Section Ⅲ Integrated skills
为校报写一篇号召人们保护动物的文章
本单元的写作任务是给校报写一篇号召人们保护动物的文章。由于生存环境的不断恶化，大量野生动物面临濒危或灭绝的威胁。我们应该认识到人类不恰当的消费（如食用鱼翅）和破坏生态环境与濒危物种的消失有直接关系，因此我们应该增强保护动物的意识和责任感。在写此类文章时，文章主题要鲜明，内容要简明扼要。写作体裁可以是倡议书，也可以是海报等。具体写作结构为：
一、写作常用词汇
1.wildlife n. 野生动植物，野生生物
2.habitat n. 栖息地
3.decrease v. 减少
4.cruel adj. 残忍的
5.reserve n. 保护区
6.hunt v. 打猎
7.protect v. 保护
8.ecosystem n. 生态系统
9.endangered species 濒危物种
10.feed on 以……为食
11.in danger of 处于……危险中
12.arouse one’s awareness of ...
唤起某人的……意识
13.in harmony with 和谐相处
14.take measures/steps 采取措施
二、写作常用句式（注意加黑部分的表达）
1.It’s a fact that many rare animals are in danger of extinction.许多稀有动物正处于灭绝的危险，这是个事实。
2.The reason why the number of animal species is decreasing is that animals have become victims of fashion industry.动物物种数量减少的原因是动物成为时尚产业的受害者。
3.It is because of human activities that animals are in danger of dying out.正是由于人类活动，动物才处于灭绝的危险之中。
4.Only if we take some effective measures can wild animals be protected.只有我们采取一些有效措施，才能保护野生动物。
5.The government has taken effective measures to protect them.
政府已采取有效的措施来保护它们。
6.Everybody should raise the awareness that it’s our duty to protect wild animals.
每个人都应该增强保护野生动物是我们的责任的意识。
7.If we can do the things above， I believe we can live in harmony with animals.如果我们能做到以上几点，我相信我们能与动物和谐相处。
假定你是李华，你所生活的城市周围有很多动植物正逐渐减少，对此，请你给校报写一封信，呼吁大家保护动物。内容包括：
1.说明野生动物对于人类的好处；
2.分析野生动物的生存现状；
3.提出保护野生动物的建议。
注意：1.写作词数应为80左右；
2.请按如下格式作答。
Dear Sir or Madam，
I hope my suggestions are helpful.
Yours sincerely，
Li Hua
第一步：审题谋篇，合理布局
第二步：遣词造句，规范得体
◎核心词汇
1.保护野生动物
2.破坏
3.生活栖息地
4.采取措施
5.保护……免于……
6.砍倒
7.阻止……做……
8.野生动物保护区
9.建立
10.提高……的意识
◎遣词造句
1.动物是我们的朋友，它们对我们这个世界来说非常重要。
2.我写这封信是就保护我们周边的野生动物提一些建议。
3.随着城市的快速发展，人类活动已经破坏了一些动物的生活栖息地。
4.另外，有些野生动物因为气候恶劣而死去。
5.是我们采取一些措施来保护动物的时候了。
6.必须制定更多的法律来阻止人们捕猎动物。
7.应当建立更多的野生动物保护区以便它们能安全地生活。
8.市民应该提高保护野生动物的意识。
第三步：词句升级，彰显文采
1.用定语从句改写句1
2.用强调句改写句3
3.用due to改写句4
4.用虚拟语气改写句5
第四步：检查誊写，连句成篇
Dear Sir or Madam，
I hope my suggestions are helpful.
Yours sincerely，
Li Hua
【即时演练】
你校英文报Great Nature栏目现面向全体学生征集关于濒危野生动物保护的小报告，请你写一篇短文投稿，内容包括：
1.介绍一种濒危物种；
2.该物种所面临的现状；
3.呼吁保护野生动物。
注意：1.写作词数应为80左右；
2.可以适当增加细节，以使行文连贯。
提示：完成课后作业 UNIT 1 Section Ⅲ
4 / 4Section Ⅰ Welcome to the unit & Reading
The Amazon rainforest： a natural treasure
[1]Welcome to the jungle， a huge sea of① green alive with② the sounds of animals.This is the Amazon rainforest.[2]As the largest rainforest in the world， it plays a significant role in③ maintaining the fine balance of the Earth’s ecosystem④.
[1]句中a huge sea of green alive with the sounds of animals是名词the jungle的同位语。
[2]动词-ing形式短语maintaining the fine balance of the Earth’s ecosystem作介词in的宾语。
[3]The Amazon rainforest crosses into eight countries， including Brazil and Peru， and one overseas region⑤ of France， all on the South American continent⑥.[4]With an area of around 6 million⑦ square kilometres， the Amazon rainforest is more than half the size of China.[5]The Amazon River， from which the rainforest gets its name， is close to 6，400 kilometres in length⑧— roughly 100 kilometres longer than the Yangtze River.On its journey from the mountains to the ocean， the river supports many different ecosystems.They give this area the richest biodiversity⑨ on the Earth： one in ten known species⑩ in the world can be found here.
[3]句中all on the South American continent是独立主格结构（代词＋介词短语），在句中作状语。
[4]句中With an area of around 6 million square kilometres是with复合结构作状语；more than half the size of China 是倍数表达法之一，其结构为“倍数＋the size of＋被比较的对象”。
[5]“介词（from）＋which”引导非限制性定语从句，which指代先行词The Amazon River。
[6]Of the 390，000 plant species known to us， more than 40，000 can be found in the Amazon.This tall and ancient brazil nut tree produces nuts that we can eat； these water lilies are big enough to lie down on.The forest’s different levels support an unbelievable variety of wildlife .At the bottom， there is a system of roots beneath the ground.[7]Above that is the mass of leaf litter on the dark forest floor.The next level is made up of shorter plants with large leaves.Then there are the towering ancient hardwoods ， and finally the tops of the tallest trees many metres above the ground.Each level of the forest forms its own little world， home to different kinds of living things.
[6]句中known to us为动词-ed形式短语作后置定语，修饰名词短语the 390，000 plant species。
[7]本句是完全倒装句。表示地点、方位的介词短语Above that置于句首，句子用完全倒装结构。
More than 1，300 species of birds and over 400 species of mammals hide among the jungle’s plant life.This jaguar is one example.It has a yellowish-brown coat with black spots.[8]While a significant number of jaguars survive here， they are only one element of this forest’s food chain.They feed on at least 87 species， including frogs.These frogs ， in turn ， feed on insects which eat leaves and fruit.When a jaguar dies， a tiny army of microorganisms helps break down its body and return the nutrients to the earth.
The Amazon rainforest breathes life into the planet by fixing carbon and producing over 20 per cent of all the Earth’s oxygen .Thus， it is often known as the “lungs of the planet”.Moreover， the Amazon rainforest is a treasure house of species that can be used for food or medicine.Yet there is one major danger to these irreplaceable plants and animals： us.[9]Over the past 50 years， about 17 per cent of the rainforest has disappeared due to human activities such as agriculture and cattle farming.[10]As the impact of human activities continues to grow and the list of species in danger of extinction becomes longer， we are left with a question： can we afford to damage the “lungs of the planet”？
[8]While引导让步状语从句，意为“虽然，尽管”。
[9]本句时间状语为Over the past 50 years，是“over/in/during/for＋the past/last＋时间段”结构，主句用现在完成时。
[10]句中As意为“随着”，引导时间状语从句。
【读文清障】
①a （huge） sea of 大量的，大片的
②（be） alive with 充满，到处都是（活的或动的东西）
③play a significant role in 在……方面起着重要作用
④ecosystem n.生态系统
[助记] 前缀eco- （生态的，环境的）＋system （系统）→ecosystem
ecology n.生态；生态学
ecotourism n.生态旅游
eco-friendly adj.环保的
⑤overseas region 海外地区
overseas adj.海外的，国外的
adv.在海外，向国外
region n.地区，区域；行政区
⑥continent n.大陆，陆地，洲
⑦million num.一百万；许多，大量
millions of 数百万的
billion num.十亿；数以十亿计
billions of 数以十亿计的；数十亿；几十亿
⑧length n.长，长度；时间的长短；篇幅，（电影）片长
in length 在长度上
⑨biodiversity n.生物多样性
[助记] 前缀bio- （生物的）＋diversity （多样性）→biodiversity
biology n.生物学
biologist n.生物学家
⑩species n.（pl.species） 种，物种
nut n.坚果
brazil nut 巴西坚果
lily n.百合（花）
water lily 睡莲
variety n.不同种类；变化，多样性；变种，变体
various adj.各种不同的，各种各样的
a variety of 各种各样的
wildlife n.野生动植物，野生生物
beneath prep.在……下面，在……下方；配不上
mass n.大量；团，块，堆；一大群 adj.大批的，广泛的
masses of 大量的，许多的
towering adj.高大的，高耸的；出色的
tower n.塔 v.高于，远远超过；高耸于；胜过
hardwood n.阔叶树；硬材（阔叶树的木材）
living adj.活着的，活的；在使用的 n.生计，谋生；生活方式
living things 生物
mammal n.哺乳动物
jaguar n.美洲豹，美洲虎
survive vi.生存，存活 vt.幸存，幸免于难
frog n.蛙，青蛙
in turn 相应地，转而；依次，轮流
by turns 时而
microorganism n.微生物
a tiny army of microorganisms 一小支微生物军队
break down 使分解（为），使变化（成）
break up 打碎；垮掉；解散；结束；期终放假
nutrient n.营养素，营养物
breathe life into 给……带来起色，注入活力
breathe in and breathe out 吸气和呼气
carbon n.碳
carbon dioxide 二氧化碳
oxygen n.氧，氧气
take in oxygen and breathe out carbon dioxide 吸入氧，呼出二氧化碳
irreplaceable adj.不能替代的
disappear vi.不复存在，灭绝，消亡；消失；失踪
disappearance n.消失；不见
[反义]appear vi.出现→appearance n.出现
due to 由于，因为
[同义]because of、 thanks to、 owing to、 as a result of、 on account of、 in consequence of/as a consequence of
agriculture n.农业，农学
agricultural adj.农业的，农学的
cattle n.牛
cattle farming 养牛
impact n.影响，作用；撞击，冲撞
vi.& vt.有影响；冲击
have an impact/influence/effect on 对……产生影响
extinction n.灭绝，绝种
extinct adj.已灭绝的，绝种的；废除了的
in danger of extinction 处于灭绝的危险之中
damage vt.& n.损害，伤害，损坏，破坏
cause/do damage to 对……造成损害
【参考译文】
亚马孙雨林：大自然的宝藏
欢迎来到这片丛林，这是一片绿色的海洋，到处都可以听到动物发出的声音。这里是亚马孙雨林。作为世界上最大的雨林，它在维系地球生态系统的微妙平衡上扮演着举足轻重的角色。
亚马孙雨林穿过包括巴西、秘鲁在内的八个国家，以及一块法国的海外领地，都位于南美洲大陆。亚马孙雨林的面积约为600万平方千米，比中国国土面积的一半还要大。亚马孙雨林得名于亚马孙河，亚马孙河长接近6400千米，比长江还长约100千米。这条河从高山流向海洋，沿途维系着多种不同的生态系统。它们赋予这片区域地球上最丰富的生物多样性：全世界十分之一的已知物种，都可以在这里找到。
在人类已知的390000种植物物种中，在亚马孙可以找到40000多种。这棵高大、古老的巴西坚果树结出的坚果我们可以食用：这些睡莲（叶片）大到可以躺在上面。雨林的不同层次使种类多到难以置信的野生动植物得以生存。在底部，有一个地表下的根系。往上是阴暗森林地表厚实的落叶层。再往上一层由低矮的阔叶植物组成。然后是高耸、古老的阔叶树，最后是那些离地数米之高的大树的树冠。雨林的每一层都形成了自己的小世界，成为各种生物的家园。
1300多种鸟和400多种哺乳动物藏身于这片丛林的植被中。这只美洲豹就是个例子。它黄棕色的皮毛上遍布着黑点。尽管相当多的美洲豹在这里生存，但它们只是这个雨林食物链上的一个要素。它们捕食的物种至少有87种，其中包括青蛙。相应地，这些青蛙以昆虫为食，而昆虫则吃树叶和水果。美洲豹死后，一小支微生物军队会助力其尸体的分解，让营养素重回土壤之中。
亚马孙雨林通过固定碳，并产生超过全球总量20%的氧气，使得地球生生不息。因此，它也常常被称作“地球之肺”。此外，亚马孙雨林还是食用物种和药用物种的宝库。然而，这些无可取代的动植物面临的一个主要威胁就是：我们。在过去的50年里，由于农耕和养牛等人类活动，约17%的雨林已经消失了。随着人类活动的影响不断增加，濒危物种的名单越来越长，这就留给我们一个问题：我们能承担得起损害“地球之肺”的后果吗？
第一步：析架构，理文本脉络
Read the passage quickly and fill in the blanks with suitable words.
第二步：精读文，达明察秋毫
Read the passage carefully and choose the best answer.
1.Which of the following statements about the Amazon rainforest is TRUE according to the passage？（ ）
A.The Amazon rainforest plays an important part in keeping the balance of human and nature.
B.The Amazon rainforest crosses into seven countries， including Brazil and Peru.
C.The area of the Amazon rainforest is around 6 million square metres，more than half the size of China.
