied Social Psychology — will help deal with the certain secret about what it takes to succeed in science.
According to the researchers， there is concern in the science community with the number of students who run after careers in science during school only to drop out of those career paths once they graduate from college.To help solve the problem， Hu and Ann wanted to research role models， who give the students specific goals， behaviour or strategies they can follow.
The researchers performed studies with 176 and 162 participants in each study respectively.In the first study， all participants read the same story about common struggles a scientist met in his science career.However， half were told the story was about Einstein， while half were told it was about Thomas Edison.Although the stories are the same， participants were more likely to believe natural brilliance was the reason for Einstein’s success.In addition， the participants who believed the story was about Edison were more motivated to complete a series of maths problems.
“This proved that people generally seem to view Einstein as a genius， with his success commonly linked to extraordinary talent，” Hu said.“Edison， on the other hand， is known for failing more than 1，000 times when trying to create the light bulb， and his success is linked to his efforts.” Hu added， “Knowing that something great can be achieved through hard work and efforts， more students will step into the science career confidently.”
语篇解读：本文是一篇说明文。文章阐述了依靠勤奋和努力而成功的科学家比天生才华横溢的科学家更能鼓舞人心。
9.What kind of scientist is more encouraging？（ ）
A.Those who are famous around the world.
B.Those who are famous for their hard work.
C.Those who are viewed as naturally brilliant.
D.Those who are viewed as great inventors.
解析：B 细节理解题。根据第一段中的but new research suggests that scientists who are known for their hard work are more encouraging than scientists who are viewed as naturally brilliant可知，那些以勤奋努力而闻名的科学家比那些天生才华横溢的科学家更能激励人心。
10.What is the concern in the science community？（ ）
A.Fewer students will work on science.
B.The students will drop out of school soon.
C.There are fewer role models for students to follow.
D.Some scientists cannot give students specific goals.
解析：A 细节理解题。根据第四段中的there is concern in the science community with the number of students who run after careers in science during school only to drop out of those career paths once they graduate from college可知，很多在校期间追求科学事业的学生在大学毕业后就放弃了从事与科学相关的事业，也就是说从事科学事业的学生会更少，而这正是科学界所担忧的事情。
11.Why were some participants motivated to complete a series of maths problems？（ ）
A.They knew the problems were given by Edison.
B.They believed they were as intelligent as Einstein.
C.They believed they could solve the problems by working hard.
D.They knew they were to work together with Einstein and Edison.
解析：C 推理判断题。根据第五段第一句可知，参与者完成一系列的数学题是受到爱迪生的故事的鼓舞；再根据最后一段中的关键句Edison， on the other hand， is known for failing more than 1，000 times when trying to create the light bulb， and his success is linked to his efforts.可知，爱迪生在尝试发明灯泡时失败了1000多次，他的成功与他的努力有关。综合得知，这些受到爱迪生故事鼓舞的参与者相信通过努力和勤奋可以解决问题，所以他们才有动力去完成一系列数学题。
12.What is the best title for the text？ （ ）
A.Einstein’s Success Story B.Edison’s Achievements Are Greater
C.How to Be a Great Scientist D.Einstein Is Less Encouraging than Edison
解析：D 标题归纳题。第一段点明本文主旨，再结合下文内容可知，本文主要阐述的是那些以勤奋努力而闻名的科学家比那些天生才华横溢的科学家更能激励人心。D项中的Einstein代指天生才华横溢的科学家，Edison代指以勤奋努力而闻名的科学家，即“天生才华横溢的科学家不如以勤奋努力而闻名的科学家鼓舞人心”，因此，D项最能概括文章主旨，适合作文章标题。
Ⅱ.阅读七选五
Qualities of a Good Scientist
The qualities of a good scientist may vary to some extent with different specialties.But， every scientist needs to have a good foundation in science classes throughout high school and college， along with a good understanding of math.13.（ ）.
Two of the most common characteristics of scientists are curiosity and patience.14.（ ）， and they want to learn what makes everything work.Their curiosity keeps them going， heading to the next project and the next experiment.They must also have the patience to experience the years of work that might be required to make a discovery in a scientific field.A sense of optimism keeps a scientist performing experiment after experiment， even if most of them fail.15.（ ）.They require patience to repeat experiments many times to prove results.
16.（ ）， noticing even tiny observations and remembering and recording them.Their minds tend to be analytical （分析的）， and they can collect and store data in an efficient way so it can be recalled later.They usually have facts and guesses from several fields and experiments so that they can be put together in different combinations （组合） to answer questions or provide direction for research.
Being open-minded is important for successful people in science careers.A good scientist will accept whatever result his or her work has.A scientist will also not give wrong results or shade an experiment to get the expected outcome.17.（ ）， even when they have different opinions from his or her own.
A.Scientists can help and support one another
B.He or she will accept the solutions of others
C.Scientists need to pay more attention to details
D.Scientists are curious about the world around them
E.They build on the work of scientists from past generations
F.These basic classes give you a good start toward a career in science
G.Scientists know that failed experiments provide answers as often as successful ones do
语篇解读：本文是一篇说明文。文章介绍了好科学家应该具备的一些品质。
13.F 上文指出一位好科学家的品质可能因为专业不同而在某种程度上有所不同，但每一位科学家都需要在高中和大学的科学课上打好基础，同时对数学有好的领悟力。由此可知，打好科学基础对从事科学事业的人来说很重要。F项中的These basic classes指代上文中的science classes。
14.D 本段指出科学家最普遍的两个品质是有好奇心和耐心。根据空后的they want to learn what makes everything work可知，科学家对他们周围的世界很好奇。D项中的curious与上文中的curiosity是原词复现关系，空后的they指代D项中的Scientists。
15.G 上文指出即使大多数实验都失败了，乐观主义也能让科学家不断地进行实验，下文指出科学家要有耐心多次重做实验以证明结果。由此可知，空处应该与失败的实验给科学家带来的好处相关。G项中的failed experiments呼应上文中的experiment after experiment和most of them fail。
16.C 根据本空后的noticing even tiny observations and remembering and recording them可知，科学家需要更多地关注细节。C项中的details呼应下文中的tiny observations。
17.B 本段指出科学家需要具备的另外一个品质——有包容的心态，愿意接受不同的意见。B项中的He or she指代上文中的A good scientist，且accept与上文中的accept是原词复现关系。shade此处作动词，意为“隐瞒，掩饰”。
6 / 20Section Ⅳ Extended reading & Project & Assessment
The Value of Science
When I was younger， I thought science would make good things for everybody.It was obviously useful； it was good.But then during the war I worked on① the atomic② bomb③.This result of science was obviously very serious—it represented the destruction of people and it put our future at risk④.I had to ask myself， “Is there some evil⑤ involved⑥ in science？”
[1]Put another way⑦， what is the value of the science I had long devoted myself to—the thing I had loved—when I saw what terrible things it could do？ It was a question I had to answer.I thought long and hard about this question， and I will try to answer it in this talk.
[1]句子的主句是what is the value of the science ...；句中when引导时间状语从句，从句中含有一个what引导的宾语从句what terrible things it could do；句中I had long devoted myself to为省略了关系代词that或which的定语从句，修饰先行词science；I had loved为省略了关系代词that或which的定语从句，修饰先行词thing。
[2]The first way in which science is of value is familiar to⑧ everyone： scientific⑨ knowledge enables us to do and make all kinds of things.[3]Of course， if we make good things， it is not only to the credit⑩ of science； it is also to the credit of the moral choice which led us to good work.Scientific knowledge is an enabling power to do either good or bad—but it does not carry instructions on how to apply it.Such power has obvious value—even though the power may be negated by what one does with it.
[2]in which science is of value为“介词＋关系代词”引导的定语从句，修饰先行词way；is of value相当于is valuable。
[3]句中if引导条件状语从句；主句中含有not only ...（but） also ...连接的并列谓语；which引导定语从句，修饰先行词choice。
Another value of science is the intellectual enjoyment it can provide us with.When we look at any question deeply enough， we feel the excitement and mystery coming to us again and again.[4]With more knowledge comes a deeper， more wonderful mystery， inspiring one to look deeper still.Never concerned that the answer may let us down ， with pleasure and confidence we turn over each new stone to find unimagined strangeness leading on to more wonderful questions and mysteries.Thanks to the scientific effort， we have been led to imagine all sorts of things more fantastic than poets and dreamers of the past ever could.
[4]本句是完全倒装句，正常语序是A deeper， more wonderful mystery comes with more knowledge， inspiring one to look deeper still.。句中动词-ing形式短语inspiring one to look deeper still作状语。
[5]I would now like to turn to a third value that science has.The scientist has a lot of experience with ignorance and doubt and uncertainty， and this experience is of very great importance.When a scientist doesn’t know the answer to a problem， he is ignorant.When he has an idea as to what the result is， he is uncertain.[6] And when he is pretty sure of what the result is going to be， he is still in some doubt.
[5]句中含有“a＋序数词＋名词＋that（定语从句）”结构。
[6]句中when引导时间状语从句，从句中what引导宾语从句，作介词of的宾语。
[7]Now， we scientists take it for granted that it is perfectly possible to live and not know.But our freedom to doubt was born out of a deep and strong struggle against authority in the early days of science.In order to progress， we must not forget the importance of this struggle； we must recognize our ignorance and leave room for doubt.Permit us to question—to doubt—to not be sure.
[8]It is our responsibility as scientists， knowing the great progress that is the fruit of freedom of thought， to declare the value of this freedom； to teach how doubt is not to be feared but to be welcomed and discussed； and to demand this freedom as our duty to all coming generations .
