（单元培优卷）Unit 3 What makes a great team？单元素养评价培优卷-2025 - 2026学年八年级英语下册外研版（2024）（含答案解析）
文档属性
| 名称 | （单元培优卷）Unit 3 What makes a great team？单元素养评价培优卷-2025 - 2026学年八年级英语下册外研版（2024）（含答案解析） |
|
|
| 格式 | docx | ||
| 文件大小 | 265.6KB | ||
| 资源类型 | 试卷 | ||
| 版本资源 | 外研版 | ||
| 科目 | 英语 | ||
| 更新时间 | 2026-03-20 00:00:00 | ||
图片预览
文档简介
/ 让学习更有效 单元培优卷 | 英语学科
/ 让学习更有效 单元培优卷 | 英语学科
2025-2026学年八年级英语下册外研版（2024）单元素养评价培优卷
Unit 3 What makes a great team？
温馨提示：
1.本试卷分第Ⅰ卷和第Ⅱ卷两部分。满分100分。考试用时90分钟。考试结束后，将试题卷和答题卡一并交回。
2.答卷前，考生务必用0.5毫米黑色签字笔将自己的姓名、准考证号、座号填写在试题卷和答题卡规定的位置上。
3.第Ⅰ卷每小题选出答案后，用2B铅笔把答题卡上对应题目的答案标号涂黑；如需改动，用橡皮擦干净后，再选涂其他答案标号。答案不能答在试题卷上。
4.第Ⅱ卷必须用0.5毫米黑色签字笔作答，答案必须写在答题卡各题目指定区域内相应的位置，不能写在试题卷上；如需改动，先划掉原来的答案，然后再写上新的答案；不准使用涂改液、胶带纸、修正带。不按以上要求作答的答案无效。
第Ⅰ卷（选择题 共65分）
一、选择填空（共10小题，计10分）
从A、B、C、D 四个选项中，选出可以填入空白处的最佳答案。
1．I heard ________ the popular brand will open a new store near our community next month.
A．where B．that C．why D．if
2．Our teacher explained to us why the earth ________ around the sun.
A．goes B．go C．went D．will go
3．My brother enjoys ________ model planes when he is free.
A．made B．to make C．make D．making
4．I really had an ________ day. Nothing went right.
A．good B．awful C．nice D．terrible
5．Knowing your ________ can help you improve.
A．weakness B．weaknesses C．weak D．weaken
6．She used to be very ________ and lacked ________ when speaking in public.
A．shy; strength B．awful; confidence C．shy; confidence D．silent; responsibility
7．—Why are you in a hurry
—Because I ________ catch the last bus.
A．have to B．should C．mustn’t D．need
8．You ________ be too nervous. Just relax and be brave enough to show yourself.
A．might not B．mustn’t C．should D．don’t have to
9．—I have a toothache.
—You ________ see a dentist at once.
A．have to B．should C．can’t D．may not
10．He didn’t agree with the decision, so he ________ in a huff and refused to discuss it further.
A．left B．stormed off C．flounced off D．stomped off
二、完形填空（共10小题，计10分）
A New Way of Communication in the Digital Age
In today’s fast-paced world, communication has changed more than we could ever imagine. We no longer only use face-to-face talks or handwritten letters. Instead, all kinds of digital tools have become part of our daily lives, 11 finding the right way to connect still matters a lot.
Jason once had a fight with his best friend. They 12 messages back and forth, but the words on the screen only made things worse. “Texting has no emotions,” Jason said later. He didn’t know 13 to fix their friendship until he asked a professor for advice. The professor told him that a face-to-face talk usually 14 best, for it lets people see each other’s expressions and hear the tone of voice.
If you 15 meet your friend in person right away, calling is a better choice than texting. Sometimes, even a short call can clear up 16 that take hours to work out online. And if the talk gets heated, it’s wise to take a break and come back when both sides are calm.
For those who are shy, writing down feelings can be a good start. It allows people to organize their thoughts 17 and avoid impolite words. But remember, no tool is perfect. 18 you choose to communicate, always be careful with your words—they can build a relationship or break it.
What’s interesting is that young people now 19 digital devices (电子设备) to have communication—video calls for family, voice notes for friends, and emails for work. They’ve learned that relationships need 20 ways of connecting. In the end, the best communication isn’t about the tool you use, but about the care you put into it.
