Section Ⅲ Integrated skills
设计一份校园科学节的活动方案
本单元的写作任务是设计一份校园科学节的活动方案。活动方案应用场合非常广泛，其性质类似于制订计划书。活动方案一般由标题和正文组成。
1.标题
活动方案的标题要简洁明了，新颖醒目，能够引起读者的兴趣，吸引其注意力，而且这个标题要反映设计方案的主题。
2.正文
活动方案的正文通常包括主题和活动事项两部分内容，也可以根据活动方案内容灵活安排。一般来说，可以在活动方案的最前面写一些鼓励性较强的词句来吸引读者，这些词句通常会使用排比、反问、设问等修辞手法，接着按照时间顺序列出活动的主要内容，其中也可以增设小标题。
要写好活动方案，还需要注意以下三点：
1.明确活动方案的类型
明确你要写的活动方案是有关活动宣传，还是有关项目介绍的等，类型确定后再确定写作内容。
2.掌握活动方案的语言特点
活动方案不同于其他类型的书面表达形式，它要求用最简短的文字包含最多的信息，以达到醒目的效果。因此活动方案多用正式的、礼貌的及类似的语言结构。学生应注意活动方案言简意赅的语言特点。
3.突出重要信息，说明活动的具体内容
为进一步增强活动方案的醒目性，还常需分行突出一些重要信息，并且在其前用粗点、星号等特殊符号标注出来，以表示强调。活动内容应包括时间、地点、参加人员、注意事项等内容。
一、写作常用词汇
1.exhibition n. 展览
2.invention n. 发明
3.robot n. 机器人
4.virtual adj. 虚拟的
5.experience vt. 体验
6.the Science Festival 科学节
7.the Science and Technology Exhibition
科技展
8.perform their functions 示范它们的功能
9.the science building 科研大楼
10.artificial intelligence （AI） 人工智能
11.think creatively 创造性地思考
12.participate in 参加
13.carry out scientific experiments
开展科学实验
二、写作常用句式（注意加黑部分的表达）
1.介绍活动举办的时间和地点
The Science and Technology Exhibition will be held in the science building by our school next week.
科技展将于下周由我校在科研大楼举行。
Next Saturday from 2：00 p.m.to 4：00 p.m.， we will carry out group activities in the city Science and Technology Museum.
下周六下午2：00到4：00，我们将在市科技馆开展小组活动。
2.介绍活动内容
The exhibition， including several themes like AI and VR， features a new collection of science books and videos.
这次展览包括人工智能和虚拟现实等几个主题，以一些新收集的科学书籍和视频为特色。
Visitors can not only enjoy a variety of inventions， such as robot models， 3D printers， etc.， but they can also experience the 9D Virtual Reality chair.
参观者不仅可以欣赏各种发明，如机器人模型、3D打印机等，还可以体验9D虚拟现实椅。
We will have many activities， such as enjoying all kinds of gadgets and sharing their invention experience.
我们将会有很多活动，比如欣赏各种小装置，并分享他们的发明经验。
3.表达活动将给人留下深刻印象
I firmly believe that the activity is very significant/important.
我坚信这项活动非常重要。
The event was of great significance， which impressed everyone most.
这次活动非常有意义，它给大家留下了深刻印象。
Through this activity， I began to be interested in scientific and technological exploration.
通过这次活动，我开始对科技探索产生了兴趣。
假定你是李华，你们学校下周六要举行科技节。请你写一个设计方案，内容包括：
1.科技节的主题：怎样保护环境；
2.在学校大厅举行，届时有著名科学家出席；
3.会展示很多有趣的实验，参加者会从中获益良多。
注意：1.写作词数应为80左右；
2.可以适当增加细节，以使行文连贯。
Plan for the School Science Festival
第一步：审题谋篇，合理布局
第二步：遣词造句，规范得体
◎核心词汇
1.发生，举行
2.保护环境
3.另外
4.打算做……
5.做实验
6.对……感兴趣
7.在……末尾
8.从……学到……
◎遣词造句
1.科技节的主题是“怎样保护环境”，下周六在我们学校大厅举行。
2.将会有一些著名科学家出席科技节，他们会介绍关于保护环境的知识。
3.每个班都有机会做实验，学生们会从中学到很多。
4.在科技节结束时公布一等奖名单。
5.科技节将激励更多的学生对科学感兴趣并努力学习。
第三步：词句升级，彰显文采
1.用非限制性定语从句改写句1
2.用非限制性定语从句改写句2
3.用非限制性定语从句改写句3
第四步：检查誊写，连句成篇
Plan for the School Science Festival
【即时演练】
假定你是李华，你校上周五举办了主题为“人人都是科学家”的展览，该展览展示了学生们的科学发明。请你为校报“英语天地”栏目写一份新闻稿，内容包括：
1.活动目的；
2.活动内容；
3.活动意义。
注意：1.写作词数应为80左右；
2.请按如下格式作答。
Exhibition Themed “Everyone Is
a Scientist” Successfully Held
提示：完成课后作业 UNIT 4 Section Ⅲ
4 / 4Section Ⅰ Welcome to the unit & Reading
Chinese scientist wins 2015 Nobel Prize
By Dina Conner
11 December 2015
[1]Tu Youyou has become the first female scientist of the People’s Republic① of China to receive a Nobel Prize， awarded for her contribution to the fight against malaria②， one of the deadliest③ diseases in human history.Thanks to her discovery of qinghaosu， malaria patients all over the world now have had a greatly increased chance of survival④.
[1]动词不定式短语to receive a Nobel Prize作scientist 的后置定语；动词-ed形式短语awarded for her contribution to the fight against malaria作a Nobel Prize的后置定语；one of the deadliest diseases in human history 为名词短语作同位语，解释说明malaria。
[2]Born in 1930， in Ningbo， Zhejiang Province⑤， Tu studied medicine at university in Beijing between 1951 and 1955.After graduation， she worked at the Academy of Traditional Chinese Medicine⑥.[3]She completed further training courses in traditional Chinese medicine， acquiring a broad⑦ knowledge of both traditional Chinese medicine and Western medicine.
[2]Born in 1930 ...为形容词化的动词-ed形式作状语。
[3]句中动词-ing形式短语acquiring a broad ...作结果状语，acquire与其逻辑主语She之间是逻辑上的主谓关系。
Tu’s education was soon to prove very useful.In the 1960s， many people were dying of⑧ malaria， and in 1969 Tu became head of a team that intended⑨ to find a cure for the disease.She collected over 2，000 traditional Chinese medical recipes for malaria treatment and made hundreds of extracts⑩ from different herbs .When they failed to produce any promising results， Tu referred to the ancient books of traditional Chinese medicine again.[4]Inspired by an over 1，600-year-old text about preparing qinghao extract with cold water， Tu redesigned the experiments and tried extracting the herb at a low temperature in order not to damage its effective part.[5]On 4 October 1971， after 190 failures ， she succeeded in making qinghao extract that could treat malaria in mice.
[4]动词-ed形式短语Inspired by ...作原因状语，相当于状语从句Because she was inspired by ...。
[5]句中that could treat malaria in mice为that引导的定语从句，修饰先行词extract，且that在定语从句中作主语。
[6]However， it was hard to produce enough qinghao extract for large trials because research resources were limited .Tu and her team managed to find solutions to the problem.When there was no research equipment， they had to extract herbs using household water containers .They worked day and night and their health began to suffer because of the poor conditions， but they never gave up.
[6]句中it作形式主语，动词不定式短语to produce ...trials是真正的主语；because引导原因状语从句。
[7]Even with large amounts of qinghao extract produced， however， they still faced another problem.[8]The trials on patients were likely to be postponed because they did not have sufficient safety data .[9]To speed up the process and ensure its safety， Tu and her team volunteered to test qinghao extract on themselves first.
[7]句中with复合结构（with＋名词＋动词-ed形式）作状语，produced表示被动和完成。
[8]介词短语on patients作后置定语，because引导原因状语从句。
[9]第一个动词不定式短语To speed up the process and ensure its safety作目的状语；第二个动词不定式短语to test qinghao extract on themselves first作宾语。
The efforts of Tu and her team finally paid off .In November 1972， through trial and error ， they successfully discovered qinghaosu—the most effective part of the qinghao extract.As a key part of many malaria medicines， qinghaosu has since benefited about 200 million malaria patients.More than 40 years after its discovery， Tu was eventually awarded a Nobel Prize for her work.In her Nobel Lecture ， she encouraged scientists to further explore the treasure house of traditional Chinese medicine and raise it to a higher level.[10]Perhaps the next generation of scientists， drawing on the wisdom of traditional Chinese medicine， will indeed discover more medicines beneficial to global health care .
[10]句中动词-ing形式短语drawing on ...medicine作定语，修饰名词scientists，相当于一个非限制性定语从句who draw on the wisdom of traditional Chinese medicine。
【读文清障】
①republic n.共和国，共和政体
the People’s Republic of China （PRC） 中华人民共和国
②malaria n.疟疾
malaria medicines 疟疾药物
malaria patients 疟疾患者
③deadly adj.致命的；十足的，彻底的
the deadliest disease 最致命的疾病
④survival n.生存，存活；残存物，幸存事物
survive vi.生存，存活vt.幸存，幸免于难
survivor n.幸存者
⑤province n.省，省份
Zhejiang Province 浙江省
⑥traditional Chinese medicine传统中医
traditional Chinese medical recipes传统中药配方
Western medicine 西医
⑦broad adj.广泛的；宽阔的，广阔的；概括的；开阔的
broadly adv.大体上；基本上
⑧die of死于……（常指死于疾病、寒冷等内因）
die from 死于……（常指死于灾祸、暴力等外因）
⑨intend vt.& vi.想要，计划；意指
intend doing/to do sth 打算做某事
intention n.打算；计划；目的；意图
⑩extract n.提取物；选录 vt.提取；选录；取出；设法得到
make hundreds of extracts 获取数百种提取物
make qinghao extract 获取青蒿提取物
herb n.药草，香草；草本
refer to 查阅，参考；提到，谈及
[拓展] “查词典”的表达法：
refer to the dictionary
look up a word in the dictionary
consult the dictionary
experiment n.实验，试验；尝试，实践
vi.做试验，进行实验；尝试
redesign the experiments
重新设计实验
failure n.[U] 失败；[C] 失败的人或事物
success n.[U] 成功，成名；[C] 成功的人或事物
succeed in doing sth 成功地做成某事
trial n.试用，试验；审讯，审判；考验
vi.& vt.测试，试验
large trials 大规模试验
on trial 试用；受审
limited adj.有限的
limit n.限制；极限；界限 vt.限制
household adj.家庭的，家用的，家务的
n.一家人，家庭
container n.容器；集装箱，货柜
household water containers
家用的盛水容器
large amounts of （＋不可数名词） 许多，大量的
[同义] a large amount of （＋不可数名词）
a great deal of （＋不可数名词）
postpone vt.延迟，延期
sufficient adj.足够的，充足的
[同义] adequate， enough， abundant
data n.数据，资料，材料
safety data 安全数据
speed up （使）加速
at a speed of ... 以……的速度
test sth on sb 在某人身上实验某物
pay off 成功，奏效，达到目的
[同义] make it
error n.错误，差错
through trial and error 反复试验
be awarded a Nobel Prize 获得诺贝尔奖
Nobel Lecture 诺贝尔获奖演讲
further explore the treasure house 进一步探索宝库
wisdom n.智慧，知识，学问；才智；明智
draw on the wisdom 借鉴智慧
beneficial adj.有益的，有用的
be beneficial to 对……有益
global health care 全球医疗
【参考译文】
中国科学家荣获2015年诺贝尔奖
迪娜·康纳
2015年12月11日
屠呦呦成为中华人民共和国第一位获得诺贝尔奖的女科学家。她获奖是因为她在抗击疟疾中做出的贡献，疟疾是人类历史上最致命的疾病之一。得益于她发现的青蒿素，如今全世界疟疾患者的存活率大大提高。
1930年，屠呦呦出生于浙江宁波。1951年至1955年，屠呦呦在北京读大学，学习药学。毕业后，她在中医研究院工作。她完成了中医领域的培训课程深造，获得了广泛的中西医知识。
屠呦呦接受的教育很快被证明非常有用。20世纪60年代，许多人死于疟疾。1969年屠呦呦担任了一个课题组的组长，这个课题组计划找到该疾病的治疗方法。她收集了2000多种治疗疟疾的中药配方，并从不同的草药中获取了数百种提取物。当它们未能产生预期效果时，屠呦呦再次查阅历代中医典籍。据一本1600多年前的古籍记载，古人通过冷水制备青蒿提取物，受此启发，屠呦呦重新设计了这个试验，为了不破坏其（抗疟的）有效成分，她尝试在低温下提取青蒿。1971年10月4日， 在历经190次失败之后，她成功制备出可以治疗老鼠疟疾的青蒿提取物。
然而，由于研究资源有限，很难制造出足够的青蒿提取物用于大规模试验。屠呦呦团队成功找到了解决这个问题的方法。当时没有研究设备，他们只能用家用的盛水容器提取青蒿。他们夜以继日地工作，由于条件恶劣，他们的健康开始受损，但却从未放弃。
然而，即使制造了大量的青蒿提取物，他们仍然面临着另外一个问题。因为他们没有充足的安全数据，在病人身上进行试验有可能推迟。为了加快进度并保证其安全性，屠呦呦和她的团队自愿先在他们自己身上试验青蒿提取物。
屠呦呦和其团队的努力终于有了回报。1972年11月，经过反复试验，他们成功发现了青蒿素——青蒿提取物中最有效的成分。作为许多抗疟药物中的关键成分，青蒿素迄今已经造福了近2亿疟疾患者。在发现青蒿素40多年后，屠呦呦终于因此获得了诺贝尔奖。在她的获奖演讲上，屠呦呦鼓励科学家们进一步探索中医这座宝库，并让其更上一层楼。也许下一代的科学家借鉴中医的智慧，确实会发现更多有益于全球医疗的药物。
第一步：析架构，理文本脉络
Read the passage quickly and fill in the blanks with suitable words.
第二步：精读文，达明察秋毫
Read the passage carefully and choose the best answer.
1.What was the proper description about malaria？（ ）
A.A disease which infects plants.
B.A deadly disease of its day.
C.A disease which infects animals.
D.A disease which can be cured easily.
2.What is qinghaosu？（ ）
A.A key part of many malaria medicines.
B.A key part of many medicines for cancer.