[7]第一个it作形式宾语，that引导的从句作真正的宾语；第二个it作形式主语，动词不定式短语to live and not know作真正的主语。
[8]句首It作形式主语，真正的主语是三个并列的动词不定式短语。knowing the great progress that is the fruit of freedom of thought是动词-ing形式短语作原因状语，其中that引导定语从句。
（Adapted from a public lecture by Richard Feynman， an American scientist who won the Nobel Prize in Physics in 1965）
【读文清障】
①work on 从事，致力于
②atomic adj.原子能的；原子的
③bomb n.炸弹；核武器 vt.轰炸
the atomic bomb 原子弹
④put ...at risk 使……处于危险中
[同义] put ...in danger
⑤evil n.罪恶，罪行；害处，坏处
adj.恶毒的；有害的；恶魔的
⑥involve vt.包含；牵涉，影响；（使）参加
be/get involved in 卷入；专注于
⑦put another way 换句话说
[同义] in other words
⑧be familiar to sb 为某人所熟悉
be familiar with ...精通……；熟悉……
⑨scientific adj.科学的，关于科学的；细致严谨的
scientific knowledge 科学知识
⑩credit n.赞扬，认可；信用
vt.存入金额；把……归于
to the credit of ...归功于……
moral adj.道德的；道义上的；品行端正的 n.品行，道德；寓意
morally adv.道德上地
morality n.道德；道义；道德准则
the moral choice 道德选择
apply vt.& vi.应用；申请；涂；有关
apply to ...适应……；适用于……
apply （to ...） for ...（向……）申请……
application n.应用，运用；申请，申请表；涂抹，敷用
applicant n.申请人
negate vt.取消，使无效；否认，否定
negative adj.否定的；消极的；负的
n.否定；否定词；拒绝
intellectual adj.脑力的；有才智的，智力发达的 n.知识分子，脑力劳动者
the intellectual enjoyment 智力的享受
mystery n.神秘；神秘的人（或事物）；悬疑作品
mysterious adj.神秘的；奇怪的；诡异的
let sb down 使某人失望
unimagined strangeness 意想不到的奇妙
ignorance n.无知
ignorant adj.无知的，愚昧的
ignore vt.忽视；对……不予理会
as to 关于，至于
[近义] as for
take it for granted 想当然地认为，认为……是理所当然
take sb/sth for granted
对……不予重视，不把……当回事
freedom n.自由
freedom to do sth 做某事的自由
be born out of 因为……而成立
authority n.权威，权力；官方
the authority 当局；主管部门
leave/make room for 给……留空间
permit vt.& vi.允许，准许，许可；使有可能 n.许可证
permit sb to do sth 允许某人做某事
permit doing sth 允许做某事
responsibility n.责任，负责；职责，义务
responsible adj.负责的；尽责的
declare vt.表明，宣称；公布，宣布；申报
declaration n.公告，宣告，宣言；声明
coming generations后世，后代
【参考译文】
科学的价值
在我还很年轻的时候，我以为科学会给每个人都带来好处。科学显然是有用的，有好的一面。但随后在战争期间，我从事了原子弹的研究。这个科学的成果又明摆着有很大危险性——它意味着人的毁灭，并使我们的未来岌岌可危。我不得不问自己：“科学里是不是有罪恶？”
换言之，在我发现科学可能造成的恶果之后，我一直投身其中的科学，我曾经的挚爱，价值何在？这是一个我不得不回答的问题。关于这个问题，我苦思冥想了很久，我将试着在这次演讲中给出解答。
科学体现价值的第一种方式对每个人而言都耳熟能详：科学知识让我们能够做各种各样的事，造不同种类的东西。当然，如果我们做了善事，不仅归功于科学，还归功于引导我们行善的道德选择。科学知识是一种让我们可以行善也可以作恶的力量——但是该如何运用，它并未自带说明书。这样的力量其价值显而易见，尽管，这力量会因某人用它所做的事而被否定。
科学的另一种价值在于它能够给予我们以智力的享受。当我们足够深入地探究某个问题时，我们会感到兴奋和神秘不断地扑面而来。随新知而来的是更深刻、更精妙的奥秘，激励我们更深入地去探究。我们从不担心答案可能会令人失望，总是快乐而自信地开始每一次新探索，发现一些意想不到、稀奇古怪的东西，随之而来的是更加奇妙的问题与奥秘。有赖于在科学上付出的努力，我们在其引领下构想出形形色色的东西，远比过去任何一位诗人和梦想家的想象更加美妙。
现在，我要说到科学的第三种价值。科学家经常会经历无知、疑惑和不确定，而这种经历是十分重要的。当科学家不知道某个问题的答案时，他是无知的。当他对于结果是什么有主意时，他是不确定的。当他非常确信结果将会怎样时，他仍旧有所怀疑。
现在，我们科学家理所当然地认为，人类生而有所不知是完全有可能的。但是我们怀疑的自由，脱胎于早年间科学为对抗权威展开的深刻而强硬的斗争。为了进步，我们切不可忘记这场斗争的重要性；我们必须认识到自己的无知，并且为怀疑留出一席之地。要允许我们提问——怀疑——不确定。
作为科学家，我们明白巨大进步源于思想自由，因此，我们有责任声明这一自由的价值；有责任教育人们不必害怕疑惑，而要欢迎疑惑、讨论疑惑；有责任强烈要求这一自由，这就是我们对后世的义务。
（改编自1965年诺贝尔物理学奖得主、美国科学家理查德·费曼的公开演讲）
第一步：析架构，理文本脉络
Read the passage quickly and fill in the blanks with suitable words.
第二步：精读文，达明察秋毫
Read the passage carefully and choose the best answer.
1.How did the author introduce the topic？（ ）
A.By asking a question. B.By making a comparison.
C.By giving an example. D.By quoting a famous saying.
2.What can we learn from the third paragraph？（ ）
A.Scientific knowledge always enables us to do good things.
B.Scientific knowledge always enables us to do bad things.
C.Scientific knowledge enables us to do good things or bad things.
D.Scientific knowledge always tells us how to apply it.
3.The fourth paragraph tells us that .（ ）
A.science can’t provide us with much intellectual enjoyment
B.more scientific knowledge can make us look deeper
C.science can’t offer us some pleasure and confidence
D.we can’t imagine more fantastic than some poets
4.Which of the following is NOT true according to the passage？（ ）
A.We shouldn’t doubt anything all the time. B.We shouldn’t fear doubts.
C.Freedom of thought should be encouraged. D.Scientists should question something bravely.
5.What can we infer from the passage？（ ）
A.Everything has two sides. B.All is progressing.
C.Authority is science. D.Science can change everything.
答案：1－5 ACBAA
第三步：通词句，学语言表达
1.词汇学习——循规律，记单词
（1）名词后缀-ance表示性质或状态
①ignore v.忽视；对……不予理会→ignorance n.无知
②guide v.指导，指引→guidance n.指导，引导
③appear v.出现；看来，似乎→appearance n.外表，外貌
④perform v.表演；执行→performance n.表演；表现
（2）名词后缀-dom表示状态、领域或者某某集体
①free adj.自由的→freedom n.自由
②bore vt.使厌烦→boredom n.厌烦，厌倦
③king n.国王→kingdom n.王国
2.美句欣赏——赏佳句，品用法
排比句往往给人以一气呵成之感，节奏感强，增强语言气势，加强表达效果，多用于说理或抒情。用排比说理，可以把论点阐述得更严密，更透彻；用排比抒情可以把情感抒发得淋漓尽致。
请从课文中找出有关排比的句子。
In order to progress， we must not forget the importance of this struggle； we must recognize our ignorance and leave room for doubt.Permit us to question—to doubt—to not be sure.
Part Ⅰ 核心词汇集释
involve vt.包含；牵涉，影响；（使）参加
【教材原句】 I had to ask myself， “Is there some evil involved in science？”
我不得不问自己：“科学里是不是有罪恶？”
【用法】
（1）involve sb in （doing） sth 使某人参与（做）某事；使某人牵扯到某事中 involve doing sth 包括做某事；需要做某事 （2）involved adj. 复杂的；有牵连的；有关联的 be/get involved in 参与；卷入；与……有关联 be/get involved with sb/sth 与某人混在一起/和某事有密切联系
【佳句】 As well as studying hard， I’ve been involved in social activities.
努力学习之余，我还参加了一些社交活动。
【点津】 形容词involved作前置定语时，意为“复杂的”；作后置定语时，意为“涉及的”。
an involved sentence一个复杂的句子
the people involved所涉及的人
【练透】 单句语法填空
①Don’t involve me in solving your problems！
②The test will involve answering （answer） some questions about a photo.
③All who participated have gained a positive outcome from getting involved （involve）.
④There was a lot of work involved （involve） in setting up the festival.
【写美】 句式升级
⑤I get involved in volunteer work， so I have learned a lot.
→ Involved in volunteer work ， I have learned a lot.（动词-ed形式短语作状语）
credit n.赞扬，认可；信用；贷款，借款 vt.存入金额；把……归于
【教材原句】 Of course， if we make good things， it is not only to the credit of science； it is also to the credit of the moral choice which led us to good work.
当然，如果我们做了善事，不仅归功于科学，还归功于引导我们行善的道德选择。
【用法】
（1）to one’s credit 某人值得赞扬/钦佩 do sb/sth credit＝do credit to sb/sth 某人/某物值得赞扬 （2）on credit 赊账 （3）credit A with B/credit B to A 认为B是A的功劳；把B归于A
【佳句】 Your honesty does your great credit.
你的诚实值得大大表扬。
Much of the team’s success can be credited to their manager.
这个团队的成功很大程度上归功于他们的经理。
【练透】 单句语法填空
①The merchant has sold goods on credit， but from this time he will sell only for cash.
②The company is credited with inventing the industrial robot.
③The teacher’s fairness to all her students does credit to her.
【写美】 完成句子
④ Much to his credit ， he has grown to be a responsible person.
特别值得赞扬的是，他已经成长为一个有责任心的人。
let sb down 使某人失望；辜负
【教材原句】 Never concerned that the answer may let us down， with pleasure and confidence we turn over each new stone to find unimagined strangeness leading on to more wonderful questions and mysteries.
我们从不担心答案可能会令人失望，总是快乐而自信地开始每一次新探索，发现一些意想不到、稀奇古怪的东西，随之而来的是更加奇妙的问题与奥秘。
【用法】
let out 发出（叫声等） let alone 更不用说 let go 放开；松手 let out 泄露（秘密）；发生 let sb off 放过/不惩罚某人 let sb alone 不管/不干涉某人 let sth/sb in/out 让某物/某人进来/出去
【佳句】 Don’t worry， Mum.I won’t let you down.
妈妈，不要担心。我不会让你失望的。
【练透】 单句语法填空
①I’ll let him off this time but next time he’ll be punished.
②I’m counting on you to make it—don’t let me down .
③It remains unknown who let out the secret.
【写美】 完成句子
④I hardly had time to think these days， let alone relax .
这些天我几乎没时间思考，更不用说休息了。
permit vt.& vi.允许，准许，许可；使有可能 n.许可证
【教材原句】 Permit us to question—to doubt—to not be sure.
要允许我们提问——怀疑——不确定。
【用法】
（1）permit sb to do sth 允许某人做某事 permit doing sth 允许做某事 （2）permission n.[U] 允许，许可 with/without permission 获得/未经允许 ask sb for permission 请求某人许可
【佳句】 No one is permitted to go into the building at present.
现在不允许任何人进入这座大楼。
【点津】 动词permit的常见用法有permit doing sth和permit sb to do sth。用法类似的动词还有allow、forbid、 advise、 encourage等。
【练透】 单句语法填空
①If time permits （permit）， I may go hiking with my friends.
②Passengers are permitted to carry （carry） only one piece of luggage onto the plane.
③The owners don’t permit parking （park） cars in front of the shops.
【写美】 句式升级
④ Time permitting， I may go hiking with my friends. （把句①改为独立主格结构）
⑤ Parking cars isn’t permitted in front of the shops. （把句③改为被动语态）
declare vt.表明，宣称；公布，宣布；申报
【教材原句】 It is our responsibility as scientists， knowing the great progress that is the fruit of freedom of thought， to declare the value of this freedom ...
作为科学家，我们明白巨大进步源于思想自由，因此，我们有责任声明这一自由的价值……
【用法】
declare war （on） （向……）宣战 declare sb/sth （as/to be）＋名词/形容词 宣布某人/物为…… declare sth/that ... 宣布…… declare for/against ... 赞成/反对…… It is/was declared that ... 据宣布……
【佳句】 Hearing the drama festival declared open， all the students burst into cheers.
听到戏剧节宣布开幕，所有的学生都欢呼起来。
【练透】 单句语法填空
①Angry residents have declared war on the owners of the nearby factories.
②All the citizens declared for garbage-sorting to better protect the environment.
③The suspect was declared to be （be） guilty by the court.
【写美】 完成句子
④ He declares that he is in love with this beautiful town.
他声称他爱上了这个美丽的小城镇。
put forward 提出，提议，建议；推举；往前拨（钟表指针）；将……提前
【教材原句】 He put forward the theory of evolution by natural selection and published On the Origin of Species in 1859.他提出了自然选择进化论，并在1859年发表了《物种起源》一书。
【用法】
put up 张贴（布告等）；举起；搭建；留宿；提高（价钱） put off 推迟，延期 put on 穿上，戴上；上演 put out 熄灭，扑灭；伸出 put down 放下；记下；批评；镇压 put away 把……收起来，储存 put up with 忍受；容忍
【佳句】 Who put forward a theory about black holes？谁提出了黑洞理论？
【练透】 用put的相关短语填空
①We will put off the picnic until next week，when the weather may be better.
