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说明文专练(一)
C
(2024·潍坊一模) People have come to understand the enormous impacts—beneficial as well as harmful—plastics have on human lives and the environment. As polymer (聚合物) scientists committed to inventing sustainable solutions for real world problems, we set out to tackle the issue of plastic waste by rethinking the way polymers are designed so we could make plastics with recyclability built right in.
Everyday items including milk jug, grocery bags, and takeout containers are made from a class of polymers called polyolefins(聚烯烃). These plastics are really durable because the chemical bonds in those polymers are extremely stable. In a world set up for disposable items, durability is no longer a design feature but rather a design drawback. Imagine if half the plastics used today were recyclable through twice as many processes as they are now. Also conventional recycling requires careful sorting of all the collected materials, which can be challenging with so many different plastics. For example, separating paper from metal doesn't require complex technology, but sorting a container from a milk jug of a different polyolefin is difficult to do without the occasional mistake.
In a study published in Science in October 2023, we described a series of polymers with only two building blocks—one soft polymer and one hard polymer—that behave like polyolefins but could be chemically recycled. Connecting two different polymers multiple times until they form a single, long molecule creates what's called a multiblock polymer. By changing how much of each polymer type goes into the multiblock polymer, our team produced a wide range of materials with properties that covered all polyolefin types.
Using the same strategy but by adding hydrogen(氢), we could disconnect the polymers back into their building blocks and easily separate them to use again. When we made new polymers out of these recycled plastics, they performed just as well as the original materials even after several rounds of chemical recycling. So we were able to create materials with similar properties of the plastics the world relies on. We believe this work is a step toward more sustainable plastics.
1．What is paragraph 2 mainly about concerning plastics
A．Their multiple uses.
B．Their chemical properties.
C．Their recycling challenges.
D．Their classification criteria.
2．What is a key factor of producing diverse multiblock polymers
A．Mixing building blocks with long molecules.
B．Integrating chemicals into the two polymers.
C．Combining two different multiblock polymers.
D．Adjusting the percentage of the two polymers.
3．Which is a feature of multiblock polymers
A．They are made from sustainable materials.
B．They can be recycled by adding hydrogen.
C.Their reliability outperforms traditional plastics.
D．Their properties change with rounds of recycling.
4．Which of the following might be the best title
A．Designing for Recycling
B．Classifying Plastic Waste
C．Replace Plastics with Polymers
D．Technology Creates the Future
D
(2024·黄山模拟)Curiosity is the driving force behind our development and even our success. But it can also be dangerous, leading to setbacks or even downfalls, so why are humans so curious Do scientists even have a definition for this inborn drive
Actually, there__isn't__one__set__in__the__stone. Psychologists agree that curiosity isn't about satisfying an immediate need, like hunger or thirst; rather, it's intrinsically (内在地) motivated. Curiosity covers such large set of behaviors that there probably isn't any single “curiosity gene” that makes humans wonder about and explore their environment. Genes and the environment interact in many complex ways to shape individuals and guide their behaviors, including their curiosity.
Regardless of their genetic makeup, infants have to learn an incredible amount of information in a short time, and curiosity is one of the tools humans have found to accomplish that huge task. In a classic study, a psychologist showed that infants between two months and six months old grew less and less interested in a complex visual pattern, the more they looked at it. But curiosity often comes with a cost. In some situations, the risks are low and failure is a healthy part of growth. For instance, many babies are perfectly proficient crawlers, but they decide to try walking because there's more to see and do when they stand upright. But this milestone comes at a small cost. A study of 12 to 19 month olds learning how to walk documented that these children fell down a lot. Seventeen times per hour, to be exact. But walking is faster than crawling, so this motivates expert crawlers to transition to walking.
Sometimes, however, testing out a new idea can lead to disaster. For instance, the Inuit people of the Arctic regions have created incredible modes to deal with the challenges of living in northern climates, but what we forget about are the tens of thousands of people that tried and failed to make it in those challenging landscapes.
5．What does the underlined sentence mean in paragraph 2
A．Curiosity is hard to define.
B．Humans are not afraid of setbacks.
C．Scientists are not curious about the stone.
D.Curiosity isn't the driving force behind growth.
6．What do psychologists agree about the nature of curiosity
A．Sets of behaviors guide curiosity.
B．Immediate needs drive curiosity.
C．External factors determine curiosity.
D.Genes and environment work together on curiosity.
7．What contributes to babies' growing milestones
A．They prefer novelty.
B．They fear failures.