C.A key part of many medicines for heart disease.
D.A key part of many medicines for cholera.
3.Why did they lack qinghao extract for large trials？ （ ）
A.Because Tu Youyou and her team lacked experience.
B.Because research resources were in short supply.
C.Because there was no good laboratory for experimenting.
D.Because they had no support from the government and their families.
4.What’s the meaning of “speed up” in Paragraph 5？（ ）
A.Pull up. B.Turn up.
C.Hurry up. D.Hold up.
5.What can we learn about Tu Youyou from Paragraph 6？（ ）
A.She doesn’t continue to conduct research today.
B.She made traditional Chinese medicine spread.
C.She did not have sufficient data to start trials on patients.
D.She encouraged scientists to further explore traditional Chinese medicine.
第三步：通词句，学语言表达
1.词汇学习——循规律，记单词
在形容词、名词或动词后加某些后缀可以构成抽象名词。这篇新闻报道中就运用了很多这样的抽象名词，请找出来并试着再想出一些分别写在下面的表格中。
词性 后缀 名词
形容词 -dom
-ness
动词 -al
-ance
-ure
形容词/动词/名词 -age
2.美文欣赏——赏美文，学写法
该语篇的体裁属于新闻报道，这种文体时效性强。与一般人物描写类文章不同的是，新闻报道中的人物描写强调以客观事实说话，尽量不加入报道者的情感，但读者能够通过语篇内容了解人物品质。下面结合课文分析和品悟一下新闻报道类语篇的特点。
（1）语篇内容客观、准确，使用具体数据来说明屠呦呦及其团队的科学研究过程的艰辛。如课文第三段中出现的数据She collected over traditional Chinese medical recipes for malaria treatment and made extracts from different herbs.和Inspired by an over text about preparing qinghao extract with cold water， Tu redesigned the experiments ...就体现了新闻报道的准确性和真实性。
（2）新闻报道的语言具有言简意赅的特点。 文章开头用一句话（新闻导语）Tu Youyou has become scientist of the People’s Republic of China to receive a Nobel Prize， awarded for her contribution to the fight against malaria， in human history.介绍了屠呦呦获得诺贝尔奖的事实、她的突出贡献以及疟疾这种疾病，具有高度“概括性”。
（3）从故事层面来看，本文注重通过描述人物的具体事迹，包括引用人物语言来刻画人物形象。这些语言特点能加深读者对屠呦呦获诺贝尔奖这一新闻事件以及对屠呦呦这一人物的认知。课文第三段中的On 4 October 1971， after ， she succeeded in making qinghao extract that could treat malaria in mice.和第四段中的They worked and their health because of the poor conditions， but they .等表达成功地塑造出一个齐心协力、永不言弃的团队形象。
（4）从叙事结构层面来看，语篇首先报道发生的重大新闻事件，与标题呼应，然后再详细报道其他相关的重要信息，如人物生平、事件发生的过程等。语篇以 为标题，向读者报道了这一重要消息，并介绍了屠呦呦的生平经历和她带领团队为治疗疟疾发现并提取青蒿素的过程，给读者提供了比简单的新闻播报更为详细的信息。
Part Ⅰ 核心词汇集释
survival n.生存，存活；残存物，幸存事物
【教材原句】 Thanks to her discovery of qinghaosu， malaria patients all over the world now have had a greatly increased chance of survival.
得益于她发现的青蒿素，如今全世界疟疾患者的存活率大大提高。
【用法】
（1）survive vt. 幸存，幸免于难 vi. 生存，存活 survive sth 幸免于；从……中挺过来/活过来 survive on 依靠……生存下来 survive from 从……存活下来/流传下来 A survive B （by ...） A比B活得长（……） （2）survivor n. 幸存者
【佳句】 The wedding ceremony is a survival from ancient times.
这种结婚仪式是从远古时期流传下来的。
【点津】 survive 表示“生存，存活”时是不及物动词。表示“幸存，幸免于难”时是及物动词，后面不需要加介词in或from。
【练透】 单句语法填空
①Some strange customs have survived earlier times.
②As far as I know， the old lady survived her husband 5 years.
③Millions of people survive a very limited diet.
④He was the only one （survive） of the crash.
【写美】 句式升级
⑤After she had survived that night， she was confident that everything else would be all right.
→ ， she was confident that everything else would be all right.（动词-ing形式短语作状语）
intend vt.& vi.想要，计划；意指
【教材原句】 In the 1960s， many people were dying of malaria， and in 1969 Tu became head of a team that intended to find a cure for the disease.20世纪60年代，许多人死于疟疾。1969年屠呦呦担任了一个课题组的组长，这个课题组计划找到该疾病的治疗方法。
【用法】
（1）intend to do/doing sth 打算做某事 intend sb to do sth 打算让某人做某事 had intended to do sth 本打算做某事 （2）intended adj. 打算的；设计的 be intended for ... 为……打算/设计的 （3）intention n. 意图，目的；企图 with the intention of 有……的打算/目的 have no intention of doing sth＝have no intention to do sth 无意做某事
【佳句】 Originally， we had intended to go to Italy， but then we won the trip to Greece.
起初，我们打算去意大利，但后来获得去希腊的机会。
【练透】 单句语法填空
①Yesterday I found a book in the bookstore by chance which （intend） for bird lovers.
②I don’t intend anyone （see） the painting until it is finished.
③Everything they do is intended （improve） the living standards.
④This programme was set up with the （intend） of providing help for homeless people.
【写美】 完成句子
⑤Peter ， but something changed his mind.（intend）彼得本来打算去澳大利亚，但有些事使他改变了主意。
refer to 查阅，参考；提到，谈及
【教材原句】 When they failed to produce any promising results， Tu referred to the ancient books of traditional Chinese medicine again.
当它们未能产生预期效果时，屠呦呦再次查阅历代中医典籍。
【用法】
（1）refer v. 提到；参考；查阅 refer to ...as ... 把……称作…… refer ...to ... 把……提交给…… （2）reference n. 谈及，提到；参考，查阅 reference to ... 谈及，提到…… in/with reference to 关于 reference books 参考书
【佳句】 When I am faced with a difficulty， I usually choose to refer to relevant learning materials or web pages.
当我面对困难时，我常常选择参考相关学习资料或网页。
【点津】 （1）refer的过去式、过去分词、现在分词分别为referred、 referred、 referring，类似的词还有prefer。
（2）refer to和look up都可以表示“查阅；参考”，但二者是有区别的：refer to后接所查的工具书或资料，如词典、笔记、参考书等；look up后接word、phrase等需要查找的对象。
【练透】 品句猜词/单句语法填空
①The professor referred to global warming at least three times in his speech.
②If you meet with the characters you don’t know， I strongly suggest that you should refer to reference books or turn to others for help.
③He made no （refer） to his illness but only to his future plans.
④The question referred at the meeting is hard to answer.
⑤I have nothing to say reference to that case.
⑥The scientist referred to the discovery the most exciting new development in this field.
【写美】 完成句子
⑦The custom may date back to the Tang Dynasty； for more detailed information， please .
这种风俗可能追溯到唐朝，想要了解更多详细的信息，请查阅这本书。
limited adj.有限的
【教材原句】 However， it was hard to produce enough qinghao extract for large trials because research resources were limited.
然而，由于研究资源有限，很难制造出足够的青蒿提取物用于大规模试验。
【用法】
（1）be limited to 局限于…… （2）limit vt. 限制；限定 n.[C] 限度，限制 limit ...to ... 把……限制在……范围内 there is a limit to ... ……是有限度的 （3）limitless adj. 无限制的，无止境的 limitation n. 限制；局限 unlimited adj. 无限制的
【佳句】 As we all know， a person’s life is limited， but knowledge is limitless/unlimited.
众所周知，人的生命是有限的，而知识是无限的。
【练透】 单句语法填空
①Families （limit） to three free tickets each.
②The teacher limited his students 500 words for their compositions.
③There is limit to the amount of pain we can bear.
④We are doing our best with the （limit）resources available.
【写美】 完成句子
⑤Besides， essays are supposed to and written in English only.
此外，文章应限制在800词以内，且只能用英文撰写。
speed up （使）加速
【教材原句】 To speed up the process and ensure its safety， Tu and her team volunteered to test qinghao extract on themselves first.
为了加快进度并保证其安全性，屠呦呦和她的团队自愿先在他们自己身上试验青蒿提取物。
【用法】
at a high/low/full/top speed 以高/低/全/最高速 at a speed of ... 以……的速度 with great/full speed 以很快的速度/全速 pick up speed 加速 slow speed 减速
【佳句】 Modern inventions have speeded up people’s lives amazingly.
现代发明大大加快了人们的生活节奏。
【练透】 单句语法填空
①A sudden stop can be a very frightening experience， especially if you are travelling a high speed.
②This flight is now heading for Paris at a speed 1，000 kilometres an hour.
【写美】 翻译句子
③充足的新鲜空气和锻炼将会加速他的康复。
pay off 成功，奏效，达到目的；偿清
【教材原句】 The efforts of Tu and her team finally paid off.
屠呦呦和其团队的努力终于有了回报。
【用法】
pay back 偿还（欠款）；报复；回报 pay for sth 付某物的钱；为某事付出代价 pay sb for sth 因某物给某人报酬 pay a visit to 参观，拜访 pay attention to 注意；留心
【佳句】 It will take him the rest of his life to pay off that loan.
那笔贷款将需要他的余生才能还清。
【点津】 pay作及物动词时，后面可直接接宾语，但一般是表示钱、账单或人的词。如果要表示为某事或某物付钱时，需要用介词for或者是带to的动词不定式来引导。
【练透】 用pay的相关短语填空
①At last I all the money I borrowed from him.
②Will you please Tianjin once more so that we may meet again？
③I’d also like to know how much I have to the course and whether accommodation is included.
【写美】 翻译句子
④他们的努力最终有了回报。
beneficial adj.有益的，有用的
【教材原句】 Perhaps the next generation of scientists， drawing on the wisdom of traditional Chinese medicine， will indeed discover more medicines beneficial to global health care.
也许下一代的科学家借鉴中医的智慧，确实会发现更多有益于全球医疗的药物。
【用法】
（1）be beneficial to ...＝be of benefit to ... 对……有益；有益于（to为介词） （2）benefit n. 益处 vt. 使受益 vi. 得益于 benefit from/by ... 从……中受益；得益于…… （3）for the benefit of＝for one’s benefit 为了……的利益
【佳句】 To take exercise indoors is less beneficial than in the open air.
在室内锻炼不如在室外锻炼更有益。
【练透】 单句语法填空
①China has been pushing the reform of public hospitals the benefit of all its citizens.
②Both sides have benefited the agreement they made.
【写美】 一句多译
③据说瑜伽对人体健康有很大益处。
→ （benefit）
→ （beneficial）
Part Ⅱ 中频词汇特训
trial n.试用，试验；审讯，审判；考验 vi.& vt.测试，试验
【教材原句】 However， it was hard to produce enough qinghao extract for large trials because research resources were limited.
然而，由于研究资源有限，很难制造出足够的青蒿提取物用于大规模试验。
【用法】
through trial and error 反复试验 a trial period 试用期 clinical trial 临床试验 stand/go on trial 受到审判，受审 on trial 在试验/测试/受审中
【佳句】 New cars have several severe trials before they are put on the market.
新汽车在投放市场前要经过多次严格的试验。
【练透】 完成句子
①We have had the machine for a week.
这台机器我们已经试用一个星期了。
②He will for fraud.
他将因涉嫌诈骗而受审。
③Like many animals， people also learn to swim .
像许多动物一样，人也要通过反复试验才能学会游泳。
container n.容器；集装箱，货柜
【教材原句】 When there was no research equipment， they had to extract herbs using household water containers.当时没有研究设备，他们只能用家用的盛水容器提取青蒿。
【用法】
contain vt. 包含；含有；容纳；克制；抑制（强烈的感情等） contain oneself 克制自己
【佳句】 The container contains many kinds of fruits， including apples/apples included.
容器中盛着各种水果，其中包括苹果。
【点津】 （1）contain指某容器中盛有某物、装有某物。
（2）include表示把某事物作为其中的一部分包含在内，常构成分词短语sth included或including sth。
【练透】 单句语法填空/选词填空
①He was so excited that he could hardly contain （he）.
②I don’t know how much oil is in this old （contain）.
③The girl went to pick up the bag （contain） much money.
④Our school lecture hall （contain） 1，000 people.
⑤Look！The box a number of letters， which those from his students.（contain/include）
Part Ⅲ 重点句型解构
句型公式：the＋序数词＋名词＋to do ...
【教材原句】 Tu Youyou has become the first female scientist of the People’s Republic of China to receive a Nobel Prize， awarded for her contribution to the fight against malaria， one of the deadliest diseases in human history.
屠呦呦成为中华人民共和国第一位获得诺贝尔奖的女科学家。她获奖是因为她在抗击疟疾中做出的贡献，疟疾是人类历史上最致命的疾病之一。
【用法】
（1）当中心词是序数词或被序数词、形容词最高级等修饰或其前有the next、 the only、 the last等限定时，常用动词不定式作后置定语。 （2）动词不定式作后置定语用来修饰的词是抽象名词，常见的词有ability、 chance、 ambition、 offer、 anxiety、 answer、 reply、 attempt、 belief等。
【品悟】 He is always the first to bear hardships and the last to enjoy comforts.
他总是一个吃苦在前，享乐在后的人。
The ability to express an idea is as important as the idea itself.
表达思想的能力和思想本身一样重要。
【写美】 完成句子
①China has become the far side of the moon.
中国已经成为第一个将航天器降落在月球背面的国家。
②I believe that I have .
我相信我有能力做好这项具有挑战性的工作。
③Practice is .
学好一门语言的唯一途径就是实践。
④ the top of the mountain can also receive a gift.
最后一个到达山顶的人也可以得到一个礼物。
句型公式：形容词化的动词-ed形式作状语
【教材原句】 Born in 1930， in Ningbo， Zhejiang Province， Tu studied medicine at university in Beijing between 1951 and 1955.
1930年，屠呦呦出生于浙江宁波。1951年至1955年，屠呦呦在北京读大学，学习药学。
【用法】
句中Born in 1930 ...是形容词化的动词-ed形式作状语。 （1）动词-ed形式包括动作类和状态类两种形式，状态类动词-ed形式相当于形容词。 （2）形容词（短语）或形容词化的动词-ed形式作状语可以表示方式、原因或伴随状况等，可位于句首、句末或句中，常用逗号与句子其他成分隔开。 （3）形容词化的动词-ed形式作状语时常用来表示主语的状态和结果。如果用来修饰句子的谓语动词或整个句子，则应用副词形式。
【品悟】 Exhausted， I fell fast asleep.