②Just as the saying goes， “Far water doesn’t put out near fire.”
③A week before Earth Day， posters were put up around our school，calling upon us to join in the actions for a greener Earth.
【写美】 完成句子
④My watch was slow so I put it forward three minutes .
我的表慢了，所以我把它往前拨了三分钟。
Part Ⅱ 中频词汇特训
ignorance n.无知
【教材原句】 The scientist has a lot of experience with ignorance and doubt and uncertainty， and this experience is of very great importance.科学家经常会经历无知、疑惑和不确定，而这种经历是十分重要的。
【用法】
（1）be in ignorance of sth不知某事，对某事不了解 out of ignorance 出于无知 （2）ignorant adj. 无知的，不了解的，愚昧的 be ignorant of/about sth 不知道某事 be ignorant that ... 不知道…… （3）ignore vt. 忽视；对……不予理会
【佳句】 He is in ignorance of his serious illness now； that is to say， he is ignorant about the danger.He shouldn’t ignore the doctor’s advice and keep staying up.
他现在不知道自己严重的病情，也就是说，他不知道那个危险。他不应忽视医生的劝告，继续熬夜。
【点津】 ignore表示“装作不知道，故意不理睬”；be ignorant表示“不知道，没意识到”。
【练透】 单句语法填空
①How much， though？ How ignorant （ignore） are we？ The question of what we know and do not know constantly bothered me.
②You should not ignore （ignorance） your mistakes if you want to make greater progress.
【写美】 一句多译
③他不知道父母为他创造一个良好学习氛围的良苦用心。
→He was ignorant of/about his parents’ intention of creating a good study atmosphere for study.（ignorant）
→He was in ignorance of his parents’ intention of creating a good study atmosphere for study.（ignorance）
responsibility n.责任，负责；职责，义务
【教材原句】 It is our responsibility as scientists， knowing the great progress that is the fruit of freedom of thought， to declare the value of this freedom ...
作为科学家，我们明白巨大进步源于思想自由，因此，我们有责任声明这一自由的价值……
【用法】
（1）take responsibility for sth 对某事负责 a sense of responsibility 责任感 It is one’s responsibility to do sth 做某事是某人的职责 （2）responsible adj. 负责的；有责任的 be responsible for 对……负责
【佳句】 From my point of view， it’s our responsibility to spread traditional Chinese culture to foreigners.
就我个人而言，向外国人传播中国传统文化是我们的责任。（应用文写作之传统文化）
【练透】 单句语法填空
①We are supposed to be responsible for our own behaviours and try our best to protect the environment.
②I realize that being a grown-up not only means more freedom， but also more responsibilities （responsible）.
【写美】 完成句子
③Firstly， doing housework is helpful for us to be a responsible person .
首先，做家务有助于我们成为一个负责任的人。
Part Ⅲ 重点句型解构
句型公式：way作先行词的定语从句
【教材原句】 The first way in which science is of value is familiar to everyone： scientific knowledge enables us to do and make all kinds of things.科学体现价值的第一种方式对每个人而言都耳熟能详：科学知识让我们能够做各种各样的事，造不同种类的东西。
【用法】
句中in which science is of value是in which引导的定语从句，修饰先行词The first way。此时，关系代词也可以用that，也可以省略关系代词。 （1）way表示“方式；方法”时，其后常接in which或that引导的定语从句，也可以将关系词in which或that省略，此时关系词在从句中作状语。 （2）way后接定语从句时，如果关系词在从句中作主语或宾语，则用关系代词that或which，作宾语时可以省略，作主语时不可省略。 （3）way表示“方式；方法”时，其后还可接动词不定式或of doing sth形式。
【品悟】 Of course， when new technology changes the way （that/in which） we live， it can be a scary prospect.当然，当新技术改变我们的生活方式时，这可能是一个可怕的前景。
【写美】 完成句子
①To be honest， we admired the way （in which/that） he solved the problem .
诚实地说，我们钦佩他解决那个问题的方式。
② The way （that/which） you thought of to solve the problem was good.
你想出的这个解决问题的方法很好。
③The way that/which came up at the meeting was unpractical.
会议上提出的方式是不切实际的。
④It was because of John’s bright idea and the way he carried out that made a great difference in Bernard’s life.
正是因为约翰聪明的想法和他执行的方式使伯纳德的生活发生了巨大的变化。
句型公式：what 引导宾语从句
【教材原句】 And when he is pretty sure of what the result is going to be， he is still in some doubt.
当他非常确信结果将会怎样时，他仍旧有所怀疑。
【用法】
句中介词of后接一个what引导的宾语从句what the result is going to be。what意为“……的东西或事情”。介词后常跟what、 which、 who、 whom、 when、 where、 how、whether等引导的宾语从句，但不能接if引导的宾语从句。 （1）动词短语中的介词后不能直接跟that引导的宾语从句，需要接it作介词的形式宾语，再接that引导的宾语从句。 （2）what可以引导主语从句、表语从句、宾语从句和同位语从句。what在从句中可以作主语、宾语、表语等。
【品悟】 Standards of beauty in the media can have a big influence on what you think of your physical appearance.媒体的审美标准会对你如何看待自己的外表产生很大影响。
【写美】 完成句子/句型升级
①My father came down and demanded to know what was going on .
我父亲（从楼上）下来要求知道正在发生什么事情。
② What we can do is to wait for a proper chance.
我们所能做的就是等待一个合适的机会。
③We are talking about whether we admit students into our club or not .
我们正在讨论是否准许学生加入我们的俱乐部。
④The boy is too young to know what to do in trouble.
→The boy is too young to know what he should do in trouble. （宾语从句）
句型公式：it作形式宾语
【教材原句】 Now， we scientists take it for granted that it is perfectly possible to live and not know.
现在，我们科学家理所当然地认为，人类生而有所不知是完全有可能的。
【用法】
句中it作形式宾语，that引导的从句作真正的宾语。当动词不定式（短语）、动词-ing形式（短语）或从句作宾语时，为了保持句子结构的平衡，常用it作形式宾语，而将真正的宾语后置。此时的it无词义。常用it作形式宾语的动词有feel、 consider、 find、 believe、 make、 take、 imagine、 prove、 think、 suppose、 regard、 notice等。 （1）it作形式宾语，代替动词不定式（短语）。 （2）it作形式宾语，代替动词-ing形式（短语）。 当动词-ing形式（短语）作真正的宾语时，其宾语补足语通常是no use、 no good、 a waste、 hard work等。 （3）it作形式宾语，代替从句。 ①在一些习惯用法中，it 在hate、 like、 love、 appreciate、 enjoy、 take、have等动词后作形式宾语，代替其后的宾语从句。 ②在一些特殊结构中，用it作形式宾语。 rely on/depend on it that ...信赖/依靠…… take it for granted that ...认为……是理所当然的
【品悟】 I think it possible to master a foreign language well with hard work.
我认为通过努力学习，掌握好一门外语是可能的。
【写美】 完成句子
①I think it no use discussing the matter again.
我认为再讨论此事没有用处了。
②You can depend/rely on it that I will help you when you are in trouble.
你可以相信，当你遇到麻烦时，我会帮助你的。
③He seemed to take it for granted that he should speak as a representative.
他似乎想当然地认为他应该以代表的身份发言。
④Do you consider it any good trying again？
你认为再试一次会有好处吗？
⑤I feel it pleasant to work with you.
我觉得与你共事是件令人愉快的事。
⑥You’d better master some basic Chinese in advance， which makes it easy for you to adjust to the new life in Beijing .
你最好提前掌握一些基础的汉语，这使你容易适应在北京的新生活。
维度一：品句填词
根据所给单词的首字母或汉语提示，写出单词的正确形式。
1.It is much to her credit that Mary continued to work in spite of all the difficulties.
2.Every one has the freedom of speech and meanwhile he/she should obey the laws.
3.I think we have a moral responsibility to help these people who are in trouble.
4.On the island， cars， buses and bikes are not permitted there.
5.I’m applying for a part-time job at a foreign company during the summer vacation.
6.We have time and time again declared （声明） that we will never be the first to use nuclear weapons.
7.It’s the love and responsibility （责任） that have driven him to get through many hardships and survive.
8.We believe the time and hard work involved （牵涉） in completing such an important project are worthwhile.
维度二：词形转换
用所给单词的正确形式填空。
1.He could not escape from his responsibility （responsible） in the accident.
2.At the international school they have pupils of different nationalities （nation）.
3.All our results are published in scientific （science） journals.
4.It was his ignorance （ignore） that led to a terrible fire， which burned down the building.
5.Due to the application （apply） of this medical technology， some diseases can be treated at the early stage.
6.The article was reproduced by the special permission （permit） of the President.
维度三：固定搭配和句式
根据汉语及括号内提示完成下列句子。
1.我们将要做什么还没有决定下来。（名词性从句）
What we will do hasn’t been decided.
2.小女孩的建议很有价值，我们最好仔细考虑一下。 （“of＋抽象名词”结构）
The little girl’s advice is of great value and we’d better think it over.
3.他发现要及时完成这项工作很困难。（it作形式宾语）
He found it very difficult to finish the work in time.
4.他在会议上提出的建议值得考虑。（put forward）
The suggestion he put forward at the meeting is worth considering.
维度四：课文语法填空
阅读课文内容，在空白处填入1个适当的单词或括号内单词的正确形式。
When the author was younger， he thought science was 1. obviously （obvious） useful.But during the war， it represented the 2. destruction （destroy） of people.“Is there some evil 3. involved （involve） in science？” The author asked himself.
Science has three 4. values （value）.The first way in which science is 5. of value is familiar to us—enables us to do and make all kinds of things.Another value is the intellectual enjoyment it can provide us with.The third is the 6. freedom （free） of doubt，7. which is born out of a deep and strong struggle against authority.But scientists take 8. it for granted that it is perfectly possible to live and not know.9. To teach （teach） how doubt is not to be feared but to be welcomed and discussed， and to ensure the freedom for all coming generations are scientists’ 10. responsibilities （responsible）.
Ⅰ.阅读理解
In the summer of 1885， nine-year-old Joseph Meister was very ill.He had been wounded by a sick dog that had rabies （狂犬病）， a very dangerous disease.His parents were told that there was probably only one man who could save Joseph’s life — Louis Pasteur.
When Pasteur was a young boy in France， he spent many hours every day with the chemist （药剂师） who lived in his small town.At that time， the chemist had to make all the medicines himself.Young Louis enjoyed watching the chemist as he worked and helped those people who came to him each day.
As a schoolboy， Pasteur worked slowly and carefully.At first， his teachers thought that young Louis might be a slow learner.Through elementary school， high school， and college， Pasteur worked in the same thoughtful way.Then he became a college professor and a scientist， and he continued to work very carefully.
Pasteur was studying about the germs （细菌） that cause rabies when Joseph Meister became ill.In fact， Pasteur believed he had a medical treatment for rabies， but he had never given it to a person before.At first， Pasteur was afraid to treat Joseph， but the poor child was dying.Pasteur gave Joseph an inoculation （预防接种） every day for ten days.Slowly， the child became better.
During his lifetime， Pasteur studied germs and learnt how they cause diseases in animals and people.He developed vaccinations （疫苗接种） that prevented many of these diseases.On 28 September 1895， Louis Pasteur passed away， at the age of 72.The work of this great man has been of great help to modern medicine.
语篇解读：本文是一篇记叙文。文章主要介绍了路易斯·巴斯德的生平和他对现代医学作出的巨大贡献。
1.What’s the purpose of the given story of Joseph Meister？（ ）
A.To express the author’s sadness.
