第一部分 介词概述与学习方法
介词是英语中最活跃、最复杂的词类之一,虽然数量不多,但用法极为丰富。在高考英语中,介词短语是必考内容,在单项选择、完形填空、语法填空等题型中频繁出现。掌握好介词用法,对于提高英语综合能力具有重要意义。
介词的学习不能靠死记硬背,而要在理解的基础上进行归纳总结。同一个介词在不同语境中往往有不同的含义和用法,这就需要我们通过大量的例句来体会其细微差别。本手册按照人教版高中英语教材的编排顺序,系统梳理了高频介词短语的搭配与用法,并配以典型例句和高考真题,帮助同学们建立完整的介词知识体系。
第二部分 时间介词
一、at, on, in 表示时间的用法
这三个介词是表示时间最常用的介词,它们的使用有明确的规律可循。at用于表示具体的时刻、时间点;on用于表示具体的某一天或某天的上下午;in用于表示较长的时间段,如年、月、季节、世纪等。
【at 表示时间点的用法】
用法说明 典型例句
具体钟点 at six o'clock(在六点) at 7:30(在七点半)
特定时刻 at noon(在中午) at midnight(在午夜) at dawn(在黎明)
节日时期 at Christmas(在圣诞节期间) at Easter(在复活节)
年龄时刻 at the age of 18(在18岁时) at the time of(在...的时候)
【on 表示具体某天的用法】
用法说明 典型例句
具体日期 on July 4th(在七月四日) on May 1st(在五月一日)
星期几 on Monday(在周一) on Friday afternoon(在周五下午)
特定节日 on Christmas Day(在圣诞节当天) on New Year's Day(在元旦)
特定早晨/下午 on a cold morning(在一个寒冷的早晨) on the night of...(在...的晚上)
【in 表示时间段的用法】
用法说明 典型例句
年份/月份 in 2024(在2024年) in March(在三月) in the 1990s(在20世纪90年代)
季节 in spring(在春天) in winter(在冬天) in early summer(在初夏)
一天中的时段 in the morning(在早上) in the afternoon(在下午) in the evening(在晚上)
一段时间后 in two days(两天后) in a while(一会儿后) in no time(立刻)
★ 特别提醒:
当 morning/afternoon/evening 前有修饰词时,介词要用 on。例如:on a rainy morning(在一个下雨的早晨)、on the evening of June 1st(在六月一日的晚上)。这是高考常考的易错点,务必牢记。
二、其他重要时间介词
1. before 和 after
before 表示“在...之前”,after 表示“在...之后”。这两个介词既可以接时间点,也可以接时间段,还可以接从句。例如:before lunch(午饭前)、after graduation(毕业后)、before he came(在他来之前)。
2. by 和 until
by 表示“在...之前、不迟于”,强调截止时间;until 表示“直到...为止”,强调动作持续的时间。例如:by the end of this month(到本月底之前)、wait until tomorrow(等到明天)。注意:not...until... 是重要句型,表示“直到...才...”。
3. for 和 since
for 后接时间段,表示动作持续了多长时间;since 后接时间点,表示从某时开始一直到现在。这两个介词常与完成时连用。例如:for three years(三年了)、since 2010(自2010年以来)、since I was a child(从我小时候起)。
4. during 和 through
during 表示“在...期间”,强调某事发生在某个时间段内;through 表示“从头到尾经过”,强调贯穿整个过程。例如:during the summer vacation(暑假期间)、work through the night(通宵工作)。
第三部分 地点介词
一、at, on, in 表示地点的用法
表示地点时,这三个介词同样遵循“小大原则”:at 把地点看作一个点;on 表示在某个表面或线上;in 表示在某个空间内部。
介词 用法说明 典型例句
at 把地点看作一个点,如车站、机场、门口等 at the station(在车站) at the door(在门口)
on 在某个表面上,或与线、面接触 on the table(在桌上) on the wall(在墙上)
in 在某个空间内部,如房间、城市、国家等 in the room(在房间里) in China(在中国)
二、方位介词
1. above, over, on 的区别
above 表示“在...上方”,位置高于某物,不一定垂直;over 表示“在...正上方”,垂直在上;on 表示“在...上面”,与物体表面接触。例如:The plane flew above the clouds.(飞机在云层上方飞行。)There is a lamp over the table.(桌子上方有一盏灯。)
2. below, under, beneath 的区别
below 表示“在...下方”,位置低于某物;under 表示“在...正下方”,垂直在下;beneath 较正式,表示“在...底下”。例如:The valley is below sea level.(山谷低于海平面。)The cat is under the table.(猫在桌子下面。)
3. between 和 among 的区别
between 表示“在两者之间”;among 表示“在三者或更多者之间”。例如:The secret is between you and me.(这个秘密只有你我知道。)She is popular among her classmates.(她在同学中很受欢迎。)
第四部分 方式介词
一、by, with, in 表示方式的用法
这三个介词都可以表示“用...方式”,但用法有所不同。by 后接动名词或表示手段的名词,强调方式方法;with 后接具体的工具或身体部位;in 后接语言、颜色、声音等。
介词 用法说明 典型例句
by 表示方式、手段、交通方式 by bus(乘公交) by doing sth.(通过做某事)
with 表示使用具体工具或身体部位 with a pen(用钢笔) with one's eyes(用眼睛)
in 表示用某种语言、方式、材料 in English(用英语) in ink(用墨水)
第五部分 高频介词短语归纳
一、about 相关短语
短语 含义 例句
be about to do sth. 正要做某事 I was about to leave when the phone rang.
