(共72张PPT)
第三讲 冠词、代词、介词(短语)
语法填空不给提示词的题一般有3~4个,需要填常用的虚词,如冠词、代词、介词和连词(详细阐述见第四讲)。 这种设空形式主要考查考生对语篇的理解和逻辑关系的把握以及对固定搭配和常见句式的掌握。有些不给提示词的题难度很大,需要考生根据全文大意和上下文的逻辑关系及对长难句的分析来判断设空处的句法功能,再确定适用的词性,最终确定正确的答案。
CONTENTS
目 录
高频考点一
01
高频考点二
02
高频考点三
03
当堂即练 精准提升
04
01
高频考点一
高频考点一 冠 词
考查方向
冠词是高考语法填空的常考点,主要考查不定冠词a、an和定冠词the的基本用法和固定搭配。
解题思路
第一步:确定是否填冠词
分析句子结构,看空后是否有名词,若有名词,应考虑用冠词。
第二步:判断是特指还是泛指或其他填冠词的情况
(1)若空后有可数名词单数,搭配后表示泛指时,应考虑用不定冠词a或an;
(2)若空后有名词,搭配后表示特指时,应考虑用定冠词the;
(3)有序数词、最高级、表示特指或特指意义的比较级等形式时,应考虑用定冠词the;
(4)空处前后的词与要填的冠词构成固定搭配。
基本用法
1.填不定冠词a/an的情况:
(1)泛指一类人与物,与one同义表示“一”;
(2)a/an(+形容词)+可数名词单数。
2. a/an的区别:
(1)首字母是元音字母,但发辅音,用冠词a,如a university、a+useful/usual/unique/united/European/ one -eyed/one- way +可数名词单数等;
(2)以u开头,发元音,用an,如an+unusual/unhappy/unforgettable+可数名词单数、an umbrella等;
(3)首字母是辅音字母,但发元音,用an,如an hour、 an hono(u)r、an honest+可数名词单数等。
3.填定冠词the的情况:
(1)特指双方熟悉的人、物、事;
(2)上文已提及的人、物、事;
(3)世上独一无二的东西前、专有名词前、西洋乐器前、序数词与最高级前;
(4)the (+定语)+名词+of等介词短语/不定式短语/分词短语/定语从句(表特指)。
必背用法
1.“the+adj.”表示“一类人”;
2.“the+姓氏+family”表示“一家人”;
3.“the+姓氏复数”表示“一家人”;
4.the very/only+名词表示“正是/唯一”;
5.the same(+名词)表示“相同的”;
6.“a+最高级”表示“非常”;
7.“a+序数词”表示“又一、再一”;
8.“a+抽象名词”构成抽象名词具体化,意为“一个……的人/一件……的事”,如a surprise/pleasure/pity/pride/danger/success/
failure/beauty。
固定用法
1.定冠词the
倍数+the size/length/...of+...
……大小/长度/……的几倍
for the first/second/...time
第一/二/……次
make the most/best of 充分利用
in the habit of... 习惯于……
at the top of... 在……最高;用最高/最大的
the+比较级..., the+比较级...
越……,就越……
to tell the truth 说实话
on the spot 当场
catch/hit+sb.+介词+the+身体部位
撞/击某人的某一身体部位
in the 1990s 在20世纪90年代
in/over/during the past days/months/years
在过去的……日/月/年
in the countryside 在乡下
for the time being 暂时
in the long term/run 从长远来看
on the contrary 相反
in the distance 在远处
one...the other... 一个……另一个……
2.不定冠词a/an
make a living 谋生
a touch of 一点点,稍许
keep an eye on 照看;关注
have a fever 发烧
give sb. a lift 让某人搭便车
a matter of... ……的问题
have a good knowledge of
精通;掌握
pay a visit to 拜访
all of a sudden 突然
单句语法填空
1.(2024·新高考全国卷Ⅰ) Further, the Silk Route Garden around the greenhouse walks visitors through a journey influenced by the ancient Silk Road, by which silk as well as many plant species came to Britain for ____________ first time.
解析:考查冠词。for the first time是固定搭配,意为“第一次”。
the
2.(2024·浙江卷1月) Then, when you use one section, ____________ other stays fresh.