B.To introduce the subject of the text.
C.To show some common diseases in 1885.
D.To warn children to stay away from dogs.
解析：B 目的意图题。根据第一段可知，约瑟夫被患狂犬病的狗咬伤后病情严重，他的父母得知只有路易斯·巴斯德能治疗这种病。下文则展开对路易斯·巴斯德的介绍。由此推断，第一段讲述约瑟夫的故事是为了引出文章主题，即向人们介绍路易斯·巴斯德以及他为现代医学作出的巨大贡献。
2.What do we know about young Louis according to the text？（ ）
A.He was once badly hurt by a dog.
B.He was very interested in medicine.
C.He made a living by working for a chemist.
D.He had been thought highly of by his teachers.
解析：B 细节理解题。根据第二段最后一句Young Louis enjoyed watching the chemist as he worked and helped those people who came to him each day.可知，路易斯·巴斯德小时候喜欢看药剂师工作，即他对医学很感兴趣。
3.What can we learn from Paragraph 3？（ ）
A.Louis Pasteur was always patient.
B.Louis Pasteur was clever but proud.
C.Louis Pasteur was a slow learner.
D.Louis Pasteur was a humorous professor.
解析：A 细节理解题。根据第三段第一句As a schoolboy， Pasteur worked slowly and carefully.和最后一句中he continued to work very carefully可知，路易斯·巴斯德做事缓慢且仔细，非常有耐心。
4.Which would be the best title for the text？（ ）
A.Germs and Diseases
B.Rabies： A Terrible Disease
C.The Earliest Chemist in France
D.Louis Pasteur： A Great Scientist
解析：D 标题归纳题。通读全文尤其根据文章末句The work of this great man has been of great help to modern medicine.可知，本文主要介绍了法国著名的微生物学家、科学家路易斯·巴斯德的生平以及他对现代医学作出的巨大贡献。因此，D项最适合作本文标题。
Ⅱ.阅读七选五
While reviewing the literature in your research area， you may find that there aren’t too many journal articles.5.（ ） Actually the global search output increases every year by about 2.5 million new journal articles.What should you do if you fail to find relevant studies in your research area？ These tips may help you get a head-start on your literature review.
Explore them in depth.
Having a limited number of references might work to your benefit.6.（ ） In addition， with few sources in your specific research area， it’s possible that you could find limitations in the existing literature and use them to build or strengthen your own research question.
7.（ ）
You may have drawn very strict mental limits around your research question.If so， you cannot see other relevant research areas.Assuming that your research question is about studying whether plastic can be made compostable （可降解的）， you could begin with looking into more environment-friendly plastic.This will not only help with more relevant reading， but also place your specific research question in a broader way.
Make sure you use the right keywords.
One of the problems in your search for relevant sources could be unclear or unrelated keywords.Your keywords should be well defined and specifically targeted to the research papers you are looking for.This will indicate the relevance of those terms in your field.8.（ ）
Ask for help.
9.（ ） Start by approaching the librarian at your university and ask him/her if your library has ordered the journal you need.You could also ask a professor， or a senior colleague.Having gone through a similar difficulty as the one you are currently facing， they’ll surely have a few tricks up their sleeve.
A.Broaden your search area.
B.But this might not be the case.
C.Narrow down your research question.
D.Most keywords are beneficial to your review.
E.If all else fails， then don’t hesitate to turn to others.
F.It will also shine some light on whether you should be more precise.
G.You can get a short but comprehensive list of articles to explore in great detail.
语篇解读：本文是一篇说明文。文章主要介绍了如何搜索出与你研究领域有关的参考文献。
5.B 上文说明没有发现太多文献。B项（但事实可能并非如此）承接上文，表示对上文的否定，引出下文，说明实际上文献是很多的。
6.G 根据小标题Explore them in depth.和空前一句建议限制参考文限的数量可知，G项（你可以获得一个简短但全面的文章列表来详细地探索）承接上文，对探索文献给出更详细的建议。
7.A 下文建议扩大搜索范围，能找到相关文献。A项（扩大搜索范围）概括了本段主题：以更广泛的方式搜索研究文献。
8.F 上文说明准确的关键词可以帮助寻找相关文献。F项（它还将为你是否应该更精确提供一些启示）承接上文，继续说明关键词所起的作用。
9.E 本段小标题Ask for help.说明要寻求帮助。所填句承接小标题。E项（如果所有其他方法都失败了，那么不要犹豫，向别人求助）建议向别人求助，引出下文具体介绍怎样向别人求助。
Ⅲ.完形填空
Historic tornadoes （龙卷风） swept across six states in December 2021， leaving mass destruction in their paths.The morning after the deadly 10 passed through， Katie Posten of New Albany， Indiana， was 11 to step outside and see no damage in her area.
As she headed to her car， she spotted a piece of 12 stuck to the window.Once she saw what it was， she knew it had to be a memento （纪念品） that someone would 13 .
The photograph in her hand showed a woman holding a child in her lap.On the back， the 14 caption （文字说明） read， “Gertie Swatzell & J.D.Swatzell 1942.”
“Seeing the 15 ， I realized that it was likely from a 16 hit by a tornado，” Katie said.
Hoping to get the photo back to its owner， Katie 17 Facebook.Her post was shared widely across Facebook， and it didn’t take long for someone to 18 the last name written on the back of the picture.Cole Swatzell was tagged （被标记）， and he soon 19 to say the photo belongs to his family in Dawson Springs， Kentucky.That means the photo traveled more than 150 miles to land on Katie’s car！
Katie said she’s thankful the social media platform was able to 20 her with the Swatzell family， and she 21 getting the picture back to them.
Best of all， she’s not the only one helping 22 ！ A Facebook page was set up 23 to reunite （重聚） people with belongings lost during the storms， which has helped hundreds of people 24 their beloved items.
语篇解读：本文是一篇新闻报道。风暴过后，一位女士通过社交网络归还她捡到的照片。
10.A.waves B.storms
C.diseases D.earthquakes
解析：B 上句中的tornadoes提示本空选storms，属于同义词复现。
11.A.confused B.excited
C.shocked D.relieved
解析：D 根据空后的step outside and see no damage in her area可知，当Katie走出屋外，发现自己所在的区域没有受损时，她松了一口气。
12.A.paper B.wood
C.cloth D.tape
解析：A 根据下段中的The photograph in her hand可知，贴在车玻璃上的是一张纸。
13.A.buy B.find
C.miss D.prepare
解析：C 根据空前的a memento和下文中对照片的介绍可知，Katie知道这一定是一张会令人想念的照片。
14.A.handwritten B.detailed
C.funny D.new
解析：A 根据本句中的Gertie Swatzell & J.D.Swatzell 1942.和第五段中的the last name written on the back of the picture可知，这一文字说明是手写在那张照片后面的。read写着。
15.A.praise B.answer
C.advice D.date
解析：D 上段中的1942提示本空选date。
16.A.home B.park
C.garden D.zoo
解析：A 看到日期后，Katie意识到它是一张有纪念意义的照片；结合照片内容及其文字说明可知，它很可能来自一个被龙卷风袭击过的家庭。
17.A.joined B.downloaded
C.turned to D.benefited from
解析：C 根据下句中的Her post was shared widely across Facebook可知，为了把照片还给失主，Katie求助于Facebook，即在Facebook上发帖求助。
18.A.click B.recognize
C.show D.remember
解析：B 根据下句中的Cole Swatzell was tagged可知，没过多久，就有人认出了写在照片背面的姓，于是Cole Swatzell被标记了，即被联络上了。注：在Facebook中被标记后，这条标记自己的帖子就会出现在自己的个人主页。
19.A.regretted B.refused
C.continued D.commented
解析：D 根据空后的to say the photo belongs to his family可知，Cole Swatzell 随后（在帖子中）评论说那张照片属于他的家人。
20.A.equip B.exchange
C.connect D.comfort
解析：C 根据空前的she’s thankful the social media platform并结合上文中Katie通过Facebook与Cole Swatzell取得联系可知，Katie表示，她很感激社交媒体平台能够让她与Swatzell一家取得联系。
21.A.faces up to B.comes up with
C.looks forward to D.steps away from
解析：C 根据上段首句中的Hoping to get the photo back to its owner可知，Katie期待着把照片还给他们。
22.A.relatives B.enemies
C.neighbours D.strangers
解析：D 根据上文内容可知，Katie通过社交媒体平台联系到Swatzell一家，因此他们一开始并不认识，是陌生人。
23.A.specifically B.secretly
C.seasonally D.suddenly
解析：A 根据下文中的during the storms， which has helped hundreds of people 24 their beloved items可知，该Facebook页面是在这几场风暴过后专门设立的，以便帮人们找回在风暴中丢失的物品。specifically特意，专门地。
24.A.repair B.recover
C.record D.research
解析：B 上半句中的reunite （重聚） people with belongings lost during the storms提示本空选recover。recover找回，寻回。
Ⅳ.读后续写
阅读下面材料，根据其内容和所给段落开头语续写两段，使之构成一篇完整的短文。
Little Todd liked to dress up as a superhero.In school， Todd didn’t feel heroic.Even though his mother had been a teacher who loved books， reading was difficult for him.He was scolded for asking too many questions， and was told that he wasn’t a good student.
Todd’s mom disagreed.She told him he was gifted and had something big to offer the world.“You could do anything，” she said.He hoped she was right.Todd studied hard， graduated from school， and got a job.At work， Todd discovered that he liked helping others.But then his mother died， and he became the one who needed help to get through sad times.He missed her terribly.
Memories of his mom teaching neighbourhood kids how to read gave Todd an idea.He cut up an old door and hammered （捶打） the pieces together to make a tiny one-room library.He positioned books inside， put a sign on the front， and placed the little library in his yard.Now he could share his mother’s love of reading with anyone who passed by.There was just one problem ...Very few people passed by.
One day， during a yard sale， Todd’s neighbours noticed his creation.Todd told them about his mom.People loved his story.It reminded them of ordinary heroes they knew.
Soon， neighbours who had never met before were gathered around， chatting like old friends.They took books.They gave books.The little library became the center of their neighbourhood.
Todd felt his box of books had potential.He called up his friend Rick， who was always full of great ideas.Rick thought that they could build thousands of little boxes！ Like Andrew Carnegie， who once built 2，510 libraries！ They could take trips！ Like Lutie Stearns， who brought traveling libraries all over Wisconsin！
“Wait a minute！” Todd said.Andrew Carnegie was a wealthy businessman.Lutie Stearns was a trained librarian.The two of them were just ordinary guys.And they were particularly low on cash.
How many libraries could two ordinary guys create？ How far could ordinary people spread an idea？
注意：1.续写词数应为150左右；
2.请按如下格式作答。
Todd and Rick agreed on one thing — they wanted to find out.
Todd and Rick decided that if people wouldn’t come and get the little libraries， they’d bring the libraries to the people.
参考范文：
Todd and Rick agreed on one thing — they wanted to find out.For months they recycled， designed， hammered and painted.They learned important skills， such as how to recycle a farm building， how to pick out a piece of wood， and how to make family members believe that cutting wood and painting were fun.The team lined up their finished masterpieces and waited for the crowds.But ...crowds didn’t come.Only one person bought a little library.The freshly built libraries sat.And sat.And sat.The team’s spirits dropped lower as they waited.