11．A．and B．or C．so D．but
12．A．read B．sent C．wrote D．received
13．A．how B．why C．when D．where
14．A．ends B．becomes C．works D．wants
15．A．mustn’t B．can’t C．needn’t D．shouldn’t
16．A．conversations B．sentences C．misunderstandings D．messages
17．A．clearly B．carelessly C．quietly D．silently
18．A．Whoever B．Whenever C．Whatever D．Wherever
19．A．stick to B．depend on C．give up D．put off
20．A．same B．different C．simple D．complex
三、阅读理解（共20小题，计40分）
阅读下面短文，从每题所给的A、B、C、D四个选项中，选出能正确回答所提问题或完成所给句子的最佳答案。
A
If you watch butterflies in the garden, you will find that they busily work and fly from flower to flower. They work for necessary food. And they improve the lives of flowers. A social butterfly is someone who is comfortable and active in different situations, so social butterflies make friends easily.
Social butterflies seem to be outgoing and comfortable in any social situation. Social butterflies enjoy meeting new people at different events. Most parties need some outgoing people. Social butterflies are suitable for parties. She or he can start conversations, and communicate with other guests. Social butterflies can also make the party more interesting and lively. Some introverted(内向的) guests need a little encouragement. Social butterflies can help them start to talk with others. It will be more difficult for hosts to hold a party without social butterflies.
A social butterfly looks for different social parties. Some people seem to be outgoing, but some are introverted. Now, there are different kinds of personality tests. They can tell you whether you are outgoing or not.
In fact, if you take part in social parties, you may know if you are outgoing. Do you like to talk with different guests at the party If the answer is yes, you are probably a social butterfly.
21．Why do social butterflies make friends easily
A．They improve their lives. B．They have a lot of money.
C．They work for necessary food. D．They are active in their daily lives.
22．What does the underlined word “suitable” in Paragraph 2 mean
A．Strange. B．Right. C．Famous. D．Difficult.
23．What do social butterflies usually do at parties
A．They only talk with the hosts.
B．They make the party boring and quiet.
C．They help introverted guests start conversations.
D．They don’t like meeting new people.
24．Which of the following is probably TRUE
A．Social butterflies don’t like any social situations.
B．Introverted people can’t enjoy parties at all.
C．Hosts don’t need social butterflies if they are outgoing enough.
D．Social butterflies play a positive role in parties.
25．Which can be the best title for the passage
A．The Big Event B．The Personality Test
C．The Communicative Person D．The Hard-working Butterfly
B
Maria’s little sisters, Anna and Olivia, were fighting, so Maria went to their room.
“What is going on here ” Maria asked. Her sisters looked angrily at each other. There were clothes all over the floor.
“Well, Anna took my green shirt,” Olivia said. “It is my favourite one. She took it without asking and made it dirty.”
“It isn’t my fault,” said Anna. “My friend Greg dropped his chocolate on me. Then Olivia started shouting at me and threw out all of my clothes.”
“Okay,” said Maria. “In my opinion, Anna, you took Olivia’s shirt without asking. Then you got it dirty at school. Though you didn’t directly dirty the shirt, it is your responsibility because you took it.” Anna nodded.
“Olivia, shouting at your sister and throwing her clothes won’t help. Why don’t you calm down and talk about what is wrong ” Olivia nodded and then said to Anna, “I am sorry I threw your clothes around. I don’t like it when you take my things without asking. I’ll help you put your clothes away.”
“I am sorry that I took your shirt,” said Anna. “I should ask you first.”
“See ” said Maria. “Isn’t it better when you get on with each other ” The girls agreed. Maria smiled.
“Okay. I’ll put this shirt into the washing machine. The three of us can eat some ice cream when we wait,” said Maria.
“Thank you, Maria,” said Olivia. “We love your way of solving the problem!”
26．Why did Maria go to Anna and Olivia’s room
A．Because they were fighting. B．Because they threw away the clothes. C．Because they were playing games. D．Because they washed their shirts.
27．What does the underlined word “responsibility” mean
A．Fault. B．Choice. C．Award. D．Stage.
28．How did Maria solve the problem
A．She invited both of her sisters to eat some ice cream.
B．She told Anna that she should buy Olivia a new shirt.
C．She made Anna and Olivia talk peacefully to each other.
D．She told Olivia that she should be angry with Greg not Anna.