解析:考查冠词。the other是固定搭配,意为“另一个”。
the
3.(2023·新高考全国卷I)The meat should be fresh with ____________ touch of sweetness, and the surrounding soup hot, clear and delicious.
解析:考查冠词。a touch of 是固定搭配,意为“一点点、稍许”。
a
4.(2023·新高考全国卷Ⅱ)Not the pandas, even though ____________ language used for the medical training instructions is actually English.
解析:考查冠词。根据句意可知,此处特指用于医学训练指导使用的语言,应用定冠词the修饰。
the
5.(2023·浙江卷1月)In contrast to the court life and upper -class culture represented by the Forbidden City, the Summer Palace, and the Temple of Heaven, the hutongs reflect ____________ culture of grassroots Beijingers.
解析:考查冠词。根据介词短语of grassroots Beijingers可知,此处表特指,应用定冠词the修饰。
the
6.(2024·九省联考)Today, a writer simply throws an empty pen away and gets ______________ new one.
解析:考查冠词。根据空后的“形容词+代词”结构可知,空处应用冠词;结合句意可知,此处表泛指,且new的发音以辅音音素开头,应用不定冠词a修饰。
a
02
高频考点二
高频考点二 代 词
考查方向 解题思路
没有提示词的代词的考查主要集中在代词的基本用法上,因此这类题目一般较为简单。 第一步:确定是否填代词
分析句子结构,若发现句子缺少主语或宾语,应考虑用人称代词、不定代词或it。
第二步:根据语境和句意判断人称和数,确定代词的格,或是否属于it的固定用法
it的用法
1.指代天气、时间、距离等;
2.特指前面提到过的同一个人或物;
3.it作形式主语或形式宾语,代指动词不定式、动词 -ing形式、名词性从句。尤其关注“find/make+it+宾语补足语+真正的宾语”结构。
4.用于强调句型:It is/was+被强调部分+ that/who...
5.It+be+形容词+of/for sb. to do sth.
6.It is no good/no use/useless/a waste of time doing sth.
7.动词+it+if/when从句:当enjoy、 like、 dislike、 love、 hate、 prefer、 appreciate等动词后需要接if或when引导的从句时,需要先在动词后接it作形式宾语。
8.含有it的固定搭配:
When it comes to... 当谈到……
make it 成功
get it 明白了
put it 叙述,说明
see to it that 注意,务必,一定要做到
不定代词的用法
1.that指代前面出现过的不可数名词或可数名词单数;
2.those指代上文出现的可数名词复数;
3.one指代前面出现过的那类事物中的“一个”;
4.ones指代上文提到的可数名词复数;
5.either表示“两者中的一个”;
6.both表示“两者都”;
7.neither表示“两者都不”;
8.another泛指同类的人或物,指三者或三者以上的另一个,可单独使用或在其后加可数名词单数;
9.other表示“其他”,后面往往接可数名词复数。
单句语法填空
1.(2018·全国卷Ⅰ)Running is cheap, easy and it's always energetic. If you are time poor, you need run for only half the time to get the same benefits as other sports, so perhaps we should all give ____________ a try.
解析:考查代词。根据句意可知,此处表示“号召我们尝试一下这种运动”,应用it指代。give sth.a try意为“尝试一下某事物”。
it
2.(2018·浙江卷6月)Many westerners who come to China cook much less than in their own countries once they realize how cheap ____________ can be to eat out.
解析:考查代词。分析句子结构可知,句子为感叹句,正常语序应该是it can be cheap to eat out,其中不定式to eat out是真正的主语,it作形式主语。
it
3.(2017·全国卷Ⅱ)However, the railway quickly proved to be a great success and within six months, more than 25,000 people were using ____________ every day.