Todd and Rick decided that if people wouldn’t come and get the little libraries， they’d bring the libraries to the people.Out they went with thirty little libraries， placing them in three surrounding cities.Just like at the yard sale， people gathered around.They borrowed and shared books.People recommended the little libraries to those around them.It was working！ A radio interview spread the word about the little free libraries.Then a national TV show introduced their idea.Over the next year， four hundred little libraries sprang up across the country.Todd and Rick’s dream of spreading the joy of reading became a reality.
1 / 20单元素养提升
◇本单元语法学了什么内容？ ◇自我评价
◇本单元写作练了哪个方面？
回顾单元知识·提高语言能力
一、核心单词写对
1. republic n. 共和国，共和政体
2. broad adj. 广泛的；宽阔的，广阔的；概括的；开阔的
3. trial n. 试用，试验；审讯，审判；考验
vi.& vt. 测试，试验
4. conduct vt.& vi. 组织，实施；指挥；引导；举止
5. politician n. 政治家，从政者；投机钻营者
6. theory n. 学说，论；原理；看法，意见
7. thunderstorm n. 雷雨，雷暴
8. metal n. 金属
9. standout adj. 突出的
n. 突出的人（或物）
10. bomb n. 炸弹；核武器
vt. 轰炸
11. credit n. 赞扬，认可；信用
vt. 存入金额；把……归于
12. negate vt. 取消，使无效；否认，否定
13. authority n. 权威，权力；官方
14. marriage n. 结婚，婚姻；已婚状态
Ⅰ.根据所给单词的首字母或汉语提示，写出单词的正确形式
1.One in seven accidents is caused by sleepy drivers.
2.Last month， my close friend， Li Hua， persuaded me to join in his journey to Zhejiang Province .
3.She is allergic to household dust， so she often wears a hat when cleaning the house.
4.Thank you for furnishing me with so many data I need on my research.
5.There are some programming errors （错误） that need correction.
6.It was an unpopular decision to postpone （延迟） building the new hospital.
7.Many people do not like the idea of experiments （实验） on animals.
8.The phone won’t work if it isn’t charged （充电） up in time.
9.We must try to preserve the best of our moral （道德的） values for our children and grandchildren.
10.Our research is being published （出版；发表） in a well-known medical journal.
二、拓展词汇用活
1. deadly adj.致命的；十足的，彻底的→dead adj.死亡的；死的
2. survival n.生存，存活；残存物，幸存事物→survive vi.生存，存活 vt.幸存，幸免于难→survivor n.幸存者
3. intend vt.& vi.想要，计划；意指→intention n.目的，意图，打算→intended adj.打算的；设计的
4. limited adj.有限的→limit vt.限制 n.限度；限制→limitation n.限制
5. container n.容器；集装箱，货柜→contain vt.包含，含有
6. sufficient adj.足够的，充足的→sufficiency n.足量，充足
7. wisdom n.智慧，知识，学问；才智；明智→wise adj.充满智慧的；英明的
8. beneficial adj.有益的，有用的→benefit n.益处，好处 v.获益
9. illustrate vt.说明，解释；加插图于→illustration n.（书、杂志等中的）图表，插图；图解；图示；例释
10. surround vt.围绕，环绕；包围；与……紧密相关→surrounding adj.周围的，附近的→surroundings n.环境；周围的事物
11. indicate vt.表明；暗示；提及；指出→indication n.表明；标示；显示；象征
12. intelligent adj.有才智的，聪明的；有智力的→intelligence n.智力；聪明；智能
13. favour vt.较喜欢；偏袒；有助于 n.帮助，好事；赞同；偏袒→favourable adj.赞成的；有利的
14. electricity n.电，电能→electrical adj.与电有关的→electric adj.电的，发电的，电动的→electronic adj.电子的
15. scientific adj.科学的，关于科学的；细致严谨的→science n.科学→scientist n.科学家
16. apply vt.& vi.应用；申请；涂；有关→application n.应用，运用；申请，申请表；涂抹，外敷→applicant n.申请人
17. ignorance n.无知→ignore vt.忽视；对……不予理会→ignorant adj.无知的，愚昧的
18. freedom n.自由→free adj.自由的
19. permit vt.& vi.允许，准许，许可；使有可能 n.许可证→permission n.允许，许可
20. responsibility n.责任，负责；职责，义务→responsible adj.负责的；尽责的
21. declare vt.表明，宣称；公布，宣布；申报→declaration n.宣言；公布
22. nationality n.国籍；民族→nation n.民族；国家；国民→national adj.民族的；国家的；国民的
Ⅱ.用括号内所给单词的正确形式填空
1.With the intention of becoming famous and rich， many ordinary people intend to take part in some TV shows， which are intended to find good singers.（intend）
2.Luckily， the boy survived the terrible car crash last week and he was the only survivor of the accident.（survive）
3.The natural resources we have are limited.Therefore， we have no reason to waste the precious resources without limit .（limit）
4.Everyone knows the benefit of learning English and if you learn it well， it will be beneficial to your future career.It is reported that many graduates have benefited from having a good command of English.（benefit）
5.Even if you have a permit ， I won’t permit you to enter the hall without her permission .（permit）
6.We’ll be responsible for your safety and you need to take responsibility for your actions.（responsible）
7.Britain is a developed nation and its national flower is rose.Peter， my colleague， holds British nationality .（nation）
8.It’s declared that the two countries have agreed to stop the conflict.They must obey the declaration for ever.（declare）
9.Owing to ignorance of traffic laws， some drivers usually ignore the speed limit.（ignore）
10.All the applicants can apply in person or by letter and at the same time should hand in their applications before 6 May.（apply）
11.The current situation is in our favour.That is to say， the current situation is favourable to us.（favour）
12.This is a glass container.You can clearly see what it contains .（contain）
三、重点短语用准
1. refer to 查阅，参考；提到，谈及
2. give up 放弃
3. large amounts of 许多，大量
4. be likely to 很可能
5. speed up （使）加速
6. pay off 成功，奏效，达到目的
7. through trial and error 反复试验
8. draw on 利用
9. by accident 偶然，意外地
10. far from 远离；远非；完全不
11. be known for 因……而出名
12. go through 经历；经受；仔细检查；完成；通过；用完
13. make a contribution to 对……做贡献
14. with a bang 很成功；引人注目，有强烈影响
15. devote oneself to 献身于；致力于
16. let sb down 使某人失望
17. as to 关于，至于
18. take it for granted 想当然地认为，认为……是理所当然
19. put forward 提出，提议，建议
Ⅲ.选用上面短语的适当形式填空
1. Speed up your pace and try to arrive there on time.
2.Middle school students often refer to this dictionary when they meet with new words.
3.No one has come up with a definitive answer as to why this should be so.
4.All of you present are welcome to put forward your views.
5.During the experiment， she discovered the problem by accident .
6.The school year started off with a bang when I was named class president.
7.If you still keep silent， I will take it for granted that you imply agreement.
8.Nobody taught him and he actually learnt by himself through trial and error .
9.I’ll have to draw on my savings to afford it.
10.Did he give up or keep on trying？
11.Everyone should make a contribution to protecting the environment.
四、经典句式写美
1.句型公式：the＋序数词＋名词＋to do ...
教材原句：Tu Youyou has become the first female scientist of the People’s Republic of China to receive a Nobel Prize （中华人民共和国第一位获得诺贝尔奖的女科学家）， awarded for her contribution to the fight against malaria， one of the deadliest diseases in human history.
2.句型公式：形容词化的动词-ed形式作状语
教材原句： Born in 1930， in Ningbo， Zhejiang Province （1930年，出生于浙江宁波）， Tu studied medicine at university in Beijing between 1951 and 1955.
3.句型公式：it作形式主语
教材原句：However， it was hard to produce enough qinghao extract for large trials （很难制造出足够的青蒿提取物用于大规模试验） because research resources were limited.
4.句型公式：动词-ing形式短语作定语
教材原句：Perhaps the next generation of scientists， drawing on the wisdom of traditional Chinese medicine （借鉴中医的智慧）， will indeed discover more medicines beneficial to global health care.
5.句型公式：It was not until ...that ...
教材原句：However， it was not until the 1970s that （直到20世纪70年代） Tu succeeded in discovering qinghaosu， after many failed experiments.
6.句型公式：way作先行词的定语从句
教材原句： The first way in which （第一种方式） science is of value is familiar to everyone： scientific knowledge enables us to do and make all kinds of things.
7.句型公式：what 引导宾语从句
教材原句：And when he is pretty sure of what the result is going to be （结果将会怎样）， he is still in some doubt.
8.句型公式：it作形式宾语
教材原句：Now， we scientists take it for granted that （理所当然地认为） it is perfectly possible to live and not know.
Ⅳ.翻译句子
1.在1973年，他成了世界上第一个种植高产水稻的农业先驱。
In 1973， he became the first agricultural pioneer in the world to grow rice that has a high output.
2.一时间她默不作声，陷入沉思。
She was silent for a while， lost in thought.
3.养成早睡早起的习惯是重要的。
It is important to form the habit of going to bed and rising early.
4.有标志提醒人们在公共场所禁止吸烟。
There are signs reminding people to limit smoking in public places.
5.直到昨晚12点钟我父亲才回家。
It was not until 12 o’clock last night that my father came home.
6.今晚的节目集中讨论破裂家庭如何影响年轻一代。
Tonight’s program focuses on the way in which/that broken families affect the young.
7.经过许多天的航行之后，他们到达了如今被称为非洲的地方。
After many days’ voyage， they arrived in what is called Africa nowadays.
8.他没有给我回信，我感到很奇怪。
I felt it strange that he didn’t reply to me.
整合话题元素·增强思维品质
夯实素材储备·注重续写体验
环境描写 ①lightning n.闪电 ②thunderstorm n.雷雨，雷暴 ③bang n.突然的巨响；猛敲，猛击 vi.& vt.砸；砰地关上；猛摔；碰撞
人物描写 ①evil n.罪恶，罪行；害处，坏处 adj.恶毒的；有害的；恶魔的 ②marriage n.结婚，婚姻；已婚状态
动作描写 ①surround vt.围绕，环绕；包围；与……紧密相关 ②let sb down使某人失望 ③permit vt.& vi.允许，准许，许可；使有可能 n.许可证 ④put forward提出，提议，建议
其他 household adj.家庭的，家用的，家务的 n.一家人，家庭
一、连词成句
根据教材语料中所给词汇及汉语提示翻译下列句子。
1.一天晚上，汤姆被闪电和雷雨惊醒了。（环境描写；被动语态）
One night， Tom was awakened by the lightning and thunderstorm.
2.当他经过父母的卧室时，听到他们在争论。（动作描写；非谓语动词）
As he passed his parents’ bedroom，he heard them quarreling.
3.他的父亲提出让汤姆长大后当一名官员，然而妈妈坚持让他当一名教师。（动词-ing形式的复合结构；并列句）
His father put forward Tom’s being an official when he grew up， but his mother insisted that he be a teacher.
4.这让汤姆心情很不好，愤怒和沮丧包裹着他。（情感描写；独立主格结构）
This made Tom feel very bad， anger and frustration surrounding him.
5.他打开门，来到院子里。大约过了一个小时，天空中出现了一些星星。慢慢地，他平静了下来。（环境描写）
He opened the door and went into the yard.After about an hour，some stars appeared in the sky.Slowly， he calmed down.
6.他对自己说：“一切都会好起来的，我的未来我做主。我的物理很好，我会做一名物理科学家，为国家的强大尽自己的微薄之力。我是这个家庭的希望，我不会让父母失望的。” （心理描写）
He said to himself， “Everything will be all right.I am the master of my future.My physics is very good.I will be a physics scientist and make a contribution to the strength of the country.I am the hope of the household and I won’t let my parents down.”
