(共85张PPT)
第二讲 词形转换类
CONTENTS
目 录
高频考点一
01
高频考点二
02
高频考点三
03
当堂即练 精准提升
06
高频考点四
04
高频考点五
05
语法填空中的词形转换多以派生词的变化为主,侧重考查动词、形容词、副词和名词之间的词性变化, 兼顾形容词、副词的比较级的变化和名词的单复数。名词的所有格及基数词变序数词是低频考点。
1.通过分析句子结构,根据设空处在句中所作的成分确定所需词性:
(1)名词在句中常作主语、宾语、表语或定语等,前面可能会有冠词、形容词或者形容词性物主代词修饰;
(2)动词在句中常作谓语与非谓语;
(3)形容词在句中常作表语,位于系动词之后,或作定语修饰名词;
(4)副词在句中常作状语修饰动词、形容词、其他副词或整个句子;
[特别注意] how后面常接形容词或副词;what 后面常接名词或名词词组;“so...that...”句型中,so后面常接形容词或副词。
(5)序数词在句中常作主语、宾语、定语和表语,前面往往有定冠词the;
(6)关注否定前缀: un -、 dis -、im- 、in- 、il -、 mis- 、ab- 等,如unusual、disappear/disappearance、 impossible、 inaccurate、 illegal、misfortune、 misunderstanding、 abuse、 abnormal等。
2.根据标志词或语境确定比较级。
3.根据数词、量词、冠词等修饰词、主谓一致原则或语法结构确定名词的单复数或者所有格。
4.根据语意和语境确定序数词或代词的适当形式。
01
高频考点一
高频考点一 提示词为动词的词形转换
提示词为动词,如果既不是谓语动词,也不是非谓语动词,则要考虑动词的词形转换。动词转换成名词还是形容词,则要根据句式结构以及设空处所作成分进一步分析。
动词→形容词
句子分析速定
1.形容词作定语,修饰名词或复合不定代词;
2.形容词作表语,表明主语的性质或状态;
3.形容词作补足语,补充说明主语或宾语;
4.形容词作状语,说明主语的状态或心理感受。
构词法全面突破
详细内容链接《优绩宝典》P16~20、P25
动词→名词
句子分析速定
1.名词作表语,表明主语是“什么”,说明主语的身份、特征;
2.名词作主语、同位语或及物动词(短语)或介词(短语)的宾语;
3.名词作定语,说明被修饰词的材料、功能、时间、地点、内容、类别等。
构词法全面突破
详细内容链接《优绩宝典》P2~7、P13~15
单句语法填空
1.(2024·新高考全国卷Ⅰ) In cold weather, the structure stays ____________(close) to protect the plants.
解析:考查形容词。空前的stays作系动词,空处作表语,意为“关闭的”,应用形容词closed。
closed
2.(2024·全国甲卷) They all agreed and vowed (承诺) to promote the idea at the ____________(complete) of their journey.
解析:考查名词。根据空前的the和空后的of可知,空处应用名词completion。
completion
3.(2024·浙江卷1月)Many supermarkets are no longer doing “buy one get one free” promotions because of the ____________(criticize) that they lead to waste.
解析:考查名词。根据“that they lead to waste”可知,此处应用名词criticism表示“批评”,作宾语。
criticism
4.(2023·新高考全国卷Ⅰ)Xiao long bao (soup dumplings), those amazing constructions of delicate dumpling wrappers, encasing hot, ____________ (taste) soup and sweet, fresh meat, are far and away my favorite Chinese street food.
解析:考查形容词。空处修饰后面的名词soup,应用形容词tasty作定语,意为“美味的”。
tasty
5.(2023·新高考全国卷Ⅱ)Since June 2017, right before the____________(arrive) of the two new pandas, Meng Meng and Jiao Qing, I have been helping the panda keepers at the zoo to feel more comfortable and confident speaking English.