29．Which of the following can best describe Maria
A．Strict. B．Smart. C．Careful. D．Quiet.
30．What’s the writer’s purpose of writing the passage
A．To ask us to get on with our family.
B．To tell us not to take things without asking.
C．To ask us to stop talking when feeling angry.
D．To tell us to solve problems by talking, not fighting.
C
What makes a “dream team” in sports It is not just about winning games. A real dream team has great skills, teamwork and a strong spirit of never giving up.
There is a famous women’s table tennis team in Asia. A few years ago, the team was not strong. They had simple training tools and little money. But the players practiced very hard every day. They helped each other and learned from their mistakes together.
At a big competition, they played against a very strong team. At first, they fell behind. But they didn’t lose heart. They tried their best and won the game at last. People were all surprised and called them a “dream team”.
Now, the word “dream team” means any group that works hard and wins together. It tells us that teamwork and hard work can make dreams come true.
31．What is a real dream team like
A．It only wins games easily. B．It has skills, teamwork and strong spirit.
C．It has the best training tools. D．It is famous all over the world.
32．Why was the women’s table tennis team not strong before
A．The players didn’t like practicing. B．They had no good coaches.
C．They had simple tools and little money. D．They never took part in competitions.
33．What happened to the team at the big competition
A．They gave up when falling behind. B．They lost the game quickly.
C．They beat a strong team at last. D．They asked for help from other teams.
34．What can we learn from the passage
A．Only rich teams can be dream teams. B．Teamwork and hard work help to win.
C．Dream teams never face difficulties. D．Luck is the key to a team’s success.
35．What’s the best title of the passage
A．A Famous Table Tennis Game B．Women’s Table Tennis Teams
C．The Meaning of a Dream Team D．How to Train a Strong Team
D
Personal boundaries are important rules that help us get along well with others. They tell us how to respect ourselves and other people in daily communication.
First, asking for permission is a basic way to respect others’ boundaries. For example, if you want to borrow a pen from a classmate, you should ask first. Taking things without permission is not polite and may make others unhappy.
Second, keeping a proper distance is necessary when talking to someone. If you stand too close to a stranger, he or she may feel nervous. A comfortable distance can make the conversation go smoothly.
Third, everyone has the right to keep their privacy. You should never read others’ diaries, letters or personal messages without their agreement. It is a way to hurt others’ feelings and break their trust in you.
Fourth, always knock before entering a room. Whether it is your teacher’s office or your friend’s bedroom, pushing the door open directly is rude. Knocking shows that you respect the people inside the room.
Following these boundary rules can help us build healthy and happy relationships with people around us.
36．What is the main idea of the passage
A．How to make more friends
B．The importance of personal boundaries and how to respect them
C．How to keep your privacy
D．Why we should knock before entering a room
37．Which of the following is a basic way to respect others’ boundaries
A．Keeping a proper distance when talking
B．Asking for permission before borrowing things
C．Reading other people’s text to get messages secretly
D．Knocking before entering a room
38．What may happen if you stand too close to a stranger
A．The stranger may feel nervous
B．The stranger will be happy
C．The conversation will be better
D．You will get more trust
39．According to the passage, which action is NOT allowed
A．Knocking before entering a teacher’s office
B．Asking your friend before using his or her book
C．Reading your sister’s diary without her permission
D．Keeping a comfortable distance from people
40．Why is it important to follow boundary rules
A．Because it can help us build healthy relationships
B．Because it can help us get more things
C．Because it can help us make conversations longer
D．Because it can help us become more popular
四、短文还原（共5小题，计5分）
阅读下面短文、从短文后的选项中选出可以填入空白处的最佳选项。选项中有两项为多余选项。
When we talk about communication, we often think of talking with others. But do you know that we also talk to ourselves
For example, your mum asks you what you would like for breakfast. Many foods come to your mind: sandwiches, bread, milk... You might ask yourself, “Which is healthier ” or “Which one do I want today ” You think quietly and decide to have sandwiches. So, before you tell your mum what you want to eat, you are talking with yourself. 41
There are many kinds of inner (内在的) communication in our daily lives, like reading, writing, thinking, and remembering things. It also includes planning our day, solving problems, and even imagining the future. 42 Inner communication is just like a secret conversation happening inside us.
Inner communication plays a role in our lives. It allows you to think about your own values and make it clear who you are. 43 When you know what you want, you can get on with yourself better. Also, inner communication helps keep an eye on your thoughts and realize your emotional state (状态) 44 And then you will try to cheer up and let them go.