二、连句成文
用适当的过渡词将上面的句子合并成一个小语段。
One night， Tom was awakened by the lightning and thunderstorm.As he passed his parents’ bedroom， he heard them quarreling.His father put forward Tom’s being an official when he grew up， but his mother insisted that he be a teacher.This made Tom feel very bad， anger and frustration surrounding him.He opened the door and went into the yard.After about an hour， some stars appeared in the sky.Slowly， he calmed down.He said to himself，“Everything will be all right.I am the master of my future.My physics is very good.I will be a physics scientist and make a contribution to the strength of the country.I am the hope of the household and I won’t let my parents down.”
7 / 7Section Ⅱ Grammar and usage
动词-ed形式作定语、状语和宾语补足语
阅读下列句子并思考加蓝部分的用法。
1.The results indicated that something produced by the mould had killed the bacteria.
2.Surprised by this， Fleming performed some tests.
3.When I began to sing， he laughed and made me embarrassed.
4.Seen from a distance， the mountain looks like a lion.
5.David had some flowers sent to Mary on her birthday.
6.She sat in the chair with her eyes closed， enjoying the music.
7.As Louis Pasteur said， “Fortune favours the prepared mind.”
8.He was intelligent and experienced enough to notice its potential， and his hard work and determination helped get its mass production started.
【我的发现】
（1）句 1 和句 7 中动词-ed形式（短语）作定语。单个动词-ed形式作 前置 定语，而动词-ed形式短语作定语时往往作 后置 定语。
（2）句 2 和句 4 中动词-ed形式短语作 状语 ，在意义上相当于一个状语从句。
（3）句3、5、6和8中动词-ed形式（短语）作 宾语补足语 。
一、动词-ed形式作定语
1.动词-ed形式作定语时的位置
（1）前置定语：一般情况下，单个动词-ed形式作前置定语，常置于被修饰词之前。
We needed much more qualified workers.
我们需要更多合格的工人。
Polluted air and water are harmful to people’s health.
污染了的空气和水对人们的健康有害。
名师点津
少数单个动词的-ed形式，如left，只能作后置定语。
Among the people invited were some ladies.
被邀请的人中，有一些是女士。
The books left are for my students.
剩下的书是给我的学生们的。
（2）后置定语：动词-ed形式短语作定语时，往往作后置定语，常置于被修饰词之后，它的作用相当于一个定语从句。
The student dressed in white is my daughter.
＝The student who is dressed in white is my daughter.
穿白色衣服的学生是我的女儿。
The meeting，attended by a lot of people，was a success.
＝The meeting，which was attended by a lot of people， was a success.
这次会议有很多人出席，开得很成功。
2.动词-ed形式作定语时的意义
及物动词的-ed形式作定语，通常既表示已经完成，又可以表示被动的意义；不及物动词的-ed形式作定语，常表示已经发生的动作。
The plan put forward at the meeting will be carried out soon.（表示被动和完成）
会上提出的计划将很快被执行。
Our retired soccer coach went to watch us play a game last week.（表示已经发生）
上周，我们已退休的足球教练去看我们打了一场比赛。
3.动词-ed形式与动词-ing形式作定语时的区别
（1）语态上不同：动词-ing形式表示主动意义，动词-ed形式多表示被动意义。
The young man playing the piano on stage is from Shanghai Conservatory of Music.
在台上弹钢琴的那个年轻人来自上海音乐学院。
The question raised at the meeting yesterday was of great importance.
昨天会议上提出的那个问题很重要。
（2）时间关系上不同：动词-ing形式表示正在进行的动作，而动词-ed形式表示已经完成的动作。
On the other hand， I hope to broaden my horizons in this developed country.
另一方面，我希望在这个发达国家拓宽我的视野。
As is known to us， China is a developing country.
众所周知，中国是一个发展中国家。
4.动词-ed形式（done）、动词-ing形式的被动语态（being done）与动词不定式的被动语态（to be done）作定语时的区别
意义 形式 语态 时态
done 被动 完成
being done 被动 正在进行
to be done 被动 尚未发生
The building built last year is our teaching building.
去年建造的大楼是我们的教学楼。
The building being built now is our teaching building.
现在正在建造的大楼是我们的教学楼。
The building to be built next month is our teaching building.
下个月将要建造的大楼是我们的教学楼。
【即时演练1】 单句语法填空/句型转换
①The problems discussed （discuss） yesterday had nothing to do with him.
②We often see an old man sweeping the fallen （fall） leaves when we pass the building.
③The cars being sold （sell） at the market now are made in Beijing.
④Tsinghua University， founded （found） in 1911， is home to a great number of outstanding figures.
⑤The oldest castle which was built by the Norman rulers in Windsor locates nearby.
→The oldest castle built by the Norman rulers in Windsor locates nearby.（动词-ed形式短语作定语）
二、动词-ed形式作状语
动词-ed形式作状语，其逻辑主语与句子主语一致，动词-ed形式所表示的动作与主语之间是逻辑上的动宾关系。动词-ed形式作状语可以表示时间、原因、条件等，有时可与连词一起使用。
1.动词-ed形式作状语时的语法意义
动词-ed形式作状语表示被动或完成，其逻辑主语为主句的主语，且与主句主语之间构成逻辑上的动宾关系。
Written in a hurry， this article was not so good.
因为写得匆忙，这篇文章不是很好。
2.动词-ed形式作状语时的句法功能
（1）动词-ed形式作时间状语，通常放在句首，在句中相当于一个时间状语从句。
Asked about his address （＝When he was asked about his address）， the boy didn’t respond.
问及他的地址时，小男孩没有回答。
（2）动词-ed形式作原因状语，一般置于句首，在句中相当于一个原因状语从句。
Annoyed at the decision（＝As he was annoyed at the decision）， he refused to attend the meeting.
由于对这个决定生气，他拒绝参加会议。
（3）动词-ed形式作条件状语，通常放在句首，在句中相当于一个条件状语从句。
Heated to a high temperature （＝If it is heated to a high temperature）， water will change into vapor.
如果加热到高温，水就能变成蒸气。
（4）动词-ed形式作让步状语，一般放在句首，有时也放在句末，在句中相当于一个让步状语从句。
Though having been warned of the storm （＝Though they had been warned of the storm），the farmers were still working in the fields.
尽管被警告过有暴风雨，农民们仍然在田地里劳作。
（5）动词-ed形式作方式状语时，一般放在句末，有时也放在句首；动词-ed形式作伴随状语时，通常放在句末。作方式状语或伴随状语时可转换为并列结构。
Followed by a group of students， the teacher entered the classroom.
＝The teacher entered the classroom and he was followed by a group of students.
老师走进教室，后面跟着一群学生。
3.动词-ed形式作状语时的省略
动词-ed形式（短语）作状语时，前面有时可以加上when、 if、 while、 though、 even if、 until、 unless等连词，这种结构可以看作是一种省略的状语从句（省略部分多为“主语＋be的多种形式”）。需要注意的是，省略的主语必须和主句的主语相同或为it。
Even if invited （＝Even if I’m invited）， I won’t take part in the party.
即使受到邀请，我也不会参加那个聚会。
4.动词-ed形式与动词-ing形式作状语的区别
动词-ed形式与主句的主语之间存在逻辑上的动宾关系，即表示被动；动词-ing形式与主句的主语之间存在逻辑上的主谓关系，即表示主动。无论是动词-ing形式还是动词-ed形式，其逻辑主语必须和句子的主语一致。如果不一致，则必须用状语从句、独立主格结构等其他表达形式。
If caught， the police will punish the thief.（×）
If caught， the thief will be punished by the police.（√）
If the thief is caught， the police will punish him/her.（√）
【即时演练2】 用动词-ed形式改写句子
①When he is faced with difficulties， he always keeps calm.
→ Faced with difficulties ， he always keeps calm.
②Because they were deeply moved by the movie， the children began to cry.
→ Deeply moved by the movie ， the children began to cry.
③Tonya was surrounded by the cold sea water， and she shouted crazily for help.
→ Surrounded by the cold sea water ， Tonya shouted crazily for help.
④She sat by the window， and she was lost in thought.
→She sat by the window， lost in thought .
三、动词-ed形式作宾语补足语
作宾语补足语的多是及物动词的-ed形式，说明宾语的状态或性质，与宾语一起构成复合宾语，前面的宾语就是其逻辑主语。
1.动词-ed形式用在表示状态的keep、 leave等词的后面作宾语补足语。
He got up late and hurried to his office， leaving the breakfast untouched.
他起床晚了，没吃早饭就匆忙去办公室了。
2.动词-ed形式用在使役动词have、 get和make的后面作宾语补足语。
（1）“have/get＋宾语＋动词-ed形式”可以表示两种含义，“让别人做某事”或“遭遇到某种不幸”。
Claire had her luggage checked an hour before her plane left.在飞机起飞前一个小时克莱尔让她的行李进行了安检。
While they were on holiday，they had their car broken into.
他们在度假时，他们的汽车被撬开了。
（2）在“make＋宾语＋动词-ed形式”这种结构中，动词-ed形式表示结果。
They managed to make themselves understood by using very simple English.
他们用很简单的英语来使他们自己被理解。
3.在感官动词see、 hear、 notice、 observe、 watch、 feel、 find等后，可用动词-ed形式作宾语补足语，强调被动的状态。
When we saw the road blocked with snow，we decided to spend the holiday at home.当我们看到道路被雪封住后，我们决定在家里过假期。
The next morning people found the world outside their houses completely changed.
第二天早上，人们发现他们房子外面的世界全变了。
4.表示“意愿；命令”的动词，如like、 want、 wish、 expect、 order等可用动词-ed形式作宾语补足语。
The manager ordered the work finished at the end of this week.
经理要求在本周末完成这项工作。
5.动词-ed形式用在“with＋宾语＋宾语补足语”这一复合结构中，动词-ed形式与宾语之间是逻辑上的动宾关系。
The living room is clean and tidy，with a dining table already laid for a meal to be cooked.
客厅既干净又整洁，已摆好了餐桌准备摆放即将做好的饭菜。
John received an invitation to dinner， and with his work finished， he gladly accepted it.
约翰收到一份宴请函而且他的工作做完了，他欣然接受了邀请。
【即时演练3】 完成句子
①In the picture， she kept her hands folded on her lap.
照片中，她双手交叉放在膝上。
②The next morning， the old man found himself covered with an old coat.
第二天早上，老人发现自己身上盖着一件旧外套。
③I have never heard him spoken ill of others.
我从未听到过他说别人的坏话。
④He was trying to make himself understood .
他试图让别人明白他的意思。
⑤ With his homework finished ， Jim went out to play football with other boys.
做完作业后，吉姆和其他男孩出去踢足球了。
surround vt.围绕，环绕；包围；与……紧密相关
【教材原句】 He observed that the bacteria surrounding the mould were dead.
他发现模具旁边的细菌都死了。
【用法】
（1）surround ...with ... 用……包围/环绕…… be surrounded by/with ... 被……包围/环绕 （2）surrounding adj. 周围的；附近的 surroundings n. 环境（常用复数）
【佳句】 To some， happiness is being surrounded by family and friends.对一些人来说，幸福就是有家人和朋友陪伴在自己身边。
In a word， you are welcome to our school and I hope you can adapt to the new surroundings soon.
总之，欢迎你来我们学校并希望你能很快适应新环境。
【点津】 surroundings常用复数形式，表示周围具体的物质环境。
【练透】 单句语法填空
①The original builders surrounded the city with a wall.
②The policemen decided to search the surrounding （surround） area.
③Only in this way can we live in more comfortable and beautiful surroundings （surround）.