由于太累了，我很快就睡着了。
Absorbed in writing a letter， he didn’t even look up when I came in.他在聚精会神地写信，当我进来时他甚至都没有抬头。
【写美】 完成句子/句式升级
① ， Tony stood up and accepted the prize.
托尼既惊讶又高兴，站起来领奖。
②He spent three days in the wind and snow， .
他又累又饿地在风雪中过了三天。
③ ， some of the passengers were sent to the nearest hospital at once.
因严重受伤，其中有些乘客被立刻送到最近的医院。
④Because she was born into a poor family， Nadia had only two years of schooling.
→ ， Nadia had only two years of schooling.（动词-ed形式作状语）
提示：完成课后作业 UNIT 4 Section Ⅰ
13 / 13Section Ⅳ Extended reading & Project & Assessment
The Value of Science
When I was younger， I thought science would make good things for everybody.It was obviously useful； it was good.But then during the war I worked on① the atomic② bomb③.This result of science was obviously very serious—it represented the destruction of people and it put our future at risk④.I had to ask myself， “Is there some evil⑤ involved⑥ in science？”
[1]Put another way⑦， what is the value of the science I had long devoted myself to—the thing I had loved—when I saw what terrible things it could do？ It was a question I had to answer.I thought long and hard about this question， and I will try to answer it in this talk.
[1]句子的主句是what is the value of the science ...；句中when引导时间状语从句，从句中含有一个what引导的宾语从句what terrible things it could do；句中I had long devoted myself to为省略了关系代词that或which的定语从句，修饰先行词science；I had loved为省略了关系代词that或which的定语从句，修饰先行词thing。
[2]The first way in which science is of value is familiar to⑧ everyone： scientific⑨ knowledge enables us to do and make all kinds of things.[3]Of course， if we make good things， it is not only to the credit⑩ of science； it is also to the credit of the moral choice which led us to good work.Scientific knowledge is an enabling power to do either good or bad—but it does not carry instructions on how to apply it.Such power has obvious value—even though the power may be negated by what one does with it.
[2]in which science is of value为“介词＋关系代词”引导的定语从句，修饰先行词way；is of value相当于is valuable。
[3]句中if引导条件状语从句；主句中含有not only ...（but） also ...连接的并列谓语；which引导定语从句，修饰先行词choice。
Another value of science is the intellectual enjoyment it can provide us with.When we look at any question deeply enough， we feel the excitement and mystery coming to us again and again.[4]With more knowledge comes a deeper， more wonderful mystery， inspiring one to look deeper still.Never concerned that the answer may let us down ， with pleasure and confidence we turn over each new stone to find unimagined strangeness leading on to more wonderful questions and mysteries.Thanks to the scientific effort， we have been led to imagine all sorts of things more fantastic than poets and dreamers of the past ever could.
[4]本句是完全倒装句，正常语序是A deeper， more wonderful mystery comes with more knowledge， inspiring one to look deeper still.。句中动词-ing形式短语inspiring one to look deeper still作状语。
[5]I would now like to turn to a third value that science has.The scientist has a lot of experience with ignorance and doubt and uncertainty， and this experience is of very great importance.When a scientist doesn’t know the answer to a problem， he is ignorant.When he has an idea as to what the result is， he is uncertain.[6] And when he is pretty sure of what the result is going to be， he is still in some doubt.
[5]句中含有“a＋序数词＋名词＋that（定语从句）”结构。
[6]句中when引导时间状语从句，从句中what引导宾语从句，作介词of的宾语。
[7]Now， we scientists take it for granted that it is perfectly possible to live and not know.But our freedom to doubt was born out of a deep and strong struggle against authority in the early days of science.In order to progress， we must not forget the importance of this struggle； we must recognize our ignorance and leave room for doubt.Permit us to question—to doubt—to not be sure.
[8]It is our responsibility as scientists， knowing the great progress that is the fruit of freedom of thought， to declare the value of this freedom； to teach how doubt is not to be feared but to be welcomed and discussed； and to demand this freedom as our duty to all coming generations .
[7]第一个it作形式宾语，that引导的从句作真正的宾语；第二个it作形式主语，动词不定式短语to live and not know作真正的主语。
[8]句首It作形式主语，真正的主语是三个并列的动词不定式短语。knowing the great progress that is the fruit of freedom of thought是动词-ing形式短语作原因状语，其中that引导定语从句。
（Adapted from a public lecture by Richard Feynman， an American scientist who won the Nobel Prize in Physics in 1965）
【读文清障】
①work on 从事，致力于
②atomic adj.原子能的；原子的
③bomb n.炸弹；核武器 vt.轰炸
the atomic bomb 原子弹
④put ...at risk 使……处于危险中
[同义] put ...in danger
⑤evil n.罪恶，罪行；害处，坏处
adj.恶毒的；有害的；恶魔的
⑥involve vt.包含；牵涉，影响；（使）参加
be/get involved in 卷入；专注于
⑦put another way 换句话说
[同义] in other words
⑧be familiar to sb 为某人所熟悉
be familiar with ...精通……；熟悉……
⑨scientific adj.科学的，关于科学的；细致严谨的
scientific knowledge 科学知识
⑩credit n.赞扬，认可；信用
vt.存入金额；把……归于
to the credit of ...归功于……
moral adj.道德的；道义上的；品行端正的 n.品行，道德；寓意
morally adv.道德上地
morality n.道德；道义；道德准则
the moral choice 道德选择
apply vt.& vi.应用；申请；涂；有关
apply to ...适应……；适用于……
apply （to ...） for ... （向……）申请……
application n.应用，运用；申请，申请表；涂抹，敷用
applicant n.申请人
negate vt.取消，使无效；否认，否定
negative adj.否定的；消极的；负的
n.否定；否定词；拒绝
intellectual adj.脑力的；有才智的，智力发达的 n.知识分子，脑力劳动者
the intellectual enjoyment 智力的享受
mystery n.神秘；神秘的人（或事物）；悬疑作品
mysterious adj.神秘的；奇怪的；诡异的
let sb down 使某人失望
unimagined strangeness 意想不到的奇妙
ignorance n.无知
ignorant adj.无知的，愚昧的
ignore vt.忽视；对……不予理会
as to 关于，至于
[近义] as for
take it for granted 想当然地认为，认为……是理所当然
take sb/sth for granted 对……不予重视，不把……当回事
freedom n.自由
freedom to do sth 做某事的自由
be born out of 因为……而成立
authority n.权威，权力；官方
the authority 当局；主管部门
leave/make room for 给……留空间
permit vt.& vi.允许，准许，许可；使有可能 n.许可证
permit sb to do sth 允许某人做某事
permit doing sth 允许做某事
responsibility n.责任，负责；职责，义务
responsible adj.负责的；尽责的
declare vt.表明，宣称；公布，宣布；申报
declaration n.公告，宣告，宣言；声明
coming generations后世，后代
【参考译文】
科学的价值
在我还很年轻的时候，我以为科学会给每个人都带来好处。科学显然是有用的，有好的一面。但随后在战争期间，我从事了原子弹的研究。这个科学的成果又明摆着有很大危险性——它意味着人的毁灭，并使我们的未来岌岌可危。我不得不问自己：“科学里是不是有罪恶？”
换言之，在我发现科学可能造成的恶果之后，我一直投身其中的科学，我曾经的挚爱，价值何在？这是一个我不得不回答的问题。关于这个问题，我苦思冥想了很久，我将试着在这次演讲中给出解答。
科学体现价值的第一种方式对每个人而言都耳熟能详：科学知识让我们能够做各种各样的事，造不同种类的东西。当然，如果我们做了善事，不仅归功于科学，还归功于引导我们行善的道德选择。科学知识是一种让我们可以行善也可以作恶的力量——但是该如何运用，它并未自带说明书。这样的力量其价值显而易见，尽管，这力量会因某人用它所做的事而被否定。
科学的另一种价值在于它能够给予我们以智力的享受。当我们足够深入地探究某个问题时，我们会感到兴奋和神秘不断地扑面而来。随新知而来的是更深刻、更精妙的奥秘，激励我们更深入地去探究。我们从不担心答案可能会令人失望，总是快乐而自信地开始每一次新探索，发现一些意想不到、稀奇古怪的东西，随之而来的是更加奇妙的问题与奥秘。有赖于在科学上付出的努力，我们在其引领下构想出形形色色的东西，远比过去任何一位诗人和梦想家的想象更加美妙。
现在，我要说到科学的第三种价值。科学家经常会经历无知、疑惑和不确定，而这种经历是十分重要的。当科学家不知道某个问题的答案时，他是无知的。当他对于结果是什么有主意时，他是不确定的。当他非常确信结果将会怎样时，他仍旧有所怀疑。
现在，我们科学家理所当然地认为，人类生而有所不知是完全有可能的。但是我们怀疑的自由，脱胎于早年间科学为对抗权威展开的深刻而强硬的斗争。为了进步，我们切不可忘记这场斗争的重要性；我们必须认识到自己的无知，并且为怀疑留出一席之地。要允许我们提问——怀疑——不确定。
作为科学家，我们明白巨大进步源于思想自由，因此，我们有责任声明这一自由的价值；有责任教育人们不必害怕疑惑，而要欢迎疑惑、讨论疑惑；有责任强烈要求这一自由，这就是我们对后世的义务。
（改编自1965年诺贝尔物理学奖得主、美国科学家理查德·费曼的公开演讲）
第一步：析架构，理文本脉络
Read the passage quickly and fill in the blanks with suitable words.
第二步：精读文，达明察秋毫
Read the passage carefully and choose the best answer.
1.How did the author introduce the topic？（ ）
A.By asking a question.
B.By making a comparison.
C.By giving an example.
D.By quoting a famous saying.
2.What can we learn from the third paragraph？（ ）
A.Scientific knowledge always enables us to do good things.
B.Scientific knowledge always enables us to do bad things.
C.Scientific knowledge enables us to do good things or bad things.
D.Scientific knowledge always tells us how to apply it.
3.The fourth paragraph tells us that .（ ）
A.science can’t provide us with much intellectual enjoyment
B.more scientific knowledge can make us look deeper
C.science can’t offer us some pleasure and confidence
D.we can’t imagine more fantastic than some poets
4.Which of the following is NOT true according to the passage？（ ）
A.We shouldn’t doubt anything all the time.
B.We shouldn’t fear doubts.
C.Freedom of thought should be encouraged.
D.Scientists should question something bravely.
5.What can we infer from the passage？（ ）
A.Everything has two sides.
B.All is progressing.
C.Authority is science.
D.Science can change everything.
第三步：通词句，学语言表达
1.词汇学习——循规律，记单词
（1）名词后缀-ance表示性质或状态
①ignore v.忽视；对……不予理会→ignorance n.无知
②guide v.指导，指引→guidance n.指导，引导
③appear v.出现；看来，似乎→appearance n.外表，外貌
④perform v.表演；执行→performance n.表演；表现
（2）名词后缀-dom表示状态、领域或者某某集体
①free adj.自由的→freedom n.自由
②bore vt.使厌烦→boredom n.厌烦，厌倦
③king n.国王→kingdom n.王国
2.美句欣赏——赏佳句，品用法
排比句往往给人以一气呵成之感，节奏感强，增强语言气势，加强表达效果，多用于说理或抒情。用排比说理，可以把论点阐述得更严密，更透彻；用排比抒情可以把情感抒发得淋漓尽致。
请从课文中找出有关排比的句子。
Part Ⅰ 核心词汇集释
involve vt.包含；牵涉，影响；（使）参加
【教材原句】 I had to ask myself， “Is there some evil involved in science？”
我不得不问自己：“科学里是不是有罪恶？”
【用法】
（1）involve sb in （doing） sth 使某人参与（做）某事；使某人牵扯到某事中 involve doing sth 包括做某事；需要做某事 （2）involved adj. 复杂的；有牵连的；有关联的 be/get involved in 参与；卷入；与……有关联 be/get involved with sb/sth 与某人混在一起/和某事有密切联系
【佳句】 As well as studying hard， I’ve been involved in social activities.
努力学习之余，我还参加了一些社交活动。
【点津】 形容词involved作前置定语时，意为“复杂的”；作后置定语时，意为“涉及的”。
an involved sentence一个复杂的句子
the people involved所涉及的人
【练透】 单句语法填空
①Don’t involve me solving your problems！
②The test will involve （answer） some questions about a photo.
③All who participated have gained a positive outcome from getting （involve）.
④There was a lot of work （involve） in setting up the festival.
【写美】 句式升级
⑤I get involved in volunteer work， so I have learned a lot.
→ ， I have learned a lot.（动词-ed形式短语作状语）
credit n.赞扬，认可；信用；贷款，借款 vt.存入金额；把……归于
【教材原句】 Of course， if we make good things， it is not only to the credit of science； it is also to the credit of the moral choice which led us to good work.
当然，如果我们做了善事，不仅归功于科学，还归功于引导我们行善的道德选择。
【用法】
（1）to one’s credit 某人值得赞扬/钦佩 do sb/sth credit＝do credit to sb/sth 某人/某物值得赞扬 （2）on credit 赊账 （3）credit A with B/credit B to A 认为B是A的功劳；把B归于A
【佳句】 Your honesty does your great credit.
你的诚实值得大大表扬。
Much of the team’s success can be credited to their manager.
这个团队的成功很大程度上归功于他们的经理。
【练透】 单句语法填空
①The merchant has sold goods credit， but from this time he will sell only for cash.
②The company is credited inventing the industrial robot.
③The teacher’s fairness to all her students does credit her.
【写美】 完成句子
④ ， he has grown to be a responsible person.
特别值得赞扬的是，他已经成长为一个有责任心的人。
let sb down 使某人失望；辜负
【教材原句】 Never concerned that the answer may let us down， with pleasure and confidence we turn over each new stone to find unimagined strangeness leading on to more wonderful questions and mysteries.
我们从不担心答案可能会令人失望，总是快乐而自信地开始每一次新探索，发现一些意想不到、稀奇古怪的东西，随之而来的是更加奇妙的问题与奥秘。
【用法】
let out 发出（叫声等） let alone 更不用说 let go 放开；松手 let out 泄露（秘密）；发生 let sb off 放过/不惩罚某人 let sb alone 不管/不干涉某人 let sth/sb in/out 让某物/某人进来/出去
【佳句】 Don’t worry， Mum.I won’t let you down.
