2026版《决胜蓝图》专题一 文体篇3 文体三 说明文——说明阐释涵万象，有条不紊炼客观-讲义（教师版）英语高考大二轮专题复习
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| 名称 | 2026版《决胜蓝图》专题一 文体篇3 文体三 说明文——说明阐释涵万象，有条不紊炼客观-讲义（教师版）英语高考大二轮专题复习 |
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| 更新时间 | 2026-03-19 00:00:00 | ||
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文体三 说明文——说明阐释涵万象，有条不紊炼客观
说明文旨在说明客观事物或抽象事理，着重于事物的“形态＋功能”或事理的“概念＋起源＋认知”。说明文具有科学性、条理性、严谨性等特征。
语言特点：语篇难度较大，包含较多的低频词汇、学术词汇、复杂句式和长难句。
1．说明文的常见语篇及其结构
(1)介绍描述类
其结构为：被介绍对象＋特征1＋特征2＋特征3＋总结
(2)研究报告类：
其结构为：研究报告的主题(第一、二段：问题/现象/旧研究—新研究)＋过程、方法、发现、应用＋专家评议
(3)新鲜科技类
其结构为：新鲜科技的独特性＋过程＋原理＋用途＋前景
2．说明文的解题步骤
Step 1：寻找高频词，了解文章大意
Step 2：关注主题句，理清篇章结构
Step 3：仔细阅读题干，精准定位信息
Step 4：甄别选项，有效运用技巧
【2024·新高考全国卷Ⅰ阅读D】
In the race to document the species on Earth before they go extinct, researchers and citizen scientists have collected billions of records. Today, most records of biodiversity are often in the form of photos, videos, and other digital records. Though__they__are__useful__for__detecting__shifts__in__the__number__and__variety__of__species__in__an__area,__a__new__Stanford__study__has__found__that__this__type__of__record__is__not__perfect．
“With the rise of technology it is easy for people to make observations of different species with the aid of a mobile application，” said Barnabas Daru, who is lead author of the study and assistant professor of biology in the Stanford School of Humanities and Sciences. “These observations now outnumber the primary data that comes from physical specimens (标本), and__since__we__are__increasingly__using__observational__data__to__investigate__how__species__are__responding__to__global__change,__I__wanted__to__know：Are__they__usable？”
Using a global dataset of 1.9 billion records of plants, insects, birds, and animals, Daru__and__his__team__tested__how__well__these__data__represent__actual__global__biodiversity__patterns．
“We__were__particularly__interested__in__exploring__the__aspects__of__sampling__that__tend__to__bias__(使有偏差)__data,__like the greater likelihood of a citizen scientist to take a picture of a flowering plant instead of the grass right next to it，” said Daru.
Their__study__revealed__that__the__large__number__of__observation only__records__did__not__lead__to__better__global__coverage. Moreover, these data are biased and favor certain regions, time periods, and species. This makes sense because the people who get observational biodiversity data on mobile devices are often citizen scientists recording their encounters with species in areas nearby. These data are also biased toward certain species with attractive or eye catching features.
What__can__we__do__with__the__imperfect__datasets__of__biodiversity
“Quite a lot，” Daru explained. “Biodiversity__apps__can__use__our__study__results__to__inform__users__of__oversampled__areas__and__lead__them__to__places—and__even__species—that__are__not__well sampled. To improve the quality of observational data, biodiversity apps can also encourage users to have an expert confirm the identification of their uploaded image.”
32．What do we know about the records of species collected now
A.They are becoming outdated.
B.They are mostly in electronic form.
C.They are limited in number.
D.They are used for public exhibition.
33．What does Daru's study focus on
A.Threatened species.
B.Physical specimens.
C.Observational data.
D.Mobile applications.
34．What has led to the biases according to the study
A.Mistakes in data analysis.
B.Poor quality of uploaded pictures.
C.Improper way of sampling.
D.Unreliable data collection devices.
35．What is Daru's suggestion for biodiversity apps
A.Review data from certain areas.
B.Hire experts to check the records.
C.Confirm the identity of the users.
D.Give guidance to citizen scientists.