解析:考查名词。根据空前的the和空后的介词of可知,应用名词作介词before的宾语,arrive的名词形式是arrival,且为不可数名词。
arrival
6.(2023·全国甲卷)However, Carson's theme is a more weighty ____________(warn) about environmental destruction.
解析:考查名词。分析句子结构可知,空前有不定冠词a和形容词修饰,空处应用可数名词单数形式。
warning
7.(2024·九省联考)He is happy with the ____________(improve) he sees in his students' writing and in his own writing.
解析:考查名词。分析句子结构可知,空处与空前的the一起作with的宾语,空处需要用名词,improve的名词形式是improvement,且为不可数名词。
improvement
02
高频考点二
高频考点二 提示词为名词的词形转换
提示词为名词要考虑以下几个方向:名词变复数;名词变形容词;名词变动词;名词变所有格。
名词→名词复数
标志词速解
1.名词前有数词(大于1)或these、those、several、few、many、all、both、various、different、 a (large/great) number of等词修饰时用名词的复数形式;
2.名词前有one of、 among时用名词的复数形式;
3.若谓语动词是复数形式,则主语应用名词的复数形式。
构词法全面突破
1.一般情况,直接加 -s;以s、 x、 ch、 sh结尾的名词加- es,但是stomach→stomachs除外;
2.以- o结尾的单词除了两人(negro、hero)、两菜(tomato、potato)加 -es外,其余一般加 -s;
3.以“辅音字母+- y”结尾的名词,变y为i加 -es,如family→families;以“元音字母+- y”结尾的名词直接加- s,如toy→toys;
4.以- f和 -fe结尾的名词应变f和fe为ves;
5.单复数同形:Chinese、sheep、deer等;
6.永远不可数的名词:fun、furniture、progress、advice、weather等;
7.特殊变化:tooth→teeth、foot→feet、child→children、mouse→mice等;
8.不规则外来词:
(1)um/on→a:datum→data、curriculum→curricula、 criterion→criteria等;
(2)is→es:analysis→analyses、 basis→bases等;
9.复合名词:grown -up→grown -ups、passer -by→passers- by等。
名词→形容词
标志词速解
提示词为名词,若其后为名词,且被设空处修饰,则需要将名词变为形容词。
构词法全面突破
详细内容链接《优绩宝典》P16~25
名词→动词
标志词速解
提示词为名词,分析句子结构,若设空处为谓语动词,则需要将名词变为动词。
构词法全面突破
详细内容链接《优绩宝典》P29~31
名词→名词所有格
标志词速解
若提示词为名词,且与其后的名词是所属关系,应考虑名词所有格。
构词法全面突破
(1)不可数名词、可数名词单数和不以 -s结尾的可数名词复数通常在词尾加's;
(2)以- s或 -es结尾的可数名词复数,通常在词尾加'。
单句语法填空
1.(2024·新高考全国卷Ⅰ)The latest engineering techniques are applied to create this protective ____________(function) structure that is also beautiful.
解析:考查形容词。分析句子结构可知,空处修饰名词structure,应用形容词作定语。
functional
2.(2024·新高考全国卷Ⅰ)These plants included modern Western ____________ (favourite) such as rosemary, lavender and fennel.
解析:考查名词复数。favourite是可数名词,根据空后的“such as rosemary, lavender and fennel”可知,空处应用可数名词的复数形式。
favourites
3.(2024·全国甲卷)They are ____________(treasure) of American heritage (遗产).
解析:考查名词复数。treasure意为“宝藏”,为可数名词,根据空前的They are可知,空处应用可数名词的复数形式。
treasures
4.(2024·九省联考)Now, most people reach for ___________(keyboard) faster than they pick up pens.
解析:考查名词复数。分析句子结构可知,空处作动词短语reach for的宾语,应用名词;keyboard为可数名词,其前无限定词,且空处与空后的pens对应,应用可数名词的复数形式。
keyboards
5.(2024·新高考全国卷Ⅱ)Although they could never have met, there are common ____________(theme) in their works, said Paul Edmondson, head of research for the Shakespeare Birthplace Trust.