妈妈，不要担心。我不会让你失望的。
【练透】 单句语法填空
①I’ll let him this time but next time he’ll be punished.
②I’m counting on you to make it—don’t let me .
③It remains unknown who let the secret.
【写美】 完成句子
④I hardly had time to think these days， .
这些天我几乎没时间思考，更不用说休息了。
permit vt.& vi.允许，准许，许可；使有可能 n.许可证
【教材原句】 Permit us to question—to doubt—to not be sure.
要允许我们提问——怀疑——不确定。
【用法】
（1）permit sb to do sth 允许某人做某事 permit doing sth 允许做某事 （2）permission n.[U] 允许，许可 with/without permission 获得/未经允许 ask sb for permission 请求某人许可
【佳句】 No one is permitted to go into the building at present.
现在不允许任何人进入这座大楼。
【点津】 动词permit的常见用法有permit doing sth和permit sb to do sth。用法类似的动词还有allow、forbid、 advise、 encourage等。
【练透】 单句语法填空
①If time （permit）， I may go hiking with my friends.
②Passengers are permitted （carry） only one piece of luggage onto the plane.
③The owners don’t permit （park） cars in front of the shops.
【写美】 句式升级
④ （把句①改为独立主格结构）
⑤ （把句③改为被动语态）
declare vt.表明，宣称；公布，宣布；申报
【教材原句】 It is our responsibility as scientists， knowing the great progress that is the fruit of freedom of thought， to declare the value of this freedom ...
作为科学家，我们明白巨大进步源于思想自由，因此，我们有责任声明这一自由的价值……
【用法】
declare war （on） （向……）宣战 declare sb/sth （as/to be）＋名词/形容词 宣布某人/物为…… declare sth/that ... 宣布…… declare for/against ... 赞成/反对…… It is/was declared that ... 据宣布……
【佳句】 Hearing the drama festival declared open， all the students burst into cheers.
听到戏剧节宣布开幕，所有的学生都欢呼起来。
【练透】 单句语法填空
①Angry residents have declared war the owners of the nearby factories.
②All the citizens declared garbage-sorting to better protect the environment.
③The suspect was declared （be） guilty by the court.
【写美】 完成句子
④ he is in love with this beautiful town.
他声称他爱上了这个美丽的小城镇。
put forward 提出，提议，建议；推举；往前拨（钟表指针）；将……提前
【教材原句】 He put forward the theory of evolution by natural selection and published On the Origin of Species in 1859.他提出了自然选择进化论，并在1859年发表了《物种起源》一书。
【用法】
put up 张贴（布告等）；举起；搭建；留宿；提高（价钱） put off 推迟，延期 put on 穿上，戴上；上演 put out 熄灭，扑灭；伸出 put down 放下；记下；批评；镇压 put away 把……收起来，储存 put up with 忍受；容忍
【佳句】 Who put forward a theory about black holes？
谁提出了黑洞理论？
【练透】 用put的相关短语填空
①We will the picnic until next week，when the weather may be better.
②Just as the saying goes， “Far water doesn’t near fire.”
③A week before Earth Day， posters were around our school，calling upon us to join in the actions for a greener Earth.
【写美】 完成句子
④My watch was slow so I .
我的表慢了，所以我把它往前拨了三分钟。
Part Ⅱ 中频词汇特训
ignorance n.无知
【教材原句】 The scientist has a lot of experience with ignorance and doubt and uncertainty， and this experience is of very great importance.
科学家经常会经历无知、疑惑和不确定，而这种经历是十分重要的。
【用法】
（1）be in ignorance of sth不知某事，对某事不了解 out of ignorance 出于无知 （2）ignorant adj. 无知的，不了解的，愚昧的 be ignorant of/about sth 不知道某事 be ignorant that ... 不知道…… （3）ignore vt. 忽视；对……不予理会
【佳句】 He is in ignorance of his serious illness now； that is to say， he is ignorant about the danger.He shouldn’t ignore the doctor’s advice and keep staying up.
他现在不知道自己严重的病情，也就是说，他不知道那个危险。他不应忽视医生的劝告，继续熬夜。
【点津】 ignore表示“装作不知道，故意不理睬”；be ignorant表示“不知道，没意识到”。
【练透】 单句语法填空
①How much， though？ How （ignore） are we？ The question of what we know and do not know constantly bothered me.
②You should not （ignorance） your mistakes if you want to make greater progress.
【写美】 一句多译
③他不知道父母为他创造一个良好学习氛围的良苦用心。
→He his parents’ intention of creating a good study atmosphere for study.（ignorant）
→He his parents’ intention of creating a good study atmosphere for study.（ignorance）
responsibility n.责任，负责；职责，义务
【教材原句】 It is our responsibility as scientists， knowing the great progress that is the fruit of freedom of thought， to declare the value of this freedom ...
作为科学家，我们明白巨大进步源于思想自由，因此，我们有责任声明这一自由的价值……
【用法】
（1）take responsibility for sth 对某事负责 a sense of responsibility 责任感 It is one’s responsibility to do sth 做某事是某人的职责 （2）responsible adj. 负责的；有责任的 be responsible for 对……负责
【佳句】 From my point of view， it’s our responsibility to spread traditional Chinese culture to foreigners.
就我个人而言，向外国人传播中国传统文化是我们的责任。（应用文写作之传统文化）
【练透】 单句语法填空
①We are supposed to be responsible our own behaviours and try our best to protect the environment.
②I realize that being a grown-up not only means more freedom， but also more （responsible）.
【写美】 完成句子
③Firstly， doing housework is helpful for us .
首先，做家务有助于我们成为一个负责任的人。
Part Ⅲ 重点句型解构
句型公式：way作先行词的定语从句
【教材原句】 The first way in which science is of value is familiar to everyone： scientific knowledge enables us to do and make all kinds of things.科学体现价值的第一种方式对每个人而言都耳熟能详：科学知识让我们能够做各种各样的事，造不同种类的东西。
【用法】
句中in which science is of value是in which引导的定语从句，修饰先行词The first way。此时，关系代词也可以用that，也可以省略关系代词。 （1）way表示“方式；方法”时，其后常接in which或that引导的定语从句，也可以将关系词in which或that省略，此时关系词在从句中作状语。 （2）way后接定语从句时，如果关系词在从句中作主语或宾语，则用关系代词that或which，作宾语时可以省略，作主语时不可省略。 （3）way表示“方式；方法”时，其后还可接动词不定式或of doing sth形式。
【品悟】 Of course， when new technology changes the way （that/in which） we live， it can be a scary prospect.当然，当新技术改变我们的生活方式时，这可能是一个可怕的前景。
【写美】 完成句子
①To be honest， we admired .
诚实地说，我们钦佩他解决那个问题的方式。
② to solve the problem was good.
你想出的这个解决问题的方法很好。
③The way was unpractical.
会议上提出的方式是不切实际的。
④It was because of John’s bright idea and that made a great difference in Bernard’s life.
正是因为约翰聪明的想法和他执行的方式使伯纳德的生活发生了巨大的变化。
句型公式：what 引导宾语从句
【教材原句】 And when he is pretty sure of what the result is going to be， he is still in some doubt.当他非常确信结果将会怎样时，他仍旧有所怀疑。
【用法】
句中介词of后接一个what引导的宾语从句what the result is going to be。what意为“……的东西或事情”。介词后常跟what、 which、 who、 whom、 when、 where、 how、whether等引导的宾语从句，但不能接if引导的宾语从句。 （1）动词短语中的介词后不能直接跟that引导的宾语从句，需要接it作介词的形式宾语，再接that引导的宾语从句。 （2）what可以引导主语从句、表语从句、宾语从句和同位语从句。what在从句中可以作主语、宾语、表语等。
【品悟】 Standards of beauty in the media can have a big influence on what you think of your physical appearance.媒体的审美标准会对你如何看待自己的外表产生很大影响。
【写美】 完成句子/句型升级
①My father came down and demanded to know .我父亲（从楼上）下来要求知道正在发生什么事情。
② is to wait for a proper chance.
我们所能做的就是等待一个合适的机会。
③We are talking about .
我们正在讨论是否准许学生加入我们的俱乐部。
④The boy is too young to know what to do in trouble.
→The boy is too young to know in trouble. （宾语从句）
句型公式：it作形式宾语
【教材原句】 Now， we scientists take it for granted that it is perfectly possible to live and not know.现在，我们科学家理所当然地认为，人类生而有所不知是完全有可能的。
【用法】
句中it作形式宾语，that引导的从句作真正的宾语。当动词不定式（短语）、动词-ing形式（短语）或从句作宾语时，为了保持句子结构的平衡，常用it作形式宾语，而将真正的宾语后置。此时的it无词义。常用it作形式宾语的动词有feel、 consider、 find、 believe、 make、 take、 imagine、 prove、 think、 suppose、 regard、 notice等。 （1）it作形式宾语，代替动词不定式（短语）。 （2）it作形式宾语，代替动词-ing形式（短语）。 当动词-ing形式（短语）作真正的宾语时，其宾语补足语通常是no use、 no good、 a waste、 hard work等。 （3）it作形式宾语，代替从句。 ①在一些习惯用法中，it 在hate、 like、 love、 appreciate、 enjoy、 take、have等动词后作形式宾语，代替其后的宾语从句。 ②在一些特殊结构中，用it作形式宾语。 rely on/depend on it that ...信赖/依靠…… take it for granted that ... 认为……是理所当然的
【品悟】 I think it possible to master a foreign language well with hard work.我认为通过努力学习，掌握好一门外语是可能的。
【写美】 完成句子
①I the matter again.
我认为再讨论此事没有用处了。
②You can I will help you when you are in trouble.
你可以相信，当你遇到麻烦时，我会帮助你的。
③He seemed to he should speak as a representative.
他似乎想当然地认为他应该以代表的身份发言。
④Do you trying again？
你认为再试一次会有好处吗？
⑤I feel with you.
我觉得与你共事是件令人愉快的事。
⑥You’d better master some basic Chinese in advance， which .
你最好提前掌握一些基础的汉语，这使你容易适应在北京的新生活。
提示：完成课后作业 UNIT 4 Section Ⅳ
12 / 13单元素养提升
◇本单元语法学了什么内容？ ◇自我评价
◇本单元写作练了哪个方面？
回顾单元知识·提高语言能力
一、核心单词写对
1. n.共和国，共和政体
2. adj.广泛的；宽阔的，广阔的；概括的；开阔的
3. n.试用，试验；审讯，审判；考验
vi.& vt.测试，试验
4. vt.& vi.组织，实施；指挥；引导；举止
5. n.政治家，从政者；投机钻营者
6. n.学说，论；原理；看法，意见
7. n.雷雨，雷暴
8. n.金属
9. adj.突出的
n.突出的人（或物）
10. n.炸弹；核武器
vt.轰炸
11. n.赞扬，认可；信用
vt.存入金额；把……归于
12. vt.取消，使无效；否认，否定
13. n.权威，权力；官方
14. n.结婚，婚姻；已婚状态
Ⅰ.根据所给单词的首字母或汉语提示，写出单词的正确形式
1.One in seven a is caused by sleepy drivers.
2.Last month， my close friend， Li Hua， persuaded me to join in his journey to Zhejiang P .
3.She is allergic to h dust， so she often wears a hat when cleaning the house.
4.Thank you for furnishing me with so many d I need on my research.
5.There are some programming （错误） that need correction.
6.It was an unpopular decision to （延迟） building the new hospital.
7.Many people do not like the idea of （实验） on animals.
8.The phone won’t work if it isn’t （充电） up in time.
9.We must try to preserve the best of our （道德的） values for our children and grandchildren.
10.Our research is being （出版；发表） in a well-known medical journal.
二、拓展词汇用活
1. adj.致命的；十足的，彻底的→dead adj.死亡的；死的
2. n.生存，存活；残存物，幸存事物→survive vi.生存，存活 vt.幸存，幸免于难→survivor n.幸存者
3. vt.& vi.想要，计划；意指→intention n.目的，意图，打算→intended adj.打算的；设计的
4. adj.有限的→limit vt.限制 n.限度；限制→limitation n.限制
5. n.容器；集装箱，货柜→contain vt.包含，含有
6. adj.足够的，充足的→sufficiency n.足量，充足
Ⅱ.用括号内所给单词的正确形式填空
1.With the of becoming famous and rich， many ordinary people to take part in some TV shows， which are to find good singers.（intend）
2.Luckily， the boy the terrible car crash last week and he was the only of the accident.（survive）
3.The natural resources we have are .Therefore， we have no reason to waste the precious resources without .（limit）
7. n.智慧，知识，学问；才智；明智→wise adj.充满智慧的；英明的
8. adj.有益的，有用的→benefit n.益处，好处 v.获益
9. vt.说明，解释；加插图于→illustration n.（书、杂志等中的）图表，插图；图解；图示；例释
10. vt.围绕，环绕；包围；与……紧密相关→surrounding adj.周围的，附近的→surroundings n.环境；周围的事物
11. vt.表明；暗示；提及；指出→indication n.表明；标示；显示；象征
12. adj.有才智的，聪明的；有智力的→intelligence n.智力；聪明；智能
13. vt.较喜欢；偏袒；有助于 n.帮助，好事；赞同；偏袒→favourable adj.赞成的；有利的
14. n.电，电能→electrical adj.与电有关的→electric adj.电的，发电的，电动的→electronic adj.电子的
15. adj.科学的，关于科学的；细致严谨的→science n.科学→scientist n.科学家
16. vt.& vi.应用；申请；涂；有关→application n.应用，运用；申请，申请表；涂抹，外敷→applicant n.申请人
17. n.无知→ignore vt.忽视；对……不予理会→ignorant adj.无知的，愚昧的
18. n.自由→free adj.自由的
19. vt.& vi.允许，准许，许可；使有可能 n.许可证→permission n.允许，许可
20. n.责任，负责；职责，义务→responsible adj.负责的；尽责的
21. vt.表明，宣称；公布，宣布；申报→declaration n.宣言；公布
22. n.国籍；民族→nation n.民族；国家；国民→national adj.民族的；国家的；国民的
4.Everyone knows the of learning English and if you learn it well， it will be to your future career.It is reported that many graduates have from having a good command of English.（benefit）
5.Even if you have a ， I won’t you to enter the hall without her .（permit）
6.We’ll be for your safety and you need to take for your actions.（responsible）
7.Britain is a developed and its flower is rose.Peter， my colleague， holds British .（nation）
8.It’s that the two countries have agreed to stop the conflict.They must obey the for ever.（declare）
9.Owing to of traffic laws， some drivers usually the speed limit.（ignore）
10.All the can in person or by letter and at the same time should hand in their before 6 May.（apply）
11.The current situation is in our .That is to say， the current situation is to us.（favour）
12.This is a glass .You can clearly see what it .（contain）
三、重点短语用准
1. 查阅，参考；提到，谈及
2. 放弃
3. 许多，大量
4. 很可能
5. （使）加速
6. 成功，奏效，达到目的
7. 反复试验
8. 利用
9. 偶然，意外地
10. 远离；远非；完全不
11. 因……而出名
12. 经历；经受；仔细检查；完成；通过；用完
13. 对……做贡献
14. 很成功；引人注目，有强烈影响
15. 献身于；致力于
16. 使某人失望
17. 关于，至于
18. 想当然地认为，认
为……是理所当然
19. 提出，提议，建议
Ⅲ.选用左栏短语的适当形式填空
1. your pace and try to arrive there on time.