D.The Amazon rainforest is named after the Amazon River，which is close to 6，400 kilometres in length.
2.What can be inferred from the third paragraph in the passage？（ ）
A.There are only 390，000 species of plants on the Earth.
B.Different species of plants in Amazon rainforest grow in different levels.
C.At the bottom of the Amazon rainforest grow some bushes.
D.The ancient brazil nut trees and the water lilies are living in the same level.
3.The author uses the example of “jaguars” in Paragraph 4 .（ ）
A.to prove that some rare animals are still found in the rainforest
B.to show that they are only one element of this rainforest’s food chain
C.to explain how the food chain is formed
D.to warn readers to protect the animals from being damaged in the rainforest
4.Why is the Amazon rainforest known as the “lungs of the planet”？（ ）
A.Because it looks like a lung.
B.Because there are many species of plants and animals there.
C.Because it fixes carbon and produces over 20 per cent of all the Earth’s oxygen.
D.Because the Amazon rainforest will disappear.
5.Which is the major danger to wildlife species in the Amazon rainforest？（ ）
A.Agriculture.
B.Cattle farming.
C.Human activities.
D.Carbon and oxygen.
6.What’s the style of the passage？（ ）
A.An advertisement.
B.A travel journal.
C.An experiment report.
D.A documentary script.
第三步：通词句，学语言表达
1.词汇学习——循规律，记单词
这篇课文中出现了一些带有否定前缀的词汇，请找出它们，并自己再写出一些。
Prefixes Words
dis-
un-
in-/im-/il-/ir-
non-
2.美文欣赏——赏佳句，品用法
课文The Amazon rainforest： a natural treasure的语篇类型是纪录片脚本。纪录片脚本的语言作为电视语言中的一种，有其独特的风格。
（1）从人称和语气的角度看：作者大量使用第三人称，力求展现出真实的亚马孙雨林。但也少量使用了第一人称来拉近和读者的距离，引发读者共鸣。多使用陈述语气，有时也会使用疑问句，但其作用与其说是向读者提问，不如说是在引发读者的思考。例如，文章最后一段中的句子 。
（2）从语体风格来看：本文是阐释型纪录片，本质上属于说明文，内容科学、结构严谨、语言严密准确。例如，第二段中的句子 ，作者使用了列数字和作比较的说明方法，帮助读者对亚马孙雨林的面积留下具体而鲜明的印象。另一方面，该脚本也借用了一些修辞手法来使其语言形象贴切，提升艺术感染力。例如，最后一段中的句子 ，作者把亚马孙雨林比作“地球之肺”，使其重要性跃然纸上。
Part Ⅰ 核心词汇集释
harm n.& vt.伤害，损害
【教材原句】 The human race has done much harm.人类已经造成了很多伤害。
【用法】
（1）do/cause sb/sth harm＝do/cause harm to sb/sth 对某人/某物造成危害/有害 there is no harm in doing sth＝it does no harm to do sth 做某事并无害处；不妨做某事 （2）harmful adj. 有害的 be harmful to ... 对……有害 （3）harmless adj. 无害的 be harmless to ... 对……无害
【佳句】 While the Sun’s rays can age and be harmful to our skin， they also give us beneficial vitamin D.
虽然太阳光线会使皮肤老化，对皮肤有害，但它们也给我们提供有益的维生素D。
【练透】 单句语法填空
①There is no harm in （live） in that region for a long time.
②Staring at the screen is （harm） to our eyes.
【写美】 一句多译
③有些男孩对玩电脑游戏太痴迷，这对他们的健康非常有害。
→Some boys are too crazy about playing computer games， .（harm，定语从句）
→Some boys are too crazy about playing computer games， .（harm，分词短语作状语）
variety n.不同种类；变化，多样性；变种，变体
【教材原句】 The forest’s different levels support an unbelievable variety of wildlife.
雨林的不同层次使种类多到难以置信的野生动植物得以生存。
【用法】
（1）a variety of＝varieties of 各种各样的；不同种类的 （2）vary v. 变化；使多样化 vary from ...to ... 由……到……不等；在……和……之间变动 vary with ... 随……而变动 vary in ... 在……方面不同/变化 （3）various adj. 各种不同的；各种各样的
【佳句】 Throughout the event， I was struck by an incredible variety of plants that exist in the world.在整个活动过程中，我被世界上存在的各种各样的植物所震撼。
【练透】 单句语法填空
①Opinions on this matter vary person to person.
②They discussed （vary） matters all over the world.
③As the world’s first national park， Yellowstone is famous for the （vary） of its wildlife.
【写美】 词汇升级
④Our team， apart from regular training， will join in various activities.
→Our team， apart from regular training， will join in activities.
in turn 相应地，转而；依次，轮流
【教材原句】 These frogs， in turn， feed on insects which eat leaves and fruit.
相应地，这些青蛙以昆虫为食，而昆虫则吃树叶和水果。
【用法】
（1）in one’s turn 接着；轮到某人 by turns 轮流；交替地（多用来强调某一时期反复发生的动作） it’s one’s turn to do sth 轮到某人做某事了 （2）take turns to do/in doing sth 轮流做某事 （3）It turns/turned out that ... 结果……
【佳句】 Don’t be afraid of difficulties.They can help you accumulate experience， and experience can， in turn， broaden your horizons.不要害怕困难。困难可以帮助你积累经验，经验转而又可以开阔你的视野。
【练透】 单句语法填空
①They had to take turns （look） after the patients.
②The two daughters looked after their sick mother turns.
③I think it’s my turn （drive） the kids to school this week.
④Now that we have finished the design， it is their turn to construct.
【写美】 翻译句子
⑤当轮到我时，我激动得说不出话来。
break down 使分解（为），使变化（成）；出故障；垮掉；失败，破坏
【教材原句】 When a jaguar dies， a tiny army of microorganisms helps break down its body and return the nutrients to the earth.
美洲豹死后，一小支微生物军队会助力其尸体的分解，让营养素重回土壤之中。
【用法】
break in 强行进入；打断（谈话），插嘴 break into 闯入，破门而入 break out （战争、火灾、疾病等）爆发，突然发生 break up 解散；结束；期终放假；破碎 break through 突破；冲破；克服，战胜 break away （from） 逃脱；脱离
【佳句】 To understand the grammar of the sentence，you must break it down into parts.
为了明白句子的语法，你必须把它分解成（几个）部分。
【练透】 用break的相关短语填空
①The business negotiation between the two sides with no agreement reached.
②It is bad manners to when people are having conversation.
③I was still sleeping when the fire ， and then it spread quickly.
④The little dog wanted to its master but failed.
【写美】 翻译句子
⑤如果你继续像那样工作的话，迟早会累垮的。
due to 由于，因为（只能作表语）
【教材原句】 Over the past 50 years， about 17 per cent of the rainforest has disappeared due to human activities such as agriculture and cattle farming.
在过去的50年里，由于农耕和养牛等人类活动，约17%的雨林已经消失了。
【用法】
（1）due adj. 由于，因为；应付的，应得的；适当的；预期的，到期的 be due to do sth 预期/预定要做某事 be due to sb 应付给/应给予/应归于某人 （2）表示“由于”的词组还有： because of 因为（只能作状语） thanks to 因为；幸亏（只能作状语） owing to 因为，由于（既可作状语，也可作表语）
【佳句】 In the beginning， it was quite difficult for me to read the musical notes due to my poor memory.
刚开始的时候，由于我记忆力不好，我很难读懂音符。
【练透】 单句语法填空/完成句子
①Have they been paid the money that is due them？
②The professor is due （make） a speech this Friday.
③He had intended to return today， but he postponed the journey .他本打算今天返回，但由于糟糕的天气，他延迟了旅程。
【写美】 翻译句子
④公共汽车本应下午五点到达的，但由于大雾，它晚了一个小时。
damage vt.& n.损害，伤害，损坏，破坏
【教材原句】 As the impact of human activities continues to grow and the list of species in danger of extinction becomes longer， we are left with a question： can we afford to damage the “lungs of the planet”？随着人类活动的影响不断增加，濒危物种的名单越来越长，这就留给我们一个问题：我们能承担得起损害“地球之肺”的后果吗？
【用法】
（1）be badly/seriously damaged 严重受损 be slightly damaged 轻微受损 （2）do/cause （great） damage to ...对……造成（很大的）损害 damage sb’s reputation/health 损害某人的名誉/健康 suffer damage 遭受损伤
【佳句】 The fire lasted over three weeks， causing a damage of at least twenty million dollars.大火持续了三个多星期，造成至少两千万美元的损失。
【点津】 damage 指部分性“损坏，破坏”，一般可以修复；而destroy指彻底地“破坏，毁坏”，一般不能或很难修复。
【练透】 完成句子
①I have a very strong fear that the lie we’re telling .
我有一种强烈的恐惧：我们正在说的谎言会对我们的孩子造成伤害。
②Many people in the earthquake.
许多人的房子在地震中遭受损坏。
③My mother is right： for a slim and attractive figure.
我妈妈说得对：不要为了苗条动人的身材而毁了自己的健康。
【写美】 翻译句子
④他不会做任何有可能损害她名誉的事情。
Part Ⅱ 重点句型解构
句型公式：倍数表达法
【教材原句】 With an area of around 6 million square kilometres， the Amazon rainforest is more than half the size of China.
亚马孙雨林的面积约为600万平方千米，比中国国土面积的一半还要大。
【用法】
句中more than half the size of ...意为“比……一半还要大”，是一种倍数表达法。 （1）倍数表达法的常见结构： A＋be＋倍数＋ （2）此句型中倍数也可以用分数、百分数、half等其他程度状语来表达；表示“两倍”时用twice或double，三倍或三倍以上用“基数词＋times”表达。
【品悟】 This river is three times the length of that one.
这条河是那条河的三倍长。
The people present at the meeting today are twice/double than those of last time.
今天到会的人员比上次多两倍。
【写美】 完成句子/一句多译
①This bridge is that one.这座桥的宽度是那座桥的五倍。
②The red ruler is the yellow one.
红色的尺子比黄色的长四倍。
③My school has expanded into a big one， which is .我的学校已经扩建成了一所大学校，是以前的三倍大。
④The length of the road is .
这条路的长度是三年前的两倍。
⑤正在建的新体育馆将是操场的两倍大。
→The new stadium being built will be the playground.（as）
→The new stadium being built will be the playground.（size）
句型公式：“介词＋关系代词”引导的非限制性定语从句
【教材原句】 The Amazon River， from which the rainforest gets its name， is close to 6，400 kilometres in length — roughly 100 kilometres longer than the Yangtze River.
亚马孙雨林得名于亚马孙河，亚马孙河长接近6400千米，比长江还长约100千米。
【用法】
（1）“介词＋关系代词”引导的非限制性定语从句，修饰物时，关系代词用which，修饰人时用whom，在从句中作定语时用whose。 （2）“介词＋which/whom”既可引导非限制性定语从句，也可引导限制性定语从句。介词的确定要遵循以下原则： ①根据定语从句中动词或形容词等的某种习惯搭配来确定； ②根据与先行词搭配的具体意义来确定； ③根据所表达的意思来确定； ④表示“所有”关系或“整体中的一部分”时，通常用介词of。 （3）基本形式： ①“介词（短语）＋关系代词”（作状语）：关系代词只能用which或whom且不能省略，但可与关系副词互换； ②“介词＋关系代词＋名词”（作状语）：关系代词常用which 和whose； ③“名词/代词＋介词＋关系代词”（作主语）：可转化为“whose＋名词”结构； ④“数词/形容词最高级＋of＋关系代词”（作主语）：数词还可以被some、 many、 most、 each等不定代词替换。
【品悟】 Lily might possibly come， in which case I’ll ask her.
莉莉可能会来，要是那样的话我就去问她。
【写美】 完成句子/句式升级
①This is the camera .
这就是他经常用来拍照的相机。
②We had bought an new map， .
我们买了一张新地图，要是没有它我们就会迷路。
③I have about 10 books， .
我大约有10本书，其中一半是冰心写的。
④He has ten cousins， .
他有十个表兄弟，最小的那个很聪明。
⑤I have actively attended English lectures， British and American cultures.我积极参加了英语讲座，从中我充分了解了英美文化。
⑥The activity， of environmental protection，appeals to a mass of volunteers.
这个旨在提高我们的环境保护意识的活动吸引了很多志愿者。
⑦He has a lot of friends and most of them are businessmen.
→He has a lot of friends， .（定语从句）
提示：完成课后作业 UNIT 1 Section Ⅰ
11 / 12Section Ⅳ Extended reading & Project & Assessment
News that Matters①： pollution in Norgate
HOST：Good evening and welcome to News that Matters.Our topic today is pollution in Norgate.[1]Joining us in the studio tonight are James Smith， a local resident②； Vincent Brown， senior manager of a local factory； and Julie Archer， chief③ of the Norgate Environmental Protection Committee④. Welcome.
Norgate’s rapid development has had significant environmental costs⑤.Mr Smith， you’ve lived in this city for over 20 years.How would you describe the effects of pollution over that time？
SMITH：It’s been awful， really.When I first moved here， the air was fresh， the grass green and the water clear.Then heavy industry factories moved in， and things became entirely⑥ different.I don’t enjoy outdoor activities any more.The river is dirty and smelly.The smog⑦ in the air has coloured the sky a smoky grey； [2]it’s also given me a cough that I can’t get rid of⑧.For health and safety reasons alone， heavy industry has to go.