答案：32～35.BCCD
【解题思路】
Step 1：寻找高频词，了解文章大意
通过读文章，寻找高频词(灰底词)，可得出文章大意：本文主要介绍了一个有关生物样本数据的研究。研究发现，当前利用技术手段进行生物采样的过程可能存在偏差，文章分析了造成这些偏差的原因，并在最后提出了提高数据质量的措施。
Step 2：关注主题句，理清篇章结构
通过各段的主题句，我们可以看出，本文的结构为：
Step 3：仔细阅读题干，精准定位信息
Step 4：甄别选项，有效运用技巧
【解题流程】
第32题是细节理解题。根据第一段中的“Today, most records of biodiversity are often in the form of photos, videos, and other digital records.”可知，现在大多数生物多样性的记录通常以照片、视频和其他数字记录的形式存在。
[技巧点拨1] 同义替换表达：文中的digital“数字的”和选项中的electronic“电子的”是同一范畴词；文中的in the form of和选项中的in...form是同义短语。
第33题是细节理解题。根据第二段中的“we are increasingly using observational data...Are they usable？”和第三段内容可知，达鲁研究聚焦的是观察数据。
[技巧点拨2] 关注中心词：第二、三段的中心词就是observational data。
第34题是推理判断题。根据第四段中的“We were particularly interested...instead of the grass right next to it” 和第五段内容可推知，不当的采样方式会导致收集到的数据产生偏差。
[技巧点拨3] 关注信号词particularly interested in、tend to、instead of；分析段际关系：注意第四段和第五段之间的联系。
第35题是细节理解题。根据最后一段中的“Biodiversity apps can use...their uploaded image.”可知，为了改善观察数据的质量，生物多样性应用程序鼓励用户让专家确认他们上传的图片；根据第五段中的“the people who get...citizen scientists”可知，这里的用户指代的是公民科学家。
[技巧点拨4] 关注信号词：第五、七段的信号词就是citizen scientists和expert、confirm。
Ⅰ.挑战地道外刊
题源：https：//www.allthescience.org
Predicting the future of technology is challenging because the future is basically uncertain. However, by examining past trends and technological advances, we can make reasonable predictions. For example, it is likely that computers will continue to become more powerful, more widespread, and more affordable. Emerging fields like biotechnology, nanotechnology (纳米技术), and other new technologies will likely continue to develop and produce significant advancements.
Technology, in general, is expected to keep improving, as it has for thousands of years, bringing both opportunities and risks. Some futurists even argue that technological progress is accelerating, driven by the fact that better tools allow us to create even better tools, and today there are more skilled scientists and engineers than ever before.
In the domain of computing, miniaturization (微型化) and increased functionality are already evident. Today, people interact with numerous planted microchips throughout their homes and offices, and in the future, this number is expected to increase dramatically. With increasing bandwidth and decreasing costs, we may enter an era of “ubiquitous__computing”， where computers are everywhere, assisting us with virtually everything.
Some commentators have suggested that the next few decades could see significant advancements in robotics, with robots becoming common in homes and workplaces. Robots are already used for tasks such as cleaning and security, and research is underway to develop robots that can care for the elderly and automate more manual labor tasks. This trend toward automation could generate wealth and further investment in technology, eventually making physical labor largely optional.
In addition to robotics, other technologies like 3D printing may revolutionize manufacturing and product distribution. “Desktop factories” could decentralize (分散) production, allowing users to create objects like utensils (器具) and electronics from simple materials. This could transform product distribution similarly to how digital networks have revolutionized the distribution of music and videos.
While these are just a few examples, there are countless other areas where technological advancement is expected, including artificial intelligence, renewable energy, pharmaceuticals (药物), and more. One thing is certain: The future will bring new and better technologies, but how we choose to use them remains to be seen.
【解题导语】 本文是一篇说明文。文章介绍了多种新兴技术的发展以及这些技术带来的机会和风险。
1．According to the first two paragraphs, why is it difficult to predict the future of technology
A.Because human behaviour is too unpredictable.
B.Because past trends do not necessarily indicate future developments.
C.Because the future is naturally full of uncertainties.
D.Because the speed of technological change is too fast to measure.
C 解析：细节理解题。根据第一段中的“Predicting the future of technology is challenging because the future is basically uncertain.”可知，预测技术的未来很难是因为未来充满了不确定性。
2．What does the underlined phrase “ubiquitous computing” in paragraph 3 most likely mean
A.Computers that are no longer needed in everyday life.
B.Computers that are complex and difficult to operate.
C.Computers that are found everywhere and help in all areas of life.
D.Computers that are restricted to specific uses or locations.
C 解析：词义猜测题。根据第三段中的“where computers are everywhere, assisting us with virtually everything”可知，“ubiquitous computing”指计算技术无处不在并在生活的各个方面提供帮助。
3．Based on the passage, what can we know about 3D printing technology
A.It will make traditional manufacturing behind the times.
B.It will allow users to create products and share designs.
C.It has been widely promoted now.
D.It will decentralize product distribution and increase costs.
B 解析：推理判断题。根据第五段中的“allowing users to create objects”和“transform product distribution”可知，3D打印技术将允许用户自主设计商品，并分享设计。
4．Which of the following would be the best title for the passage
A.The Future of Robotics and 3D Printing: Transforming Industries
B.Challenges and Uncertainties in Predicting Technological Advances
C.The Evolution of Technology: From Computers to Ubiquitous Computing
D.Emerging Technologies: Opportunities and Risks Ahead
D 解析：标题归纳题。通读全文可知，文章介绍了多种新兴技术的发展以及这些技术带来的机会和风险，D项最适合作文章的标题。
Ⅱ.模拟实战演练
A
(2024·河南高三阶段练习)The first ever fine for space junk was issued in early October in a case of off planet environmental enforcement (执法). A television company was hit with a $125，000 fine by the United States government for failing to remove a satellite in orbit that would have risked a collision (撞击) with other space equipment, a safety concern that will only grow with time as off planet activities increase.