2.Middle school students often this dictionary when they meet with new words.
3.No one has come up with a definitive answer why this should be so.
4.All of you present are welcome to your views.
5.During the experiment， she discovered the problem .
6.The school year started off when I was named class president.
7.If you still keep silent， I will that you imply agreement.
8.Nobody taught him and he actually learnt by himself .
9.I’ll have to my savings to afford it.
10.Did he or keep on trying？
11.Everyone should protecting the environment.
四、经典句式写美
1.句型公式：the＋序数词＋名词＋to do ...
教材原句：Tu Youyou has become （中华人民共和国第一位获得诺贝尔奖的女科学家）， awarded for her contribution to the fight against malaria， one of the deadliest diseases in human history.
2.句型公式：形容词化的动词-ed形式作状语
教材原句： （1930年，出生于浙江宁波）， Tu studied medicine at university in Beijing between 1951 and 1955.
3.句型公式：it作形式主语
教材原句：However， （很难制造出足够的青蒿提取物用于大规模试验） because research resources were limited.
4.句型公式：动词-ing形式短语作定语
教材原句：Perhaps the next generation of scientists， （借鉴中医的智慧）， will indeed discover more medicines beneficial to global health care.
5.句型公式：It was not until ...that ...
教材原句：However， （直到20世纪70年代） Tu succeeded in discovering qinghaosu， after many failed experiments.
6.句型公式：way作先行词的定语从句
教材原句： （第一种方式） science is of value is familiar to everyone： scientific knowledge enables us to do and make all kinds of things.
7.句型公式：what 引导宾语从句
教材原句：And when he is pretty sure of （结果将会怎样）， he is still in some doubt.
8.句型公式：it作形式宾语
教材原句：Now， we scientists （理所当然地认为） it is perfectly possible to live and not know.
Ⅳ.翻译句子
1.在1973年，他成了世界上第一个种植高产水稻的农业先驱。
2.一时间她默不作声，陷入沉思。
3.养成早睡早起的习惯是重要的。
4.有标志提醒人们在公共场所禁止吸烟。
5.直到昨晚12点钟我父亲才回家。
6.今晚的节目集中讨论破裂家庭如何影响年轻一代。
7.经过许多天的航行之后，他们到达了如今被称为非洲的地方。
8.他没有给我回信，我感到很奇怪。
整合话题元素·增强思维品质
夯实素材储备·注重续写体验
环境描写 ①lightning n.闪电 ②thunderstorm n.雷雨，雷暴 ③bang n.突然的巨响；猛敲，猛击 vi.& vt.砸；砰地关上；猛摔；碰撞
人物描写 ①evil n.罪恶，罪行；害处，坏处 adj.恶毒的；有害的；恶魔的 ②marriage n.结婚，婚姻；已婚状态
动作描写 ①surround vt.围绕，环绕；包围；与……紧密相关 ②let sb down使某人失望 ③permit vt.& vi.允许，准许，许可；使有可能 n.许可证 ④put forward提出，提议，建议
其他 household adj.家庭的，家用的，家务的 n.一家人，家庭
一、连词成句
根据教材语料中所给词汇及汉语提示翻译下列句子。
1.一天晚上，汤姆被闪电和雷雨惊醒了。（环境描写；被动语态）
2.当他经过父母的卧室时，听到他们在争论。（动作描写；非谓语动词）
3.他的父亲提出让汤姆长大后当一名官员，然而妈妈坚持让他当一名教师。（动词-ing形式的复合结构；并列句）
4.这让汤姆心情很不好，愤怒和沮丧包裹着他。（情感描写；独立主格结构）
5.他打开门，来到院子里。大约过了一个小时，天空中出现了一些星星。慢慢地，他平静了下来。（环境描写）
6.他对自己说：“一切都会好起来的，我的未来我做主。我的物理很好，我会做一名物理科学家，为国家的强大尽自己的微薄之力。我是这个家庭的希望，我不会让父母失望的。” （心理描写）
二、连句成文
用适当的过渡词将上面的句子合并成一个小语段。
6 / 6学习讲义部分
UNIT 1 Nature in the balance
【单元话题导入】
1.continents； global 2.damaged； habitats； disappeared； species 3.greenhouse； recycle
Section Ⅰ Welcome to the unit & Reading
【文本透析·剖语篇】
第一步
1.significant 2.balance 3.is home to 4.levels 5.1，300
6.situation 7.has disappeared 8.extinction
第二步
1－6 DBBCCD
第三步
1.disappear， disagree， disadvantage， dishonest， disabled， dissatisfied ...； unbelievable， unlimited， unhappy， unknown， unusual， unreal ...； irreplaceable， invisible， incorrect， imbalance， illegal， irregular ...； non-smoking， non-stop， non-existent， non-profit， non-fiction ...
2.（1）As the impact of human activities continues to grow and the list of species in danger of extinction becomes longer， we are left with a question： can we afford to damage the “lungs of the planet”？
（2）With an area of around 6 million square kilometres， the Amazon rainforest is more than half the size of China.； Thus， it is often known as the “lungs of the planet”.
【核心知识·巧突破】
Part Ⅰ
1.①living ②harmful ③which does/causes great harm to their health； doing/causing great harm to their health
2.①from ②various ③variety ④a variety of/varieties of
3.①to look ②by ③to drive ④in ⑤When it is in my turn， I am too excited to speak.
4.①broke down ②break in ③broke out ④break away from ⑤You will break down sooner or later if you go on working like that.
5.①to ②to make ③due to the horrible weather
④The bus was due to arrive at 5 p.m.， but it arrived one hour late due to the heavy fog.
6.①is doing/causing damage to our children ②had their houses damaged ③Don’t damage your health
④He won’t do anything that may damage her reputation.
Part Ⅱ
1.①five times the width of ②four times longer than
③three times as big as the previous one ④double/twice what it was three years ago ⑤twice as big as； twice the size of
2.①with which he often takes photos ②without which we would have lost our way ③half of which were written by Bing Xin ④the youngest of whom is very clever ⑤from which I have a good knowledge of ⑥the aim of which is to raise our awareness ⑦most of whom are businessmen
Section Ⅱ Grammar and usage
【重难语法·要攻克】
我的发现
（1）1 主要动词 （2）2、3 to （3）4 主语 be动词
状语 （4）5 谓语 （5）6、7 主语
即时演练1
①to go to bed early ②but wait ③she refused to
④If so
即时演练2
①it is ②Is there ③Do you ④study ⑤I ran
⑥the cases； the cases
即时演练3
①his mother was （at home） ②Jimmy （won） the second （race） ③but he didn’t （come to school to see me）
④his friend doesn’t （have a knowledge of first aid）
即时演练4
①If so ②so mild as in Guangzhou ③while burning
④Though tired ⑤you’ve been looking for ⑥she had finished her homework
【核心知识·巧突破】
1.①come up with ②came up ③come across ④come out
⑤come about ⑥When it comes to repairing a computer
2.①calling for ②called up ③called off ④call on/upon ⑤called in ⑥calls for immediate action
3.①applications ②himself ③to
④to apply for the position of a local tour guide
Section Ⅲ Integrated skills
【典例体验·提素能】
第二步
核心词汇
1.protect the wild animals 2.damage 3.living habitats
4.take measures 5.protect ...from ... 6.cut down
7.stop ...from doing ... 8.wildlife reserves 9.set up 10.raise the awareness of
遣词造句
1.Animals are our friends and they are very important to our world.
2.I’m writing this letter to give some suggestions to protect the wild animals around us.
3.With the rapid development of the cities， human activities have damaged some animals’ living habitats.
4.In addition， some wild animals have died because the climate is terrible.
5.It is time for us to take some measures to protect the animals.
6.More laws must be made to stop people from hunting animals.
7.More wildlife reserves should be set up so that they can live safely.
8.Citizens should raise their awareness of protecting wild animals.
第三步
1.Animals are our friends， which are very important to our world.
2.With the rapid development of the cities， it is human activities that have damaged some animals’ living habitats.
3.In addition， some wild animals have died due to the terrible climate.
4.It is time that we took/should take some measures to protect the animals.
第四步
Dear Sir or Madam，
Animals are our friends， which are very important to our world.I’m writing this letter to give some suggestions to protect the wild animals around us.
With the rapid development of the cities， it is human activities that have damaged some animals’ living habitats.In addition， some wild animals have died due to the terrible climate.It is time that we took/should take some measures to protect the animals.To begin with， more laws must be made to stop people from hunting animals.What’s more， more wildlife reserves should be set up so that they can live safely.Last but not least， citizens should raise their awareness of protecting wild animals.
I hope my suggestions are helpful.
Yours sincerely，
Li Hua
即时演练
A Report on Tigers
Famous as being strong and fierce， the tiger is often called the “king of the jungle”.Despite being big and strong， they are in danger as hunters hunt them for their fur， bones or other parts of their bodies.Moreover， they’re losing living areas because people are cutting down too many trees.
Luckily， people have come to realise the important role of wildlife in the balance of nature and started to take action.As students we should also do what we can to prevent tigers from dying out.Otherwise， there may be none left in the world.
Section Ⅳ Extended reading & Project & Assessment
【文本透析·剖语篇】
第一步
1.pollution 2.costs 3.fresh 4.different 5.for
6.measures 7.benefits 8.quality 9.government
10.recycle
第二步
1－6 BCCDDA
第三步
2.（1）When I first moved here， the air was fresh， the grass green and the water clear.Then heavy industry factories moved in， and things became entirely different.I don’t enjoy outdoor activities any more.The river is dirty and smelly.The smog in the air has coloured the sky a smoky grey ...
（2）It’s our duty to protect the environment while we aim for economic development.It’s our duty to leave a better， cleaner and healthier planet to our children.It’s our duty to build a human community with a shared future.
【核心知识·巧突破】
Part Ⅰ
1.①ourselves ②of ③couldn’t get rid of him
2.①against ②myself ③defence ④in
⑤defend the road from being washed away by the sea
3.①consequent ②consequently
③in consequence of/as a consequence of/as a result of
4.①giving thought to ②give advice to ③give rise to
④gave rise to/led to/brought about
Part Ⅱ
1.①Then came the news that ②there lived a man
③in rushed a little dog ④lies our library， which is between the garden and the teaching building
2.①with the windows open ②With the books he needed bought ③with many flowers around it ④With so many essays to write ⑤With the exam approaching
单元素养提升
回顾单元知识
一、1.continent 2.species 3.beneath 4.mass
5.towering 6.living 7.insect 8.carbon 9.damage 10.global 11.medal 12.process 13.branch
14.former 15.further
Ⅰ.1.committee 2.Frogs 3.track 4.drought 5.survived
6.wildlife 7.recycling 8.impacted 9.oxygen
10.protest
二、1.harm 2.ecosystem 3.region 4.length
5.biodiversity 6.variety 7.survive 8.nutrient
9.disappear 10.agriculture 11.extinction
12.application 13.organization 14.absolutely
15.entirely 16.profit 17.defence 18.economic
19.strategy 20.official 21.poverty 22.poison
23.chemical 24.consequence
Ⅱ.1.survival； survive； survivors； surviving 2.long； length
3.agricultural； agriculture 4.entire； entirely
5.defence； defend 6.poisoned； poisonous 7.chemist； chemistry； chemical 8.variety； various 9.organizers； organization 10.harmful； harm
三、1.in turn 2.break down 3.breathe life into 4.due to
5.build up 6.come up with 7.call for 8.spring to mind
9.get rid of 10.give rise to 11.a variety of ... 12.（be） alive with ... 13.be home to ... 14.take in 15.in length 16.a sea of 17.do harm to 18.tend to do sth 19.in defence of 20.point out 21.be concerned about 22.take measures 23.draw one’s attention
Ⅲ.1.in turn 2.breathe life into 3.a sea of 4.A variety of
5.spring to mind 6.break down 7.is alive with
8.due to 9.build up 10.give rise to 11.come up with
四、1.all on the South American continent
2.is more than half the size of China
3.from which the rainforest gets its name
4.While a significant number of jaguars survive here
5.Over the past 50 years， about 17 per cent of the rainforest has disappeared
6.Joining us in the studio tonight are
7.We’ve been taking various measures
8.With pollution levels on the rise
Ⅳ.1.He rushed into the classroom， a book in his hand.
2.This road is six times the length of that one.
3.Our hometown is beautiful， of which I’m greatly proud.
4.While he is in bad health， he works hard.
5.In the last three years， our hometown has changed a lot.
6.Gone are the days when we got together there happily.
7.We have been looking forward to our summer vacation.
8.With no one to turn to in such a frightening situation， she felt very helpless.
夯实素材储备
一、1.My friend Mac and I were walking in the jungle full of hardwoods when we saw a jaguar walking towards us.
2.I was almost frightened to death.
3.“Who will come to defend us？” I asked.
4.After a while， a good idea sprang to Mac’s mind.
5.He took out some biscuits and nuts from his bag， tore the packages， and threw them away in all directions.
6.As a consequence， the jaguar didn’t chase after us.In turn， he walked towards the food.
7.We followed the hunter’s tracks， walking out of the forest.
8.I learned a lesson from this experience that when facing danger we should be calm and brave.