[1]该句主语较长，为了使句子平衡，将表语前置，使用完全倒装结构。a local resident， senior manager of a local factory， chief of the Norgate Environmental Protection Committee分别作各自前面人名的同位语。
[2]句中that引导限制性定语从句，修饰先行词a cough，that在从句中作宾语。
HOST：Mr Smith protested⑨ against heavy industry.Mr Brown， would you like to respond？
BROWN：Well， I’m sorry you feel that way， Mr Smith.People tend to connect factories with pictures of clouds of dirty smoke and irresponsible⑩ businessmen eager to make huge profits .[3]In defence of the factories， however， I’d like to point out that we also try to control the amount of pollution we produce.I think I speak for all factory managers when I say we’re deeply concerned about the environment.[4]We’ve been taking various measures， including the use of new technologies， to reduce pollution in the production process ， even though these measures raise our production costs.I’d also like to draw your attention to the economic benefits factories have brought to Norgate.We’ve created many jobs for local residents and helped the city’s economy grow.
[3]that引导宾语从句，作动词短语point out的宾语；we produce是省略了关系代词that或which的限制性定语从句，修饰先行词pollution。
[4]该句主句使用了现在完成进行时。动词不定式短语to reduce pollution in the production process作目的状语。even though引导让步状语从句。
HOST：Thank you， Mr Brown.[5]With pollution levels on the rise， the Norgate Environmental Protection Committee is searching for ways to fight the problem.Mrs Archer， what are your thoughts on how to deal with pollution？
ARCHER：Well， our committee has a major role to play in maintaining air and water quality.We have to achieve a balance between environmental protection and economic development.We’ve made environmental policies for businesses to observe， like strict clean-up requirements.We also work hand in hand with other branches of government to ensure that development strategies are followed in an environmentally friendly way.[6]However， fighting pollution isn’t just a task for factories and the government. It has to be a community-wide effort， and everyone can help by following the golden rule： reduce， reuse and recycle .For example， you can save energy by taking the bus or the subway ， or using the bike-sharing system .
[5]With复合结构在句中作状语，其结构为“with＋名词＋介词短语”。
[6]句中动词-ing形式短语fighting pollution作主语，谓语动词用单数形式。
HOST：Thank you， Mrs Archer， and thanks again to all of our guests.A former UN official once said， “Saving our planet， lifting people out of poverty ， advancing economic growth ...these are one and the same fight.” The fortunes of our environment and our economy are inseparable.[7] It’s our duty to protect the environment while we aim for economic development.[8]It’s our duty to leave a better， cleaner and healthier planet to our children.[9]It’s our duty to build a human community with a shared future .
[7][8][9]三句均为“It is＋名词＋to do sth”句型，连在一起构成排比句式，加强语气；It是形式主语，动词不定式短语作真正的主语。句[7]中的while引导时间状语从句。
【读文清障】
①News that Matters 《焦点新闻》
②resident n.居民，住户
a local resident 一位当地居民
③chief n.首领，最高领导人
adj.主要的；首席的
④committee n.委员会
the Norgate Environmental Protection Committee 诺盖特环境保护委员会
⑤cost n.费用，花费；成本
[生义] n.努力，代价，损失
⑥entirely adv.完全地，全部地，完整地
entire adj.完全的，全部的，完整的
⑦smog n.雾霾，烟雾
[助记]缩合构词法：smoke＋fog→smog雾霾，烟雾；breakfast＋lunch→brunch早午餐；motor＋hotel→motel汽车旅馆
⑧get rid of 摆脱，丢弃，扔掉
get rid of smoking 戒烟
⑨protest vi.反对，抗议 vt.反对；坚持声称，申辩 n.抗议，反对
protest against 反对
⑩irresponsible adj.不负责任的
responsible adj.负责任的
profit n.利润，收益；好处
vi.& vt.获益，得到好处
make huge profits 获取巨大利润
defence n.辩护；防御，保护；防御物；国防；防守
in defence of 为……作解释或辩护
various adj.各种不同的，各种各样的
take various measures 采取各种措施
process n.过程，进程；步骤，流程 vt.加工，处理
in the production process 在生产过程中
economic adj.经济的，经济上的；可赚钱的
economic benefits 经济效益
economic growth/development 经济增长/发展
economy n.经济；节约
policy n.政策，方针；原则
make policies for 为……制定政策
branch n.（政府或机构）部门；分部；树枝；支流；分支
strategy n.策略，行动计划；策划，部署
development strategies 发展策略
environmentally friendly adj.环保的，环境友好的
recycle vt.回收利用，再利用
subway n.地铁；地下人行道
take the subway 乘地铁
the bike-sharing system 共享单车系统
former adj.昔日的，前任的；以前的，从前的
official n.官员，要员 adj.公务的；正式的，官方的
a former UN official 一位联合国前官员
poverty n.贫穷，贫困；贫乏
lift people out of poverty 使人们摆脱贫困
live in poverty 生活在贫困之中
advance economic growth 促进经济增长
one and the same 意为“同一个（人或物）”，表示强调
a human community with a shared future 人类命运共同体
【参考译文】
《焦点新闻》：诺盖特市的污染
主持人：晚上好，欢迎收看《焦点新闻》。我们今天的话题是诺盖特市的污染。今晚来到我们演播室的有本地居民詹姆斯·史密斯、本地一家工厂的高管文森特·布朗，还有诺盖特环境保护委员会的负责人朱莉·阿彻。欢迎你们。
诺盖特市的高速发展付出了高昂的环境代价。史密斯先生，您已经在这座城市生活了二十多年。您能说说这二十年间污染造成的影响吗？
史密斯：非常糟糕，真的。我刚搬来时，这里空气清新、草绿水清。后来重工业工厂迁来了，情况变得截然不同了。我再也不喜欢户外活动了。河水又脏又臭。空气中的雾霾把天空染成了烟灰色，还让我患上了咳嗽， 老是不好。单是出于健康和安全的原因，重工业也必须迁走。
主持人：史密斯先生反对重工业。布朗先生，您想作出回应吗？
布朗：好吧，对于您那样的感受我很抱歉，史密斯先生。一提到工厂，人们总是将其与浓烟滚滚的画面和急于牟取暴利、不负责任的商人形象联系在一起。不过，为工厂说句公道话，我想指出的是我们也在努力控制所产生的污染量。我们对环境问题深感担忧。我想，我是代表所有的工厂负责人说的这句话。我们一直在采取
各种各样的措施，包括新科技手段的运用，来减少生产过程中产生的污染，尽管这些措施会增加我们的生产成本。我还希望您能注意到，这些工厂给诺盖特市带来的经济效益。我们为当地居民创造了许多就业岗位，并对这座城市的经济增长起到了助推作用。
主持人：谢谢您，布朗先生。鉴于污染程度不断加重，诺盖特环境保护委员会正在设法应对这个问题。阿彻女士，您对如何处理污染问题有何见解？
阿彻：是的，我们委员会在维护空气质量和水质量方面发挥着重要作用。我们必须在环境保护与经济发展之间求得平衡。我们已经制定了供各行业遵守的环境政策，比如严格的净化要求。我们也与其他政府部门携手，确保以一种环境友好的方式贯彻发展战略。然而，与污染作斗争不仅仅是工厂与政府的任务，全社会必须共同努力，每个人都遵循减少使用、重复使用、循环利用的指导原则，就能尽一份力。打个比方，您可以乘坐公交车、地铁，或者使用共享单车来节约能源。
主持人：谢谢您，阿彻女士，再次感谢我们所有的嘉宾。一位联合国前官员曾经说过：“拯救地球，使人们摆脱贫困，促进经济增长……这些就是同一场战斗。”我们的环境与经济的命运休戚与共。在追求经济发展的同时保护环境，这是我们的责任。将一个更美好、更清洁、更健康的星球留给我们的后人，这是我们的责任。构建人类命运共同体，这是我们的责任。
第一步：析架构，理文本脉络
Read the passage quickly and fill in the blanks with suitable words.
News that Matters： pollution in Norgate
第二步：精读文，达明察秋毫
Read the passage carefully and choose the best answer.
1.What is News that Matters？（ ）
A.A magazine. B.A TV program.
C.An organization. D.A newspaper.
2.How was the environment more than twenty years ago？（ ）
A.Terrible. B.The same.
C.Excellent. D.Just so so.
3.What is the opinion of Vincent Brown？（ ）
A.Heavy industry should be moved out of the city.
B.The pollution is connected with factories.
C.Factories have done enough to protect the environment.
D.Fighting pollution is a task for all citizens.
4.What is the Norgate Environmental Protection Committee doing to solve the problem？（ ）
A.It tries to close all the factories to reduce pollution.
B.It believes factories and the government can solve the problem.
C.It insists a single person makes few contributions to the environment.
D.It is trying to balance economic development and environmental protection.
5.What can we infer from the passage？（ ）
A.Economy is the most important.
B.Environment and economy are separable.
C.All the people are not responsible for the environment.
D.We should not develop our economy at the cost of environment.
6.Which of the following is good for the environment？（ ）
A.Going to work by bus.
B.Driving private cars to work.
C.Buying as many new clothes as possible.
D.Throwing away old things when you don’t use them.
第三步：通词句，学语言表达
1.词汇学习——循规律，记单词
（1）形容词后缀-ous表示“具有……性质的，充满……的”
①variety→various adj.各种不同的，各种各样的
②caution→cautious adj.小心的；谨慎的
③envy→envious adj.羡慕的；忌妒的
④ambition→ambitious adj.有野心的；有雄心的；有志向的
⑤mystery→mysterious adj.神秘的；奇怪的
⑥religion→religious adj.宗教信仰的；宗教的
⑦fame→famous adj.著名的；出名的
（2）形容词后缀-ing表示“令人……的；具有……性质的”。
①live→living adj.活着的，活的；在使用的
②challenge→challenging adj.具有挑战性的
③freeze→freezing adj.严寒的，冰冻的
④touch→touching adj.动人的，感人的
⑤puzzle→puzzling adj.令人困惑不解的
⑥frighten→frightening adj.令人恐惧的
⑦convince→convincing adj.令人信服的
⑧astonish→astonishing adj.令人惊讶的
2.美句欣赏——赏佳句，品用法
（1）环境描写能够渲染气氛、烘托人物形象、渲染人物心理、推动故事情节发展、揭示或深化作品主题。
请从课文中找出有关环境描写的句子。
（2）排比句是把三个或三个以上句法结构相同或相似，意义相关的短语、句子或段落成串地排列在一起的修辞手法。
请从课文中找出一处排比句。
Part Ⅰ 核心词汇集释
get rid of 摆脱，丢弃，扔掉（强调动作）
【教材原句】 The smog in the air has coloured the sky a smoky grey； it’s also given me a cough that I can’t get rid of.空气中的雾霾把天空染成了烟灰色，还让我患上了咳嗽，老是不好。
【用法】
（1）be rid of 摆脱（强调状态） （2）rid vt.（rid， rid） 从……中除去（不喜欢的东西）；清除，免除；使（从……中）解放出来 rid sb/sth of ... 使某人/某物摆脱…… rid oneself of ... 摆脱……；从……中解脱
【佳句】 We got rid of the unnecessary items so as to make room for a study.我们扔掉了许多不需要的物品以便腾出地方作书房。
【练透】 单句语法填空
①Maybe we should rid （we） of modern technology and return to simpler times.
②Dr Yuan devoted himself to ridding the world starvation.
【写美】 完成句子
③He attached himself to me at yesterday’s party and I .
在昨天的聚会上他老是缠着我，我简直无法摆脱他。
defence n.辩护；防御，保护；防御物；国防；防守
【教材原句】 In defence of the factories， however， I’d like to point out that we also try to control the amount of pollution we produce.
不过，为工厂说句公道话，我想指出的是我们也在努力控制所产生的污染量。
【用法】
（1）in defence 保卫；防守 in defence of 为了保卫；（为……）辩护 in one’s defence 为某人辩护；站在某人一边 （2）defend vt. 保卫；防守；辩解 defend ...against/from （doing ...） 保护……免受…… defend oneself 自卫；为自己辩护 （3）defensive adj. 防御的；保护的；保卫的
【佳句】 The woman rushed there without hesitation in defence of her children.
为了保护她的孩子们，这个妇女毫不犹豫地冲了过去。
【练透】 单句语法填空
①All our officers are trained to defend themselves knife attacks.
②When a dog attacked me， I defended （I） with a stick.
③When I was in danger， he came to my （defend）.
④The monument is in memory of the soldiers who died defence of their country.
【写美】 完成句子
⑤The wall was built to .
建造这道墙是为了保护这条路不被海水冲垮。
consequence n.结果，后果；重要性
【教材原句】 Consequences 后果
【用法】
（1）in consequence＝as a consequence （＝as a result） 因此；结果 in consequence of＝as a consequence of （＝as a result of） 由于，作为……的结果 serious consequences 严重的后果 suffer/face/take the consequences 面对/承担后果 （2）consequent adj. 作为结果的；随之发生的 consequently adv. 结果；因此
【佳句】 I prefer him to tell the truth no matter the consequences.
我想让他说出真相，无论结果如何。
【练透】 单句语法填空
①A severe earthquake struck the city， causing a （consequence） shortage of food.
②My car broke down and （consequent） I was late for the important meeting.
【写美】 完成句子
③Finally， the young man broke down great stress.
