2026版《决胜蓝图》专题一 文体篇8 文体三　专题强化训练-讲义（教师版）英语高考大二轮专题复习

专题强化训练
专题强化训练3　说明文
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We've all heard the phrase “trust your gut (肠道)” —and there's good reason for that. The gut, along with the healthy bacteria living inside it, plays a crucial role in keeping our bodies functioning at their best. Liz Weinandy, lead dietitian (营养学家) at the Ohio State University Wexner Medical Center, highlights ongoing research showing the importance of gut microbiota for our overall health. It affects everything from allergies and autoimmune diseases to sleep disorders and metabolic (新陈代谢的) issues, which are increasingly common in the U．S.
When we talk about gut health, we're referring to the microorganisms—especially bacteria—that live in our gastrointestinal (胃肠的) tract. These tiny cells are incredibly important for our well being. Dr. WillBulsiewicz, a gastroenterologist specializing in gut health, explains that our gut microbiome, made up of around 38 trillion microbes in our intestines, is deeply integrated with our overall health, particularly in digestion.
One key point is that gut bacteria thrive on fiber, which serves as their preferred food. Since fiber isn't digested by human enzymes (酶), it reaches the colon intact, where microbes feed on it and produce short chain fatty acids (SCFAs). These SCFAs have powerful anti inflammatory properties and are highly beneficial to our health.
Recent research even suggests a potential link between gut bacteria and brain health, including mood disorders like depression and anxiety. While this connection is still under study, it's becoming evident that the gut plays a significant role in many aspects of our health beyond just digestion.
The American Gut Project at UC San Diego School of Medicine, one of the largest studies on how diet and lifestyle affect the health of the microbiome, found that the diversity of plants in your diet is the single most powerful predictor of a healthy gut. Dietitians and gastroenterologists agree that consuming a wide range of plant based foods is the best way to keep your gut bacteria healthy, happy, and functioning well, which in turn supports overall well being.
【解题导语】　本文是一篇说明文。文章介绍了人的肠道中微生物群的重要性以及保持多样化的饮食有利于身体健康。
1．What role does the first paragraph play in the structure of the passage
A.It arouses the readers' interest.
B.It introduces the topic.
C.It raises questions.
D.It outlines the main ideas.
B　解析：推理判断题。根据第一段中的“plays a crucial role in”及“It affects everything”可知，第一段的主要作用是引出“肠道健康”这个主题，并为接下来讨论其重要性提供背景和框架。
2．According to the passage, why is fiber important for gut health
A.It is easily digested by human enzymes.
B.It directly boosts the immune system.
C.It helps produce beneficial substances.
D.It is absorbed quickly into the bloodstream.
C　解析：细节理解题。根据第三段内容可知，纤维对肠道健康的重要性在于它为肠道细菌提供食物，这些细菌会产生有益于健康的物质。
3．How might the diversity of plant based foods affect overall health
A.A limited variety can lead to a more stable gut state.
B.Greater diversity is likely to enhance gut health.
C.A single type of plant food is sufficient for health.
D.The diversity has little impact on gut health.
B　解析：推理判断题。根据最后一段内容可知，饮食中植物的多样性是健康肠道微生物群的最强指标，可知，更丰富的植物多样性可能会增强肠道健康，从而促进整体健康。
4．What is the main idea of the passage
A.The gut microbiome is key to health and can be improved by diet.
B.Enzymes are the nutrients that gut bacteria can digest for health benefits.
C.Gut bacteria play a crucial role in mood disorders and mental health.
D.The American Gut Project mainly studies the variety in human diets.
A 　解析：主旨大意题。通读全文可知，文章主要介绍了肠道微生物群对健康至关重要，并且可以通过饮食加以改善。
When we talk about gut health, we're referring 1.to the microorganisms—especially bacteria—that live in our gastrointestinal tract. These tiny cells are 2.incredibly(incredible) important for our well being. Dr. WillBulsiewicz, a gastroenterologist 3.specializing(specialize) in gut health, explains that our gut microbiome, 4.made(make) up of around 38 trillion microbes in our intestines, is deeply integrated with our overall health, particularly in digestion.