解析:考查代词。此处用it指代上文的railway。
it
03
高频考点三
高频考点三 介词(短语)
考查方向
高考对介词(短语)的考查主要集中在介词的基本用法及含介词的固定搭配上。这对考生正确理解句意和对知识的掌握提出了较高的要求。因此,在掌握介词基本用法的同时,还要注意总结和积累其与动词、名词、代词、形容词等构成的搭配的意义和用法。
解题思路
第一步:确定是否填介词
分析句子结构,若发现名词或代词在句中不作主语、表语或动词的宾语时,其前面一般是填介词。
第二步:根据句意及固定搭配确定答案
(1)分析句子结构,发现空处位于不及物动词之后名词之前时,应考虑动词与介词的搭配;
(2)分析句子结构,发现空处位于名词前后时,应考虑名词与介词的搭配;
(3)分析句子结构,发现空处位于形容词之后名词之前时,应考虑形容词与介词的搭配。
判断介词2方法
1.辨逻辑,联想恰当介词
(1)表示时间的in、on和at
①in表示在某段较长的时间内(如世纪、朝代、年、月、季节等)或泛指上午、下午、晚上等;
②on表示在具体的日子或具体的某一天的上午、下午、晚上等;
③at表示某个时间点、时刻等。
(2)表示交通方式的by和on/in
①by后可直接跟涉及和不涉及交通工具的名词,名词前不加冠词;
②on/in后跟交通工具时,名词前应有冠词、物主代词、指示代词等修饰语。
(3)表示“用……”的by、in和with
①by+交通工具/通信工具,也可表方式;
②in多用于表示语言、材料的名词前;
③with多用于表示工具或身体器官的名词前。
(4)for:①(表示去向)往、向;②为得到、为获取;③表示一段时间;④因为、由于;⑤就……而言。
(5)beyond:①在……另一边;②在……更远处;③超出、非……所能及。
(6)as用作介词,意为“作为”,常用于一些动词之后。
(7)despite/in spite of意为“尽管”。
2.依据句式和搭配填介词
(1)与动词搭配,如mistake...for... (把……误认为……)、devote...to...(致力于……);
(2)与名词或代词搭配,如(a) lack of (缺乏……)、on one's own/by oneself (靠自己);
(3)与形容词搭配,如be absent from (缺席)、be curious about (对……感到好奇);
(4)其他搭配,如from...to...(从……到……)、between...and...(在……和……之间);
(5)介词短语,如by accident (偶然)、in trouble (处于困境中)、in turn(依次、转而)。
详细内容链接《优绩宝典》P32~35
单句语法填空
1.(2024·新高考全国卷Ⅰ)The Glasshouse stands ____________ a great achievement in contemporary design, to house the plants of the southwestern part of China at the end of a path retracing (追溯) the steps along the Silk Route.
解析:考查介词。根据句意可知,此处指的是“作为最高成就”,应用介词as。
as
2.(2024·新高考全国卷Ⅱ)I happen to know that Tang's play The Peony Pavilion (《牡丹亭》) is similar in some ways ____________ Romeo and Juliet.
解析:考查介词。“be similar to...”是固定搭配,意为“与……相似”。
to
3.(2024·全国甲卷)This area, with its unique and breathtaking natural beauty, must be well preserved ____________ all people of the nation to enjoy—as a national park.
解析:考查介词。分析句子结构,并结合句意可知,此处应用介词for表目的,表示“供全国所有人民享受”。
for
4.(2024·北京卷)One day, I saw a boy walking along George Street with an armful of books. I thought ____________ myself, “Why would he carry all his books ”
解析:考查介词。think to oneself是固定搭配,意为“心想、暗想”。
to
5.(2023·新高考全国卷Ⅰ)There, you'll find them prepared differently—more dumpling and less soup—and the wrappers are pressed ____________ hand rather than rolled.
解析:考查介词。by hand是固定搭配,意为“用手”。
by
6.(2023·全国甲卷)She warns of the environmental dangers facing society, and she teaches that people must take responsibility ____________ saving their environment.
解析:考查介词。“take responsibility for...”是固定搭配,意为“对……负责”。
for
7.(2024·九省联考)He feels that neat handwriting is still an important skill, so he has his students write not only by hand but also ____________old- fashioned fountain pens.
解析:考查介词。分析句子结构可知,此处是“not only...but also...”连接的并列项,结合not only后面的“by hand”可知,空处也需要用介词,且意为“用”;表示“使用工具”应用介词with。
with
8.(2023·浙江卷1月)Thanks to Beijing's long history ____________the capital of China, almost every hutong has its stories, and some are even associated with historic events.