45 If you understand your thoughts better, you will put yourself in others’ shoes when you talk to or listen to them. Then, you can communicate with people more easily and build good relationships with them.
A．Good relationships improve inner communication.
B．It’s important to have a healthy breakfast every day.
C．This means it makes you understand yourself better.
D．For example, you can notice your sad feelings in time.
E．We call this kind of communication inner communication.
F．Inner communication also helps you to talk with others better.
G．These activities happen in our heads, and we don’t say them out loud.
第Ⅱ卷（非选择题；共55分）
五、词汇应用（共10 小题，计10分）
阅读下面短文，在空白处填入一个适当的词或填入括号中所给单词的正确形式
A great team is essential for success. Last term, I joined a team to prepare for the school English play. At first, we didn’t know how to work together. Some members 46 (think) we should focus on the script, while others wanted to practice acting first. We argued a lot and 47 (make) little progress.
Our teacher told us that we 48 (should) communicate more and respect each other’s ideas. She also said that a good team 49 (have to) have a clear goal. After that, we held a meeting. We decided to finish the script first, and then practice acting. Everyone 50 (take) on a different task. I was responsible for writing the dialogue. It was not easy, but I 51 (not have to) do it alone. My teammate Lucy helped me improve the dialogue.
During the practice, we met many difficulties. Some actors forgot their lines. We 52 (should) not blame them. Instead, we practiced together again and again. We also asked our teacher for advice. She told us that we 53 (should) be patient and encourage each other.
Finally, our play was a big success. We all felt very proud. From this experience, I learned that teamwork is very important. We 54 (should) not only work hard but also trust our teammates. If we stick together, we 55 (can) overcome any difficulty.
六、选词填空（共10小题，计10分）
阅读短文，从方框中选择适当的词并用正确形式填空。
should, give, vote, freeze, storm, work, make, have, put, shoulder
Last week, our class decided to put on a drama. Our teacher 56 Tony our director. At first, everything went well, but a problem appeared when 57 out the roles. Lisa and Mary both wanted to play the princess. Tony 58 when everyone looked at him. He didn’t know how to decide. Lisa was angry and 59 off.
Ms White gave Tony some advice. She said Tony 60 talk to Lisa first and find out her strengths. Then, Lisa and Mary could both try the roles, and the team members would 61 for the best one. Also, Tony didn’t 62 to solve all problems alone—he should ask the team for help.
Tony followed the advice. Finally, Lisa agreed to play the queen, and Mary played the princess. The team worked hard and 63 on the drama successfully. They learned that a great team needs a good leader who can 64 responsibility, and every member should 65 together.
七、阅读表达（共5小题，计10分）
阅读短文，根据题目要求完成各小题。
Teamwork is like a magic that helps us achieve amazing things! No matter what we do, working together makes everything better. However, it is not always easy to be a good team. Let’s learn how to build a strong team together!
A good leader is the heart of a successful team. Leaders should cheer teammates up, listen to ideas, help solve problems and so on. For example, leaders can praise team members’ efforts and help them set clear goals. When leaders show kindness and confidence, team members will feel safe and encouraged.
Communication is the glue that holds teams together. We need to express our feelings and ideas clearly so that we can understand each other better. Good communication helps us a lot during teamwork.
Disagreements are normal in any team. When arguments happen, don’t run away! The best way is to solve problems face to face quickly. The leader should help people talk calmly and listen to their opinions instead of taking sides.
The team leader must set a good example. If the leader arrives late or is tired of work, team members might follow. But if the leader works hard with a smile, everyone will feel encouraged. A leader’s spirit is like sunshine that lights up the whole team.
No matter what our age or job is, teamwork skills are so important. When we work together, we can get over challenges and create wonderful results. Let’s practice being good team members and leaders today.
66．Who is the heart of a successful team
67．What should we do to make everyone understand each other better
68．What is the best way to solve problems
69．When will team members feel safe and encouraged
70．What do you think is the most important quality for a team leader Why
八、书面表达（共1题，计25分）
71．善于合作是一种重要能力，你校英文周刊以“Work Together, Enjoy Teamwork”为主题向同学们征稿，请你写一篇短文，介绍一次与他人合作的经历并谈谈你的感受。内容包括：
(1) 合作的重要性；
(2) 一次合作的经历；
(3) 你的感受。
注意：
(1) 词数80～100，开头已给出，不计入总词数；
(2) 可适当增加细节，以使行文连贯；
(3) 文中不能出现真实姓名及学校名称。
It is very important to work with others as a team.