hear about 听说关于... Have you heard about the accident
talk about 谈论关于... They are talking about the movie.
think about 考虑... I'm thinking about changing my job.
worry about 担心... Don't worry about me.
care about 关心、在乎... He doesn't care about money.
complain about 抱怨... She always complains about the weather.
二、at 相关短语
短语 含义 例句
at first 起初 At first, I didn't like the idea.
at last 最后、终于 At last, we reached the top of the mountain.
at once 立刻、马上 Please come here at once.
at present 目前、现在 At present, he is working in Beijing.
at the same time 同时 They arrived at the same time.
at work 在工作 My father is at work now.
at least 至少 You should sleep at least 8 hours.
at most 至多 The journey takes at most two hours.
at a loss 不知所措 He was at a loss for words.
at ease 自在、舒适 I feel at ease with her.
at the cost of 以...为代价 He succeeded at the cost of his health.
at the mercy of 任由...摆布 We were at the mercy of the weather.
三、by 相关短语
短语 含义 例句
by accident 偶然地 I met him by accident.
by chance 碰巧 I found the book by chance.
by mistake 错误地 I took your umbrella by mistake.
by means of 通过...手段 He succeeded by means of hard work.
by no means 决不 This is by no means easy.
by the way 顺便说一下 By the way, have you seen Tom
by far 得多(修饰比较级/最高级) This is by far the best choice.
step by step 逐步地 Learn step by step.
side by side 肩并肩 They walked side by side.
one by one 一个接一个 They left one by one.
little by little 逐渐地 Little by little, he improved.
by oneself 独自地 She lives by herself.
四、in 相关短语
短语 含义 例句
in fact 事实上 In fact, I don't know him at all.
in addition 此外 In addition, there are other problems.
in general 一般来说 In general, women live longer than men.
in common 共同之处 We have nothing in common.
in debt 负债 He is deeply in debt.
in danger 处于危险中 The animals are in danger.
in trouble 处于困境 He is in trouble now.
in order 按顺序 Please line up in order.
in public 公开地 He doesn't like speaking in public.
in return 作为回报 I gave him a gift in return.
in time 及时 We arrived in time.
in vain 徒劳 All our efforts were in vain.
in a hurry 匆忙 He left in a hurry.
in other words 换句话说 In other words, he refused.
in detail 详细地 Please explain in detail.
in charge of 负责 She is in charge of the project.
五、on 相关短语
短语 含义 例句
on duty 值班 Who is on duty today
on purpose 故意地 He did it on purpose.
on time 准时 The train arrived on time.
on foot 步行 I go to school on foot.
on fire 着火 The house is on fire.
on sale 出售 The new product is on sale.
on strike 罢工 The workers are on strike.
on holiday/vacation 在度假 They are on holiday in Paris.
on business 出差 He went to London on business.
on average 平均 On average, people sleep 7 hours.
on the contrary 相反 On the contrary, I agree with you.
on the other hand 另一方面 On the other hand, it costs too much.
on one's own 独自地 She lives on her own.
on the way 在途中 I'm on the way to school.
depend on 依靠、取决于 It depends on the weather.
insist on 坚持 He insists on going with us.