One key point is that gut bacteria thrive on fiber, 5.which serves as their preferred food. Since fiber isn't digested by human enzymes, it reaches the colon intact, where microbes feed on it and produce short chain fatty acids (SCFAs). These SCFAs have powerful anti inflammatory properties and are highly 6.beneficial(benefit) to our health.
Recent research even suggests 7.a potential link between gut bacteria and brain health, including mood disorders like depression and 8.anxiety(anxious). While this connection is still under study, 9.it is becoming evident that the gut plays a significant role in many 10.aspects(aspect) of our health beyond just digestion.
A
(2024·杭州二模)Any schoolchild knows that a whale breathes through its blowhole. Fewer know that a blowhole is a nostril (鼻孔) slightly changed by evolution into a form more useful for a mammal that spends its life at sea. And only a dedicated expert would know that while toothed whales, such as sperm whales, have one hole, baleen (鲸须) whales, such as humpback and Rice whales, have two.
Even among the baleen whales, the placing of those nostrils differs. In some species they are close together. In others, they are much further apart. In a paper published in Biology Letters, Conor Ryan, a marine biologist at the Scottish Association for Marine Science, suggests why that might be. Having two nostrils, he argues, helps whales smell in stereo (立体空间).
Many types of baleen whales eat tiny animals known as zooplankton (浮游动物), which they catch by filtering them from seawater using the sheets of fibrous baleen that have replaced teeth in their mouths. But to eat something you first have to find it. Toothed whales do not hunt by scent. In fact, the olfactory bulb—the part of the brain that processes smell—is absent in such creatures. But baleen whales still have olfactory bulbs, which suggests smell remains important. And scent can indeed give zooplankton away. Zooplankton like to eat other tiny creatures called phytoplankton (浮游植物). When these are under attack, they release a special gas called dimethyl sulphide, which in turn attracts baleen whales.
Most animals have stereoscopic senses. Having two eyes, for instance, allows an animal to compare the images from each in order to perceive depth. Having two ears lets them locate the direction from which a sound is coming. Dr Ryan theorized that paired blowholes might bring baleen whales the same sorts of benefits.
The farther apart the sensory organs are, the more information can be extracted by the animal that bears them. The researchers used drones to photograph the nostrils of 143 whales belonging to 14 different species. Sure enough, baleen whales that often eat zooplankton, such as the North Atlantic right whale, have nostrils that are farther apart than do those, such as humpback whales, that eat zooplankton occasionally. Besides allowing them to breathe, it seems that some whales use their blowholes to determine in which direction dinner lies.
【解题导语】　本文是一篇说明文。文章介绍了须鲸鼻孔的数目、分布位置及在捕食中发挥的作用等。
1．What do we know about whales' nostrils according to the first two paragraphs
A.They are adapted ones.
B.They are developed merely for smell.
C.They are not easy to detect.
D.They are fixed universally in numbers.
A　解析：细节理解题。根据第一段中的“Fewer know that a blowhole...that spends its life at sea.”可知，鲸鱼的鼻孔是进化而来的。
2．What plays a role when baleen whales hunt zooplankton
A.The teeth that baleen whales have.
B.The smell that phytoplankton send.
C.The sound waves that zooplankton create.
D.The chemical signals that zooplankton give off.
B　解析：推理判断题。根据第三段中的“When these are under attack...attracts baleen whales.”可知，浮游植物散发的气味起了作用。
3．How is the concept of stereoscopic senses explained in paragraph 4
A.By quoting a theory.
B.By using examples.
C.By making contrast.
D.By making inferences.
B　解析：推理判断题。根据第四段中的“Having two eyes, for instance...Having two ears lets them locate the direction from which a sound is coming.”可知，本段通过举例解释立体感觉的概念。
4．What is the position of nostrils related to according to the last paragraph
A.The sense of smell.