According to NASA, debris (碎片) orbiting in space can travel up to 15 kilometres per second, which is nearly 10 times faster than the velocity (速度) of a bullet. A huge amount of damage can be caused by something just a few centimetres in size, meaning that every effort must be taken to keep space as clear as possible. Collisions that take place in space have an effect back on Earth. Damaged satellites impact our ability to use the Internet and navigation (导航), leaving increasingly global critical infrastructure in an unstable state.
One solution for this may be to send autonomous space vehicles into orbit, which can then catch and effectively deorbit space junk. By utilizing tools such as robotic arms, or nets, this approach will require very precise track and fine cooperation in order to be successful. Such measures are yet to catch up with the increase in space activity and pollution currently occurring. Therefore, fines and regulatory enforcement may presently be the only realistic method to hold organizations accountable.
The television company's satellite, fined $125，000 by the Federal Communications Commission, failed to deorbit as a lack of fuel stopped the satellite from fully decommissioning a safe distance from Earth, falling short by around 75 miles (120 kilometres). It is hoped that significant fines like these will serve as a warning for companies, forcing them to make sure the safe decommissioning of their space operations.
【解题导语】 本文是一篇说明文。文章介绍了全球首个因未能处理太空垃圾被处以罚款的案例，并讨论了太空垃圾的危害以及处理方式。
1．Why was the television company fined
A.It left space junk in orbit.
B.It increased off planet activities.
C.It made collisions among space equipment.
D.It sent too much space equipment to space.
A 解析：细节理解题。根据第一段中的“A television company...failing to remove a satellite in orbit”可知，这家电视公司被罚款是因为把太空垃圾留在了运行轨道上。
2．Why is it necessary to keep space clean
A.Space junk may turn into bullets.
B.Debris fragments are too tiny to track.
C.Debris may cause great damage in space.
D.A bad space environment will destroy the Earth.
C 解析：细节理解题。根据第二段中的“A huge amount of damage...keep space as clear as possible.”可知，碎片在太空会造成巨大破坏，因此要保持太空清洁。
3．What is the third paragraph mainly about
A.The harm of space junk.
B.Ways to remove space junk.
C.Types of autonomous space vehicles.
D.Approaches to stopping satellites.
B 解析：段落大意题。根据第三段中的“One solution for this...deorbit space junk.”和“Therefore, fines and regulatory．..to hold organizations accountable.”可知，本段主要介绍了清理太空垃圾的方法。
4．What's the author's attitude towards the fines
A.Unconcerned. B．Doubtful.
C.Negative. D．Approving.
D 解析：观点态度题。根据第三段中的“Therefore, fines and regulatory...to hold organizations accountable.”和最后一段中的“It is hoped that...of their space operations.”可知，作者对罚款这种措施持支持的态度。
B
(2024·重庆模拟)Charles Darwin found inspiration for his theory of evolution in birds' beaks, giant tortoise shells—and language. “The survival or preservation of certain favored words in the struggle for existence is natural selection，” he wrote in The Descent of Man in 1871.
Language gradually shifts over time. Much research examines how social and environmental factors influence language change, but very little wrestles with the forces of human cognitive selection that fix certain words into the vocabulary. For an extensive new study, published in the Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences USA, scientists investigated just that.
The scientists carried out two experiments and the results combine to show three properties that give words an “evolutionary advantage” by helping them stick in the brain: First, words typically acquired at an early age (such as “hand” or “today”) are stabler. Next, concrete words linger better than abstract ones: “dog” lasts longer than “animal”， which lasts longer than “organism”. Lastly, emotionally exciting words—whether negative or positive—tend to last.
Early language evolution models assumed that language becomes increasingly complex over time. But this new study supports a more recent theory that language ultimately gets more efficient and easier to understand. Still, as the study notes, “the English language is not baby talk”. One researcher explains: “Yes, we shift toward simple language, but then we also grab complex language that we need.” New words that address the complexity of modern life may somewhat balance out this shift.
The proposed trend toward “simpler” language is controversial. Columbia University linguist John McWhorter more or less agrees with the study's results about evolutionary advantages within language. He questions, however, implications regarding the overall efficiency of English—a language he says contains things like “needlessly complex” grammatical traces.
Study lead author Ying Li, a psychologist at the Chinese Academy of Sciences and a non native English speaker, notes that English had even more puzzling grammar in the past. “McWhorter，” Li supposes, “would complain more if he travelled back to 800 years ago.”