解析:考查名词复数。theme是可数名词,根据空前的there are可知,空处应用可数名词的复数形式。
themes
6.(2021·浙江卷1月)It is calculated by dividing a ____________ (person) weight in kg by their height in meters squared, and a BMI of between 19 and 25 is considered healthy.
解析:考查名词所有格。空前是a,空后是名词weight,此处表示“一个人的体重”,应用名词所有格形式。
person's
03
高频考点三
高频考点三 提示词为形容词、副词的词形转换
提示词为形容词时要考虑以下几个方向:形容词变副词;形容词变比较级或者最高级;形容词变名词。而提示词为副词时通常考虑:副词比较级或者最高级。
形容词→副词
标志词速解
若空处修饰动词、形容词、副词或整个句子,则应考虑用副词形式。
构词法全面突破
形容词、副词→比较级、最高级
标志词速解
1.句子中有than,往往需要用比较级;
2.设空处前有much、far、still、even、rather、a little、a bit、a lot、a great deal等标志词时用比较级;
3.设空处后有表示范围的标志词in、of、among等时用最高级;
4.设空处前有定冠词 the时往往用最高级。
固定句型全面突破
1.“the+比较级,the+比较级”意为“越……,就越……”;
2.句中虽没有标志词,但暗含比较,也需要用比较级或最高级。
形容词→名词
句子分析速解
分析句子结构,若句中缺少主语,应考虑用名词作主语;若空处在介词后,应考虑用名词作宾语。
构词法全面突破
详细内容链接《优绩宝典》P8~11、P15
单句语法填空
1. (2024·新高考全国卷I改编)The Silk Route brought the plants from their native habitat in Asia to come to define much of the ____________(rich) of gardening in England.
解析:考查名词。空处跟在定冠词the之后,且空后的of gardening对空处进行限定,应用名词形式。
richness
2.(2024·全国甲卷改编)Yellowstone was the ____________(large) United States national park—2.2 million acres.
解析:考查形容词最高级。根据空前the可知,空处应用形容词最高级。
largest
3.(2024·新高考全国卷Ⅱ)Those cultural elements have increased Stratford's international ____________(visible), said Edmondson, adding that visitors walking through the Birthplace Garden were often amazed to find the connection between the two great writers.
解析:考查名词。根据空前international可知,空处应用名词形式,visibility为不可数名词。
visibility
4.(2023·新高考全国卷Ⅰ)No matter where I buy them, though, one steamer basket is ____________(rare) enough, yet two seems greedy, and so I am always left wanting more next time.
解析:考查副词。根据空后的形容词enough可知,空处应用副词修饰。
rarely
5.(2023·浙江卷1月)Their siheyuan were far smaller in scale and ____________(simple) in design and decoration, and the hutongs were narrower.
解析:考查形容词比较级。根据句子结构和空前的and可知,空处和前面的smaller并列作表语,应用形容词比较级。
simpler
6.(2024·九省联考)Today, a writer ____________(simple) throws an empty pen away and gets a new one.
解析:考查副词。分析句子结构可知,空处修饰动词throws,应用副词形式。
simply
04
高频考点四
高频考点四 提示词为代词的词形转换
提示词为代词,一般填代词的其他形式。
人称代词、物主代词和反身代词
标志词速解
1.若分析句子结构发现提示词作主语,则应考虑人称代词的主格形式;
2.若分析句子结构发现提示词作宾语/表语,则应考虑人称代词的宾格形式和名词性物主代词;
3.若分析句子结构发现提示词作定语,则应考虑形容词性物主代词;
4.若分析句子结构发现提示词作动词或介词的宾语,且和主语是同一人时,则应考虑反身代词。
句法功能关键突破
1.作主语:人称代词主格(I、we、you、he等);
2.作宾语/表语:人称代词宾格(me、us、him、them、it等)、名词性物主代词(mine、ours、yours、its等);
3.作定语:形容词性物主代词(my、our、your、their等);
4.如果宾语与主语是指同一种,则用反身代词(myself、yourself、itself等)。
one指代前面出现过的那类事物中的“一个”,其复数形式为ones。
单句语法填空
1. (2024·全国甲卷)This area, with ____________(it)unique and breathtaking natural beauty, must be well preserved for all people of the nation to enjoy—as a national park.