B.The possibility to attract food.
C.The ability to locate food.
D.The ability to communicate.
C　解析：细节理解题。根据最后一段中的“baleen whales that often eat zooplankton...have nostrils that are farther than...in which direction dinner lies.”可知，鼻孔的位置与定位食物的能力有关。
B
(2024·西宁一模)Sometimes science advances at a snail's pace, but in this case that's a good thing: Researchers have created a soft material that combines polymers with liquid metal, demonstrated in a snail like robot. Developers say this electrically conductive gel (凝胶) could be used to make self healing electronic circuits and biological monitors for measuring heart and muscle activity—and maybe even lead to robot nervous systems.
The complex substance can stretch and is soft like living tissue. If it breaks or tears, the edges can be touched together, and the material's molecular bonds quickly re form without any additional heat or chemical treatment. And crucially its developers say, it is the first such material that also conducts electricity.
These abilities could lead to wire free medical monitors as well as fully soft robots. “For my research, one thing that's really big is, ‘How do you put multiple functions into a single material？’” says Lillian Chin, who develops soft robotic components as part of her own research at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology. Existing soft bodied robots, she says, often require at least some rigid metals and silicon (硅) components. But soft, flexible living tissues can perform multiple tasks; muscles, Chin notes, both move our bodies and provide electrical feedback about that movement to our brains.
For a recent study in Nature Electronics, the researchers used their new material to connect motors to power sources in two basic machines: a snail like soft robot and a toy car. The material's self healing ability helped these simple circuits be easily reequipped. For example, the team cut the car's power carrying gel “wires” and shifted their connections to power both movement and a small light fixed in the bottom.
【解题导语】　本文是一篇说明文。文章介绍了科学家们创造出一种软材料，该材料将聚合物与液态金属结合起来，通过蜗牛状机器人进行了实验展示。
5．What's the function of the conductive gel
A.To make a soft material.
B.To connect material and metal.
C.To restore robot nervous systems.
D.To produce electronic and biological monitors.
D　解析：细节理解题。根据第一段中的“Developers say this electrically conductive...lead to robot nervous systems.”可知，这种导电凝胶可以用来制造自愈合的电子电路和生物监测器。
6．What's the complex substance used for
A.Being connected.
B.Providing heat.
C.Conducting electricity.
D.Handling chemical.
C　解析：细节理解题。根据第二段中的“The complex substance can stretch and is soft like living tissue.”和“And crucially its developers say, it is the first such material that also conducts electricity.”可知，这种复杂物质是一种能传导电流的材料。
7．What does Lillian Chin emphasize in the third paragraph
A.The good benefits of the single material in her study.
B.Multiple functions of the single material.
C.The movement from human bodies in her study.
D.The massive tasks done in her study.
B　解析：推理判断题。根据第三段中的“For my research...says Lillian Chin”和“Existing soft bodied robots, she says...perform multiple tasks; muscles”可知，她强调了单一材料的多功能性。
8．What makes the new material able to help simple circuits
A.Its soft ability.　 　 B.Its helpful ability.
C.Its wireless ability. D．Its self healing ability.
D　解析：细节理解题。根据最后一段中的“The material's self healing ability helped these simple circuits be easily reequipped.”可知，新材料的自愈能力使得这些简单电路可以轻松地重新装备。
C
(2024·成都模拟)Is it true that our brain alone is responsible for human cognition What about our body Is it possible for thought and behaviour to originate from somewhere other than our brain Psychologists who study Embodied Cognition(EC) ask similar questions. The EC theory suggests our body is also responsible for thinking or problem solving. More precisely, the mind shapes the body and the body shapes the mind in equal measure.
If you think about it for a moment, it makes total sense. When you smell something good or hear amusing sounds, certain emotions are awakened. Think about how newborns use their senses to understand the world around them. They don't have emotions so much as needs—they don't feel sad, they're just hungry and need food. Even unborn babies can feel their mothers' heartbeats, and this has a calming effect. In the real world, they cry when they're cold and then get hugged. That way, they start to associate being warm with being loved.