【写美】 一句多译
④这个湖被绿树环抱，非常漂亮。
→Green trees surround the lake ， and it is very beautiful.（并列结构）
→ Surrounded by green trees ， the lake is very beautiful.（动词-ed形式短语作状语）
→ With green trees surrounding the lake ， it is very beautiful.（with复合结构）
favour vt.较喜欢；偏袒；有助于 n.帮助，好事；赞同；偏袒
【教材原句】 As Louis Pasteur said， “Fortune favours the prepared mind.”
正如路·巴斯德所说：“幸运垂青于有准备的人。”
【用法】
（1）in favour of 支持，赞同；有利于 in one’s favour 对某人有利 （2）do sb a favour＝do a favour for sb 给某人以恩惠；帮助某人 ask sb a favour＝ask a favour of sb 请某人帮忙 owe sb a favour 欠某人一个人情 （3）favourable adj. 赞同的；有利的；良好的 favourite adj.& n. 特别喜爱（欢）的（东西）
【佳句】 Opportunities and success tend to be in favor of those who are ready.
机遇和成功往往会青睐那些有准备的人。
【练透】 单句语法填空
①I’ll ask Steve to take it.He owes me a favour.
②They decided to postpone the trip until the conditions were more favorable （favor）.
③The exchange rate is in our favour at the moment.
④Most people are in favour of bringing down the housing prices.
【写美】 完成句子
⑤The situation both at home and abroad is in our favour .
国内外的形势都对我们有利。
charge vt.& vi.充电；收费；控告；谴责；使……承担责任；使充满 n.收费；控告；谴责；掌管
【教材原句】 When a thunderstorm approached， the lightning would charge the key.
当雷雨来临时，闪电就会给钥匙充电。
【用法】
（1）charge sb for sth 因某事向某人收费 charge sb with （doing） sth＝accuse sb of （doing） sth 控告某人（做）某事 （2）take charge of 掌管/负责…… in charge of 控制/管理……（主语通常是人） in the charge of＝in sb’s charge 受……的管理；由……负责（主语通常是物） （3）free of charge＝for free 免费
【佳句】 I’m Li Hua， a student who is in charge of the English program “Talk and Talk” of the school radio station.我是李华，是负责学校广播站英语节目“Talk and Talk”的一名学生。
【练透】 单句语法填空
①He was charged with stealing （steal） a car last week.
②We won’t charge customers for on-site parking and provide high-speed Wi-Fi.
③Officially he is in charge， but in fact his secretary does all the work.
【写美】 同义句转换
④The house has been in the charge of Mr Bell for more than a year.
→Mr Bell has been in charge of the house for more than a year.
维度一：基础题型练
单句语法填空。
1.Ordinary soap， used （use） correctly， can deal with bacteria effectively.
2.The meeting held （hold） last night was about safety.
3.When taken （take） according to the directions，the drug has no side effect.
4.Don’t leave that man over there waiting （wait） outside and show him in now.
5. Based （base） on what we have discussed， how do you feel about this job？
6.The surprised （surprise） look showed that she hadn’t known the experiment.
7.John Snow told the story about the astonished （astonish） people in Broad Street.
8.Jim has retired， but he still remembers the happy time spent （spend） with his students.
9. Raised （raise） in the poorest area of Glasgow， he had a long and hard road to becoming a composer.
10.We went to the cinema with the friendly household， filled （fill） with excitement.
维度二：语法与写作
完成句子。
1.She was happy to see her mother taken good care of at her elder sister’s home.
她很高兴看到母亲在她姐姐家里受到很好的照顾。
2. Dressed in a beautiful skirt ， she attended the opening ceremony.
穿着一条漂亮的裙子，她参加了开幕式。
3.I usually have fast food delivered to my office when I am busy.
当我忙的时候，我通常叫快餐送到我的办公室。
4. Compared with other students ， Mary is more determined to achieve her goal.
与其他学生相比，玛丽更有决心实现自己的目标。
5.The Internet keeps us informed of the latest news and also provides entertainment in the house.
互联网使我们在家就能随时了解最新的新闻，而且也为我们提供娱乐。
6.Addicted to computer games， he left much homework unfinished .
沉迷于电脑游戏，他很多作业没有做完。
维度三：语法与语篇
用动词-ed形式完成下面短文。
1. Born in a mountain village （出生在一个山村）， Tom was interested in something involving agriculture.When he was young， he often helped his father with the crops 2. damaged in the heavy rain （在大雨中损坏的）. When he grew up， he was admitted into a famous university， where he majored in agriculture.After graduation， he joined a team 3. set up by an old expert （由一位老专家设立的） with enough professional knowledge.When 4. faced with a natural disaster （面临自然灾害）， some farmers were often helpless.Tom and his team often helped them to 5. have their confidence improved （提高他们的信心）.They also showed them how to save the damaged crops and how to 6. have the production doubled （使产量翻一番）.Most of the local farmers thought highly of the team.7. Praised by these farmers （被这些农民称赞）， Tom worked harder than before.In his opinion， it was his duty to help the farmers out when they got into trouble.
Ⅰ.阅读理解
A
New York City public schools will ban students and teachers from using ChatGPT， a powerful new AI chatbot tool， on the district’s networks and devices， an official confirmed to CNN on Thursday.
The move comes while educators raise concerns that students could use the tool， which generates frighteningly effective responses and even essays in response to user prompts （提示）， to do homework for them.Some also worry that ChatGPT could be used to spread inaccurate （不准确的） information.
“Due to concerns about negative impacts on student learning， and concerns regarding the safety and accuracy of content， access to ChatGPT is restricted on New York City public schools’ networks and devices，” said Jenna Lyle， a spokesperson for New York City’s Department of Education.“While the tool may be able to provide quick and easy answers to questions， it does not build critical-thinking and problem-solving skills， which are essential for academic and lifelong success.”
ChatGPT is able to provide lengthy， thoughtful and detailed responses to questions and prompts， ranging from factual questions like “Who was the president of the United States in 1955？” to more open-ended questions such as “What’s the meaning of life？”
ChatGPT became popular just days after its launch.But many educators fear students will use the tool to cheat.One user， for example， fed ChatGPT an AP English exam question； it responded with a 5-paragraph essay about Wuthering Heights.Another user asked the chatbot to write an essay about the life of William Shakespeare four times； he received a unique version with the same prompt each time.
Darren Hicks， assistant professor of philosophy at Furman University， said it will be harder to prove when a student misuses ChatGPT than with other forms of cheating.“In more traditional forms of plagiarism — stealing or copying another’s work — I can go and find proof，” he said.“In this case， there’s nothing out there that I can point to and say， ‘Here’s the material they took.’”
语篇解读：本文是一篇新闻报道。纽约市公立学校将禁止学生和教师使用ChatGPT， 因为教育工作者担心这一人工智能聊天机器人工具会助长学生作弊和不准确信息的传播。
1.What do educators fear about ChatGPT？（ ）
A.It will lead to students cheating.
B.It will reveal students’ information.
C.It will offer unhealthy content to students.
D.It will result in longer screen time for students.
解析：A 细节理解题。根据第二段内容及第五段第二句可知，教育工作者担心学生会使用ChatGPT来为他们做家庭作业，即会导致学生作弊。
2.What does the underlined word “restricted” in Paragraph 3 most probably mean？（ ）
A.Limited. B.Required.
C.Permitted. D.Recommended.
解析：A 词义猜测题。根据画线词所在句的上半句Due to concerns about negative impacts on student learning， and concerns regarding the safety and accuracy of content并结合第一段内容可知，出于这些担心，纽约市公立学校限制在其网络和设备上访问ChatGPT。画线词restricted与limited意思相近。
3.What do we know about ChatGPT？（ ）
A.It cannot answer open-ended questions.
B.It helps teachers set and correct homework.
C.It makes no mistakes when answering questions.
D.It can offer different essays with the same prompt.
解析：D 细节理解题。根据倒数第二段最后两句Another user asked the chatbot to write an essay about the life of William Shakespeare four times； he received a unique version with the same prompt each time.可知，用户给了ChatGPT四次同样的提示让写有关莎士比亚的文章，每次都能得到不同的版本。
4.What is the best title for the text？（ ）
A.ChatGPT Has Negative Effects on Student Learning
B.ChatGPT Makes Plagiarism More Difficult to Find
C.ChatGPT Surprises People with Its High Intelligence
D.ChatGPT Is Prohibited in New York City Public Schools
解析：D 标题归纳题。通读全文可知，本文主要介绍了纽约市公立学校出于防止学生作弊和传播不准确消息的目的将禁止学生和教师使用ChatGPT。因此，D项最适合作本文标题。
B
（2024·江苏徐州高一期末）Yellow flower carpeted fields are a sure sign of summer.In Denmark alone， more than 200，000 hectares of rapeseed （油菜籽） are planted every year.But until now， the plant has only been used for oil and animal feed， as it is both bitter and unsafe as a direct food source for humans.
To protect themselves， the rapeseed plants produce a group of substances （物质） called glucosinolates （硫苷）， which give the plants a strong and bitter taste that scares off insects and disease.As a result， rapeseed is unhealthy to eat and the rapeseed cake， which is the remains of the seeds after the oil has been squeezed out， has only been used in limited quantities as feed for pigs and chickens， despite its 30－40 per cent protein content.
Now， researchers from the University of Copenhagen have discovered the three proteins that help to store the bitter substances in seeds of thale cress （阿拉伯芥）， a plant closely related to the rapeseed.The new discovery makes it possible to prevent the accumulation （积聚） of these substances in the seed by removing the proteins through “transport engineering” technology.In doing so， the defensive substances remain in all other parts of the plant， allowing it to continue to defend itself.
So far， the researchers have shown that their method works in thale cress.“The next task is to apply our method to the closely related rapeseed plant， which we are now working on，” says Professor Halkier， leader of the research.
“Half of plant proteins in the EU come from rapeseed plants.The climate crisis demands that we reduce meat consumption and eat more plants， which is where rapeseed has great potential as a new source of plant protein.Our latest research results bring us a step closer to making full use of rapeseed，” says Professor Halkier.
语篇解读：本文是一篇说明文。研究发现，通过移除三种蛋白质，油菜籽有可能变得可以被人类食用，并有成为植物蛋白新来源的巨大潜力。
5.What is the function of Paragraph 2？（ ）
A.To state the reason. B.To offer the solution.
C.To give an example. D.To introduce the topic.
解析：A 推理判断题。根据第一段最后一句和第二段内容可知，油菜籽植物会产生一组带有苦味的防御性物质，这使得食用油菜籽不适合作为人类的一种直接食物来源，而油菜籽榨油后的菜籽饼，也只被少量用作猪和鸡的饲料。由此推断，第二段的作用是陈述食用油菜籽苦和不安全的原因。
6.According to the research， how did scientists rid thale cress of its bitter taste？（ ）
A.By selecting better seeds. B.By removing the three proteins.
C.By increasing sweet tastes. D.By storing defensive substances.
解析：B 细节理解题。根据第三段内容可知，哥本哈根大学的研究人员已经发现了三种蛋白质，它们有助于在阿拉伯芥的种子中储存苦味物质，这种新发现使得通过“运输工程”技术去除这三种蛋白质来防止那些苦味物质在种子中的积累成为可能。即科学家们是通过移除阿拉伯芥中的三种蛋白质来去除苦味的。
7.What do Halkier’s words in last paragraph focus on？（ ）
A.Researchers’ efforts to better the taste.
B.Researchers’ progress in their experiment.
C.Rapeseed’s role in relieving climate crisis.
D.Rapeseed’s potential as a new protein source.