因为压力太大，最后那个年轻人垮掉了。
give rise to 使发生（或存在）；导致
【教材原句】 For example， in many parts of the world， the poor quality of the local drinking water gives rise to public health problems.
例如，在世界的许多地方，当地饮用水的质量低劣导致了公共卫生问题。
【用法】
（1）give rise to＝lead to＝bring about＝contribute to 导致 （2）give thought to 认真考虑，思考 give advice to 提供建议 give birth to 产生；分娩；引发；造成 give way to 让步；屈服 give off 放出（热、光、气味或气体） give up 放弃；投降
【佳句】 Eating too much sugar can give rise to health problems.吃太多的糖会引起健康问题。
【练透】 用give的相关短语填空
①He was what to do next.
②Actually for this kind of matter， I would not anyone.
③The drug is well tolerated and generally does not serious side effects.
【写美】 同义词替换
④The novel’s success contributed to a number of fans and profits.
→The novel’s success a number of fans and profits.
Part Ⅱ 重点句型解构
句型公式：完全倒装
【教材原句】 Joining us in the studio tonight are James Smith， a local resident；Vincent Brown， senior manager of a local factory； and Julie Archer， chief of the Norgate Environmental Protection Committee.今晚来到我们演播室的有本地居民詹姆斯·史密斯、本地一家工厂的高管文森特·布朗，还有诺盖特环境保护委员会的负责人朱莉·阿彻。
【用法】
全部谓语置于主语之前，称为完全倒装。本句中作表语的动词-ing形式短语Joining us in the studio tonight置于句首，使用了完全倒装。下列情况要使用完全倒装结构： （1）表语＋连系动词＋主语（表语为形容词、介词短语、动词-ing形式、过去分词等）。 （2）表示时间（now、 then等）、方向或方位的副词（here、 there、 up、 down、 in、 out、 away、 off、 inside、 outside等），以及表示地点的介词短语置于句首，且主语为名词时，句子要用完全倒装。 （3）“There＋be/stand/live/exist/lie/remain/ ...＋主语”也属于完全倒装结构。
【品悟】 Standing on the top of the mountain is an ancient building dating back hundreds of years.山顶上矗立着一座始建于几百年前的古建筑。
【写美】 完成句子/句式升级
① he was admitted into a key university.
接着传来了他被一所重点大学录取的消息。
②Once upon a time known by the name of Yugong.
从前，那里住着一位知名的老人名叫愚公。
③The door opened and with white dots and Polly.
门开了，波莉和一只长着白色斑点的小狗冲了进来。
④Our library lies in the centre of our school.Our library is between the garden and the teaching building.
→In the centre of our school .（完全倒装；非限制性定语从句）
句型公式：with复合结构
【教材原句】 With pollution levels on the rise， the Norgate Environmental Protection Committee is searching for ways to fight the problem.
鉴于污染程度不断加重，诺盖特环境保护委员会正在设法应对这个问题。
【用法】
句中With pollution levels on the rise为with复合结构，在句中作伴随状语。with复合结构作状语还可以表示原因、条件等。此外，此结构还可作后置定语。with复合结构的具体构成： with＋宾语＋
【品悟】 The boy rushed into the room， with his face covered with sweat.
那个男孩满脸是汗，冲进屋来。
The fish righted himself and swam off again slowly with the great tail weaving in the air.
鱼挺直了身子，大尾巴在空中摇摆着，又慢慢地游走了。
【写美】 完成句子/句式升级
①In summer， she usually sleeps .
在夏天，她通常开着窗户睡觉。
② ， he left the bookstore happily.
买了他需要的书，他快乐地离开了书店。
③The family live in a house .
那家人住在一所周围有很多花的房子里。
④ ，he won’t have time to go shopping this evening.有那么多文章要写，他今天晚上没有时间去购物。
⑤As the exam approaches，the girl was a little nervous.
→ ， the girl was a little nervous.（with复合结构）
提示：完成课后作业 UNIT 1 Section Ⅳ
9 / 9单元素养提升
◇本单元语法学了什么内容？ ◇自我评价
◇本单元写作练了哪个方面？
回顾单元知识·提高语言能力
一、 核心单词写对
1. n.大陆，陆地，洲
2. n.种，物种
3. prep.在……下面，在……下方；配不上
4. n.大量；团，块，堆；一大群
adj.大批的，广泛的
5. adj.高大的，高耸的；出色的
6. adj.活着的，活的；在使用的
n.生计，谋生；生活方式
7. n.昆虫
8. n.碳
9. vt.& n.损害，伤害，损坏，破坏
10. adj.全球的；全面的
11. n.奖章，勋章
12. n.过程，进程；步骤，流程
vt.加工，处理
13. n.（政府或机构）部分；分部；树枝；支流；分支
14. adj.昔日的，前任的；以前的，从前的
15. adj.更多的，更进一步的
adv.较远，更远；进一步
vt.促进，增进
Ⅰ.根据所给单词的首字母或汉语提示，写出单词的正确形式
1.All the c members are for the plan he put forward.
2.F eat pests which destroy crops and carry diseases on the field.
3.We managed to climb up a winding t towards a mountain top.
4.In fact， last year many food crops failed because of the d .
5.These creatures have s for millions of years since the time of the dinosaurs.
6.People were concerned that pets or （野生动植物） could be affected by the pesticides.
7.This sort of （回收利用） waste materials is a way of reducing pollution.
8.Her father’s death （有影响） greatly on her childhood years.
9.It is red blood cells that transport （氧气） through the bloodstream.
10.Workers poured into the streets to （反对） against the decision of reducing pay.
二、拓展词汇用活
1. n.& vt.伤害，损害→harmful adj.有害的→harmless adj.无害的
2. n.生态系统→ecologist n.生态学家
3. n.地区，区域；行政区→regional adj.地区的，区域的
4. n.长，长度；时间的长短；篇幅，（电影）片长→lengthen v.加长→long adj.长的
5. n.生物多样性→biology n.生物学
6. n.不同种类；变化，多样性；变种，变体→vary v.改变；使多样化→various adj.各种不同的，各种各样的
7. vi.生存，存活 vt.幸存，幸免于难→survival n.幸存，存活；残存物，幸存事物→survivor n.幸存者；生还者
8. n.营养素，营养物→nutrition n.营养；营养学；营养品→nutritious adj.有营养的；滋养的
9. vi.不复存在，灭绝，消亡；消失；失踪→disappearance n.消失；不见→[反]appear vi.出现→appearance n.出现
10. n.农业，农学→agricultural adj.农业的，农学的
11. n.灭绝，绝种→extinct adj.已灭绝的，绝种的；废除了的
12. n.应用，运用；申请→apply v.应用；涉及；申请→applicant n.申请人；求职者
13. n.组织，团体；组织工作；安排；条理→organize vt.组织；安排→organized adj.有组织的，有条理的
14. adv.绝对地，完全地；极其→absolute adj.绝对的，完全的
15. adv.完全地，全部地，完整地→entire adj.整个的，完全的，全部的
16. n.利润，收益；好处 vi.& vt.获益，得到好处→profitable adj.营利的；有益的→[反]non-profit adj.非营利的
17. n.辩护；防御，保护；防御物；国防；防守→defend vt.保护；防卫→defensive adj.防御的；防守的
18. adj.经济的，经济上的；可赚钱的→economy n.经济，经济制度
19. n.策略，行动计划；策划，部署→strategic adj.战略（上）的→strategically adv.战略性地
20. n.官员，要员 adj.公务的；正式的，官方的→officially adv.正式地，官方地
21. n.贫穷，贫困；贫乏→poor adj.贫穷的
22. vt.污染；毒死，毒害 n.毒物，毒药→poisonous adj.有毒的
23. n.化学制品 adj.化学的；化学作用的→chemistry n.化学→chemist n.药剂师
24. n.结果，后果；重要性→consequent adj.作为结果的；随之发生的→consequently adv.因此；所以
Ⅱ.用括号内所给单词的正确形式填空
1.The movie is about and the choices people make when they want to .In the movie， the have much trouble in .（survive）
2.My ruler seems not very ， but it is three times the of yours.（long）
3.Technology is vital for development.With the development of science and technology， I do believe we will make great advances in .（agriculture）
4.The village was destroyed.It now looks different from the previous one.（entirely）
5.In time of war， lots of money will be spent on and many measures will be taken to a country from being attacked.（defence）
6.It is reported that some children were by the food.（poison）
7.The famous denied in his report that it was the waste water from the factory that polluted the underground water in this area.（chemical）
8.We like to live a life full of and our tastes are .（vary）
9.The of the declared that they intended to help more homeless people.（organize）
10.Eating too much every day is to our health； that is to say， eating too much every day does to our health.（harm）
三、重点短语用准
1. 相应地，转而；依次，轮流
2. 使分解（为），使变化（成）；出故障；垮掉；失败，破坏
3. 给……带来起色，注入
活力
4. 由于，因为
5. 逐渐增加，扩大
6. 想出，想到
7. （公开）要求；需要
8. 突然记起（或想到）
9. 摆脱，丢弃，扔掉
10. 使发生（或存在）
11. 各种各样的……
12. 充满（活的或动的东西）
13. 是……的家园/栖息地
14. 欺骗，使上当；摄入，吸收；理解
15. 在长度上
16. 大量的，大片的
17. 危害，损害
18. 倾向于做某事
19. 为了保卫
20. 指出
21. 关心；关注
22. 采取措施
23. 吸引某人的注意
Ⅲ.选用左栏短语的适当形式填空
1.Increased production will， ， lead to increased profits.
2.We need some new people to this project.
3.He looked down and saw smiling faces.
4. solutions have been provided for us to solve the problem.We can choose one to start with.
5.If you refer to Hawaii， a vision of pretty beaches and blue seas may .
6.Many people were not expecting that the peace talks would .
7.The pond in front of the building fish.
8.The project had to be abandoned a lack of government funding.
9.She has always been encouraged to swim to the strength of her muscles.
10.Low levels of choline in the body can high blood pressure.
11.Keep your eye on these jokers， or you never know what they will .
四、经典句式写美
1.句型公式：独立主格结构
教材原句：The Amazon rainforest crosses into eight countries， including Brazil and Peru， and one overseas region of France， （都位于南美洲大陆）.
2.句型公式：倍数表达法
教材原句：With an area of around 6 million square kilometres， the Amazon rainforest （比中国国土面积的一半还要大）.
3.句型公式：“介词＋关系代词”引导的非限制性定语从句
教材原句：The Amazon River， （亚马孙雨林得名于）， is close to 6，400 kilometres in length—roughly 100 kilometres longer than the Yangtze River.
4.句型公式：while引导让步状语从句
教材原句： （尽管相当多的美洲豹在这里生存）， they are only one element of this forest’s food chain.
5.句型公式：“over/in/during/for＋the past/last＋时间段”与现在完成时连用
教材原句： （在过去的50年里，约17%的雨林已经消失了） due to human activities such as agriculture and cattle farming.
6.句型公式：完全倒装
教材原句： （今晚来到我们演播室的有） James Smith， a local resident； Vincent Brown， senior manager of a local factory； and Julie Archer， chief of the Norgate Environmental Protection Committee.
7.句型公式：现在完成进行时
教材原句： （我们一直在采取各种各样的措施）， including the use of new technologies， to reduce pollution in the production process， even though these measures raise our production costs.
8.句型公式：with复合结构
教材原句： （鉴于污染程度不断加重）， the Norgate Environmental Protection Committee is searching for ways to fight the problem.
Ⅳ.翻译句子
1.他冲进教室，手里拿着一本书。
2.这条路是那条路的六倍长。
3.我们的家乡很美丽，我为之感到非常自豪。
4.虽然他身体不好，但他还是努力工作。
5.过去三年中我们的家乡变化很大。
6.我们在那儿快乐相聚的日子一去不复返了。
7.我们一直盼望着暑假。
8.在这么令人害怕的情况下没有一个可以求助的人，她感到很无助。
整合话题元素·增强思维品质
夯实素材储备·注重续写体验
环境描写 ①hardwood n.阔叶树；硬材（阔叶树的木材） ②jaguar n.美洲豹，美洲虎 ③track vt. & vi.跟踪，追踪 n.足迹，踪迹；小道；轨道；跑道；路线
动作描写 ①defence n.辩护；防御，保护；防御物；国防；防守→defend vt.保护；防守；辩解 ②survive vi.生存，存活 vt.幸存，幸免于难 ③call for （公开）要求；需要
心理描写 ①spring to mind突然记起（或想到） ②come up with想出，想到
其他 ①nut n.坚果 ②consequence n.结果，后果；重要性 ③in turn 相应地，转而；依次，轮流
一、连词成句
根据教材语料中所给词汇及汉语提示翻译下列句子。
1.当我和我的朋友马克（Mac）正走在长满阔叶树的丛林里时，我们看到一只美洲虎向我们走来。（环境描写；be doing ...when ...）
2.我快被吓死了。（情感描写；动词-ed形式作状语）
3.“谁会来保护我们呢？”我问道。（语言描写）
4.过了一会儿，马克想出了一个好主意。（心理描写）
5.他从包里拿出一些饼干和坚果，撕开包装，向四面八方扔去。（动作描写）
6.结果，美洲虎没有追我们。转而，它朝食物走去。（动作描写；chase after）
7.我们沿着猎人的足迹走出森林。（动作描写；动词-ing形式短语作状语）
8.我从这次经历中学到了一个教训，即面对危险时，我们应该保持冷静和勇敢。（心理描写；动词-ing形式短语作状语）
二、连句成文
用适当的过渡词将上面的句子合并成一个小语段。
7 / 7学习讲义部分
UNIT 1 Nature in the balance
【单元话题导入】
1.continents； global 2.damaged； habitats； disappeared； species 3.greenhouse； recycle
Section Ⅰ Welcome to the unit & Reading
【文本透析·剖语篇】
第一步
1.significant 2.balance 3.is home to 4.levels 5.1，300
6.situation 7.has disappeared 8.extinction
第二步
1－6 DBBCCD
第三步
1.disappear， disagree， disadvantage， dishonest， disabled， dissatisfied ...； unbelievable， unlimited， unhappy， unknown， unusual， unreal ...； irreplaceable， invisible， incorrect， imbalance， illegal， irregular ...； non-smoking， non-stop， non-existent， non-profit， non-fiction ...