【解题导语】 本文是一篇说明文。文章介绍了一项关于语言进化的研究。
5．What does the underlined word “that” in the second paragraph refer to
A.The origin of certain favored words.
B.The social influence on language formation.
C.The cognitive control over language evolution.
D.The environmental factor in language decline.
C 解析：代词指代题。根据第二段中的“Much research examines how social...scientists investigated just that.”可知，以前的研究是关于社会和环境对语言变化的影响，而这个研究填补的空白是人类认知对语言发展的作用力。所以第二段画线词指代的是人类认知对语言发展的作用力。
6．Which group may last longest according to the “evolutionary advantage”？
A.Mother；cup；happy. B．Hope；trend；realism.
C.Metal；plastic；virus. D．Tax；smog；anxious.
A 解析：推理判断题。根据第三段中的“First, words typically acquired at an early age...negative or positive—tend to last.”可知，生命早期较之后期习得的词汇，具体的词汇较之抽象的词汇，以及与情绪相关的词汇在人的头脑中持续较久。综合比较，A项词汇有可能持续时间最长。
7．Which statement is consistent with the findings of the new study
A.It gets harder to communicate in English.
B.New words tend to be shorter and simpler.
C.The complexity of English has been totally lost.
D.The efficiency of English improves as it evolves.
D 解析：细节理解题。根据第四段中的“But this new study supports a more recent theory...somewhat balance out this shift.”可知，英语总体变得越来越有效率、越来越简单。
8．How does Ying Li respond to John McWhorter's questioning
A.Li provides extra data.
B.Li makes an assumption.
C.Li consults a historical authority.
D.Li suggests a solution.
B 解析：细节理解题。根据最后一段内容可知，李颖运用了一种假设回应梅沃特的质疑。
高考必备词汇 [外刊]advance n. 进步；进展 emerging adj. 新兴的；发展初期的 in general通常；一般来说 domain n. 领域；范围 functionality n. 功能 virtually adv. 几乎；差不多 care for 照顾；喜欢 optional adj. 可选择的 [A篇]orbit n. 轨道 critical adj. 至关重要的 solution n. 解决办法 autonomous adj. 自主的；自治的 vehicle n. 交通工具；车辆 robotic adj. 机器人的 precise adj. 准确的；精确的 catch up with 跟上 realistic adj. 实际的 a lack of缺乏 fall short 不足[B篇]inspiration n. 灵感 survival n. 幸存 shift v. 变化；转变 investigate v. 调查 property n．性质；特性 complex adj. 复杂的 ultimately adv. 最后；最终 efficient adj. 高效的 complexity n. 复杂；难懂 more or less 或多或少 implication n. 暗示
四六级桥梁词汇 [外刊]futurist n. 未来主义者 accelerate v. 加速 numerous adj. 无数的 automate v. 使自动化 manual adj. 手工的；体力的 renewable adj. 可再生的；可恢复的 [A篇]junk n. 垃圾 bullet n. 子弹 infrastructure n. 基础设施 deorbit v. 使离开轨道 utilize v. 使用 regulatory adj. 监管的 accountable adj. 负有责任的 decommissioning n. 退役[B篇]evolution n. 进化 beak n. 鸟喙 descent n. 起源；演化 linger v．继续存留 organism n. 有机体；微生物 controversial adj. 有争议的
合成词、派生词 [外刊]basically adv. 大体上；基本上 affordable adj. 付得起的 dramatically adv. 剧烈地；明显地 commentator n. 评论员 underway adj. 在进行中的 revolutionize v. 彻底改变；完全变革 [A篇]first ever adj. 首次的 off planet adj. 地球以外的 increasingly adv. 不断增加地 unstable adj. 不稳定的 [B篇]preservation n. 保护；维护 favored adj. 受偏爱的；有利的 proposed adj. 建议的；被提议的 non native adj. 非本地的
熟词生义 [A篇]fine (熟义) adj. 好的 (文章义) n. 罚款 around (熟义) prep. 围绕 (文章义) adv. 大约 [B篇]wrestle (熟义) v. 摔跤 (文章义) v. 全力解决 address (熟义) n. 地址 (文章义) v. 解决；处理 question (熟义) n. 问题 (文章义) v. 质疑
长难句分析 [外刊]Some futurists even argue that technological progress is accelerating, driven by the fact that better tools allow us to create even better tools, and today there are more skilled scientists and engineers than ever before.[分析] 本句是复合句。句中第一个that 引导宾语从句；过去分词短语driven by the fact...作原因状语，其中that引导同位语从句。[译文] 一些未来学家甚至认为技术进步正在加速，这是由更好的工具使我们能够创造出甚至更好的工具这一事实所驱动的，并且如今比以往任何时候都有更多熟练的科学家和工程师。[B篇]Much research examines how social and environmental factors influence language change, but very little wrestles with the forces of human cognitive selection that fix certain words into the vocabulary.[分析] 本句是并列复合句。在but前的分句中how引导宾语从句；后一分句中含有that引导的定语从句，修饰the forces of human cognitive selection。[译文] 大量研究考察了社会和环境因素如何影响语言变化，但很少有研究探讨将某些单词固定在词汇中的人类认知选择的力量。