__________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
/ 让学习更有效 单元培优卷 | 英语学科
/ 让学习更有效 单元培优卷 | 英语学科
21世纪教育网(www.21cnjy.com)
21世纪教育网(www.21cnjy.com)
参考答案及试题解析
1．B
【解析】句意：我听说那个受欢迎的品牌下个月将在我们社区附近开一家新店。
考查宾语从句引导词。where 在哪里；that 无实义（仅引导陈述句）；why 为什么；if 是否。主句“I heard”后接宾语从句，从句“the popular brand will open a new store near our community next month”是一个完整的陈述句，不缺成分或疑问含义，需用that引导，且that可省略。故选B。
2．A
【解析】句意：我们的老师向我们解释了为什么地球绕着太阳转。
考查时态。地球绕太阳转是客观真理，需用一般现在时，且主语the earth为第三人称单数，谓语动词应用goes。故选A。
3．D
【解析】句意：我哥哥空闲时喜欢制作飞机模型。
考查非谓语动词。made制作，过去式/过去分词；to make制作，不定式；make制作，原形；making制作，动名词或现在分词。enjoy doing sth.是固定搭配，意为“喜欢做某事”，因此空格处需用动名词形式。故选D。
4．B
【解析】句意：我真的度过了糟糕的一天。事事都不顺。
good好的；awful糟糕的；nice美好的；terrible糟糕的。根据“Nothing went right.”可知那天事事不顺，应是糟糕的一天，排除A、C；又因空前冠词是“an”，后接元音音素开头的单词，awful符合，terrible以辅音音素开头，排除D。选项B正确。
5．B
【解析】句意：了解你的弱点可以帮助你进步。
weakness弱点（单数）；weaknesses弱点（复数）；weak弱的；weaken削弱。空处作Knowing的宾语，需用名词形式，且了解自身的不足通常指多个方面，应用名词复数表泛指，应填weaknesses。
6．C
【解析】句意：她过去在公共场合演讲时非常害羞且缺乏自信。
shy害羞的；strength力量；awful糟糕的；confidence自信；silent沉默的；responsibility责任。根据“when speaking in public”可知，在公共场合演讲通常是“害羞的”，并且缺乏“自信”。
7．A
【解析】句意：——你为什么这么匆忙？——因为我不得不赶上末班车。
have to不得不；should应该；mustn’t禁止；need需要。根据“Why are you in a hurry ”可知，说话人匆忙是因为客观上不得不赶上末班车，应填have to。
8．D
【解析】句意：你不必太紧张。放松点，勇敢地去展示你自己。
might not可能不；mustn’t禁止；should应该；don’t have to不必。根据“Just relax and be brave enough to show yourself.”可知，说话者在安慰对方，表示没有必要紧张。
9．B
【解析】句意：——我牙痛。——你应该立刻去看牙医。
should应该，表示建议；have to不得不；can’t不能；may not可能不。根据“I have a toothache”可知，牙痛时去看牙医是给予建议，此处需用“should”。
10．A
【解析】句意：他不同意这个决定，所以他气冲冲地离开，拒绝进一步讨论。
left离开；stormed off愤然离开；flounced off生气地离开；stomped off生气地离开。固定搭配left in a huff意为“悻悻而去”。应填left。
11．D 12．B 13．A 14．C 15．B 16．C 17．A 18．C 19．B 20．B
【导语】本文探讨数字时代的沟通方式，通过Jason的例子说明不同沟通工具的优劣，强调沟通的核心是用心而非工具。
11．句意：各种数字工具已成为我们日常生活的一部分，但找到正确的沟通方式仍然很重要。
前后是转折关系，用but连接。and表并列，or表选择，so表因果，均不符合转折逻辑。
12．句意：他们来回发送消息，但屏幕上的文字只会让事情变得更糟。
“发送消息”用固定搭配sent messages。read读，wrote写，received接收，均不符合“来回发消息”的场景。
13．句意：他不知道如何修复他们的友谊，直到他向一位教授寻求建议。
询问“如何”解决问题，用how。why问原因，when问时间，where问地点，均不符合“寻求解决方法”的语境。
14．句意：教授告诉他，面对面交谈通常效果最好，因为它能让人们看到彼此的表情，听到语气。
教授说面对面交谈通常效果最好，works在这里表示“起作用，有效”。ends结束，becomes变成，wants想要，均不符合“有效”的语境。
15．句意：如果你不能马上和朋友见面，打电话比发短信是更好的选择。
表示“不能”，用can’t。mustn’t禁止，needn’t不必，shouldn’t不应该，均不符合“无法见面”的逻辑。
16．句意：有时，即使是一个简短的电话也能澄清那些需要数小时才能在网上解决的误解。
沟通的目的是消除“误解”，用misunderstandings。conversations对话，sentences句子，messages消息，均不符合“澄清问题”的语境。
17．句意：它让人们清晰地整理自己的想法，避免不礼貌的话语。