2.（1）As the impact of human activities continues to grow and the list of species in danger of extinction becomes longer， we are left with a question： can we afford to damage the “lungs of the planet”？
（2）With an area of around 6 million square kilometres， the Amazon rainforest is more than half the size of China.； Thus， it is often known as the “lungs of the planet”.
【核心知识·巧突破】
Part Ⅰ
1.①living ②harmful ③which does/causes great harm to their health； doing/causing great harm to their health
2.①from ②various ③variety ④a variety of/varieties of
3.①to look ②by ③to drive ④in ⑤When it is in my turn， I am too excited to speak.
4.①broke down ②break in ③broke out ④break away from ⑤You will break down sooner or later if you go on working like that.
5.①to ②to make ③due to the horrible weather
④The bus was due to arrive at 5 p.m.， but it arrived one hour late due to the heavy fog.
6.①is doing/causing damage to our children ②had their houses damaged ③Don’t damage your health
④He won’t do anything that may damage her reputation.
Part Ⅱ
1.①five times the width of ②four times longer than
③three times as big as the previous one ④double/twice what it was three years ago ⑤twice as big as； twice the size of
2.①with which he often takes photos ②without which we would have lost our way ③half of which were written by Bing Xin ④the youngest of whom is very clever ⑤from which I have a good knowledge of ⑥the aim of which is to raise our awareness ⑦most of whom are businessmen
Section Ⅱ Grammar and usage
【重难语法·要攻克】
我的发现
（1）1 主要动词 （2）2、3 to （3）4 主语 be动词
状语 （4）5 谓语 （5）6、7 主语
即时演练1
①to go to bed early ②but wait ③she refused to
④If so
即时演练2
①it is ②Is there ③Do you ④study ⑤I ran
⑥the cases； the cases
即时演练3
①his mother was （at home） ②Jimmy （won） the second （race） ③but he didn’t （come to school to see me）
④his friend doesn’t （have a knowledge of first aid）
即时演练4
①If so ②so mild as in Guangzhou ③while burning
④Though tired ⑤you’ve been looking for ⑥she had finished her homework
【核心知识·巧突破】
1.①come up with ②came up ③come across ④come out
⑤come about ⑥When it comes to repairing a computer
2.①calling for ②called up ③called off ④call on/upon ⑤called in ⑥calls for immediate action
3.①applications ②himself ③to
④to apply for the position of a local tour guide
Section Ⅲ Integrated skills
【典例体验·提素能】
第二步
核心词汇
1.protect the wild animals 2.damage 3.living habitats
4.take measures 5.protect ...from ... 6.cut down
7.stop ...from doing ... 8.wildlife reserves 9.set up 10.raise the awareness of
遣词造句
1.Animals are our friends and they are very important to our world.
2.I’m writing this letter to give some suggestions to protect the wild animals around us.
3.With the rapid development of the cities， human activities have damaged some animals’ living habitats.
4.In addition， some wild animals have died because the climate is terrible.
5.It is time for us to take some measures to protect the animals.
6.More laws must be made to stop people from hunting animals.
7.More wildlife reserves should be set up so that they can live safely.
8.Citizens should raise their awareness of protecting wild animals.
第三步
1.Animals are our friends， which are very important to our world.
2.With the rapid development of the cities， it is human activities that have damaged some animals’ living habitats.
3.In addition， some wild animals have died due to the terrible climate.
4.It is time that we took/should take some measures to protect the animals.
第四步
Dear Sir or Madam，
Animals are our friends， which are very important to our world.I’m writing this letter to give some suggestions to protect the wild animals around us.
With the rapid development of the cities， it is human activities that have damaged some animals’ living habitats.In addition， some wild animals have died due to the terrible climate.It is time that we took/should take some measures to protect the animals.To begin with， more laws must be made to stop people from hunting animals.What’s more， more wildlife reserves should be set up so that they can live safely.Last but not least， citizens should raise their awareness of protecting wild animals.
I hope my suggestions are helpful.
Yours sincerely，
Li Hua
即时演练
A Report on Tigers
Famous as being strong and fierce， the tiger is often called the “king of the jungle”.Despite being big and strong， they are in danger as hunters hunt them for their fur， bones or other parts of their bodies.Moreover， they’re losing living areas because people are cutting down too many trees.
Luckily， people have come to realise the important role of wildlife in the balance of nature and started to take action.As students we should also do what we can to prevent tigers from dying out.Otherwise， there may be none left in the world.
Section Ⅳ Extended reading & Project & Assessment
【文本透析·剖语篇】
第一步
1.pollution 2.costs 3.fresh 4.different 5.for
6.measures 7.benefits 8.quality 9.government
10.recycle
第二步
1－6 BCCDDA
第三步
2.（1）When I first moved here， the air was fresh， the grass green and the water clear.Then heavy industry factories moved in， and things became entirely different.I don’t enjoy outdoor activities any more.The river is dirty and smelly.The smog in the air has coloured the sky a smoky grey ...
（2）It’s our duty to protect the environment while we aim for economic development.It’s our duty to leave a better， cleaner and healthier planet to our children.It’s our duty to build a human community with a shared future.
【核心知识·巧突破】
Part Ⅰ
1.①ourselves ②of ③couldn’t get rid of him
2.①against ②myself ③defence ④in
⑤defend the road from being washed away by the sea
3.①consequent ②consequently
③in consequence of/as a consequence of/as a result of
4.①giving thought to ②give advice to ③give rise to
④gave rise to/led to/brought about
Part Ⅱ
1.①Then came the news that ②there lived a man
③in rushed a little dog ④lies our library， which is between the garden and the teaching building
2.①with the windows open ②With the books he needed bought ③with many flowers around it ④With so many essays to write ⑤With the exam approaching
单元素养提升
回顾单元知识
一、1.continent 2.species 3.beneath 4.mass
5.towering 6.living 7.insect 8.carbon 9.damage 10.global 11.medal 12.process 13.branch
14.former 15.further
Ⅰ.1.committee 2.Frogs 3.track 4.drought 5.survived
6.wildlife 7.recycling 8.impacted 9.oxygen
10.protest
二、1.harm 2.ecosystem 3.region 4.length
5.biodiversity 6.variety 7.survive 8.nutrient
9.disappear 10.agriculture 11.extinction
12.application 13.organization 14.absolutely
15.entirely 16.profit 17.defence 18.economic
19.strategy 20.official 21.poverty 22.poison
23.chemical 24.consequence
Ⅱ.1.survival； survive； survivors； surviving 2.long； length
3.agricultural； agriculture 4.entire； entirely
5.defence； defend 6.poisoned； poisonous 7.chemist； chemistry； chemical 8.variety； various 9.organizers； organization 10.harmful； harm
三、1.in turn 2.break down 3.breathe life into 4.due to
5.build up 6.come up with 7.call for 8.spring to mind
9.get rid of 10.give rise to 11.a variety of ... 12.（be） alive with ... 13.be home to ... 14.take in 15.in length 16.a sea of 17.do harm to 18.tend to do sth 19.in defence of 20.point out 21.be concerned about 22.take measures 23.draw one’s attention
Ⅲ.1.in turn 2.breathe life into 3.a sea of 4.A variety of
5.spring to mind 6.break down 7.is alive with
8.due to 9.build up 10.give rise to 11.come up with
四、1.all on the South American continent
2.is more than half the size of China
3.from which the rainforest gets its name
4.While a significant number of jaguars survive here
5.Over the past 50 years， about 17 per cent of the rainforest has disappeared
6.Joining us in the studio tonight are
7.We’ve been taking various measures
8.With pollution levels on the rise
Ⅳ.1.He rushed into the classroom， a book in his hand.
2.This road is six times the length of that one.
3.Our hometown is beautiful， of which I’m greatly proud.
4.While he is in bad health， he works hard.
5.In the last three years， our hometown has changed a lot.
6.Gone are the days when we got together there happily.
7.We have been looking forward to our summer vacation.
8.With no one to turn to in such a frightening situation， she felt very helpless.
夯实素材储备
一、1.My friend Mac and I were walking in the jungle full of hardwoods when we saw a jaguar walking towards us.
2.I was almost frightened to death.
3.“Who will come to defend us？” I asked.
4.After a while， a good idea sprang to Mac’s mind.
5.He took out some biscuits and nuts from his bag， tore the packages， and threw them away in all directions.
6.As a consequence， the jaguar didn’t chase after us.In turn， he walked towards the food.
7.We followed the hunter’s tracks， walking out of the forest.
8.I learned a lesson from this experience that when facing danger we should be calm and brave.
二、
My friend Mac and I were walking in the jungle full of hardwoods when we saw a jaguar walking towards us.I was almost frightened to death.“Who will come to defend us？” I asked.After a while， a good idea sprang to Mac’s mind.He took out some biscuits and nuts from his bag， tore the packages， and threw them away in all directions.As a consequence， the jaguar didn’t chase after us.In turn， he walked towards the food.We followed the hunter’s tracks， walking out of the forest.I learned a lesson from this experience that when facing danger we should be calm and brave.
UNIT 2 Natural disasters
【单元话题导入】
1.hurricanes； floods 2.disaster； rescue； injured； donated 3.occur； relief
Section Ⅰ Welcome to the unit & Reading
【文本透析·剖语篇】
第一步
1.escaped 2.quick and correct 3.Miss Brown’s 4.twice 5.around 100 6.the signs 7.a safety officer 8.cleared of
第二步
1－5 CBADB
第三步
1.（1）①There were loud crashes of glass breaking and things falling to the ground， but the students remained still and waited calmly and quietly.（名词）
②The beach was rapidly cleared of people， just before the huge waves crashed into the coast.（动词）
（2）①On 17 March， 476 students and 36 teachers at Falmont Primary School escaped an earthquake that hit the county at 2：27 p.m.（动词）
②The moment the shaking stopped， Miss Brown sensed it was the best time for the class to make their escape.（名词）
③A 10-year-old girl， Sabrina Andron， helped around 100 people escape danger with her knowledge of tsunamis.（动词）
2.（1）“The water was like the bubbles on the top of a beer，” she later explained.
（2）People were walking， running or simply sitting on the sandy beach， enjoying the warm sea air and the soft wind that brushed their hair.
【核心知识·巧突破】
Part Ⅰ
1.①injury ②to ③injured ④was injured ⑤Injured badly
2.①with ②reaction ③against ④he will react to your suggestion； his reaction to your suggestion will be
3.①to bring
②signal that someone was moving about upstairs
4.①in ②confirmation ③confirmed my determination
④It has been confirmed that the meeting will take place next week.
5.①to ②occurred ③to ask
④It occurred to/struck/hit her that
6.①relief ②was relieved ③To our great relief
④sigh with relief/breathe a sigh of relief
⑤which made him relieved
7.①informed ②information ③that
④to inform you of the good news
Part Ⅱ
1.①was walking on the street when ②had hardly fallen asleep when ③was about to set out when； was on the point of setting out when
2.①in case it rains ②In case you should need any help
③as is often the case ④In case of
⑤In no case should we
Section Ⅱ Grammar and usage
【重难语法·要攻克】
我的发现
（1）1、3、4 （2）2、5
即时演练1
①the first one to come every day ②house to live in
③something important to say ④to go to college
⑤to cope with this matter
即时演练2
①leaving the project unfinished ②old enough to travel ③too young to tell right from wrong
【核心知识·巧突破】
1.①a ②shocking ③was shocked ④Shocked
⑤which shocked Elli and me/which made Elli and me shocked； What shocked Elli and me was that
2.①scared ②to ③to go ④off/away
⑤Scared of a snake
3.①to ②powerful ③in ④I’ll do everything in my power to prepare
4.①run out ②His strength gave out ③I need your help， for I have run out of/used up petrol.
5.①of ②supplies ③in ④to ⑤supplied us with some food/supplied some food to us； provided us with some food/provided some food for us
6.①donation ②donor ③to donate money to； to make a donation of money to
Section Ⅲ Integrated skills
【典例体验·提素能】
第一步
1.Mary， Mum，Dad 2.rainy 3.In their house/In their living room 4.were caught in a 5.has been raining
6.has been flooded 7.survive
第二步
1.①three ②roared ③leaving the house
④has been flooded ⑤the dinner table ⑥hugged
2.①scared ②worried ③calm
第三步
1.stay at home
2.（1）①downstairs ②their important documents and disaster supplies
（2）①on the radio ②comfort ③hugged
第四步
After a brief discussion， Mum and Dad decided they should stay in the house.They thought it would be really dangerous to try to walk through the water to get to higher ground.