说明文旨在说明客观事物或抽象事理，着重于事物的“形态＋功能”或事理的“概念＋起源＋认知”。说明文具有科学性、条理性、严谨性等特征。
语言特点：语篇难度较大，包含较多的低频词汇、学术词汇、复杂句式和长难句。
1．说明文的常见语篇及其结构
(1)介绍描述类
其结构为：被介绍对象＋特征1＋特征2＋特征3＋总结
(2)研究报告类：
其结构为：研究报告的主题(第一、二段：问题/现象/旧研究—新研究)＋过程、方法、发现、应用＋专家评议
(3)新鲜科技类
其结构为：新鲜科技的独特性＋过程＋原理＋用途＋前景
2．说明文的解题步骤
Step 1：寻找高频词，了解文章大意
Step 2：关注主题句，理清篇章结构
Step 3：仔细阅读题干，精准定位信息
Step 4：甄别选项，有效运用技巧
【2024·新高考全国卷Ⅰ阅读D】
In the race to document the species on Earth before they go extinct, researchers and citizen scientists have collected billions of records. Today, most records of biodiversity are often in the form of photos, videos, and other digital records. Though__they__are__useful__for__detecting__shifts__in__the__number__and__variety__of__species__in__an__area,__a__new__Stanford__study__has__found__that__this__type__of__record__is__not__perfect．
“With the rise of technology it is easy for people to make observations of different species with the aid of a mobile application，” said Barnabas Daru, who is lead author of the study and assistant professor of biology in the Stanford School of Humanities and Sciences. “These observations now outnumber the primary data that comes from physical specimens (标本), and__since__we__are__increasingly__using__observational__data__to__investigate__how__species__are__responding__to__global__change,__I__wanted__to__know：Are__they__usable？”
Using a global dataset of 1.9 billion records of plants, insects, birds, and animals, Daru__and__his__team__tested__how__well__these__data__represent__actual__global__biodiversity__patterns．
“We__were__particularly__interested__in__exploring__the__aspects__of__sampling__that__tend__to__bias__(使有偏差)__data,__like the greater likelihood of a citizen scientist to take a picture of a flowering plant instead of the grass right next to it，” said Daru.
Their__study__revealed__that__the__large__number__of__observation only__records__did__not__lead__to__better__global__coverage. Moreover, these data are biased and favor certain regions, time periods, and species. This makes sense because the people who get observational biodiversity data on mobile devices are often citizen scientists recording their encounters with species in areas nearby. These data are also biased toward certain species with attractive or eye catching features.
What__can__we__do__with__the__imperfect__datasets__of__biodiversity
“Quite a lot，” Daru explained. “Biodiversity__apps__can__use__our__study__results__to__inform__users__of__oversampled__areas__and__lead__them__to__places—and__even__species—that__are__not__well sampled. To improve the quality of observational data, biodiversity apps can also encourage users to have an expert confirm the identification of their uploaded image.”
32．What do we know about the records of species collected now
A.They are becoming outdated.
B.They are mostly in electronic form.
C.They are limited in number.
D.They are used for public exhibition.
33．What does Daru's study focus on
A.Threatened species.
B.Physical specimens.
C.Observational data.
D.Mobile applications.
34．What has led to the biases according to the study
A.Mistakes in data analysis.
B.Poor quality of uploaded pictures.
C.Improper way of sampling.
D.Unreliable data collection devices.
35．What is Daru's suggestion for biodiversity apps
A.Review data from certain areas.
B.Hire experts to check the records.
C.Confirm the identity of the users.
D.Give guidance to citizen scientists.