C．They desire to achieve tasks.
D．They make their own decisions.
8．Why does the author mention the Inuit people in the last paragraph
A．To prove how curiosity helped them survive.
B.To show curiosity may come with a high price.
C．To describe why Inuit people needed curiosity.
D.To show how Inuit people overcame the challenges.
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高考必备词汇 [C篇]enormous adj. 巨大的 commit v. 致力于 sustainable adj. 可持续的 tackle v. 解决 grocery n. 食品杂货 conventional adj. 传统的；习俗的 property n. 性质；特性 strategy n. 策略 [D篇]curiosity n. 好奇心 definition n. 定义；解释 test out 试验 landscape n. 风景；景色
四六级桥梁词汇 [C篇]jug n. 壶，罐 durable adj. 耐用的 disposable adj. 一次性的 drawback n. 缺点 sort v. 排序；整理 molecule n. 分子 [D篇]infant n. 婴儿；幼儿 accomplish v. 完成；实现 proficient adj. 熟练的 crawler n. 爬行者 transition n. 转变；变革
合成词、派生词 [C篇]real world adj. 现实世界的 recyclability n. 可回收性；再循环能力 takeout adj. 外卖的 [D篇]setback n. 挫折；退步 downfall n. 衰落；衰败 inborn adj. 天生的 milestone n. 里程碑；重要事件
熟词生义 [C篇]class (熟义) n. 班级 (文章义) n. 种类；类别 bond (熟义) n. 联系 (文章义) n. 键 [D篇]shape (熟义) n. 形状 (文章义) v. 塑造 document (熟义) n. 文件 (文章义) v. 记录
长难句分析 [C篇]As polymer scientists committed to inventing sustainable solutions for real world problems, we set out to tackle the issue of plastic waste by rethinking the way polymers are designed so we could make plastics with recyclability built right in.[分析] 本句是复合句。句中过去分词短语“committed to...”作后置定语，修饰scientists；way后为省略关系词that的定语从句；so引导目的状语从句。[译文] 作为致力于为现实世界问题提供可持续解决方案的聚合物科学家，我们着手解决塑料垃圾问题，通过重新考虑设计聚合物的方式，使塑料本身就具有可回收性。[D篇]For instance, the Inuit people of the Arctic regions have created incredible modes to deal with the challenges of living in northern climates, but what we forget about are the tens of thousands of people that tried and failed to make it in those challenging landscapes.[分析] 本句是并列复合句。第一个分句中的动词不定式“to deal with...”作目的状语；but后的分句中含有what引导的主语从句和that引导的定语从句。[译文] 例如，北极地区的因纽特人创造了令人难以置信的生存方式来应对生活在北方气候中的挑战，但我们往往忘记的是，有成千上万的人试图在这些充满挑战的环境中生存下来，最终却未能成功。
参考答案案与解析
第三部分 阅读C、D篇说明文专练
说明文专练(一)
【解题导语】 本文是一篇说明文。文章介绍了聚合物科学家如何致力于解决塑料废物问题，通过重新设计聚合物的结构以实现其可回收性。
1．C 解析：段落大意题。根据第二段中的“In a world set up for disposable items, durability is no longer a design feature...be challenging with so many different plastics.”可知，第二段主要讲述的是关于塑料回收的挑战。
2．D 解析：细节理解题。根据第三段中的“By changing how much of each polymer type...covered all polyolefin types.”可知，生产多种多嵌段聚合物的关键因素是调整两种聚合物的含量。
3．B 解析：细节理解题。根据最后一段中的“Using the same strategy but by adding hydrogen...easily separate them to use again.”可知，多嵌段聚合物可以通过添加氢的方式被分离出来再次使用。
4．A 解析：标题归纳题。通读全文，尤其是第一段内容可知，文章讲述了聚合物科学家如何通过重新设计聚合物的结构来解决塑料废物问题，以实现其可回收性。A项最适合作文章最佳标题。
【解题导语】 本文是一篇说明文。文章说明了好奇心的难以定义以及好奇心对人类发展的影响。
5．A 解析：句意猜测题。根据第一段中的“Do scientists even have a definition for this inborn drive？”以及画线句下文中的“Curiosity covers such large set of behaviors...explore their environment.”可知，好奇心涵盖了广泛的行为，很难定义。故画线句意为“好奇心很难定义”。
6．D 解析：细节理解题。根据第二段中的“Genes and the environment interact in many complex ways to shape individuals and guide their behaviors, including their curiosity.”可知，关于好奇心的本质，心理学家的共识是基因和环境共同作用于好奇心。
7．A 解析：细节理解题。根据第三段中的“For instance, many babies...because there's more to see and do when they stand upright.”可知，喜欢新鲜事物促成了婴儿的成长里程碑。
8．B 解析：推理判断题。根据最后一段内容可推知，作者在最后一段提到因纽特人是为了表明好奇心可能要付出很高的代价。说明文专练(二)
C
(2024·宁波十校联考)Students at the Calhoun School in New York City have much more than a roof over their heads. They have a rooftop garden, with lush grass, colorful flowers and fragrant herbs. “Green roofs” are sprouting up all over, from schools to city skyscrapers. And roofs aren't the only things going green. Architects are finding all sorts of new ways to build buildings that are easier on the environment. These schools, homes, and offices are called “green buildings”．
Normally it takes a lot of energy to run appliances. Too often, that energy comes from burning fossil fuels. So green buildings are designed to do all these things with much less energy. An energy smart building starts with thick walls. A layer of insulation (隔热材料) traps air to stop heat from passing through. That keeps heat inside in the winter, and keeps heat outside in the summer. This saves energy for heating and cooling.