“Mary， we’ll have to go upstairs and wait there，” said Mum.
“OK， Mum.If that’s what you think is best，” Mary replied uncertainly.
So they went upstairs and waited.Downstairs， water started flooding into the living room and kitchen.All three of them were nervous， but at least they had enough supplies， including food and drinking water.
Finally， the rain stopped， but Mary and her family could not leave while the house was still flooded.They listened to the radio and learnt that rescue workers in boats were coming to rescue people who were trapped in their homes.They waited for a boat to arrive at their house.Their home had been badly damaged， but they were all happy to be alive.
即时演练
Halfway through the day， my friend and I couldn’t feel our toes.The icy wind started howling， cutting my face like a sharp knife.We sat down on the ground in Times Square， took off each other’s shoes， and shoved in some hand-warmers.We ate cheese sticks covered in turkey， jumped up and down， and did pretty much anything we could think of to stay warm.The temperature kept dropping， but our spirits never did， at least not enough to make us actually want to leave.We joked and laughed， waiting for the magic moment.
“Three， two， one.Happy New Year！” we screamed the words as loud as possible.The clock struck midnight！ Before we knew it， performers were singing， and we were singing along excitedly.With the crowd cheering in a loud collective voice， we finally understood what it felt like to be present at the celebration in person， in such a state of joy， with tens of thousands of people from all over the world.Lily leaned on my shoulder with happiness on her face.Whatever exhaustion and cold we’d previously felt was forgotten， and we knew we had done something amazing together.
【核心知识·巧突破】
1.①否则，不然 ②除此以外 ③wouldn’t have managed ④Seize the chance， otherwise you will regret it.
2.①curiously ②curiosity ③to know ④Curious about everything ⑤Out of curiosity
Section Ⅳ Extended reading & Project & Assessment
【文本透析·剖语篇】
第一步
1.Roman 2.golden 3.fishermen 4.Vesuvius 5.a huge tree 6.hurriedly and blindly 7.the earthquake
8.unearthed 9.painted 10.the workman’s hand
第二步
1－5 BBACD
第三步
2.（1）In its little shops， its tiny palaces， its forum， its wine bars， its theatre—in the energy and skill of its people， you saw a model of the whole Roman Empire.
（2）The crowd looked upwards， and saw， with unspeakable fear， a huge cloud shooting from the top of the volcano.It took the form of a huge tree：the trunk， blackness， the branches， fire！
（3）A moment later， the mountain-cloud seemed to roll towards them， dark and rapid， like a river ...
【核心知识·巧突破】
Part Ⅰ
1.①beyond my reach/beyond the reach of me ②beyond my power ③beyond description/expression ④beyond her comprehension ⑤The situation is beyond our control.
2.①at ②at/from ③distantly ④distant
⑤In the distance
3.①rescuers ②were rescued ③rescued
④came to our rescue
4.①急剧的 ②灵敏的 ③sharpening/to be sharpened
④sharply ⑤It was very sharp of
Part Ⅱ
1.①form good learning habits ②fill in the application form
③in the form of money ④take the form of
⑤taking form
2.①is located ②location ③located/situated in the suburb of our city； which lies in the suburb of our city
Part Ⅲ
1.①If you do as I say ②as they walked along the river
③As I don’t know the meaning of the word ④Young as he is ⑤Tired as they were ⑥With time going by
2.①is to have a major effect ②All of us are to meet ③are to have reported ④are to be there ⑤You are to succeed
3.①When asked where she was from ②as if badly hurt
③If accepted， I can introduce Chinese painting skills to visitors， which can help them know more about Chinese culture.
单元素养提升
回顾单元知识
一、1.crash 2.exit 3.roll 4.confirm 5.procedure
6.odd 7.typhoon 8.destructive 9.hurricane
10.conference 11.supply 12.charity 13.staff
14.slide 15.fund 16.document 17.honey 18.unearth
19.import 20.export 21.cloud-capped 22.trunk
Ⅰ.1.flooded 2.occurred 3.stairs 4.retire 5.signals 6.hugged 7.destination 8.pole 9.port 10.volcanos 11.disaster 12.informed 13.rescued 14.otherwise 15.downstairs
二、1.injure 2.reaction 3.orderly 4.relief 5.shock
6.scare 7.power 8.donate 9.curious 10.erupt
11.unbearable 12.distance 13.sharp 14.locate
Ⅱ.1.reacted； reaction 2.injured； injury 3.scary； scared 4.curious； curiously； curiosity 5.shocked； shocking； shocked 6.power； powerful； powerless 7.sharp； sharpens； sharpener 8.distance； distant
三、1.at large 2.roll call 3.safe and sound 4.occur to
5.keep one’s head 6.run out of 7.take the form of
8.break out 9.far and wide 10.hold on to 11.to one’s great relief 12.crash into 13.a series of 14.be cleared of 15.blow away 16.in the distance 17.in detail
18.be separated from
Ⅲ.1.safe and sound 2.run out of 3.occurred to 4.at large 5.To my great relief 6.keep your head 7.held on to 8.far and wide 9.in the distance 10.broke out
四、1.was teaching when
2.in case it became damaged
3.The moment the shaking stopped
4.laughing， crying and hugging each other
5.It immediately occurred to her that
6.bringing imports to the city or carrying exports overseas
7.might have warned
8.a huge cloud shooting from the top of the volcano
9.came the earthquake； ended life
10.as if painted yesterday
Ⅳ.1.I was watching the football match when she came in.
2.Please remind me of the meeting again tomorrow in case I forget.
3.The moment he heard the news， he told me about it at once.
4.We often provide our children with toys， basketballs or footballs， thinking that all children like these things.
5.Just as I was leaving the house， it occurred to me that I had forgotten my keys.
6.The girl sitting next to me was my cousin.
7.Joan finished reading the book last night and Bob might have done so.
8.After opening the door， I see the children playing games.
9.Now comes your turn to make a self-introduction.
10.He stood still as if rooted to the ground.
夯实素材储备
一、1.The day was like any other day on the beach.
2.Tourists were running， playing volleyball or sitting on the sandy beach.
3.A little girl noticed something odd.
4.She felt curious and asked her parents about that.
5.Her parents immediately realized that these were signs of an approaching tsunami.
6.They were scared but soon it occurred to them that they should keep their head and inform the safety officers immediately.
7.To their relief， with the aid of the safety officers，all the people were fortunate enough to shelter from the disaster.
二、
The day was like any other day on the beach.Tourists were running，playing volleyball or sitting on the sandy beach.Suddenly，a little girl noticed something odd.She felt curious and asked her parents about that.Her parents immediately realized that these were signs of an approaching tsunami.They were scared but soon it occurred to them that they should keep their head and inform the safety officers immediately.To their relief， with the aid of the safety officers， all the people were fortunate enough to shelter from the disaster.
UNIT 3 The world online
【单元话题导入】
1.click； button 2.billions； access； instant； downloading 3.addicted； commerce； entertainment
Section Ⅰ Welcome to the unit & Reading
【文本透析·剖语篇】
第一步
1.connect 2.huge 3.delivered 4.shopping 5.app
6.arrangements 7.smartphone 8.contact 9.long-lost 10.responsibly
第二步
1－5 CCDBA
第三步
2.（1）Gone are the days of searching shop after shop for the perfect pair of boots—you can compare styles and prices quickly and easily in the comfort of your living room.
（2）Why wait hopelessly for a taxi in the cold rain？It is now simple and fast to order one with a taxi app.Sit back and relax indoors for a few warm minutes until the driver arrives.
【核心知识·巧突破】
Part Ⅰ
1.①take down ②take over ③take up ④waiting to take off
2.①to ②accessible ③getting ④children have/get/gain access to it
3.①brought about ②bring down ③brought up
④bring out ⑤and he was brought up
4.①in ②has been destroyed ③in ④the majority of people observe traffic signals； are only in the/a minority ⑤The/A majority of people interviewed prefer surfing the Internet to reading newspapers.
5.①for ②for ③to meet ④for ⑤arrange for a taxi to pick us up； make arrangements for a taxi to pick us up
6.①The ②an ③Instantly ④The instant/moment/minute he arrived at the theater； Instantly/Immediately/Directly he arrived at the theater
7.①of ②awareness ③As far as I’m aware/As far as I know ④Unaware of the danger
Part Ⅱ
1.①who is delivering a speech now ②have been delivered to
③delivering newspapers
2.①comments ②on/upon ③comment on/upon this accident； make a comment/comments on/about this accident
Part Ⅲ
1.①have it repaired ②had me write ③had their lights burning all night long ④have an important meeting to attend
2.①whatever you like ②Whichever and whatever you like ③Whatever she says ④No matter who you are
⑤Whenever we get into trouble
3.①can you achieve ②did he know ③Only if the leaders of the two countries sign the contract can the military conflicts between the two countries be solved. ④can we truly enjoy the benefits of modern technology； it is only by being smart online learners that
Section Ⅱ Grammar and usage
【重难语法·要攻克】
我的发现
（1）1、6 （2）2、4 （3）3、5 （4）前面 后面 （5）2 4
即时演练1
①smoking ②sleeping ③being built ④facing the lake
⑤working in this university ⑥which dates back to the early Tang Dynasty
即时演练2
①enabling me to strengthen my body ②Having come to a decision ③It being a wet day ④Not knowing how to do it ⑤Going straight down the road
即时演练3
①knocking ②running ③falling ④were kept waiting ⑤was observed rising from the sea
【核心知识·巧突破】
1.①me ②belonging ③The vase belonging to my uncle is a precious cultural relic.
2.①set down ②set off ③set up ④set aside ⑤set back
⑥set out to do her homework； set about doing her homework
3.①are requested not to smoke ②no one be told of her decision until the next meeting ③It is requested that
④made a request that
Section Ⅲ Integrated skills
【典例体验·提素能】
第二步
核心词汇
1.netizen 2.surf the Internet 3.in the/a majority
4.chat with 5.download some music 6.give up
7.obviously 8.focus one’s attention on/upon
遣词造句
1.According to the survey， nearly one third of the netizens are students and they surf the Internet for various reasons.
2.The students who surf the Internet at home are in the majority.
3.About 80% of the students surf the Internet at home and only about 12% of the students in their friends’ and relatives’ houses.
4.Most of them use the Internet to play games， chat with their friends， download some music， buy their favourite goods， and so on.
5.Obviously， the majority of the students give up the Internet because of their homework.
6.The students shouldn’t spend too much time on the Internet.
7.They should focus their attention on their lessons.
第三步
1.According to the survey， nearly one third of the netizens are students， who surf the Internet for various reasons.
2.The students surfing the Internet at home are in the majority.
3.It is obvious that the majority of the students give up the Internet because of their homework.
4.The students shouldn’t spend too much time on the Internet， but focus their attention on their lessons.
第四步
My team made a survey about how the students use the Internet last week.
According to the survey， nearly one third of the netizens are students， who surf the Internet for various reasons.The students surfing the Internet at home are in the majority.In other words， about 80% of the students surf the Internet at home and only about 12% of the students in their friends’ and relatives’ houses.Most of them use the Internet to play games， chat with their friends， download some music， buy their favourite goods， and so on.It is obvious that the majority of the students give up the Internet because of their homework.
As far as I’m aware， the students shouldn’t spend too much time on the Internet， but focus their attention on their lessons.
即时演练
Dear David，
How are things going with you？ I am glad to have received your email， which is about how to use the Internet to learn English.
To begin with， I often watch English movies and videos online， whose plots and images are so appealing.Sometimes I read English news and other articles， which can really broaden my horizons.In addition， I make use of various language learning websites and apps to improve my English.Personally， I believe the Internet provides us with a vast amount of resources and materials that cater to people of different interests， which makes the learning process more enjoyable and effective.I suggest that we should make good use of the Internet， but we should also limit the online time.
Hope that my experience and advice will be of some help to your learning Chinese.
Yours，
Li Hua
Section Ⅳ Extended reading & Project & Assessment
【文本透析·剖语篇】
第一步
1.addict 2.the week 3.disconnected 4.appreciate
5.benefited 6.richer and more beautiful
第二步
1－5 ACDCA
第三步
2.（1）The details of the scene were revealed in front of me： the soft sunlight， a bird singing from a high tree branch， the rich and earthy smell of the soil after the rain.
（2）I felt lost and anxious， as if I had missed something of value.
【核心知识·巧突破】
Part Ⅰ
1.①addiction ②addictive ③to ④Addicted to playing the violin， he didn’t notice the teacher walk into the classroom.
2.①smoking ②quitted/quit ③quitting ④quitted Paris for New York
3.①it ②offering ③having been given ④appreciation ⑤I would appreciate it if
4.①cut in ②cut down ③cut off ④cut up
⑤She decided to cut down the story to make it easy to understand.