二、
My friend Mac and I were walking in the jungle full of hardwoods when we saw a jaguar walking towards us.I was almost frightened to death.“Who will come to defend us？” I asked.After a while， a good idea sprang to Mac’s mind.He took out some biscuits and nuts from his bag， tore the packages， and threw them away in all directions.As a consequence， the jaguar didn’t chase after us.In turn， he walked towards the food.We followed the hunter’s tracks， walking out of the forest.I learned a lesson from this experience that when facing danger we should be calm and brave.
UNIT 2 Natural disasters
【单元话题导入】
1.hurricanes； floods 2.disaster； rescue； injured； donated 3.occur； relief
Section Ⅰ Welcome to the unit & Reading
【文本透析·剖语篇】
第一步
1.escaped 2.quick and correct 3.Miss Brown’s 4.twice 5.around 100 6.the signs 7.a safety officer 8.cleared of
第二步
1－5 CBADB
第三步
1.（1）①There were loud crashes of glass breaking and things falling to the ground， but the students remained still and waited calmly and quietly.（名词）
②The beach was rapidly cleared of people， just before the huge waves crashed into the coast.（动词）
（2）①On 17 March， 476 students and 36 teachers at Falmont Primary School escaped an earthquake that hit the county at 2：27 p.m.（动词）
②The moment the shaking stopped， Miss Brown sensed it was the best time for the class to make their escape.（名词）
③A 10-year-old girl， Sabrina Andron， helped around 100 people escape danger with her knowledge of tsunamis.（动词）
2.（1）“The water was like the bubbles on the top of a beer，” she later explained.
（2）People were walking， running or simply sitting on the sandy beach， enjoying the warm sea air and the soft wind that brushed their hair.
【核心知识·巧突破】
Part Ⅰ
1.①injury ②to ③injured ④was injured ⑤Injured badly
2.①with ②reaction ③against ④he will react to your suggestion； his reaction to your suggestion will be
3.①to bring
②signal that someone was moving about upstairs
4.①in ②confirmation ③confirmed my determination
④It has been confirmed that the meeting will take place next week.
5.①to ②occurred ③to ask
④It occurred to/struck/hit her that
6.①relief ②was relieved ③To our great relief
④sigh with relief/breathe a sigh of relief
⑤which made him relieved
7.①informed ②information ③that
④to inform you of the good news
Part Ⅱ
1.①was walking on the street when ②had hardly fallen asleep when ③was about to set out when； was on the point of setting out when
2.①in case it rains ②In case you should need any help
③as is often the case ④In case of
⑤In no case should we
Section Ⅱ Grammar and usage
【重难语法·要攻克】
我的发现
（1）1、3、4 （2）2、5
即时演练1
①the first one to come every day ②house to live in
③something important to say ④to go to college
⑤to cope with this matter
即时演练2
①leaving the project unfinished ②old enough to travel ③too young to tell right from wrong
【核心知识·巧突破】
1.①a ②shocking ③was shocked ④Shocked
⑤which shocked Elli and me/which made Elli and me shocked； What shocked Elli and me was that
2.①scared ②to ③to go ④off/away
⑤Scared of a snake
3.①to ②powerful ③in ④I’ll do everything in my power to prepare
4.①run out ②His strength gave out ③I need your help， for I have run out of/used up petrol.
5.①of ②supplies ③in ④to ⑤supplied us with some food/supplied some food to us； provided us with some food/provided some food for us
6.①donation ②donor ③to donate money to； to make a donation of money to
Section Ⅲ Integrated skills
【典例体验·提素能】
第一步
1.Mary， Mum，Dad 2.rainy 3.In their house/In their living room 4.were caught in a 5.has been raining
6.has been flooded 7.survive
第二步
1.①three ②roared ③leaving the house
④has been flooded ⑤the dinner table ⑥hugged
2.①scared ②worried ③calm
第三步
1.stay at home
2.（1）①downstairs ②their important documents and disaster supplies
（2）①on the radio ②comfort ③hugged
第四步
After a brief discussion， Mum and Dad decided they should stay in the house.They thought it would be really dangerous to try to walk through the water to get to higher ground.
“Mary， we’ll have to go upstairs and wait there，” said Mum.
“OK， Mum.If that’s what you think is best，” Mary replied uncertainly.
So they went upstairs and waited.Downstairs， water started flooding into the living room and kitchen.All three of them were nervous， but at least they had enough supplies， including food and drinking water.
Finally， the rain stopped， but Mary and her family could not leave while the house was still flooded.They listened to the radio and learnt that rescue workers in boats were coming to rescue people who were trapped in their homes.They waited for a boat to arrive at their house.Their home had been badly damaged， but they were all happy to be alive.
即时演练
Halfway through the day， my friend and I couldn’t feel our toes.The icy wind started howling， cutting my face like a sharp knife.We sat down on the ground in Times Square， took off each other’s shoes， and shoved in some hand-warmers.We ate cheese sticks covered in turkey， jumped up and down， and did pretty much anything we could think of to stay warm.The temperature kept dropping， but our spirits never did， at least not enough to make us actually want to leave.We joked and laughed， waiting for the magic moment.
“Three， two， one.Happy New Year！” we screamed the words as loud as possible.The clock struck midnight！ Before we knew it， performers were singing， and we were singing along excitedly.With the crowd cheering in a loud collective voice， we finally understood what it felt like to be present at the celebration in person， in such a state of joy， with tens of thousands of people from all over the world.Lily leaned on my shoulder with happiness on her face.Whatever exhaustion and cold we’d previously felt was forgotten， and we knew we had done something amazing together.
【核心知识·巧突破】
1.①否则，不然 ②除此以外 ③wouldn’t have managed ④Seize the chance， otherwise you will regret it.
2.①curiously ②curiosity ③to know ④Curious about everything ⑤Out of curiosity
Section Ⅳ Extended reading & Project & Assessment
【文本透析·剖语篇】
第一步
1.Roman 2.golden 3.fishermen 4.Vesuvius 5.a huge tree 6.hurriedly and blindly 7.the earthquake
8.unearthed 9.painted 10.the workman’s hand
第二步
1－5 BBACD
第三步
2.（1）In its little shops， its tiny palaces， its forum， its wine bars， its theatre—in the energy and skill of its people， you saw a model of the whole Roman Empire.
（2）The crowd looked upwards， and saw， with unspeakable fear， a huge cloud shooting from the top of the volcano.It took the form of a huge tree：the trunk， blackness， the branches， fire！
（3）A moment later， the mountain-cloud seemed to roll towards them， dark and rapid， like a river ...
【核心知识·巧突破】
Part Ⅰ
1.①beyond my reach/beyond the reach of me ②beyond my power ③beyond description/expression ④beyond her comprehension ⑤The situation is beyond our control.
2.①at ②at/from ③distantly ④distant
⑤In the distance
3.①rescuers ②were rescued ③rescued
④came to our rescue
4.①急剧的 ②灵敏的 ③sharpening/to be sharpened
④sharply ⑤It was very sharp of
Part Ⅱ
1.①form good learning habits ②fill in the application form
③in the form of money ④take the form of
⑤taking form
2.①is located ②location ③located/situated in the suburb of our city； which lies in the suburb of our city
Part Ⅲ
1.①If you do as I say ②as they walked along the river
③As I don’t know the meaning of the word ④Young as he is ⑤Tired as they were ⑥With time going by
2.①is to have a major effect ②All of us are to meet ③are to have reported ④are to be there ⑤You are to succeed
3.①When asked where she was from ②as if badly hurt
③If accepted， I can introduce Chinese painting skills to visitors， which can help them know more about Chinese culture.
单元素养提升
回顾单元知识
一、1.crash 2.exit 3.roll 4.confirm 5.procedure
6.odd 7.typhoon 8.destructive 9.hurricane
10.conference 11.supply 12.charity 13.staff
14.slide 15.fund 16.document 17.honey 18.unearth
19.import 20.export 21.cloud-capped 22.trunk
Ⅰ.1.flooded 2.occurred 3.stairs 4.retire 5.signals 6.hugged 7.destination 8.pole 9.port 10.volcanos 11.disaster 12.informed 13.rescued 14.otherwise 15.downstairs
二、1.injure 2.reaction 3.orderly 4.relief 5.shock
6.scare 7.power 8.donate 9.curious 10.erupt
11.unbearable 12.distance 13.sharp 14.locate
Ⅱ.1.reacted； reaction 2.injured； injury 3.scary； scared 4.curious； curiously； curiosity 5.shocked； shocking； shocked 6.power； powerful； powerless 7.sharp； sharpens； sharpener 8.distance； distant
三、1.at large 2.roll call 3.safe and sound 4.occur to
5.keep one’s head 6.run out of 7.take the form of
8.break out 9.far and wide 10.hold on to 11.to one’s great relief 12.crash into 13.a series of 14.be cleared of 15.blow away 16.in the distance 17.in detail
18.be separated from
Ⅲ.1.safe and sound 2.run out of 3.occurred to 4.at large 5.To my great relief 6.keep your head 7.held on to 8.far and wide 9.in the distance 10.broke out
四、1.was teaching when
2.in case it became damaged
3.The moment the shaking stopped
4.laughing， crying and hugging each other
5.It immediately occurred to her that
6.bringing imports to the city or carrying exports overseas
7.might have warned
8.a huge cloud shooting from the top of the volcano
9.came the earthquake； ended life
10.as if painted yesterday
Ⅳ.1.I was watching the football match when she came in.
2.Please remind me of the meeting again tomorrow in case I forget.
3.The moment he heard the news， he told me about it at once.
4.We often provide our children with toys， basketballs or footballs， thinking that all children like these things.
5.Just as I was leaving the house， it occurred to me that I had forgotten my keys.
6.The girl sitting next to me was my cousin.
7.Joan finished reading the book last night and Bob might have done so.
8.After opening the door， I see the children playing games.
9.Now comes your turn to make a self-introduction.
10.He stood still as if rooted to the ground.
夯实素材储备
一、1.The day was like any other day on the beach.
2.Tourists were running， playing volleyball or sitting on the sandy beach.
3.A little girl noticed something odd.
4.She felt curious and asked her parents about that.
5.Her parents immediately realized that these were signs of an approaching tsunami.
6.They were scared but soon it occurred to them that they should keep their head and inform the safety officers immediately.
7.To their relief， with the aid of the safety officers，all the people were fortunate enough to shelter from the disaster.
二、
The day was like any other day on the beach.Tourists were running，playing volleyball or sitting on the sandy beach.Suddenly，a little girl noticed something odd.She felt curious and asked her parents about that.Her parents immediately realized that these were signs of an approaching tsunami.They were scared but soon it occurred to them that they should keep their head and inform the safety officers immediately.To their relief， with the aid of the safety officers， all the people were fortunate enough to shelter from the disaster.
UNIT 3 The world online
【单元话题导入】
1.click； button 2.billions； access； instant； downloading 3.addicted； commerce； entertainment
Section Ⅰ Welcome to the unit & Reading
【文本透析·剖语篇】
第一步
1.connect 2.huge 3.delivered 4.shopping 5.app
6.arrangements 7.smartphone 8.contact 9.long-lost 10.responsibly
第二步
1－5 CCDBA
第三步
2.（1）Gone are the days of searching shop after shop for the perfect pair of boots—you can compare styles and prices quickly and easily in the comfort of your living room.
（2）Why wait hopelessly for a taxi in the cold rain？It is now simple and fast to order one with a taxi app.Sit back and relax indoors for a few warm minutes until the driver arrives.
【核心知识·巧突破】
Part Ⅰ
1.①take down ②take over ③take up ④waiting to take off
2.①to ②accessible ③getting ④children have/get/gain access to it
3.①brought about ②bring down ③brought up
④bring out ⑤and he was brought up
4.①in ②has been destroyed ③in ④the majority of people observe traffic signals； are only in the/a minority ⑤The/A majority of people interviewed prefer surfing the Internet to reading newspapers.
5.①for ②for ③to meet ④for ⑤arrange for a taxi to pick us up； make arrangements for a taxi to pick us up
6.①The ②an ③Instantly ④The instant/moment/minute he arrived at the theater； Instantly/Immediately/Directly he arrived at the theater
7.①of ②awareness ③As far as I’m aware/As far as I know ④Unaware of the danger
Part Ⅱ
1.①who is delivering a speech now ②have been delivered to
③delivering newspapers
2.①comments ②on/upon ③comment on/upon this accident； make a comment/comments on/about this accident
Part Ⅲ
1.①have it repaired ②had me write ③had their lights burning all night long ④have an important meeting to attend
2.①whatever you like ②Whichever and whatever you like ③Whatever she says ④No matter who you are
⑤Whenever we get into trouble
3.①can you achieve ②did he know ③Only if the leaders of the two countries sign the contract can the military conflicts between the two countries be solved. ④can we truly enjoy the benefits of modern technology； it is only by being smart online learners that
Section Ⅱ Grammar and usage
【重难语法·要攻克】
我的发现
（1）1、6 （2）2、4 （3）3、5 （4）前面 后面 （5）2 4
即时演练1
①smoking ②sleeping ③being built ④facing the lake
⑤working in this university ⑥which dates back to the early Tang Dynasty
即时演练2
①enabling me to strengthen my body ②Having come to a decision ③It being a wet day ④Not knowing how to do it ⑤Going straight down the road
即时演练3
①knocking ②running ③falling ④were kept waiting ⑤was observed rising from the sea
【核心知识·巧突破】
1.①me ②belonging ③The vase belonging to my uncle is a precious cultural relic.
2.①set down ②set off ③set up ④set aside ⑤set back
⑥set out to do her homework； set about doing her homework
3.①are requested not to smoke ②no one be told of her decision until the next meeting ③It is requested that
④made a request that
Section Ⅲ Integrated skills
【典例体验·提素能】
第二步
核心词汇
1.netizen 2.surf the Internet 3.in the/a majority
4.chat with 5.download some music 6.give up
7.obviously 8.focus one’s attention on/upon
遣词造句
1.According to the survey， nearly one third of the netizens are students and they surf the Internet for various reasons.
2.The students who surf the Internet at home are in the majority.
3.About 80% of the students surf the Internet at home and only about 12% of the students in their friends’ and relatives’ houses.
4.Most of them use the Internet to play games， chat with their friends， download some music， buy their favourite goods， and so on.
5.Obviously， the majority of the students give up the Internet because of their homework.
6.The students shouldn’t spend too much time on the Internet.
7.They should focus their attention on their lessons.
第三步
1.According to the survey， nearly one third of the netizens are students， who surf the Internet for various reasons.