Heat pumps are another power saving way to stay comfortable. A ground heat pump moves heat through pipes that run through the ground next to the building. A few feet under the ground, the temperature stays around 10℃ all year round. Water flowing around the pipes helps heat the building in winter and cool it in summer.
Another way to build green is to use recycled materials. That saves the cost and pollution of manufacturing something new. In the Chicago Center for Green Technology, the ceiling tiles are made of pressed newspaper. The bathroom floors are tiled with recycled glass, and the stall walls are recycled plastic. Builders have found many creative ways to re use old materials.
As more people become concerned about climate change, more buildings are going green. Green buildings produce less of the gases that warm the planet. City planners like green buildings because they save money. And they are healthier for the people who work and live inside. But you don't need to build a whole new building. Simple changes like shading windows and planting trees can make any home greener—and a better Earth home for us all.
1．How are green buildings designed to keep warm in the winter
A．By burning fossil fuels.
B．By using thick walls with insulators.
C．By running heating devices.
D．By equipping buildings with appliances.
2．Which of the following is NOT an advantage of green buildings
A．Saving water.
B．Using recycled materials.
C．Using less energy.
D．Reducing greenhouse gas emissions.
3．In which section of a magazine can we read the passage
A．Education. B．Culture.
C．Economy. D．Technology.
4．Which of the following might be the best title for the passage
A.Recycling: to Make a Better Earth for Us All
B.Heat Pumps: a New Approach to Saving Energy
C．Green Roofs: More Than a Roof over Our Heads
D.Building Green: to Hug the Earth More Kindly
D
(2024·厦门一模)Imagine being able to use energy from the sun all the time, even when it's night. That's the idea that scientists at Caltech(California Institute of Technology)are exploring. They're working on collecting sunlight in space and sending its energy to Earth.
Caltech's scientists have created a special tool for this project. They call it MAPLE. MAPLE and two other devices are part of a project that was sent into space in January, 2023.MAPLE's job is to test the idea of sending energy wirelessly from space to Earth. We're used to using wires to move electrical energy from one place to another. But sending energy without wires is a lot trickier.
The method used by Caltech's scientists depends on the way waves act when they meet. Imagine two waves coming together as they travel in the same direction. If the tops of the waves line up, they combine to make a bigger wave. But if the top of one wave lines up with the low point of the other, the waves cancel each other out. The Caltech team has found a way to control the timing of lots of microwaves so that they can combine their power, and focus the energy in one direction. It's a little like using a magnifying glass to focus sunlight into a small, hot point of light.
To prove that the system could work, MAPLE sent energy to two devices just 30 centimeters away in space. This energy was then turned into electricity, which made two small lights light up. Next, MAPLE sent energy all the way down to a lab at Caltech. The scientists were able to detect the energy, proving that it's possible to send solar energy to Earth from space.
Dr. Hajimiri, one of the project's leaders, thinks that one day, the system could be extremely useful, bringing energy to places that need it, all over the world. He believes that in the future, we'll be able to send energy to remote regions and areas destroyed by war or natural disaster.
5．What is the challenge in Caltech's project with MAPLE
A．Solar energy detection.
B．Wireless energy delivery.
C．Sending devices into space.
D．Using wires to move electricity.
6．How does the Caltech team concentrate solar power
A.By changing the way microwaves act.