解析:考查介词。根据句意可知,此处表示“北京作为中国的首都”,应用介词as。
as
04
当堂即练 精准提升
Ⅰ.挑战地道外刊(侧重无提示词)
题源:The New York Times 2024.06.30
China 1.____________(successful) landed a lunar lander on the far side of the moon on Sunday morning, the country's space agency announced, taking the mission one step closer to bringing back the first sample from the part of the moon that earthlings never see.
successfully
The Chang'e -6 unmanned probe 2.____________(touch) down on the moon's South Pole -Aitken basin at 6:23 a.m., China's National Space Administration said in a statement.
Chang'e- 6, 3.____________(name) after the Chinese moon goddess, is the second mission to have touched down on the far side of the moon. Its predecessor, Chang'e -4, made history as the first 4.____________(do) so in 2019.
touched
named
to do
The far side of the moon is distinct 5.____________ the near side. It's unclear 6.____________ the two sides of the moon are so different; the samples collected by Chang'e -6 could provide some 7._______(clue).
The South Pole- Aitken basin, 8.____________ massive impact crater about 1,600 miles wide, is among the largest in the history of the solar system, 9.____________ the impact it created is thought to have dug up material from the lunar mantle.
from
why
clues
a
and
China is the only country to have sent missions to the far side of the moon so far. It also aims to put a person on the moon before 2030, which would make it the 10.____________(two) nation to do so after the United States.
【解题导语】 嫦娥六号成功着陆月球背面的南极 艾特肯盆地。在中国探月工程 20 周年之际,这将是人类首次开展月背取样。
second
1.successfully 解析:考查副词。空处修饰动词landed应用副词。
2.touched 解析:考查动词的时态。根据时间状语at 6:23 a.m.可知,应用一般过去时。
3.named 解析:考查非谓语动词。分析句子结构可知,空处作非谓语,与其逻辑主语Chang'e- 6之间为被动关系,应用过去分词。
4.to do 解析:考查非谓语动词。the first to do sth.为固定搭配,意为“第一个去做某事的人”。
5.from 解析:考查介词。be distinct from...为固定搭配,意为“与……不同、区别于……”。
6.why 解析:考查主语从句。分析句子结构可知,It作形式主语,此处引导主语从句,表示“为什么……/……的原因”,应用why。
7.clues 解析:考查名词复数。clue为可数名词,此处由形容词some修饰,应用其复数形式。
8.a 解析:考查冠词。空处修饰名词massive impact crater,为可数名词单数,且massive的发音以辅音音素开头,应用不定冠词a。
9.and 解析:考查连词。空处表示这个撞击坑“同时”也把月球地幔中的物质带了出来,表并列。
10.second 解析:考查序数词。根据句意可知,此处表示“第二”,应用序数词。
Ⅱ.模拟实战演练
A
(2024·东北三省四市二模)Traditional arts and crafts are outstanding samples of Chinese 1.____________(culture) heritage. China Daily is running the series 2.____________(show) how master artisans (工匠) are using dedication and innovation to add new life into these age -old heritages.
cultural
to show
Zou Yingzi, 3.____________ expert of Su embroidery (刺绣) which originates 4.____________ the garden city of Suzhou in Jiangsu Province, once 5.____________(work) more than one year on a large piece of Su embroidery. She says, “When I take the needle out and touch the silk thread, I feel 6.____________(full) comfortable. A piece 7.____________(measure) around half a meter needs to take me one
an
from/in
worked
fully
measuring
year and a half to complete.” In fact, from Zou's mother to her grandmothers, all the women in her family are good at needlework, particularly Su embroidery, 8.____________ features complex stitches (针脚) and the creative use of silk threads 9.____________(dye) in various colors.
Thanks to 10.________________(skill) embroiderers (刺绣工), these elegant arts and crafts can evolve to fit modern Chinese lifestyles.