解析：D 细节理解题。根据最后一段内容可知，欧盟一半的植物蛋白来自油菜籽植物，而气候危机要求减少肉类消费，多吃植物，这就是油菜籽作为植物蛋白新来源的巨大潜力所在。即Halkier的话集中在油菜籽作为一种新的蛋白质来源的潜力上。
8.Which of the following is a suitable title for this text？（ ）
A.Harmful Proteins Discovered in Rapeseed
B.Rapeseed Widely Used as Oil and Animal Food
C.Researchers Closer to Making Rapeseed Safe Food
D.New Plant Proteins in Rapeseed Finally Uncovered
解析：C 标题归纳题。通读全文，尤其是倒数第二段内容和最后一段中的Our latest research results bring us a step closer to making full use of rapeseed可知，研究人员对阿伯拉芥（一种与油菜籽密切相关的植物）的研究表明，通过移除三种蛋白质，油菜籽有可能变得可以被人类食用，并有成为植物蛋白新来源的巨大潜力。因此，C项（研究人员更接近于使油菜籽成为安全食品）适合作为本文的标题。
Ⅱ.阅读七选五
All TED talks are interesting.The presenters present creative ideas that， in turn， cause us to think further on the issue or topic.One talk that particularly stuck in my mind was How Simple Ideas Lead to Scientific Discoveries by Adam Savage.Known for hosting the show MythBusters on the Discovery Channel， Savage put forward the idea that a scientist who discovers amazing things is no different than any other person.9.（ ） But do not get confused， these scientists are not all philosophers who sit in a room and question everything.They simply witness something during their lifetime and wonder why or how it occurred.
10.（ ）He began his discussion with an appealing tale of a little boy called Richard Feynman who wondered how inertia （惯性） worked， and later told the audience how that one experience led him to win a Nobel Prize in Physics.11.（ ） He also integrated （融入） his points with stories.These tales， not only were great examples， but also maintained the captivation （吸引力） of the audience.
I believe it is key to have passion in what you are discussing.12.（ ） But if you effectively show your ideas and why you have an interest， the audience is more likely to also develop an interest.Savage did an amazing job of this during his speech.
13.（ ） I like to learn new things， but science is not my favourite subject.After watching Savage’s talk， I wanted to learn more about the history of science.
A.I believe that should be all presenters’ goal.
B.He was a lifelong maker of things and curious person.
C.As a liberal arts major， I have little interest in science.
D.The audience may not share your passion in the beginning.
E.The majority of the discoveries that have been made were the results of wonder.
F.Savage then continued to make his points about how most scientific discoveries were found.
G.One of the strongest techniques that Savage used throughout his speech was storytelling.
语篇解读：本文是一篇议论文。Adam Savage的一场TED演讲引发了作者对科学的兴趣。
9.E 上文指出Savage在他的演讲中提到做出惊人发现的科学家与其他人没有什么不同；下文指出这些科学家并不是异想天开、质疑一切，而是对他们看到的事物一探究竟。E项[（科学家的）大多数发现都源于好奇]中的wonder与下文中的wonder是原词复现关系。
10.G 本段介绍Savage如何进行他的演讲。G项（Savage在演讲中使用的最厉害的技巧之一是讲故事）中的storytelling呼应下文中的He began his discussion with an appealing tale of a little boy和He also integrated （融入） his points with stories。
11.F 上文指出Savage在演讲中以一个小男孩的故事开始他的论述，之后指出这个男孩最终获得诺贝尔物理学奖。由此可知，本空与上文内容之间应是顺承关系，具体介绍Savage是如何进行他的演讲。F项（Savage接着继续阐述他关于大多数科学发现是如何被发现的观点）中的his points与下文中的his points是原词复现关系。
12.D 本段介绍如何让观众对你的演讲感兴趣。由此可知，本空与观众对你的演讲所持有的态度有关。D项中的passion与上文中的passion是原词复现关系，且该项中的not share your passion in the beginning呼应下文中的more likely to also develop an interest。
13.C 根据空后一句中的science is not my favourite subject可知，作者对科学不太感兴趣。故C项符合语境。
Ⅲ.完形填空
Dad Joel Wagener is using his newly-founded ice cream business to give back to his community and create a career path for his children.
Wagener started 14 an ice cream truck in April 2021.He bought the used vehicle in January， and soon， a（n） 15 was born.Two of his children 16 on the truck.Son Josh and daughter Mary Kate were both born with Down syndrome （唐氏综合征）， and Wagener quickly 17 that the truck offered a 18 to them as they neared the end of the school system.
“At every stage， with special needs kids， you look towards the future and what’s their 19 going to be like in the next phase，” Wagener explained.“It also becomes more of a（n） 20 for us as parents to say ‘What can we do to help them add some 21 to society？’ That’s very important to us.”
Now， Mary Kate and Josh are having a great time 22 with their dad to sell what they call the best ice cream in America.Wagener said that working alongside his children on the truck has been “the greatest 23 ”.
Since the start of April， the family has sold more than 10，000 delicious treats in the Cincinnati area.Wagener is 24 to expand the business and help even more children with special needs while 25 his mission to help his children.
“As a parent， you have 26 ，” Wagener said.“I don’t know whether they will be totally 27 .But we hope to 28 them in that direction.”
语篇解读：本文是一篇记叙文。爸爸带着两个患有唐氏综合征的孩子在卡车上卖冰激凌，为他们开创一条就业道路。
14.A.operating B.driving
C.repairing D.testing
解析：A 根据上段中的Dad Joel Wagener is using his newly-founded ice cream business可知，Wagener在2021年4月开始在卡车上售卖冰激凌。他在1月买了这辆旧卡车， 不久他的生意就开张了。
15.A.star B.tradition
C.idea D.business
解析：D 参见上题解析。
16.A.spoke up B.cleaned up
C.helped out D.checked out
解析：C 根据上段中的create a career path for his children可知，Wagener用卡车售卖冰激凌，意在为他的孩子们开创一条就业道路。由此可推断，他的两个孩子在卡车上帮忙。这两个孩子都天生患有唐氏综合征，Wagener很快意识到这辆卡车能为他们解决未来的就业问题。
17.A.admitted B.realized
C.decided D.explained
解析：B 参见上题解析。
18.A.future B.treatment
C.deal D.trip
解析：A 参见16题解析。
19.A.society B.family
C.life D.action
解析：C 根据本空前的At every stage， with special needs kids， you look towards the future可知，在照顾有特殊需求的孩子的每个阶段，你都要往前看，想想下一阶段他们的生活会是什么样子。
20.A.achievement B.encouragement
C.opportunity D.responsibility
解析：D 根据本段中的as parents、What can we do to help them add some 21 to society？和倒数第二段中的his mission to help his children可知，Wagener认为作为父母，他们也有更大的责任关注这两个孩子的未来，思考“我们能做些什么来帮助他们为社会贡献一些价值？”
21.A.luck B.value
C.fun D.power
解析：B 参见上题解析。
22.A.competing B.playing
C.working D.sharing
解析：C 根据下文的working alongside his children on the truck可知，Mary Kate和Josh很高兴与爸爸一起在卡车上工作，卖冰激凌。
23.A.joy B.risk
C.need D.example
解析：A 根据本段中的Mary Kate and Josh are having a great time 22 with their dad可知，Wagener和孩子们彼此都喜欢对方的陪伴，Wagener说和孩子们一起工作是最大的快乐。
24.A.happening B.hoping
C.waiting D.hesitating
解析：B 根据本段第一句可知，Wagener开业后卖了一万多个冰激凌，他期望扩大生意，在继续帮助自己的孩子的同时也帮助更多有特殊需求的孩子。
25.A.changing B.planning
C.supporting D.continuing
解析：D 参见上题解析。
26.A.desires B.fears
C.successes D.challenges
解析：A 根据本段最后一句But we hope to 28 them in that direction.可知，Wagener说，作为父母，我们是有愿望的。
27.A.reasonable B.normal
C.independent D.correct
解析：C 根据第一段中的create a career path for his children可知，Wagener帮助孩子们开创一条就业道路，他不知道他们是否能够完全独立，但是他希望推动他们朝这个方向发展。
28.A.control B.move
C.return D.protect
解析：B 参见上题解析。
Ⅳ.语法填空
In 1938， a British engineer and amateur meteorologist （业余的气象学家） made a discovery 29. set off a public discussion on climate change.
Scientists had known for many years that carbon dioxide could trap （吸收） heat and warm 30. planet.But Guy Callendar was the first 31. （connect） human activities to global warming.
He showed that land temperatures 32. （increase） over the previous half-century， and he theorized that people were raising Earth’s temperature by 33. （burn） fossil fuels in fireplaces， 34. （factory） and even his beloved motorcycles.
When Callendar published his findings， many scientists saw 35. （he） as an outsider.But he was right.His theory became 36. （common） known as “the Callendar Effect”.Today， it’s known as global warming.
A theoretical basis for climate change had been developed over the 114 years leading up to Callendar’s research.Scientists including Joseph Fourier， Eunice Newton Foote， John Tyndall 37. Svante Arrhenius had developed an understanding of how water vapor （水蒸气） in the air trapped heat， noted that carbon dioxide also trapped large amounts of heat and thought about how 38. （grow） fossil fuel use could raise the Earth’s temperature and change the climate.However， these scientists spoke only of future possibilities.Callendar showed global warming was already happening.
语篇解读：本文是一篇说明文。1938年，英国工程师盖伊·卡伦德首次提出“全球变暖”的观点，并将人类活动与全球变暖联系起来。
29.that/which 考查关系代词。设空处引导限制性定语从句，修饰先行词discovery，且在从句中作主语。故填that/which。
30.the 考查冠词。the planet特指“地球”。
31.to connect 考查非谓语动词。设空处作后置定语修饰the first。the first to do sth第一个做某事的人。
32.had increased 考查动词的时态。根据语境和时间状语over the previous half-century可知，increase所表示的动作发生在“过去的过去”，应用过去完成时。故填had increased。
33.burning 考查非谓语动词。设空处作介词by的宾语，且people与burn之间是逻辑上的主谓关系。故填burning。
34.factories 考查名词复数。factory意为“工厂”，是可数名词，设空处表示泛指。故填其复数形式factories。
35.him 考查代词。设空处作saw的宾语，表示“他”，应用宾格。故填him。
monly 考查词形转换。设空处作状语，修饰known，应用副词。故填commonly。
37.and 考查连词。根据语境可知，Joseph Fourier、Eunice Newton Foote、John Tyndall和Svante Arrhenius这四位科学家之间是并列关系。故填连词and。
38.growing 考查词形转换。根据语境可知，设空处作定语，修饰名词词组fossil fuel use，意为“越来越多的”。故填growing。
15 / 15UNIT 4 Scientists who changed the world
单元话题导入
本单元以科学家、科学发现和科学精神为话题。课文讲述了几位中外科学家的生平、经历、研究过程和重要贡献，还呈现了一些有趣的科学实验、科学现象、研究发明，并探讨了未来的科学发展趋势、科学的价值等，旨在激发青少年对科学研究的兴趣和好奇心，引导他们思考科学研究的方法，积极开展科学研究，探究科学家的必备品质和科学精神的基本要素。
看图感悟语境，选词填空。
scientist， award， physicist， republic， contribution
1.In 2015， at the age of 85， Tu Youyou became the first female scientist of the People’s Republic of China to receive a Nobel Prize， awarded for her contribution to the fight against malaria， one of the deadliest diseases in human history.
2.Marie Curie was a world-famous physicist and was first awarded the Nobel Prize in 1903 for her extraordinary work on radioactivity.
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