B．By magnifying waves coming together.
C．By controlling the timing of microwaves.
D．By lining up the waves in opposite directions.
7．What potential benefit could the system bring in the future according to Dr. Hajimiri
A．Warning people of natural disasters.
B．Turning solar energy into electricity.
C．Providing a solution to energy shortages.
D．Sending energy to regions in urgent need.
8．What can be a suitable title for the passage
A.The Use of Solar Energy in Space Exploration
B.The Challenges of Generating Energy Without Wires
C.The Development of a New Tool for Collecting Electricity
D．The Possibility of Sending Energy Wirelessly from Space to Earth
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高考必备词汇 [C篇]architect n. 建筑师 all year round整年 [D篇]device n. 仪器；设备 tricky adj. 难办的 in the same direction 朝着同样的方向 line up with 与……对齐 cancel out 抵消 solar adj. 太阳的
四六级桥梁词汇 [C篇]fragrant adj. 芳香的 sprout v. 出现；涌现 skyscraper n. 摩天大楼 appliance n. 器具；电器 manufacture v. 生产；制造 tile v. 铺地砖 stall n. 隔间 [D篇]timing n. 特定时间 magnifying adj. 放大的
合成词、派生词 [C篇]rooftop n．屋顶 energy smart adj. 智能节能的 power saving adj. 节能的 [D篇]wirelessly adv. 无线地 microwave n. 微波
熟词生义 [C篇]green (熟义) adj. 绿色的 (文章义) adj. 环保的 [D篇]light (熟义) n. 光 (文章义) v. 照亮；点燃
长难句分析 [D篇]Dr. Hajimiri, one of the project's leaders, thinks that one day, the system could be extremely useful, bringing energy to places that need it, all over the world.[分析] 本句是复合句。句中one of the project's leaders作同位语；第一个that引导宾语从句；现在分词短语“bringing energy...”作伴随状语；第二个that引导定语从句，修饰先行词places。[译文] 哈吉米瑞博士是该项目的领导者之一，他认为有一天，这个系统会非常有用，把能源带到需要它的世界各地。
参考答案案与解析
说明文专练(二)
【解题导语】 本文是一篇说明文。文章介绍了如何建造绿色建筑及其对环境的好处。
1．B 解析：细节理解题。根据第二段中的“An energy smart building...keeps heat inside in the winter”可知，绿色建筑设计通过使用带有绝缘体的厚墙在冬天保持温暖。
2．A 解析：细节理解题。根据第二段中的“So green buildings are designed to do all these things with much less energy.”、第四段中的“Another way to build green is to use recycled materials.”及最后一段中的“Green buildings produce less of the gases that warm the planet.”可知，绿色建筑的好处包括使用回收材料、使用更少的能源和减少温室气体排放。
3．D 解析：文章出处题。根据第二段内容及全文介绍绿色建筑的好处可知，本文主要介绍了通过科技的方法来修建“绿色建筑”；由此可推知，本文可能出现在杂志中的科技部分。
4．D 解析：标题归纳题。通读全文，尤其是最后一段中的“City planners like green buildings...a better Earth home for us all.”可知，文章介绍了如何建造绿色建筑及其对地球环境的好处。D项最适合作文章标题。
【解题导语】 本文是一篇说明文。文章介绍了加州理工学院的科学家正在探索从太空中收集阳光并将其能量发送回地球的想法，他们为此创造了一个特殊工具MAPLE，并解释了MAPLE如何通过控制微波的时机来聚焦能量。
5．B 解析：细节理解题。根据第二段中的“MAPLE's job is to test the idea of sending energy wirelessly from space to Earth...But sending energy without wires is a lot trickier.”可知，MAPLE的挑战是无线能量传输。
6．C 解析：细节理解题。根据第三段中的“The Caltech team has found a way to control the timing of lots of microwaves so that they can combine their power, and focus the energy in one direction.”可知，加州理工学院的团队通过控制微波的时间来集中太阳能。
7．D 解析：细节理解题。根据最后一段内容可知，哈吉米瑞博士表示，这个系统在未来会向急需能源的地区输送能源。
8．D 解析：标题归纳题。通读全文，尤其是第一段内容可知，文章主要讨论了使用科学家创造的特殊工具MAPLE从太空向地球无线传输能源的可能性。D项最适合作文章标题。说明文专练(四)
C
(2024·嵊州一模) Have you ever lost something in a hard to reach space, like behind a couch or a cupboard Wouldn't it be nice to just be able to squeeze in and out New innovations in the field of robotics will soon be able to make this nice idea into a reality.