【解题导语】 本文是一篇说明文。文章介绍了中国文化遗产的传统工艺美术品——苏绣。
which
dyed
skilled/skillful
1.cultural 解析:考查形容词。空处为形容词作定语修饰名词。
2.to show 解析:考查非谓语动词。分析句子结构可知,此处应用动词不定式作目的状语,表示“为了……”。
3.an 解析:考查冠词。此处泛指“一位专家”,expert的发音以元音音素开头,应用不定冠词an。
4.from/in 解析:考查介词。originate from/in为固定搭配,意为“发源于”。
5.worked 解析:考查动词的时态。分析句子结构并根据once可知,此处应用一般过去时。
6.fully 解析:考查副词。空处应用副词作状语,修饰形容词comfortable。
7.measuring 解析:考查非谓语动词。分析句子结构可知,空处作非谓语,piece和measure之间为主动关系,应用现在分词形式作后置定语。
8.which 解析:考查定语从句。分析句子结构可知,空处引导非限制性定语从句,先行词Su embroidery,指物,在从句中作主语,应用关系代词which。
9.dyed 解析:考查非谓语动词。分析句子结构可知,空处作非谓语,silk threads和dye之间为被动关系,应用过去分词形式作后置定语。
10.skilled/skillful 解析:考查形容词。空处应用形容词作定语,修饰名词。
B
(2024·福州一中模拟)Evolving from the discovery that 1.____________(use) stone needles to prick specific points on the surface of the body could relieve pain and symptoms, for thousands of years acupuncture 2.____________(become) an essential part of traditional Chinese medicine, in line with the philosophy that promotes the 3.________________(harmony) coexistence of humans with nature.
using
has become
harmonious
According to Records of the Grand Historian, written by Sima Qian about 2,100 years ago, Bian Que, a 4.____________(high) seasoned physician during the Warring States Period (475 BCE- 221 BCE), was famous for having saved a prince from “death” by using needles to stimulate the Baihui acupoint on the head of 5.____________ unconscious man.
highly
the
According to TCM, stimulating the acupoints can unblock motionless qi, 6.____________ restore normal circulation, thus improving health. Treatments of traditional Chinese medicine, have won increasing recognition throughout the world since they 7.____________(list) on the Representative List of Intangible Cultural Heritage of Humanity by UNESCO in 2010.
and
were listed
Li Ming, a 41- year -old, spent one and a half years on the treatment of her dry eyes. After more than 130 8.____________(visit), her symptoms significantly decreased, and her eyes became moist (湿润的) enough 9.____________ her to resume work.
visits
for
In 2010, UNESCO inscribed acupuncture and moxibustion of TCM on the Representative List of Intangible Cultural Heritage of Humanity. Yet, the practice is not only cultural and historical, but a medical technique 10.____________ is widely used and researched today.
【解题导语】 本文是一篇说明文。针灸是源自古代使用石针刺激身体特定点以缓解疼痛的方法。它经过数千年的发展,已成为中医不可或缺的部分,并在2010年被列入联合国教科文组织人类非物质文化遗产名录。
that/which
1.using 解析:考查非谓语动词。分析句子结构可知,空处作非谓语,从句缺少主语,应用动词- ing形式。
2.has become 解析:考查动词的时态和主谓一致。根据时间状语for thousands of years可知,句子描述的是过去发生的动作对现在造成的影响,应用现在完成时;主语acupuncture为第三人称单数,助动词应用has。
3.harmonious 解析:考查形容词。空处修饰名词coexistence,应用形容词,作定语。
4.highly 解析:考查副词。空处修饰形容词seasoned,应用副词,作状语。
5.the 解析:考查冠词。空处特指前面提到的a prince,应用定冠词the。
6.and 解析:考查连词。分析句子结构可知,unblock motionless qi和restore normal circulation为并列关系,空处应用并列连词and来连接。
7.were listed 解析:考查动词的时态、语态和主谓一致。根据时间状语in 2010可知,事情发生在过去,应用一般过去时;主语Treatments of traditional Chinese medicine与list之间是被动关系,应用被动语态;主语为复数,助动词应用were。
8.visits 解析:考查名词复数。根据空前的more than 130可知,空处应用名词的复数形式。
9.for 解析:考查介词。“be+形容词+enough for sb. to do sth.”为固定用法,意为“足够……以至于某人可以做某事”。
10.that/which 解析:考查定语从句。分析句子结构可知,空处引导限制性定语从句,先行词是a medical technique,指物,关系词代替先行词在从句中作主语,应用that或which。