答案：32～35.BCCD
【解题思路】
Step 1：寻找高频词，了解文章大意
通过读文章，寻找高频词(灰底词)，可得出文章大意：本文主要介绍了一个有关生物样本数据的研究。研究发现，当前利用技术手段进行生物采样的过程可能存在偏差，文章分析了造成这些偏差的原因，并在最后提出了提高数据质量的措施。
Step 2：关注主题句，理清篇章结构
通过各段的主题句，我们可以看出，本文的结构为：
Step 3：仔细阅读题干，精准定位信息
Step 4：甄别选项，有效运用技巧
【解题流程】
第32题是细节理解题。根据第一段中的“Today, most records of biodiversity are often in the form of photos, videos, and other digital records.”可知，现在大多数生物多样性的记录通常以照片、视频和其他数字记录的形式存在。
[技巧点拨1] 同义替换表达：文中的digital“数字的”和选项中的electronic“电子的”是同一范畴词；文中的in the form of和选项中的in...form是同义短语。
第33题是细节理解题。根据第二段中的“we are increasingly using observational data...Are they usable？”和第三段内容可知，达鲁研究聚焦的是观察数据。
[技巧点拨2] 关注中心词：第二、三段的中心词就是observational data。
第34题是推理判断题。根据第四段中的“We were particularly interested...instead of the grass right next to it” 和第五段内容可推知，不当的采样方式会导致收集到的数据产生偏差。
[技巧点拨3] 关注信号词particularly interested in、tend to、instead of；分析段际关系：注意第四段和第五段之间的联系。
第35题是细节理解题。根据最后一段中的“Biodiversity apps can use...their uploaded image.”可知，为了改善观察数据的质量，生物多样性应用程序鼓励用户让专家确认他们上传的图片；根据第五段中的“the people who get...citizen scientists”可知，这里的用户指代的是公民科学家。
[技巧点拨4] 关注信号词：第五、七段的信号词就是citizen scientists和expert、confirm。
Ⅰ.挑战地道外刊
题源：https：//www.allthescience.org
Predicting the future of technology is challenging because the future is basically uncertain. However, by examining past trends and technological advances, we can make reasonable predictions. For example, it is likely that computers will continue to become more powerful, more widespread, and more affordable. Emerging fields like biotechnology, nanotechnology (纳米技术), and other new technologies will likely continue to develop and produce significant advancements.
Technology, in general, is expected to keep improving, as it has for thousands of years, bringing both opportunities and risks. Some futurists even argue that technological progress is accelerating, driven by the fact that better tools allow us to create even better tools, and today there are more skilled scientists and engineers than ever before.
In the domain of computing, miniaturization (微型化) and increased functionality are already evident. Today, people interact with numerous planted microchips throughout their homes and offices, and in the future, this number is expected to increase dramatically. With increasing bandwidth and decreasing costs, we may enter an era of “ubiquitous__computing”， where computers are everywhere, assisting us with virtually everything.
Some commentators have suggested that the next few decades could see significant advancements in robotics, with robots becoming common in homes and workplaces. Robots are already used for tasks such as cleaning and security, and research is underway to develop robots that can care for the elderly and automate more manual labor tasks. This trend toward automation could generate wealth and further investment in technology, eventually making physical labor largely optional.
In addition to robotics, other technologies like 3D printing may revolutionize manufacturing and product distribution. “Desktop factories” could decentralize (分散) production, allowing users to create objects like utensils (器具) and electronics from simple materials. This could transform product distribution similarly to how digital networks have revolutionized the distribution of music and videos.
While these are just a few examples, there are countless other areas where technological advancement is expected, including artificial intelligence, renewable energy, pharmaceuticals (药物), and more. One thing is certain: The future will bring new and better technologies, but how we choose to use them remains to be seen.
【解题导语】 本文是一篇说明文。文章介绍了多种新兴技术的发展以及这些技术带来的机会和风险。
1．According to the first two paragraphs, why is it difficult to predict the future of technology
A.Because human behaviour is too unpredictable.
B.Because past trends do not necessarily indicate future developments.
C.Because the future is naturally full of uncertainties.
D.Because the speed of technological change is too fast to measure.
C 解析：细节理解题。根据第一段中的“Predicting the future of technology is challenging because the future is basically uncertain.”可知，预测技术的未来很难是因为未来充满了不确定性。
2．What does the underlined phrase “ubiquitous computing” in paragraph 3 most likely mean
A.Computers that are no longer needed in everyday life.
B.Computers that are complex and difficult to operate.
C.Computers that are found everywhere and help in all areas of life.
D.Computers that are restricted to specific uses or locations.
C 解析：词义猜测题。根据第三段中的“where computers are everywhere, assisting us with virtually everything”可知，“ubiquitous computing”指计算技术无处不在并在生活的各个方面提供帮助。
3．Based on the passage, what can we know about 3D printing technology
A.It will make traditional manufacturing behind the times.
B.It will allow users to create products and share designs.
C.It has been widely promoted now.
D.It will decentralize product distribution and increase costs.
B 解析：推理判断题。根据第五段中的“allowing users to create objects”和“transform product distribution”可知，3D打印技术将允许用户自主设计商品，并分享设计。
4．Which of the following would be the best title for the passage
A.The Future of Robotics and 3D Printing: Transforming Industries
B.Challenges and Uncertainties in Predicting Technological Advances
C.The Evolution of Technology: From Computers to Ubiquitous Computing
D.Emerging Technologies: Opportunities and Risks Ahead
D 解析：标题归纳题。通读全文可知，文章介绍了多种新兴技术的发展以及这些技术带来的机会和风险，D项最适合作文章的标题。
Ⅱ.模拟实战演练
A
(2024·河南高三阶段练习)The first ever fine for space junk was issued in early October in a case of off planet environmental enforcement (执法). A television company was hit with a $125，000 fine by the United States government for failing to remove a satellite in orbit that would have risked a collision (撞击) with other space equipment, a safety concern that will only grow with time as off planet activities increase.