Part Ⅱ
1.①Our lessons over ②her heart full of worry
③his hands trembling ④his eyes fixed on the blackboard
2.①never had a more pleasant ②nobody was happier than I was ③really couldn’t find a better
单元素养提升
回顾单元知识
一、1.pot 2.frontier 3.billion 4.extent 5.click
6.recipe 7.military 8.goods 9.commerce 10.site 11.cash 12.comment 13.guideline 14.remove
15.belong 16.ballet 17.device 18.battery 19.journal
20.wide-ranging
Ⅰ.1.button 2.affairs 3.quitted/quit 4.download
5.reveals 6.software 7.somehow 8.badminton
9.opera 10.boots
二、1.comic 2.obviously 3.access 4.majority 5.deliver
6.arrangement 7.establish 8.instant 9.aware
10.technical 11.percentage 12.entertainment
13.addict 14.appreciate
Ⅱ.1.major； majority； major 2.accessible； access
3.arranged； arrangement 4.aware； awareness
5.Obviously； obvious 6.appreciated； appreciation
7.addictive； addict； addicted； addiction
8.instant； instantly
三、1.take off 2.to a certain extent 3.at one’s fingertips 4.bring up 5.above all else 6.belong to 7.set up
8.be glued to sth 9.shoot past 10.knock sb off one’s feet 11.be lost in 12.cut back on 13.billions of
14.get in touch with 15.lie in 16.find out 17.turn to 18.all sorts of 19.be aware of 20.cut off 21.take up 22.make up one’s mind 23.stretch out 24.pick up
25.take advantage of
Ⅲ.1.turn to 2.all sorts of 3.took off 4.get in touch with
5.at her fingertips 6.find out 7.To a certain extent
8.bring up 9.belongs to 10.set up 11.be lost in
12.cut back on
四、1.No wonder
2.with all sorts of goods and services provided
3.have food delivered
4.There is no need to worry
5.No matter where we are
6.Only in this way can the Internet be
7.Head down， eyes on my smartphone
8.what was going on in my life
Ⅳ.1.With all these attractions， no wonder tourism is increasing wherever there is a Disneyland.
2.With the final exam drawing near， your parents will not probably allow you to spend too much time on the Internet.
3.Unfortunately， he had his leg broken in the last sports meeting.
4.There is no need to worry about the result of a test before you take it.
5.Even today， no matter where Chinese people live or what dialect they speak， they can all still communicate in writing.
6.Only in this way can we have a bright future.
7.Time permitting， we are going to help them do some cleaning.
8.He is thinking about what he should say next.
夯实素材储备
一、1.One day， Jane went to the opera to watch her favourite comedy， happy and relaxed.
2.Suddenly， a deafening sound reached her ears from behind.
3.She saw a car knock an old man off his feet.
4.How scary it was！
5.She was at a loss.
6.She was aware that she shouldn’t move him but call 120 instantly.
7.With her immediate help， the old man was saved.
8.Though she missed her favourite comedy， she felt much happier.
二、
One day， Jane went to the opera to watch her favourite comedy，happy and relaxed.Suddenly，a deafening sound reached her ears from behind.She saw a car knock an old man off his feet.How scary it was！ Somehow， she was at a loss.After a while，she was aware that she shouldn’t move him but call 120 instantly.Fortunately， with her immediate help， the old man was saved.Though she missed her favourite comedy， she felt much happier.
UNIT 4 Scientists who changed the world
【单元话题导入】
1.scientist； Republic； contribution 2.physicist； awarded
Section Ⅰ Welcome to the unit & Reading
【文本透析·剖语篇】
第一步
1.her discovery of qinghaosu 2.acquired a broad knowledge of 3.solved a lot of problems 4.paid off
第二步
1－5 BABCD
第三步
1.wisdom， freedom； effectiveness， usefulness， kindness， loneliness， happiness； survival， arrival， approval， proposal， refusal， removal； appearance， acceptance， performance， assistance； failure， pleasure， exposure， closure； shortage， marriage， passage， percentage
2.（1）2，000； hundreds of； 1，600-year-old
（2）the first female； one of the deadliest diseases
（3）190 failures； day and night； began to suffer； never gave up
（4）Chinese scientist wins 2015 Nobel Prize
【核心知识·巧突破】
Part Ⅰ
1.①from ②by ③on ④survivor ⑤Having survived that night
2.①was intended ②to see ③to improve ④intention
⑤had intended to go to Australia
3.①提到，谈及 ②查阅，参考 ③reference ④to
⑤in/with ⑥as ⑦refer to the book
4.①are limited ②to ③a ④limited ⑤be limited within 800 words
5.①at ②of ③Plenty of fresh air and exercise will speed up his recovery.
6.①paid back ②pay a visit to ③pay for ④Their efforts paid off in the end.
7.①for ②from/by ③It is said that yoga is of great benefit to human health.； It is said that yoga is very beneficial to human health.
Part Ⅱ
1.①on trial ②stand/go on trial ③through trial and error
2.①himself ②container ③containing ④contains
⑤contains； include
Part Ⅲ
1.①the first country to land a spacecraft on ②the ability to do the challenging work well ③the only way to learn a language well ④The last person to arrive at
2.①Surprised and happy ②tired and hungry ③Seriously injured ④Born into a poor family
Section Ⅱ Grammar and usage
【重难语法·要攻克】
我的发现
（1）1 7 前置 后置 （2）2 4 状语 （3）宾语补足语
即时演练1
①discussed ②fallen ③being sold ④founded
⑤built by the Norman rulers in Windsor
即时演练2
①Faced with difficulties ②Deeply moved by the movie ③Surrounded by the cold sea water ④lost in thought
即时演练3
①kept her hands folded ②found himself covered
③heard him spoken ④make himself understood
⑤With his homework finished
【核心知识·巧突破】
1.①with ②surrounding ③surroundings ④surround the lake； Surrounded by green trees； With green trees surrounding the lake
2.①a ②favorable ③in ④of ⑤is in our favour
3.①stealing ②for ③in ④in charge of
Section Ⅲ Integrated skills
【典例体验·提素能】
第二步
核心词汇
1.take place 2.protect the environment 3.in addition
4.be intended to do ... 5.conduct an experiment 6.be/get interested in 7.at the end of 8.learn ...from ...
遣词造句
1.The Science Festival will take place in our school hall next Saturday and its theme is “How to Protect the Environment”.
2.There will be some famous scientists attending the festival and they will introduce some knowledge about protecting the environment.
3.Each class has the chance to conduct an experiment and the students will learn a lot from it.
4.At the end of the festival，the first prize will be announced.
5.The Science Festival will inspire more students to get interested in science and work hard at it.
第三步
1.The Science Festival，whose theme is “How to Protect the Environment”， will take place in our school hall next Saturday.
2.There will be some famous scientists attending the festival， who will introduce some knowledge about protecting the environment.
3.Each class has the chance to conduct an experiment， from which the students will learn a lot.
第四步
Plan for the School Science Festival
The Science Festival， whose theme is “How to Protect the Environment”， will take place in our school hall next Saturday.
There will be some famous scientists attending the festival， who will introduce some knowledge about protecting the environment.In addition，they will show some interesting experiments.Each class has the chance to conduct an experiment， from which the students will learn a lot.At the end of the festival， the first prize will be announced.
The Science Festival will inspire more students to get interested in science and work hard at it.
即时演练
Exhibition Themed “Everyone Is
a Scientist” Successfully Held
In order to develop students’ interest in science and technology， an exhibition themed “Everyone Is a Scientist” was successfully held at the school hall last Friday.
At 9 a.m.， the exhibition started with a speech delivered by our headmaster.About a hundred inventions created by students were on display， some of which could be operated according to the instructions attached to them.
All the students thought it very meaningful to hold the exhibition as it has greatly inspired students’ creativity.
Section Ⅳ Extended reading & Project & Assessment
【文本透析·剖语篇】
第一步
1.make good things 2.at risk 3.enables 4.intellectual 5.doubt 6.value 7.welcomed 8.duty
第二步
1－5 ACBAA
第三步
2.In order to progress， we must not forget the importance of this struggle； we must recognize our ignorance and leave room for doubt.Permit us to question—to doubt—to not be sure.
【核心知识·巧突破】
Part Ⅰ
1.①in ②answering ③involved ④involved ⑤Involved in volunteer work
2.①on ②with ③to ④Much to his credit
3.①off ②down ③out ④let alone relax
4.①permits ②to carry ③parking
④Time permitting， I may go hiking with my friends.
⑤Parking cars isn’t permitted in front of the shops.
5.①on ②for ③to be ④He declares that
6.①put off ②put out ③put up ④put it forward three minutes
Part Ⅱ
1.①ignorant ②ignore ③was ignorant of/about； was in ignorance of
2.①for ②responsibilities ③to be a responsible person
Part Ⅲ
1.①the way （in which/that） he solved the problem ②The way （that/which） you thought of ③that/which came up at the meeting ④the way he carried out
2.①what was going on ②What we can do ③whether we admit students into our club or not ④what he should do
3.①think it no use discussing ②depend/rely on it that
③take it for granted that ④consider it any good
⑤it pleasant to work
⑥makes it easy for you to adjust to the new life in Beijing
单元素养提升
回顾单元知识
一、1.republic 2.broad 3.trial 4.conduct 5.politician 6.theory 7.thunderstorm 8.metal 9.standout
10.bomb 11.credit 12.negate 13.authority
14.marriage
Ⅰ.1.accidents 2.Province 3.household 4.data
5.errors 6.postpone 7.experiments 8.charged
9.moral 10.published
二、1.deadly 2.survival 3.intend 4.limited 5.container
6.sufficient 7.wisdom 8.beneficial 9.illustrate
10.surround 11.indicate 12.intelligent 13.favour
14.electricity 15.scientific 16.apply 17.ignorance 18.freedom 19.permit 20.responsibility 21.declare 22.nationality
Ⅱ.1.intention； intend； intended 2.survived； survivor
3.limited； limit 4.benefit； beneficial； benefited
5.permit； permit； permission 6.responsible； responsibility
7.nation； national； nationality 8.declared； declaration
9.ignorance； ignore 10.applicants； apply； applications
11.favour； favourable 12.container； contains
三、1.refer to 2.give up 3.large amounts of 4.be likely to
5.speed up 6.pay off 7.through trial and error
8.draw on 9.by accident 10.far from 11.be known for
12.go through 13.make a contribution to 14.with a bang 15.devote oneself to 16.let sb down 17.as to 18.take it for granted 19.put forward
Ⅲ.1.Speed up 2.refer to 3.as to 4.put forward 5.by accident 6.with a bang 7.take it for granted 8.through trial and error 9.draw on 10.give up 11.make a contribution to
四、1.the first female scientist of the People’s Republic of China to receive a Nobel Prize
2.Born in 1930， in Ningbo， Zhejiang Province
3.it was hard to produce enough qinghao extract for large trials
4.drawing on the wisdom of traditional Chinese medicine
5.it was not until the 1970s that
6.The first way in which
7.what the result is going to be
8.take it for granted that
Ⅳ.1.In 1973， he became the first agricultural pioneer in the world to grow rice that has a high output.
2.She was silent for a while， lost in thought.
3.It is important to form the habit of going to bed and rising early.
4.There are signs reminding people to limit smoking in public places.
5.It was not until 12 o’clock last night that my father came home.
6.Tonight’s program focuses on the way in which/that broken families affect the young.
7.After many days’ voyage， they arrived in what is called Africa nowadays.
8.I felt it strange that he didn’t reply to me.
夯实素材储备
一、1.One night， Tom was awakened by the lightning and thunderstorm.
2.As he passed his parents’ bedroom，he heard them quarreling.
3.His father put forward Tom’s being an official when he grew up， but his mother insisted that he be a teacher.
4.This made Tom feel very bad， anger and frustration surrounding him.
5.He opened the door and went into the yard.After about an hour，some stars appeared in the sky.Slowly， he calmed down.
6.He said to himself， “Everything will be all right.I am the master of my future.My physics is very good.I will be a physics scientist and make a contribution to the strength of the country.I am the hope of the household and I won’t let my parents down.”
二、
One night， Tom was awakened by the lightning and thunderstorm.As he passed his parents’ bedroom， he heard them quarreling.His father put forward Tom’s being an official when he grew up， but his mother insisted that he be a teacher.This made Tom feel very bad， anger and frustration surrounding him.He opened the door and went into the yard.After about an hour， some stars appeared in the sky.Slowly， he calmed down.He said to himself，“Everything will be all right.I am the master of my future.My physics is very good.I will be a physics scientist and make a contribution to the strength of the country.I am the hope of the household and I won’t let my parents down.”
16 / 20UNIT 1 Nature in the balance
单元话题导入
本单元以环境与环境保护为话题。环境是人类生存和活动的场所，包括大气、水、海洋、土地、矿藏、森林、草原、自然遗迹、人文遗迹、自然保护区、风景名胜区、城市和乡村等。大自然为人类提供了生存的资源环境。如果资源环境遭受破坏，那么人类生存发展的空间就会被破坏，所以保护环境就是保护人类自己。
看图感悟语境，选词填空。
global， continent， species， damage， habitat， disappear， recycle， greenhouse
1.There are seven on the Earth.Human beings and these colourful animals and plants live together， and they are interdependent and jointly maintain the balance of nature.
2.Many human activities have severely the animal ， making some rare of them have .If no measures are taken， a large number of will face the risk of extinction.
3.In order to reduce the effect， we should waste， walk or bike to work as much as possible.Protecting the ecological environment is everyone’s responsibility.
1 / 1Section Ⅱ Grammar and usage
省 略
阅读下列句子并思考加黑部分的用法。
1.Jack：Hi， Henry！ Did you watch the documentary about environmental protection on TV yesterday？
Henry：No， I didn’t （watch the documentary about environmental protection on TV yesterday）.
2.You can watch it online if you want to （watch it）.
3.You’d better not take medicine unless your doctor told you to （take medicine）.
4.I felt worried when （I was） watching the documentary.