2.The students surfing the Internet at home are in the majority.
3.It is obvious that the majority of the students give up the Internet because of their homework.
4.The students shouldn’t spend too much time on the Internet， but focus their attention on their lessons.
第四步
My team made a survey about how the students use the Internet last week.
According to the survey， nearly one third of the netizens are students， who surf the Internet for various reasons.The students surfing the Internet at home are in the majority.In other words， about 80% of the students surf the Internet at home and only about 12% of the students in their friends’ and relatives’ houses.Most of them use the Internet to play games， chat with their friends， download some music， buy their favourite goods， and so on.It is obvious that the majority of the students give up the Internet because of their homework.
As far as I’m aware， the students shouldn’t spend too much time on the Internet， but focus their attention on their lessons.
即时演练
Dear David，
How are things going with you？ I am glad to have received your email， which is about how to use the Internet to learn English.
To begin with， I often watch English movies and videos online， whose plots and images are so appealing.Sometimes I read English news and other articles， which can really broaden my horizons.In addition， I make use of various language learning websites and apps to improve my English.Personally， I believe the Internet provides us with a vast amount of resources and materials that cater to people of different interests， which makes the learning process more enjoyable and effective.I suggest that we should make good use of the Internet， but we should also limit the online time.
Hope that my experience and advice will be of some help to your learning Chinese.
Yours，
Li Hua
Section Ⅳ Extended reading & Project & Assessment
【文本透析·剖语篇】
第一步
1.addict 2.the week 3.disconnected 4.appreciate
5.benefited 6.richer and more beautiful
第二步
1－5 ACDCA
第三步
2.（1）The details of the scene were revealed in front of me： the soft sunlight， a bird singing from a high tree branch， the rich and earthy smell of the soil after the rain.
（2）I felt lost and anxious， as if I had missed something of value.
【核心知识·巧突破】
Part Ⅰ
1.①addiction ②addictive ③to ④Addicted to playing the violin， he didn’t notice the teacher walk into the classroom.
2.①smoking ②quitted/quit ③quitting ④quitted Paris for New York
3.①it ②offering ③having been given ④appreciation ⑤I would appreciate it if
4.①cut in ②cut down ③cut off ④cut up
⑤She decided to cut down the story to make it easy to understand.
Part Ⅱ
1.①Our lessons over ②her heart full of worry
③his hands trembling ④his eyes fixed on the blackboard
2.①never had a more pleasant ②nobody was happier than I was ③really couldn’t find a better
单元素养提升
回顾单元知识
一、1.pot 2.frontier 3.billion 4.extent 5.click
6.recipe 7.military 8.goods 9.commerce 10.site 11.cash 12.comment 13.guideline 14.remove
15.belong 16.ballet 17.device 18.battery 19.journal
20.wide-ranging
Ⅰ.1.button 2.affairs 3.quitted/quit 4.download
5.reveals 6.software 7.somehow 8.badminton
9.opera 10.boots
二、1.comic 2.obviously 3.access 4.majority 5.deliver
6.arrangement 7.establish 8.instant 9.aware
10.technical 11.percentage 12.entertainment
13.addict 14.appreciate
Ⅱ.1.major； majority； major 2.accessible； access
3.arranged； arrangement 4.aware； awareness
5.Obviously； obvious 6.appreciated； appreciation
7.addictive； addict； addicted； addiction
8.instant； instantly
三、1.take off 2.to a certain extent 3.at one’s fingertips 4.bring up 5.above all else 6.belong to 7.set up
8.be glued to sth 9.shoot past 10.knock sb off one’s feet 11.be lost in 12.cut back on 13.billions of
14.get in touch with 15.lie in 16.find out 17.turn to 18.all sorts of 19.be aware of 20.cut off 21.take up 22.make up one’s mind 23.stretch out 24.pick up
25.take advantage of
Ⅲ.1.turn to 2.all sorts of 3.took off 4.get in touch with
5.at her fingertips 6.find out 7.To a certain extent
8.bring up 9.belongs to 10.set up 11.be lost in
12.cut back on
四、1.No wonder
2.with all sorts of goods and services provided
3.have food delivered
4.There is no need to worry
5.No matter where we are
6.Only in this way can the Internet be
7.Head down， eyes on my smartphone
8.what was going on in my life
Ⅳ.1.With all these attractions， no wonder tourism is increasing wherever there is a Disneyland.
2.With the final exam drawing near， your parents will not probably allow you to spend too much time on the Internet.
3.Unfortunately， he had his leg broken in the last sports meeting.
4.There is no need to worry about the result of a test before you take it.
5.Even today， no matter where Chinese people live or what dialect they speak， they can all still communicate in writing.
6.Only in this way can we have a bright future.
7.Time permitting， we are going to help them do some cleaning.
8.He is thinking about what he should say next.
夯实素材储备
一、1.One day， Jane went to the opera to watch her favourite comedy， happy and relaxed.
2.Suddenly， a deafening sound reached her ears from behind.
3.She saw a car knock an old man off his feet.
4.How scary it was！
5.She was at a loss.
6.She was aware that she shouldn’t move him but call 120 instantly.
7.With her immediate help， the old man was saved.
8.Though she missed her favourite comedy， she felt much happier.
二、
One day， Jane went to the opera to watch her favourite comedy，happy and relaxed.Suddenly，a deafening sound reached her ears from behind.She saw a car knock an old man off his feet.How scary it was！ Somehow， she was at a loss.After a while，she was aware that she shouldn’t move him but call 120 instantly.Fortunately， with her immediate help， the old man was saved.Though she missed her favourite comedy， she felt much happier.
UNIT 4 Scientists who changed the world
【单元话题导入】
1.scientist； Republic； contribution 2.physicist； awarded
Section Ⅰ Welcome to the unit & Reading
【文本透析·剖语篇】
第一步
1.her discovery of qinghaosu 2.acquired a broad knowledge of 3.solved a lot of problems 4.paid off
第二步
1－5 BABCD
第三步
1.wisdom， freedom； effectiveness， usefulness， kindness， loneliness， happiness； survival， arrival， approval， proposal， refusal， removal； appearance， acceptance， performance， assistance； failure， pleasure， exposure， closure； shortage， marriage， passage， percentage
2.（1）2，000； hundreds of； 1，600-year-old
（2）the first female； one of the deadliest diseases
（3）190 failures； day and night； began to suffer； never gave up
（4）Chinese scientist wins 2015 Nobel Prize
【核心知识·巧突破】
Part Ⅰ
1.①from ②by ③on ④survivor ⑤Having survived that night
2.①was intended ②to see ③to improve ④intention
⑤had intended to go to Australia
3.①提到，谈及 ②查阅，参考 ③reference ④to
⑤in/with ⑥as ⑦refer to the book
4.①are limited ②to ③a ④limited ⑤be limited within 800 words
5.①at ②of ③Plenty of fresh air and exercise will speed up his recovery.
6.①paid back ②pay a visit to ③pay for ④Their efforts paid off in the end.
7.①for ②from/by ③It is said that yoga is of great benefit to human health.； It is said that yoga is very beneficial to human health.
Part Ⅱ
1.①on trial ②stand/go on trial ③through trial and error
2.①himself ②container ③containing ④contains
⑤contains； include
Part Ⅲ
1.①the first country to land a spacecraft on ②the ability to do the challenging work well ③the only way to learn a language well ④The last person to arrive at
2.①Surprised and happy ②tired and hungry ③Seriously injured ④Born into a poor family
Section Ⅱ Grammar and usage
【重难语法·要攻克】
我的发现
（1）1 7 前置 后置 （2）2 4 状语 （3）宾语补足语
即时演练1
①discussed ②fallen ③being sold ④founded
⑤built by the Norman rulers in Windsor
即时演练2
①Faced with difficulties ②Deeply moved by the movie ③Surrounded by the cold sea water ④lost in thought
即时演练3
①kept her hands folded ②found himself covered
③heard him spoken ④make himself understood
⑤With his homework finished
【核心知识·巧突破】
1.①with ②surrounding ③surroundings ④surround the lake； Surrounded by green trees； With green trees surrounding the lake
2.①a ②favorable ③in ④of ⑤is in our favour
3.①stealing ②for ③in ④in charge of
Section Ⅲ Integrated skills
【典例体验·提素能】
第二步
核心词汇
1.take place 2.protect the environment 3.in addition
4.be intended to do ... 5.conduct an experiment 6.be/get interested in 7.at the end of 8.learn ...from ...
遣词造句
1.The Science Festival will take place in our school hall next Saturday and its theme is “How to Protect the Environment”.
2.There will be some famous scientists attending the festival and they will introduce some knowledge about protecting the environment.
3.Each class has the chance to conduct an experiment and the students will learn a lot from it.
4.At the end of the festival，the first prize will be announced.
5.The Science Festival will inspire more students to get interested in science and work hard at it.
第三步
1.The Science Festival，whose theme is “How to Protect the Environment”， will take place in our school hall next Saturday.
2.There will be some famous scientists attending the festival， who will introduce some knowledge about protecting the environment.
3.Each class has the chance to conduct an experiment， from which the students will learn a lot.
第四步
Plan for the School Science Festival
The Science Festival， whose theme is “How to Protect the Environment”， will take place in our school hall next Saturday.
There will be some famous scientists attending the festival， who will introduce some knowledge about protecting the environment.In addition，they will show some interesting experiments.Each class has the chance to conduct an experiment， from which the students will learn a lot.At the end of the festival， the first prize will be announced.
The Science Festival will inspire more students to get interested in science and work hard at it.
即时演练
Exhibition Themed “Everyone Is
a Scientist” Successfully Held
In order to develop students’ interest in science and technology， an exhibition themed “Everyone Is a Scientist” was successfully held at the school hall last Friday.
At 9 a.m.， the exhibition started with a speech delivered by our headmaster.About a hundred inventions created by students were on display， some of which could be operated according to the instructions attached to them.
All the students thought it very meaningful to hold the exhibition as it has greatly inspired students’ creativity.
Section Ⅳ Extended reading & Project & Assessment
【文本透析·剖语篇】
第一步
1.make good things 2.at risk 3.enables 4.intellectual 5.doubt 6.value 7.welcomed 8.duty
第二步
1－5 ACBAA
第三步
2.In order to progress， we must not forget the importance of this struggle； we must recognize our ignorance and leave room for doubt.Permit us to question—to doubt—to not be sure.
【核心知识·巧突破】
Part Ⅰ
1.①in ②answering ③involved ④involved ⑤Involved in volunteer work
2.①on ②with ③to ④Much to his credit
3.①off ②down ③out ④let alone relax
4.①permits ②to carry ③parking
④Time permitting， I may go hiking with my friends.
⑤Parking cars isn’t permitted in front of the shops.
5.①on ②for ③to be ④He declares that
6.①put off ②put out ③put up ④put it forward three minutes
Part Ⅱ
1.①ignorant ②ignore ③was ignorant of/about； was in ignorance of
2.①for ②responsibilities ③to be a responsible person
Part Ⅲ
1.①the way （in which/that） he solved the problem ②The way （that/which） you thought of ③that/which came up at the meeting ④the way he carried out
2.①what was going on ②What we can do ③whether we admit students into our club or not ④what he should do
3.①think it no use discussing ②depend/rely on it that
③take it for granted that ④consider it any good
⑤it pleasant to work
⑥makes it easy for you to adjust to the new life in Beijing
单元素养提升
回顾单元知识
一、1.republic 2.broad 3.trial 4.conduct 5.politician 6.theory 7.thunderstorm 8.metal 9.standout
10.bomb 11.credit 12.negate 13.authority
14.marriage
Ⅰ.1.accidents 2.Province 3.household 4.data
5.errors 6.postpone 7.experiments 8.charged
9.moral 10.published
二、1.deadly 2.survival 3.intend 4.limited 5.container
6.sufficient 7.wisdom 8.beneficial 9.illustrate
10.surround 11.indicate 12.intelligent 13.favour
14.electricity 15.scientific 16.apply 17.ignorance 18.freedom 19.permit 20.responsibility 21.declare 22.nationality
Ⅱ.1.intention； intend； intended 2.survived； survivor
3.limited； limit 4.benefit； beneficial； benefited
5.permit； permit； permission 6.responsible； responsibility
7.nation； national； nationality 8.declared； declaration
9.ignorance； ignore 10.applicants； apply； applications
11.favour； favourable 12.container； contains
三、1.refer to 2.give up 3.large amounts of 4.be likely to
5.speed up 6.pay off 7.through trial and error
8.draw on 9.by accident 10.far from 11.be known for
12.go through 13.make a contribution to 14.with a bang 15.devote oneself to 16.let sb down 17.as to 18.take it for granted 19.put forward
Ⅲ.1.Speed up 2.refer to 3.as to 4.put forward 5.by accident 6.with a bang 7.take it for granted 8.through trial and error 9.draw on 10.give up 11.make a contribution to
四、1.the first female scientist of the People’s Republic of China to receive a Nobel Prize
2.Born in 1930， in Ningbo， Zhejiang Province
3.it was hard to produce enough qinghao extract for large trials
4.drawing on the wisdom of traditional Chinese medicine
5.it was not until the 1970s that
6.The first way in which
7.what the result is going to be
8.take it for granted that
Ⅳ.1.In 1973， he became the first agricultural pioneer in the world to grow rice that has a high output.
2.She was silent for a while， lost in thought.
3.It is important to form the habit of going to bed and rising early.
4.There are signs reminding people to limit smoking in public places.
5.It was not until 12 o’clock last night that my father came home.
6.Tonight’s program focuses on the way in which/that broken families affect the young.
7.After many days’ voyage， they arrived in what is called Africa nowadays.
8.I felt it strange that he didn’t reply to me.
夯实素材储备
一、1.One night， Tom was awakened by the lightning and thunderstorm.
2.As he passed his parents’ bedroom，he heard them quarreling.
3.His father put forward Tom’s being an official when he grew up， but his mother insisted that he be a teacher.
4.This made Tom feel very bad， anger and frustration surrounding him.
5.He opened the door and went into the yard.After about an hour，some stars appeared in the sky.Slowly， he calmed down.
6.He said to himself， “Everything will be all right.I am the master of my future.My physics is very good.I will be a physics scientist and make a contribution to the strength of the country.I am the hope of the household and I won’t let my parents down.”