In a study published on Jan. 25 in the science journal Matter, engineers from The Chinese University of Hong Kong and Carnegie Mellon University in the U．S. have developed small robots that can quickly change back and forth from liquid to solid states.
According to the website Mashable, the scientists were inspired by sea cucumbers (海参). They are able to change the stiffness of their bodies or reduce the potential for physical damage. The robots in the study were made from gallium (镓), a soft metal with a low melting point of 30℃. The scientists then used changes in the magnetic field to handle the magnetic particles inside the gallium material to provide heat. This heat then allowed the robots to change between solid and liquid states as well as to move around.
As the website Tech Xplore pointed out, other similar materials require external heat sources such as heat guns and electrical currents to bring a change of states; but now, the robots can use a heat source inside itself to change states independently.
During the robots' experimental trials, the scientists conducted a number of tests. These tests included having the robots melt into liquid and reform to escape a prison like cage. It can remove a foreign object from and deliver medicinal drugs to a model stomach. The robot is also able to build and repair hard to reach circuits. The robots' ability to switch between states of matter allows for a number of possible uses and advancements in different fields, such as the biomedical and circuit assembly industries.
Still, in the words of senior author Carmel Majidi at Carnegie Mellon University, for now these are all just “proofs of concept” which show the abilities of these new kinds of robots.
1．What can we learn about the small robots
A．They were produced by British scientists.
B．They came from inspiration of sea cucumbers.
C．They can help people squeeze in and out freely.
D.They were made from a newly invented material.
2．How did scientists change the state of the robots
A．By employing a heat source.
B．By using electrical currents.
C．By controlling the magnetic particles.
D．By building hard to reach circuits.
3．What can be inferred about the robots from Majidi's words
A．Their abilities are overstated.
B．They have great market potential.
C．Proof is needed to understand the concept.
D．It will take time for them to be widely used.
4．What might be the best title of the passage
A．Ongoing Challenges the New Robots Face
B．Amazing Features the New Robots Possess
C．Potential Limitations the New Robots Have
D.New Melting Robots Switching Between Different States
D
(2024·江西二轮复习)In a kitchen at a food company, a playing card sized slice of meat is served. The meal is remarkable because the meat to be tested was grown in a lab rather than on an animal. The taste, look and smell of the meat is identical to that of chicken. And that's the key point.
While meat and dairy production accounts for 12% of human greenhouse gas emissions, lab grown meat may be less worrisome than eating animals. And the early success of plant based meat alternatives gave investors hope. Both of the two ways to make cultivated meat start with cells taken from live animals. One option is to put the cells in a stainless tank, called a “bioreactor”， which is filled with a nutrient rich liquid taken from cow embryos (胚胎). The cells multiply, and after a month or so the meat can be harvested and turned into meat products. The alternative is to place the cells on a scaffold (支架). That encourages them to grow into a certain shape, and is used to create meat, such as steaks.
Every firm faces the big challenge of the high cost, though progress is being made. Meat makers hope that costs can be cut further by a new supply chain, which involves existing companies and new entrants.
There are questions about how climate friendly cultivated meat really is. Even its fans acknowledge that the technology is energy consuming. A study published in January found that tank grown meat is likely to use much more energy than farm grown protein because the bioreactor needs a lot of power to control its temperature. As a result, cultivated meat will only cut the carbon footprint of the meat industry if renewable energy is used in the production process.
Whether lab grown meat can be made attractive and cheap enough to appeal to consumers remains to be seen. Meanwhile, many companies have decided to pursue a hybrid strategy, mixing cheap plant protein with their cultivated animal cells. “It took me a while to get comfortable with the hybrid, because it feels a bit like we're moving back，” admits Josh, the food company boss.
5．What is the purpose of the meal in the food company's kitchen
A．To make regulations about lab grown meat.
B．To offer good food after some card games.
C．To test the qualities of meat grown in labs.
D．To identify the specific properties of chicken.
6．What's the problem with growing meat in a bioreactor
A.Too much electricity is needed to keep its temperature.
B.No effective medicine can be applied to diseased cells.
C．Animal cells can't grow to the full sizes for lack of air.
D．Greenhouse gas is let out during the growing process.
7．How does Josh feel about the hybrid strategy
A．It has offered us enough food choices.
B．It's a good way to face up to the reality.
C．It's good for research into lab grown meat.
D．It's like holding us back from progressing.
8．Where is the passage most probably taken from
A．An introduction to green natural food.