According to NASA, debris (碎片) orbiting in space can travel up to 15 kilometres per second, which is nearly 10 times faster than the velocity (速度) of a bullet. A huge amount of damage can be caused by something just a few centimetres in size, meaning that every effort must be taken to keep space as clear as possible. Collisions that take place in space have an effect back on Earth. Damaged satellites impact our ability to use the Internet and navigation (导航), leaving increasingly global critical infrastructure in an unstable state.
One solution for this may be to send autonomous space vehicles into orbit, which can then catch and effectively deorbit space junk. By utilizing tools such as robotic arms, or nets, this approach will require very precise track and fine cooperation in order to be successful. Such measures are yet to catch up with the increase in space activity and pollution currently occurring. Therefore, fines and regulatory enforcement may presently be the only realistic method to hold organizations accountable.
The television company's satellite, fined $125，000 by the Federal Communications Commission, failed to deorbit as a lack of fuel stopped the satellite from fully decommissioning a safe distance from Earth, falling short by around 75 miles (120 kilometres). It is hoped that significant fines like these will serve as a warning for companies, forcing them to make sure the safe decommissioning of their space operations.
【解题导语】 本文是一篇说明文。文章介绍了全球首个因未能处理太空垃圾被处以罚款的案例，并讨论了太空垃圾的危害以及处理方式。
1．Why was the television company fined
A.It left space junk in orbit.
B.It increased off planet activities.
C.It made collisions among space equipment.
D.It sent too much space equipment to space.
A 解析：细节理解题。根据第一段中的“A television company...failing to remove a satellite in orbit”可知，这家电视公司被罚款是因为把太空垃圾留在了运行轨道上。
2．Why is it necessary to keep space clean
A.Space junk may turn into bullets.
B.Debris fragments are too tiny to track.
C.Debris may cause great damage in space.
D.A bad space environment will destroy the Earth.
C 解析：细节理解题。根据第二段中的“A huge amount of damage...keep space as clear as possible.”可知，碎片在太空会造成巨大破坏，因此要保持太空清洁。
3．What is the third paragraph mainly about
A.The harm of space junk.
B.Ways to remove space junk.
C.Types of autonomous space vehicles.
D.Approaches to stopping satellites.
B 解析：段落大意题。根据第三段中的“One solution for this...deorbit space junk.”和“Therefore, fines and regulatory．..to hold organizations accountable.”可知，本段主要介绍了清理太空垃圾的方法。
4．What's the author's attitude towards the fines
A.Unconcerned. B．Doubtful.
C.Negative. D．Approving.
D 解析：观点态度题。根据第三段中的“Therefore, fines and regulatory...to hold organizations accountable.”和最后一段中的“It is hoped that...of their space operations.”可知，作者对罚款这种措施持支持的态度。
B
(2024·重庆模拟)Charles Darwin found inspiration for his theory of evolution in birds' beaks, giant tortoise shells—and language. “The survival or preservation of certain favored words in the struggle for existence is natural selection，” he wrote in The Descent of Man in 1871.
Language gradually shifts over time. Much research examines how social and environmental factors influence language change, but very little wrestles with the forces of human cognitive selection that fix certain words into the vocabulary. For an extensive new study, published in the Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences USA, scientists investigated just that.
The scientists carried out two experiments and the results combine to show three properties that give words an “evolutionary advantage” by helping them stick in the brain: First, words typically acquired at an early age (such as “hand” or “today”) are stabler. Next, concrete words linger better than abstract ones: “dog” lasts longer than “animal”， which lasts longer than “organism”. Lastly, emotionally exciting words—whether negative or positive—tend to last.
Early language evolution models assumed that language becomes increasingly complex over time. But this new study supports a more recent theory that language ultimately gets more efficient and easier to understand. Still, as the study notes, “the English language is not baby talk”. One researcher explains: “Yes, we shift toward simple language, but then we also grab complex language that we need.” New words that address the complexity of modern life may somewhat balance out this shift.
The proposed trend toward “simpler” language is controversial. Columbia University linguist John McWhorter more or less agrees with the study's results about evolutionary advantages within language. He questions, however, implications regarding the overall efficiency of English—a language he says contains things like “needlessly complex” grammatical traces.
Study lead author Ying Li, a psychologist at the Chinese Academy of Sciences and a non native English speaker, notes that English had even more puzzling grammar in the past. “McWhorter，” Li supposes, “would complain more if he travelled back to 800 years ago.”
【解题导语】 本文是一篇说明文。文章介绍了一项关于语言进化的研究。
5．What does the underlined word “that” in the second paragraph refer to
A.The origin of certain favored words.
B.The social influence on language formation.
C.The cognitive control over language evolution.
D.The environmental factor in language decline.