解析:考查代词。空处修饰名词beauty应用形容词性物主代词its。
its
2.(2024·浙江卷1月)Who knows, perhaps some of the more forward- looking ____________(one) may yet come out with a whole range of “just for you” pack sizes with special offers as well.
解析:考查代词。代词one意为“一个人”,在some of后应用复数形式。
ones
3.(2023·新高考全国卷Ⅰ)Nanxiang aside, the best xiao long bao have a fine skin, allowing them to be lifted out of the steamer basket without tearing or spilling any of ____________ (they) contents.
解析:考查代词。空处修饰后面的名词contents,应用形容词性物主代词。
their
4.(2022·全国乙卷)The Chinese Ancient Tea Museum was officially unveiled (揭幕) at the ceremony, opening ____________(it) first exhibition:The Avenue of Truth—A Special Exhibition of Pu'er Tea.
解析:考查代词。空处修饰名词exhibition,应用形容词性物主代词。
its
5.(2024·九省联考) However, he believes that the practice with fountain pens helps students to focus, to write faster, and they can feel proud of ____________(they).
解析:考查反身代词。分析句子结构可知,空处作介词的宾语,与句子的主语they指代相同,应用反身代词。
themselves
6.(2021·新高考全国卷Ⅰ)As the song goes, this long and winding road “will never disappear”, and it will always stick in the visitor's memory. It sure does in ____________(I).
解析:考查代词。此处与上文提到的in the visitor's memory相呼应,相当于in my memory,应用名词性物主代词mine代替my memory。
mine
05
高频考点五
高频考点五 提示词为数词的词形转换
提示词为数词,一般考查基数词变为序数词。
基数词变序数词的构词法
构词法全面突破
1.一般由基数词加 -th构成,如sixth、seventh、tenth、eleventh、hundredth等;
2.以- y结尾的基数词,先把y变为ie, 再加 -th,如twentieth、thirtieth等;
3.不规则变化,如first、second、third、fifth、eighth、ninth、twelfth等。
与数词有关的固定用法
固定用法全面突破
1.表达“在某人几十多岁”时, 用“in one's+整十基数词的复数”, 如in one's fifties(在某人五十多岁时);
2.表达“在几十年代”时, 用“in the+整十基数词的复数”, 如in the thirties(在三十年代);
3.分数的表达方法:分子用基数词,分母用序数词,当分子超过1时,分母用复数形式。例如:two- thirds(三分之二);quarter意为“一刻钟、四分之一”,所以“四分之三”可以表示为three fourths/three quarters。
单句语法填空
1.(2023·全国甲卷)Fables were part of the oral tradition of many early cultures, and the well- known Aesop's fables date to the ____________ (six) century B.C.
解析:考查序数词。century意为“世纪”,前面要用序数词。
sixth
2.(2021·新高考全国卷Ⅱ)I've always loved the ocean. In the ____________(seven) grade, I started volunteering at the Monterey Bay Aquarium in California.
解析:考查序数词。表示“七年级”,应用序数词。
seventh
06
当堂即练 精准提升
Ⅰ.挑战地道外刊(侧重词形转换)
题源:Sixth Tone 2024.07.05
In China, concerns are rising about the risks posed by 1.____________ unusual technology: hyper- realistic silicone masks 2.____________ can be used to impersonate (冒充) another person and even hack into 3.____________(face) recognition systems.
an
that/which
facial
The masks have been 4.____________(wide) used in Hollywood bank heist movies for years, but they are becoming increasingly available to the general public via Chinese e -commerce platforms—a trend that experts worry could lead 5.____________ a crime spree unless the trade 6.____________(control).
widely
to
is controlled
Despite Chinese authorities' efforts to raise 7.__________(aware) of the risks posed by silicone masks, the products can still easily be purchased online, with vendors 8.____________(promise) that they can fool facial recognition scanners.