B．An essay on food science research.
C．A report on greenhouse gas emissions.
D．A review of human's search for food.
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高考必备词汇 [C篇]innovation n. 创新；创造 back and forth 来回地；反复地 external adj. 外部的；外面的 allow for 使可能 circuit n. 电路 [D篇]slice n. 片 remarkable adj. 非凡的；显著的 be identical to 与……相同 account for 占…… alternative n. 可供选择的事物 option n. 选择 appeal to 吸引
四六级桥梁词汇 [C篇]couch n. 沙发 squeeze v. 挤 stiffness n. 僵硬；坚硬 magnetic adj. 像磁铁的；有磁性的 particle n. 粒子 medicinal adj. 有疗效的；药用的；药的 assembly n. 组装；装配 [D篇]worrisome adj. 令人担心的 cultivated adj. 栽培的，培植的 stainless adj. 不锈的，防锈的 entrant n. 新职员；新生；新成员
合成词、派生词 [C篇]hard to reach adj. 难以到达的 independently adv. 独立地 prison like adj. 类似监狱的 biomedical adj. 生物医学的[D篇]bioreactor n. 生物反应器 nutrient rich adj. 营养丰富的 climate friendly adj. 对气候友好的 energy consuming adj. 耗能的
熟词生义 [C篇]current (熟义) adj. 当前的 (文章义) n. 电流 [D篇]hybrid (熟义) n. 杂交 (文章义) n. 混合物；合成物
长难句分析 [D篇]A study published in January found that tank grown meat is likely to use much more energy than farm grown protein because the bioreactor needs a lot of power to control its temperature.[分析] 本句是复合句。句中过去分词短语published in January作后置定语，修饰A study；that引导宾语从句，其中含有because引导的原因状语从句。[译文] 一月份发表的一项研究发现，池养肉类可能比农场生产的蛋白质消耗更多的能量，因为生物反应器需要大量的电力来控制其温度。
参考答案案与解析
说明文专练(四)
【解题导语】 本文是一篇说明文。文章介绍了工程师开发出了能够快速从液态到固态来回切换的小型机器人。
1．B 解析：细节理解题。根据第三段中的“According to the website Mashable, the scientists were inspired by sea cucumbers.”可知，是海参为他们提供了灵感从而创造了这种小型机器人。
2．C 解析：细节理解题。根据第三段中的“The scientists then used changes...gallium material to provide heat.”可知，科学家是通过控制磁性粒子改变机器人的状态的。
3．D 解析：推理判断题。根据最后一段内容可推知，机器人需要更多的时间才能被广泛使用。
4．D 解析：标题归纳题。通读全文，尤其是第二段内容可知，文章主要介绍了一种可以快速从液态到固态来回切换的新型的机器人。
【解题导语】 本文是一篇说明文。文章介绍了国外公司发明了一种实验室里人工培育的肉，并论述了它是不是真的可以实现环保。
5．C 解析：细节理解题。根据第一段中的“The meal is remarkable...rather than on an animal.”可知，这顿实验室里的饭的目的是测试人工培育的肉的品质。
6．A 解析：细节理解题。根据第四段中的“A study published in January found...to control its temperature.”可知，为了让生物反应器保持适宜温度，从而培育出人工肉，需要耗费大量能源。
7．D 解析：细节理解题。根据最后一段中的“It took me a while...we're moving back”可知，公司老板乔什认为这种混合肉是一种退步的表现。
8．B 解析：文章出处题。通读全文可知，本文介绍了实验室里人工培育的肉，这是食品科学技术的代表，所以文章很可能出自一篇关于食品科学研究的论文。说明文专练(三)
C
(2024·江门一模)Figuring out biodiversity patterns and detecting rare or just good at hiding species has long posed challenges for ecosystem monitoring and conservation efforts. Traditional survey methods are labor intensive and cover limited areas. Now, emerging environmental DNA (eDNA) techniques open new possibilities.
Scientists collect water or soil samples from an environment and extract any DNA traces left behind by organisms. This is the environmental DNA (eDNA). They then use one of the two analysis methods—quantitative PCR (qPCR) or DNA sequencing (DNA 测序). Similar to traditional PCR, qPCR is used to detect if a specific species' DNA is in the sample. For example, researchers tested river water eDNA to see if endangered fish X was present. When it was detected, they confirmed that the fish lived in that river without directly seeing it. DNA sequencing analyzes all DNA in the sample at once. Scientists can then match the DNA barcodes to databases to identify which species were in the sampled environment.