第六部分 动词+介词搭配
动词与介词的搭配是英语学习中的重点和难点,这类搭配往往不能从字面上推断其含义,需要通过大量练习来掌握。以下是人教版高中英语教材中出现频率较高的动词介词搭配:
搭配 含义 例句
agree with sb. 同意某人 I agree with you on this point.
agree to sth. 同意某事 He agreed to the plan.
agree on sth. 就某事达成一致 We agreed on the price.
belong to 属于 This book belongs to me.
depend on/upon 依靠、取决于 Success depends on hard work.
insist on 坚持 He insisted on his opinion.
rely on 依靠 You can rely on him.
look after 照顾 She looks after her grandmother.
look for 寻找 I'm looking for my keys.
look forward to 期待 I look forward to seeing you.
wait for 等待 I'm waiting for the bus.
apologize to sb. for sth. 因某事向某人道歉 He apologized to me for being late.
remind sb. of sth. 提醒某人某事 This reminds me of my childhood.
protect sb. from sth. 保护某人免受... We should protect children from harm.
prevent sb. from doing sth. 阻止某人做某事 The rain prevented us from going out.
congratulate sb. on sth. 祝贺某人某事 I congratulate you on your success.
第七部分 形容词+介词搭配
搭配 含义 例句
be good at 擅长于 She is good at English.
be bad at 不擅长 He is bad at math.
be interested in 对...感兴趣 I'm interested in music.
be fond of 喜欢 He is fond of reading.
be afraid of 害怕 She is afraid of dogs.
be proud of 为...感到骄傲 We are proud of our country.
be ashamed of 为...感到羞愧 He was ashamed of his behavior.
be tired of 厌倦 I'm tired of this boring job.
be worried about 担心 She is worried about her son.
be anxious about 焦虑 He is anxious about the exam.
be famous for 因...而著名 Paris is famous for the Eiffel Tower.
be known as 作为...而著名 He is known as a great writer.
be different from 与...不同 This book is different from that one.
be similar to 与...相似 Your idea is similar to mine.
be strict with sb. 对某人严格 He is strict with his students.
be strict in sth. 对某事严格 He is strict in his work.
be angry with sb. 生某人的气 She is angry with me.
be angry at sth. 因某事生气 He was angry at the news.
be pleased with 对...满意 I'm pleased with your work.
be satisfied with 对...满意 Are you satisfied with the result
第八部分 专项练习
请从括号中选择正确的介词填空,认真思考每个选项的含义和用法。
1. The meeting will begin ______ 9 o'clock ______ the morning of June 1st. (at/in/on)
2. He has been learning English ______ three years. (since/for/in)
3. The train leaves ______ 10:30, so we must arrive ______ the station by 10:00. (at/to/in)
4. ______ his surprise, he found his lost wallet ______ the table. (To/under/on)
5. The book was written ______ English ______ a famous writer. (in/by/with)
6. Don't worry ______ me. I can take care ______ myself. (about/of/for)
7. He is good ______ playing basketball but weak ______ math. (at/in/for)
8. The key ______ success lies ______ hard work. (to/in/for)
9. I'm looking forward ______ hearing ______ you soon. (to/from/for)
10. The accident happened ______ his way ______ school. (on/to/for)
11. He apologized ______ his teacher ______ being late. (to/for/with)
12. The house is ______ fire! Call the fire station ______ once! (on/at/in)
13. We should protect the environment ______ pollution. (from/against/for)
14. The answer ______ this question is quite simple. (to/of/for)
15. He went to Beijing ______ business last week. (on/for/in)
16. ______ the end, they reached an agreement. (In/At/By)
17. The book is different ______ what I expected. (from/with/to)
18. He insisted ______ going with us ______ the trip. (on/for/to)
19. The little girl is afraid ______ dogs. (of/with/to)
20. I'm tired ______ doing the same thing every day. (of/with/from)
参考答案
1. at; on 2. for 3. at; at 4. To; under 5. in; by
6. about; of 7. at; in 8. to; in 9. to; from 10. on; to
11. to; for 12. on; at 13. from 14. to 15. on
16. In 17. from 18. on; for 19. of 20. of