写下感受是为了“清晰”梳理思路，用clearly。carelessly粗心地，quietly安静地，silently沉默地，均不符合“整理想法”的目的。
18．句意：无论你选择用什么方式沟通，都要注意你的言辞——它们可以建立一段关系，也可以破坏它。
表示“无论什么”，对应选择沟通方式这件事，用Whatever。Whoever无论谁，Whenever无论何时，Wherever无论哪里，均不符合“沟通方式”的指代。
19．句意：有趣的是，现在的年轻人依靠电子设备进行交流——与家人视频通话，给朋友发语音留言，以及用电子邮件处理工作。
年轻人“依赖”不同的电子设备，用depend on。stick to坚持，give up放弃，put off推迟，均不符合“使用设备”的场景。
20．句意：他们已经了解到，人际关系需要不同的连接方式。
前文提到不同场景（家庭、朋友、工作）用不同的沟通工具，所以人际关系需要不同的沟通方式，用different。same相同的，simple简单的，complex复杂的，均不符合“多样沟通”的主题。
21．D 22．B 23．C 24．D 25．C
【导语】本文主要介绍了“社交蝴蝶”这一群体的定义、性格特征及他们在聚会中的积极作用。
21．第一段指出“A social butterfly is someone who is comfortable and active in different situations, so social butterflies make friends easily.”，说明这类人在不同场合都自在且活跃，因此容易交到朋友。
22．第二段提到“Most parties need some outgoing people. Social butterflies are suitable for parties.”，结合第一段中“A social butterfly is someone who is comfortable and active in different situations, So social butterflies make friends easily.”，并结合语境可知，此处指活跃的社交蝴蝶适合聚会，“suitable”意为“合适的”，与“Right”含义一致。
23．第二段说明“Some introverted (内向的) guests need a little encouragement. Social butterflies can help them start to talk with others.”，直接对应他们会帮助内向客人开启交谈。
24．第二段中“Social butterflies can also make the party more interesting and lively. Some introverted (内向的) guests need a little encouragement. Social butterflies can help them start to talk with others. It will be more difficult for hosts to hold a party without social butterflies.”说明，社交蝴蝶在聚会中起积极作用。
25．通读全文可知，文章围绕“social butterfly”这一比喻，描述的是那些善于交际、在社交场合中活跃的人。选项C“The Communicative Person”（善于沟通的人）准确概括了文章主题。
26．A 27．A 28．C 29．B 30．D
【导语】本文讲述Maria的妹妹们因衣服问题争吵，她通过调解让双方冷静沟通，最终和解并一起吃冰淇淋，展现了和平解决问题的重要性。
26．细节理解题。根据“Maria’s little sisters, Anna and Olivia, were fighting, so Maria went to their room.”可知，Maria去妹妹们的房间是因为她们在争吵，故选A。
27．词句猜测题。根据“It isn’t my fault… My friend Greg dropped his chocolate on me.”和“Though you didn’t directly dirty the shirt, it is your responsibility because you took it.”可知，Anna认为衣服脏了不是她的“过错”，但Maria解释道正是因为Anna没有过问就把衬衫拿走了还把它弄脏了，所以这是她的责任，也是她的“过错”，因此responsibility在此与fault同义，故选A。
28．细节理解题。根据“Why don’t you calm down and talk about what is wrong ”可知，Maria让双方冷静对话并最终和解，故选C。
29．推理判断题。根据“We love your way of solving the problem!”可知，妹妹们都喜欢Maria处理问题的方式，可见她用一种理智的方法处理了问题。她理性分析情况，指出问题，促进对话，最终化解冲突。故选B。
30．主旨大意题。全文通过Maria调解冲突，强调“沟通而非争吵”的解决方式，故选D。
31．B 32．C 33．C 34．B 35．C
【导语】本文主要讲述一支亚洲女子乒乓球队的成长故事，阐述了什么是真正的“梦之队”，并强调了团队精神、努力合作的重要性。