Although eDNA sampling cannot identify new species or those only known from photos and videos if they are not already listed in the reference databases, the real power of it lies in its ability to capture a wide range of organisms. With just one sample, scientists can detect all kinds of living things, from bacteria to whales, in almost any environment where life exists, including the deep sea and underground caves. One of the most significant advantages of eDNA sampling is that it allows scientists to detect species that are difficult to see or capture. This is particularly useful when studying rare or very small species, or when working in environments like dark water where visibility is limited.
This is just the start. Imagine a future where eDNA data could be collected from the most remote oceans by autonomous vehicles, analyzed by the drone or on board a research vessel (船舰), and integrated with other monitoring data so marine managers and the public can see near real time data about the condition of the ocean. Science fiction Not any more.
1．What's the author's purpose of mentioning the example in paragraph 2
A.To explain the process of qPCR analysis method.
B.To introduce the definition of environmental DNA.
C.To tell the difference between two analysis methods.
D.To show the similarity between qPCR and traditional PCR.
2．What's the advantage of eDNA sampling
A．It can detect species from photos and videos.
B.It can help scientists capture endangered species.
C.It enables scientists to work in invisible environment.
D.It can identify any living creature with a sample of it.
3．What could eDNA data be applied to in the future
A.Studying microbial communities.
B．Analyzing diversity changes over time.
C．Collecting species in new environments.
D．Offering statistics for ocean supervision.
4．What's the main idea of the passage
A.Scientists have made a breakthrough in undersea research.
B.Rare species have been discovered with two analysis methods.
C.New biodiversity monitoring techniques are around the corner.
D.Traditional survey methods are abandoned for their shortcomings.
D
(2024·南通三模) In a recent study of healthy volunteers, National Institutes of Health researchers discovered that our brains may replay memories of learning new skills when we rest.
NIH researchers have mapped out the brain activity that flows when we learn a new skill, such as playing a new song on the piano, and found that during short rest the volunteers' brains rapidly and repeatedly replayed faster versions of the activity seen while they practiced typing a code. The more a volunteer replayed the activity, the better they performed during subsequent practice sessions.
The study was conducted at the NIH Clinical Center. The team of Dr. Cohen, M．D., senior investigator at the NIH's National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke (NINDS), used a highly sensitive scanning technique to record the brain waves of 33 healthy, right handed volunteers as they learned to type a five digit test code with their left hands. The subjects sat in a chair and under the scanner's long, cone shaped cap. An experiment began when a subject was shown the code “41234” on a screen and asked to type it out as many times as possible for 10 seconds and then take a 10 second break. Subjects were asked to repeat this cycle of alternating practice and rest sessions a total of 35 times.
During the first few trials, the speed at which subjects correctly typed the code improved dramatically and then leveled off around the 11th cycle. In a previous study, Dr. Cohen's team showed that most of these gains happened during short rests, and not when the subjects were typing. Moreover, the gains were greater than those made after a night's sleep and were related with a decrease in the size of brain waves, called beta rhythms. In this new report, the researchers searched for something different in the subjects' brain waves.
“We wanted to explore the mechanisms behind memory strengthening seen during wakeful rest. Several forms of memory appear to rely on the replaying of neural (神经的) activity, so we decided to test this idea out for procedural skill learning，” said Ethan R. Buch, Ph.D., a staff scientist on Dr. Cohen's team and leader of the study. To do this, Dr. Buch developed a computer program which allowed the team to understand the brain wave activity associated with typing each number in the test code.
Interestingly, they found that the more a volunteer replayed, the better their performance was. “We were a bit surprised by these last results. Overall, our results support the idea that the replay activity during waking rest may be a powerful tool that researchers can use to help individuals learn new skills faster and possibly facilitate recovery from stroke.” said Dr. Cohen.
5．What have NIH researchers recently found
A．The brain activity slowly flows when we learn a new skill.
B．The value of short practice sessions can't be overestimated.
C．Short rest makes no difference to the neural replay of the activity.
D．The frequency of brain replay contributes to practice performances.
6．What is mainly talked about in paragraph 3
A．The process of the research.
B．The facilities of the research.
C．The application of the research.
D．The preparations of the research.
7．Why did Dr. Buch develop a computer program
A．To distinguish the first 11 cycles from the later ones.
B.To confirm the role of neural replay in skill learning.
C．To explore the potential effects of procedural learning.
D．To find out the reasons for the changes in brain waves.