二、
One night， Tom was awakened by the lightning and thunderstorm.As he passed his parents’ bedroom， he heard them quarreling.His father put forward Tom’s being an official when he grew up， but his mother insisted that he be a teacher.This made Tom feel very bad， anger and frustration surrounding him.He opened the door and went into the yard.After about an hour， some stars appeared in the sky.Slowly， he calmed down.He said to himself，“Everything will be all right.I am the master of my future.My physics is very good.I will be a physics scientist and make a contribution to the strength of the country.I am the hope of the household and I won’t let my parents down.”
16 / 20Section Ⅱ Grammar and usage
动词-ed形式作定语、状语和宾语补足语
阅读下列句子并思考加黑部分的用法。
1.The results indicated that something produced by the mould had killed the bacteria.
2.Surprised by this， Fleming performed some tests.
3.When I began to sing， he laughed and made me embarrassed.
4.Seen from a distance， the mountain looks like a lion.
5.David had some flowers sent to Mary on her birthday.
6.She sat in the chair with her eyes closed， enjoying the music.
7.As Louis Pasteur said， “Fortune favours the prepared mind.”
8.He was intelligent and experienced enough to notice its potential， and his hard work and determination helped get its mass production started.
【我的发现】
（1）句 和句 中动词-ed形式（短语）作定语。单个动词-ed形式作 定语，而动词-ed形式短语作定语时往往作 定语。
（2）句 和句 中动词-ed形式短语作 ，在意义上相当于一个状语从句。
（3）句3、5、6和8中动词-ed形式（短语）作 。
一、动词-ed形式作定语
1.动词-ed形式作定语时的位置
（1）前置定语：一般情况下，单个动词-ed形式作前置定语，常置于被修饰词之前。
We needed much more qualified workers.
我们需要更多合格的工人。
Polluted air and water are harmful to people’s health.
污染了的空气和水对人们的健康有害。
少数单个动词的-ed形式，如left，只能作后置定语。
Among the people invited were some ladies.
被邀请的人中，有一些是女士。
The books left are for my students.
剩下的书是给我的学生们的。
（2）后置定语：动词-ed形式短语作定语时，往往作后置定语，常置于被修饰词之后，它的作用相当于一个定语从句。
The student dressed in white is my daughter.
＝The student who is dressed in white is my daughter.
穿白色衣服的学生是我的女儿。
The meeting，attended by a lot of people，was a success.
＝The meeting，which was attended by a lot of people， was a success.
这次会议有很多人出席，开得很成功。
2.动词-ed形式作定语时的意义
及物动词的-ed形式作定语，通常既表示已经完成，又可以表示被动的意义；不及物动词的-ed形式作定语，常表示已经发生的动作。
The plan put forward at the meeting will be carried out soon.（表示被动和完成）
会上提出的计划将很快被执行。
Our retired soccer coach went to watch us play a game last week.（表示已经发生）
上周，我们已退休的足球教练去看我们打了一场比赛。
3.动词-ed形式与动词-ing形式作定语时的区别
（1）语态上不同：动词-ing形式表示主动意义，动词-ed形式多表示被动意义。
The young man playing the piano on stage is from Shanghai Conservatory of Music.
在台上弹钢琴的那个年轻人来自上海音乐学院。
The question raised at the meeting yesterday was of great importance.
昨天会议上提出的那个问题很重要。
（2）时间关系上不同：动词-ing形式表示正在进行的动作，而动词-ed形式表示已经完成的动作。
On the other hand， I hope to broaden my horizons in this developed country.
另一方面，我希望在这个发达国家拓宽我的视野。
As is known to us， China is a developing country.众所周知，中国是一个发展中国家。
4.动词-ed形式（done）、动词-ing形式的被动语态（being done）与动词不定式的被动语态（to be done）作定语时的区别
意义 形式 语态 时态
done 被动 完成
being done 被动 正在进行
to be done 被动 尚未发生
The building built last year is our teaching building.
去年建造的大楼是我们的教学楼。
The building being built now is our teaching building.
现在正在建造的大楼是我们的教学楼。
The building to be built next month is our teaching building.
下个月将要建造的大楼是我们的教学楼。
【即时演练1】 单句语法填空/句型转换
①The problems （discuss） yesterday had nothing to do with him.
②We often see an old man sweeping the （fall） leaves when we pass the building.
③The cars （sell） at the market now are made in Beijing.
④Tsinghua University， （found） in 1911， is home to a great number of outstanding figures.
⑤The oldest castle which was built by the Norman rulers in Windsor locates nearby.
→The oldest castle locates nearby.（动词-ed形式短语作定语）
二、动词-ed形式作状语
动词-ed形式作状语，其逻辑主语与句子主语一致，动词-ed形式所表示的动作与主语之间是逻辑上的动宾关系。动词-ed形式作状语可以表示时间、原因、条件等，有时可与连词一起使用。
1.动词-ed形式作状语时的语法意义
动词-ed形式作状语表示被动或完成，其逻辑主语为主句的主语，且与主句主语之间构成逻辑上的动宾关系。
Written in a hurry， this article was not so good.因为写得匆忙，这篇文章不是很好。
2.动词-ed形式作状语时的句法功能
（1）动词-ed形式作时间状语，通常放在句首，在句中相当于一个时间状语从句。
Asked about his address （＝When he was asked about his address）， the boy didn’t respond.
问及他的地址时，小男孩没有回答。
（2）动词-ed形式作原因状语，一般置于句首，在句中相当于一个原因状语从句。
Annoyed at the decision（＝As he was annoyed at the decision）， he refused to attend the meeting.
由于对这个决定生气，他拒绝参加会议。
（3）动词-ed形式作条件状语，通常放在句首，在句中相当于一个条件状语从句。
Heated to a high temperature （＝If it is heated to a high temperature）， water will change into vapor.
如果加热到高温，水就能变成蒸气。
（4）动词-ed形式作让步状语，一般放在句首，有时也放在句末，在句中相当于一个让步状语从句。
Though having been warned of the storm （＝Though they had been warned of the storm），the farmers were still working in the fields.
尽管被警告过有暴风雨，农民们仍然在田地里劳作。
（5）动词-ed形式作方式状语时，一般放在句末，有时也放在句首；动词-ed形式作伴随状语时，通常放在句末。作方式状语或伴随状语时可转换为并列结构。
Followed by a group of students， the teacher entered the classroom.
＝The teacher entered the classroom and he was followed by a group of students.
老师走进教室，后面跟着一群学生。
3.动词-ed形式作状语时的省略
动词-ed形式（短语）作状语时，前面有时可以加上when、 if、 while、 though、 even if、 until、 unless等连词，这种结构可以看作是一种省略的状语从句（省略部分多为“主语＋be的多种形式”）。需要注意的是，省略的主语必须和主句的主语相同或为it。
Even if invited （＝Even if I’m invited）， I won’t take part in the party.
即使受到邀请，我也不会参加那个聚会。
4.动词-ed形式与动词-ing形式作状语的区别
动词-ed形式与主句的主语之间存在逻辑上的动宾关系，即表示被动；动词-ing形式与主句的主语之间存在逻辑上的主谓关系，即表示主动。无论是动词-ing形式还是动词-ed形式，其逻辑主语必须和句子的主语一致。如果不一致，则必须用状语从句、独立主格结构等其他表达形式。
If caught， the police will punish the thief.（×）
If caught， the thief will be punished by the police.（√）
If the thief is caught， the police will punish him/her.（√）
【即时演练2】 用动词-ed形式改写句子
①When he is faced with difficulties， he always keeps calm.
→ ， he always keeps calm.
②Because they were deeply moved by the movie， the children began to cry.
→ ， the children began to cry.
③Tonya was surrounded by the cold sea water， and she shouted crazily for help.
→ ， Tonya shouted crazily for help.
④She sat by the window， and she was lost in thought.
→She sat by the window， .
三、动词-ed形式作宾语补足语
作宾语补足语的多是及物动词的-ed形式，说明宾语的状态或性质，与宾语一起构成复合宾语，前面的宾语就是其逻辑主语。
1.动词-ed形式用在表示状态的keep、 leave等词的后面作宾语补足语。
He got up late and hurried to his office， leaving the breakfast untouched.
他起床晚了，没吃早饭就匆忙去办公室了。
2.动词-ed形式用在使役动词have、 get和make的后面作宾语补足语。
（1）“have/get＋宾语＋动词-ed形式”可以表示两种含义，“让别人做某事”或“遭遇到某种不幸”。
Claire had her luggage checked an hour before her plane left.在飞机起飞前一个小时克莱尔让她的行李进行了安检。
While they were on holiday，they had their car broken into.
他们在度假时，他们的汽车被撬开了。
（2）在“make＋宾语＋动词-ed形式”这种结构中，动词-ed形式表示结果。
They managed to make themselves understood by using very simple English.
他们用很简单的英语来使他们自己被理解。
3.在感官动词see、 hear、 notice、 observe、 watch、 feel、 find等后，可用动词-ed形式作宾语补足语，强调被动的状态。
When we saw the road blocked with snow，we decided to spend the holiday at home.
当我们看到道路被雪封住后，我们决定在家里过假期。
The next morning people found the world outside their houses completely changed.
第二天早上，人们发现他们房子外面的世界全变了。
4.表示“意愿；命令”的动词，如like、 want、 wish、 expect、 order等可用动词-ed形式作宾语补足语。
The manager ordered the work finished at the end of this week.
经理要求在本周末完成这项工作。
5.动词-ed形式用在“with＋宾语＋宾语补足语”这一复合结构中，动词-ed形式与宾语之间是逻辑上的动宾关系。
The living room is clean and tidy，with a dining table already laid for a meal to be cooked.
客厅既干净又整洁，已摆好了餐桌准备摆放即将做好的饭菜。
John received an invitation to dinner， and with his work finished， he gladly accepted it.
约翰收到一份宴请函而且他的工作做完了，他欣然接受了邀请。
【即时演练3】 完成句子
①In the picture， she on her lap.
照片中，她双手交叉放在膝上。
②The next morning， the old man with an old coat.
第二天早上，老人发现自己身上盖着一件旧外套。
③I have never ill of others.
我从未听到过他说别人的坏话。
④He was trying to .
他试图让别人明白他的意思。
⑤ ， Jim went out to play football with other boys.
做完作业后，吉姆和其他男孩出去踢足球了。
surround vt.围绕，环绕；包围；与……紧密相关
【教材原句】 He observed that the bacteria surrounding the mould were dead.
他发现模具旁边的细菌都死了。
【用法】
（1）surround ...with ... 用……包围/环绕…… be surrounded by/with ... 被……包围/环绕 （2）surrounding adj. 周围的；附近的 surroundings n. 环境（常用复数）
【佳句】 To some， happiness is being surrounded by family and friends.
对一些人来说，幸福就是有家人和朋友陪伴在自己身边。
In a word， you are welcome to our school and I hope you can adapt to the new surroundings soon.总之，欢迎你来我们学校并希望你能很快适应新环境。
【点津】 surroundings常用复数形式，表示周围具体的物质环境。
【练透】 单句语法填空
①The original builders surrounded the city a wall.
②The policemen decided to search the （surround） area.
③Only in this way can we live in more comfortable and beautiful （surround）.
【写美】 一句多译
④这个湖被绿树环抱，非常漂亮。
→Green trees ， and it is very beautiful.（并列结构）
→ ， the lake is very beautiful.（动词-ed形式短语作状语）
→ ， it is very beautiful.（with复合结构）
favour vt.较喜欢；偏袒；有助于 n.帮助，好事；赞同；偏袒
【教材原句】 As Louis Pasteur said， “Fortune favours the prepared mind.”
正如路·巴斯德所说：“幸运垂青于有准备的人。”
【用法】
（1）in favour of 支持，赞同；有利于 in one’s favour 对某人有利 （2）do sb a favour＝do a favour for sb 给某人以恩惠；帮助某人 ask sb a favour＝ask a favour of sb 请某人帮忙 owe sb a favour 欠某人一个人情 （3）favourable adj. 赞同的；有利的；良好的 favourite adj.& n.特别喜爱（欢）的（东西）
【佳句】 Opportunities and success tend to be in favor of those who are ready.
机遇和成功往往会青睐那些有准备的人。
【练透】 单句语法填空
①I’ll ask Steve to take it.He owes me favour.
②They decided to postpone the trip until the conditions were more （favor）.
③The exchange rate is our favour at the moment.
④Most people are in favour bringing down the housing prices.
【写美】 完成句子
⑤The situation both at home and abroad .
国内外的形势都对我们有利。
charge vt.& vi.充电；收费；控告；谴责；使……承担责任；使充满 n.收费；控告；谴责；掌管
【教材原句】 When a thunderstorm approached， the lightning would charge the key.
当雷雨来临时，闪电就会给钥匙充电。
【用法】
（1）charge sb for sth 因某事向某人收费 charge sb with （doing） sth＝accuse sb of （doing） sth 控告某人（做）某事 （2）take charge of 掌管/负责…… in charge of 控制/管理……（主语通常是人） in the charge of＝in sb’s charge 受……的管理；由……负责（主语通常是物） （3）free of charge＝for free 免费
【佳句】 I’m Li Hua， a student who is in charge of the English program “Talk and Talk” of the school radio station.
我是李华，是负责学校广播站英语节目“Talk and Talk”的一名学生。
【练透】 单句语法填空
①He was charged with （steal） a car last week.
②We won’t charge customers on-site parking and provide high-speed Wi-Fi.
③Officially he is charge， but in fact his secretary does all the work.
【写美】 同义句转换
④The house has been in the charge of Mr Bell for more than a year.
→Mr Bell has been the house for more than a year.
提示：完成课后作业 UNIT 4 Section Ⅱ
7 / 7UNIT 4 Scientists who changed the world
单元话题
导入
本单元以科学家、科学发现和科学精神为话题。课文讲述了几位中外科学家的生平、经历、研究过程和重要贡献，还呈现了一些有趣的科学实验、科学现象、研究发明，并探讨了未来的科学发展趋势、科学的价值等，旨在激发青少年对科学研究的兴趣和好奇心，引导他们思考科学研究的方法，积极开展科学研究，探究科学家的必备品质和科学精神的基本要素。
看图感悟语境，选词填空。
scientist， award， physicist， republic， contribution
1.In 2015， at the age of 85， Tu Youyou became the first female of the People’s of China to receive a Nobel Prize， awarded for her to the fight against malaria， one of the deadliest diseases in human history.
2.Marie Curie was a world-famous and was first the Nobel Prize in 1903 for her extraordinary work on radioactivity.
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