5.Some call for the application of modern technology， and others （call for） a change of lifestyle.
6.（Have you） Got any ideas？
7.（It/That） Sounds great！
【我的发现】
（1）由句 可以看出，在简短对话中，答句常保留主语和助动词，省略其后的 以及上句中出现过的其他内容。
（2）由句 可以看出，动词不定式作宾语或宾语补足语时，在后句的动词不定式结构中，常省略与前句重复的 后面的内容。
（3）由句 可以看出，若从句的主语与主句的主语相同，且从句谓语中有be动词时，常省略从句的 和 。本句是 从句的省略。
（4）由句 可以看出，在并列句结构中，常省略与前面相同的主语、 或其他成分。
（5）由句 可以看出，在非正式场合，如果语境清晰，常省略 或“主语＋谓语的一部分”。
在英语中，为了使语言简洁或避免重复，在一些句子中常常省去一个或某几个成分，这种语法现象称为省略。
一、词法上的省略
（一）动词不定式的省略
1.当动词不定式在某些形容词 afraid、 anxious、 eager、 glad、 happy、 ready、 willing等后作状语时，to后的内容常省略。
You can’t force him to answer the question if he’s not willing to （answer the question）.
如果他不愿意回答这个问题，你不能强迫他。
2.当动词不定式在某些使役动词（make、 let、 have等）和感官动词（see、 watch、 notice、 observe、 hear等）后作宾语补足语时须省略to，但若这些动词用于被动语态，则to不能省略。
While watching television， we heard the doorbell ring just now.
＝While watching television， the doorbell was heard to ring just now.
刚才在看电视时，我们听到门铃响了。
3.当动词不定式在某些动词后作宾语时，to后的内容常可省略。常见的动词有agree、 afford、 expect、 forget、 hope、 manage、 pretend、 refuse、 remember、 want、 wish等。
He asked me to help him lock the door， but I forgot to （lock the door）.
他让我帮他锁门，但是我忘了。
4.作介词but、 except （除了）、 besides的宾语，且前面有实义动词do的任何形式时，后面的动词不定式常省略 to。
All he could do was nothing but wait and see.他所能做的就是静观其变。
5.当动词不定式在be going to、 be able to、 have to、 ought to、 used to等后作复合谓语时，动词不定式可省略，但要保留动词不定式符号 to。
They didn’t visit their parents as much as they ought to （visit their parents）.
他们应该多看望父母，但他们没有。
名师点津
（1）在to be或to have done结构中，省略时往往保留be或have。
（2）类似这种用法的动词短语有ought to、 be going to、 be about to、 be supposed to、 have to、 used to及形容词glad、 happy、 pleased、 delighted等。
He didn’t come， but he ought to have.
他没来，但他应该来。
—Are you a farmer？
—No， but I used to be （a farmer）.
——你是个农民吗？
——不是，但我过去是。
（二）使用so、 not等的替代性省略
1.在think、 believe、 expect、 suppose和it appears/seems之后，表示同意前面说过的话时，可以用so代替单词（形容词、副词）、词组或句子；表示对前面说过的话加以否定时，可以用not或not ...so。
—Can you finish your work today？
—I think so./I don’t think so./I think not.
——你今天能完成工作吗？
——我觉得可以。/我觉得完不成。
2.if not可视为一个否定的条件状语从句省略；if so的意思是“如果是那样的话”。
Get up early tomorrow.If not （If you don’t get up early）， you will miss the first bus.
明天要早起，如果不早起，你就赶不上头班公共汽车了。
He may not be at home.If so （If he is not at home then）， leave him a note.
他可能不在家。如果他不在家的话，给他留个便条。
【即时演练1】 完成句子
①The boy was made .
这个男孩被迫早睡。
②We have nothing to do now .
除了等，我们现在没有别的事可做。
③Some people suggested that she reconsider the matter， but .
有人建议她重新考虑这件事，但她拒绝了。
④You may have finished your homework. ， you can go out to play football.
你可能已经完成了作业。如果是那样的话，你可以出去踢足球了。
二、句法上的省略
（一）简单句中的省略
1.省略主语：一般情况下，主语是不能省略的，但在祈使句和其他不容易引起歧义的情况下，特别是在口语中，主语常常省略，主要是祈使句中的you和疑问句中的主语。
（You） Shut up！
住嘴！（省略了主语You）
（You） Want a hand？
需要帮忙吗？（省略了主语You）
（I） Beg your pardon.
请再说一遍。（省略了主语I）
（It） Doesn’t matter.
没关系。（省略了主语It）
2.省略谓语（或谓语的一部分）：在某些具体的场合下，主语和谓语都很明确，此时为了简化或显得亲切，可将谓语或谓语的一部分省略。
We went through the tests on Monday.Jenny had hers during the day， and I （had） mine after work.
我们在星期一进行了检查。詹妮在白天，我是在下班之后。（省略了谓语had）
I like her sincerely， as I would （like） a child of my own.
我真心地喜欢她，就像喜欢我自己的孩子一样。（省略了谓语的一部分like）
3.省略主语和谓语（或主语和谓语的一部分）：有时可将主语和谓语（或主语和谓语的一部分）同时省略。
（You come） This way， please.
请这边走。（省略了主语和谓语You come）
（Have you） Got any ink？
你有墨水吗？（省略了主语和谓语的一部分Have you）
4.省略宾语：当上下或前后两个句子的宾语一致时，下句或后句常省略宾语。
—Do you know Miss Gao？
—I don’t know （her）.
——你认识高女士吗？
——不认识。（省略了宾语her）
I borrowed from Peter but I paid （Peter） the money soon.
我向彼得借了钱，但我很快就还（彼得）钱了。（省略了宾语Peter）
She washed （the dress）， ironed （the dress）， folded （the dress）， and put the dress into a cupboard.
她洗完了衣服，把它熨好、折叠好放到一个柜子里。（省略了宾语the dress）
【即时演练2】 补全下列省略句
①What a hot day today！
→What a hot day today！
②Anything else to say？
→ anything else to say？
③Understand？
→ understand？
④Some of us study Japanese； others English.
→Some of us study Japanese； others English.
⑤I run much faster than before.
→I run much faster than before.
⑥Let’s do the cases.I’ll read and you’ll type.
→Let’s do the cases.I’ll read and you’ll type .
（二）并列句中的省略
在由and或but连接的并列句中，常省略一些重复的词或词组。
1.如果主语不同，而谓语动词中的一部分相同，则省略谓语动词中相同的部分。
John must have been playing football and Mary （must have been） doing her homework.
约翰一定在踢足球，而玛丽一定在做作业。
2.主语相同，谓语动词也相同，则可以省略后面的主语和谓语。
His suggestions made John happy， but （his suggestions made） Mary angry.
他的建议使约翰高兴，但使玛丽生气。
3.主语相同，而谓语动词不同，则可省略主语。
Old McDonald gave up smoking for a while， but （he） soon returned to his old ways.
老麦克唐纳只戒了一阵子烟就很快回到了原来的状态。
4.在并列复合句中，如果that从句从属于第二个并列句且它的谓语动词和宾语等其他成分与第一个并列句相同时，这个that 从句通常可以省略这些相同的部分。
Jack will sing at the party， but I know John won’t （sing at the party）.
杰克将在晚会上唱歌，但我知道约翰不会。
【即时演练3】 完成句子
①Lin’s father was not at home， but .
林的爸爸不在家，但他的妈妈在家。
②John won the first race and .
约翰赢了第一场赛跑，吉米赢了第二场。
③Mike said that he would come to school to see me， .
迈克说他会来学校看我，但他没来。
④He has a knowledge of first aid but .
他具备急救知识，但他朋友不具备。
（三）复合句中的省略
1.状语从句中的省略
（1）在when、 while、 if、 as if、 though、 although、 as、 until、 once、 unless、 whenever等引导的状语从句中，当状语从句的主语和主句的主语相同，且从句谓语中含有be动词的某种形式，或从句的主语为it时，则从句中的主语和be动词常被省略。
While （you are） cycling， don’t forget the traffic lights.
骑车时，不要忘记看红绿灯。
When （the grapes are） ripe， the grapes will be delicious.
等（葡萄）熟了，葡萄会很好吃的。
If （it is） possible， I wish to go there next summer.
如果可能的话，我希望明年夏天去那儿。
（2）在than、 as等引导的比较状语从句中常省略某些成分。
He runs as fast as Bob （runs）.
他和鲍勃跑得一样快。
The film is more interesting than （it was） expected.
这部电影比预想的有趣。
名师点津
并非所有的状语从句都可以省略主语和be动词，由after、 before、 because等词引导的状语从句一般要改写成介词短语，用动词-ing形式代替be动词。
Because he was ill， he didn’t attend the meeting.
→Because of being ill， he didn’t attend the meeting.
由于生病，他没有出席会议。
2.定语从句中的省略
（1）在限制性定语从句中，作宾语用的关系代词whom、 which、 that可以省略（但whom、 which紧跟在介词后时不能省略）。
Where is the book （which/that） I bought this morning？
今天上午我买的那本书在哪里？
He’s the man （whom/who/that） you can safely depend on.
他是你能放心信赖的人。
（2）修饰way的关系词that/in which可以省略。
The way （that/in which） he speaks to us is really annoying.
他对我们讲话的方式真是让人讨厌。
3.宾语从句中的省略
（1）及物动词后接宾语从句时，连接词that一般可以省略；但如果及物动词后连接两个或两个以上that引导的宾语从句时，那么只有第一个that可以省略。
We believe （that） if we put our heart into it， we will succeed sooner or later.
我们相信如果我们全力以赴，我们终有一天会成功。
He said （that） the text was very important and that we should learn it by heart.
他说这篇课文很重要，我们应该牢记于心。
（2）在由when、 where、 how、 why等引导的宾语从句中，有时引导词后的从句可全部或部分省略。
I know that a movie star will come to our city but I don’t know when （he will come to our city）.
我知道一个电影明星将要来我们的城市，但我不知道他什么时候来。
【即时演练4】 把下列句子改为省略句
①If it is so， I hope you will have a wonderful time.
→ ， I hope you will have a wonderful time.
②The winters in Hangzhou are not so mild as they are in Guangzhou.
→The winters in Hangzhou are not .
③Wood gives off much smoke while it is burning.
→Wood gives off much smoke .
④Though they were tired， they went on working.
→ ， they went on working.
⑤Here is the man whom you’ve been looking for.
→Here is the man .
⑥She said that she had finished her homework.
→She said .
come up with 想出，想到
【教材原句】 All of them come up with creative ideas on how to solve these problems.
他们所有人都想出了关于如何解决这些问题的创造性的想法。
【用法】
come about 发生；产生 come across （偶然）遇见；发现；被理解 come up 被提出；出现；发芽 come out 出来；长出；出版，发行；结果是 come to 共计；达到 when it comes to （doing） ... 当谈到（做）……时
【佳句】 When you have finished， try to come up with two more cases for each category.
当你完成后，每一类尽量再想出两个例子。
【点津】 come up的主语是物，表示“（计划、建议、方案等）被提出”，为不及物动词短语，不能用于被动语态；而come up with的主语是人或团体组织，表示“（某人）提出”，为及物动词短语。
【练透】 用come的相关短语填空
①Specialists can new ways to solve the problem of air pollution.
②As soon as the project at the meeting， it attracted many people’s attention.
③I will try my best to overcome the barriers I and I will never give up.
④We are told that his new works will next week.
⑤How did it ？Tell me about it in detail.
【写美】 完成句子
⑥ ， I know nothing.
当谈到修电脑时，我一无所知。
call for （公开）要求；需要
【教材原句】 Some call for the application of modern technology， and others a change of lifestyle.
一些人要求运用现代科学技术，而另一些人则要求改变生活方式。
【用法】
call at 拜访（某个地点）；（火车等）停靠 call off 取消；停止进行 call on/upon 拜访（某人）；号召；要求（某人讲话等）；正式邀请 call in 请来；收回 call up 给……打电话；使回忆起，使想起 call back 回电话；收回
【佳句】 The problem is that studying those species calls for a lot of patience.
问题是，研究那些物种需要有很大的耐心。
We intended to visit the theme park but ended up calling on Professor Zhang.
我们原打算参观主题公园，但最后却拜访了张教授。
【练透】 用call的相关短语填空
①The public are an end to air pollution.
②This picture memories of my taking part in that half-marathon.
③The council announces that the conference is so that we can go home now.
④I’m going to one of my former classmates.
⑤Twenty volunteers were to set up shelters for the survivors.
【写美】 完成句子
⑥The present situation .
目前的形势需要立即采取行动。
application n.应用，运用；申请
【用法】
（1）apply vt.& vi. 应用；申请；涂；有关 apply （to ...） for ... （向……）申请…… apply to 适用于；与……有关 apply oneself to ... 专心于…… apply ...to ... 把……运用到……；把……涂到…… （2）applicant n. 申请人
【佳句】 The applicants must hand in their applications first if they want to apply for the job.
申请人如果想申请这份工作，就必须先上交他们的申请书。
【练透】 单句语法填空
①It was announced that they had received 500 （apply） for the post.
②After a short holiday， he applied （he） to his work again.
③In this way， we can better apply theory practice.
【写美】 完成句子
④I wish advertised in the Daily News on 30 June.我想应聘6月30日《每日新闻》上刊登的当地导游的职位。
提示：完成课后作业 UNIT 1 Section Ⅱ
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