8．What does Dr. Cohen think of the research findings
A.Acceptable. B．Promising.
C．Shallow. D．Dismissive.
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高考必备词汇 [C篇]figure out 弄清楚；计算；解决 conservation n. 保护 endangered adj. 濒临灭绝的 lie in 在于 autonomous adj. 自主的on board在船(火车、飞机)上 integrate v. 合并 [D篇]map out 规划；安排 version n. 版本 subsequent adj. 随后的；后来的 investigator n. 调查员 sensitive adj. 敏感的 alternating adj. 交替的 a total of 总共…… search for 寻找
四六级桥梁词汇 [C篇]intensive adj. 密集的 emerging adj. 新兴的 extract v. 提取 sampling n. 抽样；取样 capture v. 捕获 visibility n. 可见度；能见度 drone n. 无人机 [D篇]stroke n. 中风 mechanism n. 机制 procedural adj. 程序上的
合成词、派生词 [C篇]biodiversity n. 生物多样性 near real time adj. 近实时的 [D篇]right handed adj. 惯用右手的 five digit adj. 五位数的 cone shaped adj. 锥形的 wakeful adj. 不眠的；失眠的
熟词生义 [C篇]pose (熟义) n. 姿势 (文章义) v. 造成；引起；产生 [D篇]subject (熟义) n. 主题 (文章义) n. 接受试验者；实验对象level (熟义) n. 水平 (文章义) v. 保持平稳
长难句分析 [C篇]Imagine a future where eDNA data could be collected from the most remote oceans by autonomous vehicles, analyzed by the drone or on board a research vessel, and integrated with other monitoring data so marine managers and the public can see near real time data about the condition of the ocean.[分析] 本句是动词imagine开头的祈使句。句中where引导定语从句，修饰先行词future；从句中包括三个谓语动词could be collected、(could be) analyzed、(could be) integrated；so引导结果状语从句。[译文] 想象一下，未来eDNA数据可以由自动驾驶车辆从最偏远的海洋收集，由无人机分析或在研究船上分析，并与其他监测数据相结合，这样海洋管理者和公众就可以看到有关海洋状况的近实时数据。[D篇]NIH researchers have mapped out the brain activity that flows when we learn a new skill, such as playing a new song on the piano, and found that during short rest the volunteers' brains rapidly and repeatedly replayed faster versions of the activity seen while they practiced typing a code.[分析] 本句是复合句。句中第一个that引导定语从句，修饰先行词the brain activity；when引导时间状语从句；第二个that引导宾语从句；while引导时间状语从句。[译文] 美国国立卫生研究院的研究人员绘制出了我们学习一项新技能时的大脑活动，比如在钢琴上弹奏一首新歌。他们发现，在短暂的休息期间，志愿者的大脑会快速地、反复地重播他们练习打字时看到的更快版本的活动。
参考答案案与解析
说明文专练(三)
【解题导语】 本文是一篇说明文。文章介绍了新的生物多样性监测技术——环境DNA (eDNA)技术。
1．A 解析：推理判断题。根据第二段中的“Similar to traditional PCR, qPCR is used to detect...all DNA in the sample at once.”可推知，作者在第二段提到这个例子的目的是说明qPCR分析方法的过程。
2．D 解析：细节理解题。根据第三段中的“With just one sample, scientists can detect all kinds of living things...and underground caves.”可知，eDNA取样的优势是它可以用它的样本识别任何生物。
3．D 解析：细节理解题。根据最后一段中的“Imagine a future where eDNA data could be...about the condition of the ocean.”可知，eDNA数据在未来可以应用于为海洋监管提供统计数据。
4．C 解析：主旨大意题。通读全文，尤其是根据第一段内容可知，文章介绍了新的生物多样性监测技术即将问世。
【解题导语】 本文是一篇说明文。研究人员发现，当人们休息时，大脑可能会重放学习新技能的记忆。
5．D 解析：细节理解题。根据第二段中的“found that...they performed during subsequent practice sessions”可知，美国国立卫生研究院的研究人员最近发现大脑回放的频率有助于练习表现。
6．A 解析：段落大意题。根据第三段中的“The subjects sat in a chair...a total of 35 times.”可知，本段介绍了研究的过程。
7．B 解析：细节理解题。根据第五段内容可知，布奇博士开发一个计算机程序是为了确认神经重放在技能学习中的作用。
8．A 解析：观点态度题。根据最后一段中的“Overall, our results support the idea...possibly facilitate recovery from stroke.”可推知，科恩博士对研究结果是认同的。