Some vendors offer lifelike replicas of celebrities' faces and also claim to be able to produce realistic masks 9.____________(base) on any individual as long as the client provides photos or scans of the target.
awareness
promising
based
Legal experts have warned that using masks in this way poses worrying implications for individual 10.____________(private), and that both users and vendors of such masks could be breaking the law.
【解题导语】 本文是一篇说明文。在中国,对于一项不同寻常的技术所带来的风险,担忧与日俱增:超逼真的硅胶面具能够被用来冒充他人,甚至侵入人脸识别系统。
privacy
1.an 解析:考查冠词。空处修饰可数名词technology,为单数,且unusual的发音以元音音素开头,应用不定冠词an。
2.that/which 解析:考查定语从句。分析句子结构可知,空处引导定语从句,先行词为masks,指代物,从句缺主语,应用that/which。
3.facial 解析:考查形容词。空处应用形容词修饰名词recognition systems。
4.widely 解析:考查副词。空处应用副词修饰动词。
5.to 解析:考查介词。lead to为固定搭配,意为“导致”。
6.is controlled 解析:考查动词的时态、语态和主谓一致。通读全文可知,空处时态应用一般现在时;主语trade与control之间是被动关系,应用be done形式;主语为单数,be动词应用第三人称单数。
7.awareness 解析:考查名词。raise awareness of为固定搭配,意为“提高……的意识”。
8.promising 解析:考查非谓语动词。分析句子结构可知,空处作非谓语,与逻辑主语vendors之间是主动关系,应用动词 ing形式作宾语补足语。
9.based 解析:考查非谓语动词。be based on为固定搭配,意为“在……的基础上”,此处应用过去分词作后置定语。
10.privacy 解析:考查名词。空前为形容词,而形容词修饰的是名词。
Ⅱ.模拟实战演练
A
(2024·保定一模)In the heart of the Indian state of Rajasthan lies a city that exudes(散发) a charm, 1.______________(attract) visitors from around the world. With its warm hospitality (好客), busy bazaars (集市), and splendid 2.____________(palace), Jaipur is a treasure of history, culture, and architectural splendor. This fascinating city invites you on an unforgettable journey into the area of the Maharajas.
attracting
palaces
The Aravalli Range, one of the oldest mountain ranges in the world, adds an appealing backdrop to Jaipur's landscape. The city's strategic location within the range provides it 3.______________ a natural shield (屏障), enhancing 4.____________(it) historical and cultural significance.
These hills not only contribute to the city's picturesque charm but also offer opportunities for adventure and 5.____________(explore).
with
its
exploration
Above all, it is the special colour influencing so many aspects of this city and its people 6.____________ sets Jaipur apart and gives it a unique appeal. The association of Jaipur with 7.______________ colour pink—dates back to 1876 when the city 8.______________(paint) in pink—considered the colour of hospitality—9.____________(celebrate) the visit of the Prince of Wales, Albert Edward, who would later become King Edward VI and Emperor of India. Since then, the colour 10.____________(become) synonymous (同义) with Jaipur, earning it the nickname “The Pink City”.