31．细节理解题。根据第一段“A real dream team has great skills, teamwork and a strong spirit of never giving up.”可知，真正的梦之队不仅技术好，还具备团队合作和永不放弃的精神。故选B。
32．细节理解题。根据第二段“They had simple training tools and little money.”可知，这支队伍之前不强是因为训练工具简陋、资金不足。故选C。
33．细节理解题。根据第三段“At first, they fell behind. But they didn’t lose heart. They tried their best and won the game at last.”可知，她们在比赛中一度落后，但最终逆转获胜。故选C。
34．主旨大意题。根据最后一段“It tells us that teamwork and hard work can make dreams come true.”可知，文章告诉我们团队合作和努力是成功的关键。故选B。
35．最佳标题题。文章通过一个具体的故事引出“梦之队”的定义和意义，最后一段进一步解释了“梦之队”的象征意义，因此最佳标题是“The Meaning of a Dream Team”。故选C。
36．B 37．B 38．A 39．C 40．A
【导语】本文介绍了个人边界的重要性，并列举了尊重他人边界的四种具体做法，最后说明遵守这些规则有助于建立健康的人际关系。
36．细节理解题。根据文中语句“Personal boundaries are important rules that help us get along well with others...Following these boundary rules can help us build healthy and happy relationships with people around us”可知，文章主要介绍了个人边界的重要性以及尊重他人边界的具体做法，故选B。
37．细节理解题。根据文中语句“First, asking for permission is a basic way to respect others’ boundaries”可知，请求允许是尊重他人边界的基本方式，选项中“Asking for permission before borrowing things 符合这一”要求，故选B。
38．细节理解题。根据文中语句“If you stand too close to a stranger, he or she may feel nervous”可知，如果你和陌生人站得太近，对方可能会感到紧张，故选A。
39．细节理解题。根据文中语句“You should never read others' diaries, letters or personal messages without their agreement”可知，未经允许阅读他人的日记、信件或私人信息是不被允许的，选项中“Reading your sister's diary without her permission”属于此类行为，故选C。
40．细节理解题。根据文中语句“Following these boundary rules can help us build healthy and happy relationships with people around us”可知，遵守边界规则有助于我们与周围的人建立健康、愉快的关系，故选A。
41．E 42．G 43．C 44．D 45．F
【导语】本文是一篇说明文，主要介绍了“内在沟通”的概念、形式、作用及其对改善人际沟通的积极影响。
41．根据文章第1段“…before you tell your mum what you want to eat, you are talking with yourself…. We call this kind of communication inner communication.”可知，本段在举例描述与自己对话后，需要对这个现象进行定义。E选项“我们称这种沟通为内在沟通。”符合语境，它自然地引出了全文的核心概念“inner communication”，为下文的展开奠定了基础。故选E。
42．根据第2段“There are many kinds of inner communication in our daily lives…It also includes planning our day, solving problems, and even imagining the future…. Inner communication is just like a secret conversation happening inside us.”可知，本段在列举内在沟通的各种形式后，对其进行了比喻总结。空白处位于列举和总结之间，应是对这些列举项的共同特征进行说明。G选项“这些活动发生在我们脑海中，我们并不会说出来。”符合语境，它解释了为何这些看似不同的活动（阅读、思考、计划等）都属于“内在沟通”，因为它们都是内部的、非言语的思维过程。故选G。