C 解析：代词指代题。根据第二段中的“Much research examines how social...scientists investigated just that.”可知，以前的研究是关于社会和环境对语言变化的影响，而这个研究填补的空白是人类认知对语言发展的作用力。所以第二段画线词指代的是人类认知对语言发展的作用力。
6．Which group may last longest according to the “evolutionary advantage”？
A.Mother；cup；happy. B．Hope；trend；realism.
C.Metal；plastic；virus. D．Tax；smog；anxious.
A 解析：推理判断题。根据第三段中的“First, words typically acquired at an early age...negative or positive—tend to last.”可知，生命早期较之后期习得的词汇，具体的词汇较之抽象的词汇，以及与情绪相关的词汇在人的头脑中持续较久。综合比较，A项词汇有可能持续时间最长。
7．Which statement is consistent with the findings of the new study
A.It gets harder to communicate in English.
B.New words tend to be shorter and simpler.
C.The complexity of English has been totally lost.
D.The efficiency of English improves as it evolves.
D 解析：细节理解题。根据第四段中的“But this new study supports a more recent theory...somewhat balance out this shift.”可知，英语总体变得越来越有效率、越来越简单。
8．How does Ying Li respond to John McWhorter's questioning
A.Li provides extra data.
B.Li makes an assumption.
C.Li consults a historical authority.
D.Li suggests a solution.
B 解析：细节理解题。根据最后一段内容可知，李颖运用了一种假设回应梅沃特的质疑。
高考必备词汇 [外刊]advance n. 进步；进展 emerging adj. 新兴的；发展初期的 in general通常；一般来说 domain n. 领域；范围 functionality n. 功能 virtually adv. 几乎；差不多 care for 照顾；喜欢 optional adj. 可选择的 [A篇]orbit n. 轨道 critical adj. 至关重要的 solution n. 解决办法 autonomous adj. 自主的；自治的 vehicle n. 交通工具；车辆 robotic adj. 机器人的 precise adj. 准确的；精确的 catch up with 跟上 realistic adj. 实际的 a lack of缺乏 fall short 不足[B篇]inspiration n. 灵感 survival n. 幸存 shift v. 变化；转变 investigate v. 调查 property n．性质；特性 complex adj. 复杂的 ultimately adv. 最后；最终 efficient adj. 高效的 complexity n. 复杂；难懂 more or less 或多或少 implication n. 暗示
四六级桥梁词汇 [外刊]futurist n. 未来主义者 accelerate v. 加速 numerous adj. 无数的 automate v. 使自动化 manual adj. 手工的；体力的 renewable adj. 可再生的；可恢复的 [A篇]junk n. 垃圾 bullet n. 子弹 infrastructure n. 基础设施 deorbit v. 使离开轨道 utilize v. 使用 regulatory adj. 监管的 accountable adj. 负有责任的 decommissioning n. 退役[B篇]evolution n. 进化 beak n. 鸟喙 descent n. 起源；演化 linger v．继续存留 organism n. 有机体；微生物 controversial adj. 有争议的
合成词、派生词 [外刊]basically adv. 大体上；基本上 affordable adj. 付得起的 dramatically adv. 剧烈地；明显地 commentator n. 评论员 underway adj. 在进行中的 revolutionize v. 彻底改变；完全变革 [A篇]first ever adj. 首次的 off planet adj. 地球以外的 increasingly adv. 不断增加地 unstable adj. 不稳定的 [B篇]preservation n. 保护；维护 favored adj. 受偏爱的；有利的 proposed adj. 建议的；被提议的 non native adj. 非本地的
熟词生义 [A篇]fine (熟义) adj. 好的 (文章义) n. 罚款 around (熟义) prep. 围绕 (文章义) adv. 大约 [B篇]wrestle (熟义) v. 摔跤 (文章义) v. 全力解决 address (熟义) n. 地址 (文章义) v. 解决；处理 question (熟义) n. 问题 (文章义) v. 质疑
长难句分析 [外刊]Some futurists even argue that technological progress is accelerating, driven by the fact that better tools allow us to create even better tools, and today there are more skilled scientists and engineers than ever before.[分析] 本句是复合句。句中第一个that 引导宾语从句；过去分词短语driven by the fact...作原因状语，其中that引导同位语从句。[译文] 一些未来学家甚至认为技术进步正在加速，这是由更好的工具使我们能够创造出甚至更好的工具这一事实所驱动的，并且如今比以往任何时候都有更多熟练的科学家和工程师。[B篇]Much research examines how social and environmental factors influence language change, but very little wrestles with the forces of human cognitive selection that fix certain words into the vocabulary.[分析] 本句是并列复合句。在but前的分句中how引导宾语从句；后一分句中含有that引导的定语从句，修饰the forces of human cognitive selection。[译文] 大量研究考察了社会和环境因素如何影响语言变化，但很少有研究探讨将某些单词固定在词汇中的人类认知选择的力量。