Further studies have backed up the mind body interaction. In one experiment, test subjects were asked to judge people after being handed a hot or a cold drink. They all made warm evaluations when their fingertips perceived warmth rather than coolness. And it works the other way too. In another study, subjects' fingertip temperatures were measured after being “included” in or “rejected” from a group task. Those who were included felt physically warmer.
For further proof, we can look at the metaphors(比喻) that we use without even thinking. A kind and sympathetic person is frequently referred to as one with a soft heart and someone who is very strong and calm in difficult situations is often described as solid as a rock. And this kind of metaphorical use is common across languages.
Now that you have the knowledge of mind body interaction, why not use it If you're having a bad day, a warm cup of tea will give you a flash of pleasure. If you know you're physically cold, warm up before making any interpersonal decisions.
【解题导语】　本文是一篇说明文。本文介绍了心理学家的一项具体认知理论表明，我们不是只有大脑负责人类的认知，我们的身体也负责思考或者解决问题。更准确地说思想塑造身体，身体同等程度地塑造思想。
9．According to the author, what is the significance of EC
A.It brings us closer to the truth in human cognition.
B.It offers a clearer picture of the shape of human brain.
C.It reveals the major role of the mind in human cognition.
D.It facilitates our understanding of the origin of psychology.
A　解析：推理判断题。根据第一段中的“The EC theory suggests...the mind in equal measure.”可推知，具体认知理论让我们更接近人类认知的真相。
10．Where does the newborns' understanding of their surroundings start from
A.Their personal looks.
B.Their mental needs.
C.Their inner emotions.
D.Their physical feelings.
D　解析：推理判断题。根据第二段中的“They don't have emotions...being warm with being loved.”可知，新生儿对周围环境的理解依靠的是身体感觉。
11．What does the author intend to prove by citing the metaphors in paragraph 4
A.Human speech is alive with metaphors.
B.Human senses have effects on thinking.
C.Human language is shaped by visual images.
D.Human emotions are often compared to natural materials.
B　解析：推理判断题。根据倒数第二段中的“For further proof, we can look at the metaphors that we use without even thinking.”并结合倒数第三段中的“Further studies have backed up the mind body interaction.”可推知，作者想要印证的是人类的感官对思维有影响。
12．What is the author's purpose in writing the last paragraph
A.To deepen the readers' understanding of EC.
B.To encourage the readers to put EC into practice.
C.To guide the readers onto the path to career success.
D.To share with the readers ways to release their emotions.
B　解析：写作意图题。根据最后一段中的“Now that you have the knowledge of mind body interaction, why not use it ”可知，作者写最后一段是想鼓励读者把具体认知理论运用于现实生活中。