that
the
was painted
to celebrate
has become
【解题导语】 本文是一篇说明文。文章介绍了印度城市斋浦尔的一些情况。
1.attracting 解析:考查非谓语动词。分析句子结构可知,空处为非谓语动词作状语,attract和逻辑主语a city之间为主动关系,应用动词 -ing形式。
2.palaces 解析:考查名词复数。palace为可数名词,意为“宫殿”,分析句子结构可知,此处与and前的bazaars并列作With的宾语,应用名词的复数形式。
3.with 解析:考查介词。“provide...with...”意为“给……提供……”,为固定搭配。
4.its 解析:考查代词。根据空后significance可知,空处应用形容词性物主代词修饰该名词。
5.exploration 解析:考查名词。根据and连接的adventure为名词可知,空处也应用名词形式,共同作介词for的宾语。
6.that 解析:考查强调句型。分析句子结构可知,此处为强调句型,其基本结构为“It is/was+被强调部分+that/who...”,当被强调部分为主语且为人时用who,其他情况用that。此处被强调部分为the special colour,应用that。
7.the 解析:考查冠词。根据句意可知,斋浦尔与粉红色的联系可以追溯到1876年,此处特指粉红色,应用定冠词the。
8.was painted 解析:考查动词的时态、语态和主谓一致。分析句子结构可知,空处作谓语,该句叙述的是发生在过去的事情,应用一般过去时;主语是可数名词单数,谓语动词也应用第三人称单数形式。主语the city和动词paint之间是被动关系,应用被动语态。
9.to celebrate 解析:考查非谓语动词。分析句子结构可知,此处为动词不定式作目的状语。
10.has become 解析:考查动词的时态和主谓一致。根据时间状语“Since then”可知,空处应用现在完成时;主语是可数名词单数,谓语动词也应用第三人称单数形式。
B
(2024·武汉三模)90 percent of the world's fireworks are produced in China. The biggest importer is the US, which 1.______________ (ship) in more than $650 million worth in 2021.
The details of fireworks' invention are lost to history, but 2.____________ folk tale tries to fill in the gap. It goes that a monk named Li Tian created fireworks around 1,400 years ago by packing gunpowder into bamboo tubes 3.____________ (scare) off evil spirits.
shipped
a
to scare
An explosive mixture of gun -powder and chemical compounds (化合物) is 4.____________ makes fireworks flash in pretty colours and fun shapes. The images they make depend on the placement of these compounds inside the shell of the firework. People's 5.____________(favorite) include “comet”, featuring a long trail of sparks; “peony”, a flower -like burst; and “strobe”, which produces a blinking effect.
what
favorites
The single biggest firework shell ever shot was part of a 2020 winter -carnival display in Colorado, US.6.___________ (weigh) 1,268 kilograms, it rose more than a kilometre into the sky 7.____________ bursting, turning the night sky red.
Weighing
before
For centuries we had to light firework 8.____________ hand, but since the 1980s, there's been another option: computer -controlled lighters, which made music at displays more 9.____________ (precise) timed and safer. An even greener alternative recently 10.____________ (adopt) is using drones to trace flashy patterns in the sky. The future of fireworks, like so much else, may be robotic.
【解题导语】 本文是一篇说明文。文章介绍了烟花的相关信息。
by
precisely
adopted
1.shipped 解析:考查动词的时态。根据时间状语in 2021可知,这里表示过去发生的事情,应用一般过去时,空处是定语从句的谓语动词,which指代先行词the US,与ship之间是主动关系,应用过去式。
2.a 解析:考查冠词。根据空后的“folk tale”可知,此处表示泛指,且folk的发音以辅音音素开头,应用不定冠词a。
3.to scare 解析:考查非谓语动词。分析句子结构可知,空处表示目的,应用动词不定式作目的状语。
4.what 解析:考查表语从句。分析句子结构可知,空处引导表语从句,且在从句中作主语,指物,应用what引导。
5.favorites 解析:考查名词复数。空处在句中作主语,favorite为可数名词,根据空后的谓语include可知,应用可数名词的复数形式。
6.Weighing 解析:考查非谓语动词。分析句子结构可知,空处作非谓语,且主语it和weigh之间是逻辑上的主谓关系,应用动词- ing形式作状语。空处位于句首,首字母应大写。
7.before 解析:考查介词。“it rose more than a kilometre into the sky”发生在“bursting”之前,应用介词before。
8.by 解析:考查介词。by hand意为“用手”,为固定搭配。
9.precisely 解析:考查副词。空处修饰形容词timed应用副词。
10.adopted 解析:考查非谓语动词。分析句子结构可知,空处作非谓语,且主语alternative和adopt之间是逻辑上的动宾关系,recently表明动作已经发生,应用动词- ed形式作后置定语。