高考必备词汇 [外刊]crucial adj. 重要的；关键的　at one's best处于最佳状态　specialize in专攻　(be) made up of 由……组成　integrate v. 合并；融入　serve as用作；当作　property n. 特性　potential adj. 潜在的；可能的　depression n. 沮丧；抑郁diversity n. 多样性　in turn反过来；依次　[A篇]tiny adj. 小的　under attack受到攻击　sure enough果然　[B篇]at a snail's pace非常缓慢　in this case 在这种情况下　conductive adj. 导电的　substance n. 物质；东西　stretch v. 拉长；伸展　component n. 组成部分；部件　rigid adj. 坚硬的　circuit n. 电路　[C篇]be responsible for...对……负责　originate from...起源于……　other than...除了……　precisely adv. 准确地；细心地　in equal measure在同等程度上　calming adj. 平静的　associate...with...将……与……联系起来　evaluation n. 评价　perceive v. 感觉到；认为
四六级桥梁词汇 [外刊]bacterium n. 细菌　tract n. 道　microbe n. 微生物　digestion n. 消化　thrive v. 繁荣；蓬勃发展　intact adj. 完好无损的；完整的　disorder n. 紊乱　[A篇]evolution n. 进化　mammal n. 哺乳动物　marine adj. 海的；海生的　filter v. 过滤sensory adj. 感觉的；感官的　extract v. 提取　[B篇]demonstrate v. 证明；表现　molecular adj. 分子的[C篇]cognition n. 认知　awaken v. 唤起；使醒来　sympathetic adj. 同情的；赞同的
合成词、派生词 [外刊]overall adj. 全面的；总体的　increasingly adv. 越来越多地；不断增加地　microorganism n. 微生物　well being n. 健康　short chain adj. 短链的　anti inflammatory adj. 抗炎的　predictor n. 预示物　plant based adj. 植物性的[A篇]blowhole n. (鲸、海豚等的)喷水孔　dedicated adj. 敬业的；专心致志的　fibrous adj. 纤维状的　theorize v. 从理论上说明[B篇]self healing adj. 自我修复的　wire free adj. 无线的　soft bodied adj. 软体的　[C篇]problem solving n. 解决问题　newborn n. 新生儿　heartbeat n. 心跳　mind body n. 身心　fingertip n. 指尖　interpersonal adj. 人际的
熟词生义 [外刊]lead (熟义) v. 带领 (文章义) adj. 主要的；首席的　[A篇]bear (熟义) v. 忍受 (文章义) v. 携带　photograph (熟义) n. 照片 (文章义) v. 拍照　[B篇]note (熟义) n. 笔记 (文章义) v. 指出　power (熟义) n. 能力 (文章义) v. 为……提供动力；驱动　[C篇]shape (熟义) n. 形状 (文章义) v. 塑造　back (熟义) n. 背部 (文章义) v. 支持　subject (熟义) n. 主题 (文章义) n. 实验对象　flash (熟义) v. 闪耀 (文章义) n. (想法的) 突现；(情感的)突发
长难句分析 [外刊]Since fiber isn't digested by human enzymes, it reaches the colon intact, where microbes feed on it and produce short chain fatty acids (SCFAs).[分析]　本句是复合句。句中Since引导原因状语从句；where引导非限制性定语从句，修饰先行词the colon。[译文]　由于纤维不能被人体酶消化，所以它会完好无损地到达结肠，在那里微生物以其为食并产生短链脂肪酸。[A篇]Sure enough, baleen whales that often eat zooplankton, such as the North Atlantic right whale, have nostrils that are farther apart than do those, such as humpback whales, that eat zooplankton occasionally.[分析]　本句中包含三个that引导的定语从句，第一个修饰先行词baleen whales；第二个修饰先行词nostrils；第三个修饰先行词those。[译文]　果然，那些经常以浮游生物为食的须鲸，比如北大西洋露脊鲸，它们的鼻孔之间的间距比那些偶尔以浮游生物为食的鲸鱼的鼻孔间距更远，比如座头鲸。[B篇]Sometimes science advances at a snail's pace, but in this case that's a good thing: Researchers have created a soft material that combines polymers with liquid metal, demonstrated in a snail like robot.[分析]　本句是并列句。在冒号后含有that 引导的定语从句，修饰先行词soft material；demonstrated in a snail like robot是过去分词短语作后置定语，也修饰soft material。[译文]　有时科学的发展就像蜗牛一样缓慢，但在这种情况下，这是一件好事：研究人员已经创造出一种将聚合物与液态金属相结合的软材料，并在蜗牛形机器人中得到了验证。[C篇]A kind and sympathetic person is frequently referred to as one with a soft heart and someone who is very strong and calm in difficult situations is often described as solid as a rock. [分析]　本句是由and连接的并列句。前一分句中is frequently referred to as意为“常常被称作”，one with a soft heart是补足语；后一分句中who引导定语从句，修饰先行词someone，在从句中作主语。[译文]　一个心地善良、富有同情心的人常被形容为心肠软，而那些在困境中非常坚强冷静的人则常被形容为坚如磐石。