43．根据第3段“Inner communication plays a role in our lives. It allows you to think about your own values and make it clear who you are…. When you know what you want, you can get on with yourself better.”可知，本段阐述内在沟通如何帮助我们认识自我。空白处位于阐述其作用（思考价值观、认清自我）和结果（更好地与自己相处）之间，应是对这种作用本质的概括。C选项“这意味着它能让你更好地了解自己。”符合语境，其中“这意味着”指代前文“思考价值观、认清自我”等具体作用，将其概括为“更好地了解自己”这一核心益处。故选C。
44．根据第3段“…inner communication helps keep an eye on your thoughts and realize your emotional state…. And then you will try to cheer up and let them go.”可知，本句指出内在沟通有助于觉察情绪，并进而调节情绪。空白处位于“觉察情绪状态”和“努力振作、放下情绪”之间，应是一个具体的例子，说明如何觉察情绪。D选项“例如，你可以及时注意到自己悲伤的情绪。”符合语境，它提供了“觉察情绪状态”的一个具体情形，使论述更生动，并为后文的情绪调节（cheer up）做了铺垫。故选D。
45．根据最后一段“…If you understand your thoughts better, you will put yourself in others’ shoes when you talk to or listen to them. Then, you can communicate with people more easily and build good relationships with them.”可知，本段阐述了内在沟通如何帮助改善与他人的沟通。空白处位于段首，应是一个总起句，点明本段核心。F选项“内在沟通也有助于你更好地与他人交谈。”符合语境，它直接点明了本段的主旨，即内在沟通对外部人际沟通的积极影响。故选F。
46．thought 47．made 48．should 49．had to 50．took 51．didn’t have to/did not have to 52．should 53．should 54．should 55．can
【导语】本文主要讲述了作者参加学校英语剧团队的经历，通过描述从起初的分歧到最终在老师指导下团结协作取得成功的过程，强调了团队合作的重要性。
46．句意：一些成员认为我们应该先专注于剧本，而另一些人则想先练习表演。时间状语“At first”表明叙述背景为过去，需用动词think的一般过去时thought。
47．句意：我们争吵了很多次，几乎没有进展。空前连词“and”连接并列谓语动词“argued”，需用动词make的一般过去时made。
48．句意：我们的老师告诉我们，应该多沟通，尊重彼此的想法。主句动词“told”为过去时，宾语从句交代老师当时的建议，需用情态动词should的过去形式（形式不变）。
49．句意：她还说，一个优秀的团队必须有明确的目标。主句动词“said”为过去时，根据宾语从句时态一致原则，需用have to的一般过去时形式had to。
50．句意：每个人都承担了不同的任务。此处描述过去决定分工后的具体动作，需用动词take的一般过去时took。
51．句意：这并不容易，但我不必独自完成。根据后文队友的帮助可知，作者当时“没有必要”独自做，需用have to的一般过去时的否定形式didn’t have to/did not have to。
52．句意：我们不应该责怪他们。此处描述在过去练习遇到困难时大家达成的共识，需用情态动词should的过去形式（形式不变）。
53．句意：她告诉我们，应该有耐心，互相鼓励。主句谓语“told”为过去式，从句交代建议内容，需用情态动词should的过去形式（形式不变）。
54．句意：我们不仅要努力工作，还要信任我们的队友。此处指作者从经历中领悟到的普遍道理，需用情态动词should的原形表示“应该”。
55．句意：如果我们团结一心，就能克服任何困难。此处表示对团队合作能力的总结，指代一种普遍的可能性，需用情态动词can表示“能”。
56．made 57．giving 58．froze 59．stormed 60．should 61．vote 62．have 63．put 64．shoulder 65．work
【导语】本文讲述班级排练话剧时因角色分配产生矛盾，在老师指导下解决问题，明白团队与担当的重要性。
56．句意：我们的老师让托尼当我们的导演。上文提到班级决定演话剧，老师需要确定导演，make意为“使成为，任命”，上文有last week，要用一般过去时，make的过去式是made。
57．句意：起初一切顺利，但在分配角色时问题出现了。下文提到两位同学都想演同一个角色，是在分配角色时产生矛盾，give out意为“分配”，when后接动名词作状语，give应变为giving。
58．句意：当所有人都看着他时，托尼愣住了。上文提到他不知道该怎么决定，面对大家的目光不知所措，freeze意为“愣住，僵住”，句子为一般过去时，freeze的过去式是froze。
59．句意：丽萨很生气，气冲冲地走了。上文提到她很生气，storm off为固定短语，意为“气冲冲地离开”，句子为一般过去时，storm变为stormed。
60．句意：她说托尼应该先和丽萨谈一谈，找出她的优点。上文提到怀特老师给托尼提建议，给出建议用should，意为“应该”。
61．句意：队员们将为最合适的人选投票。上文提到让两位同学都试演角色，之后需要大家投票选择，vote for意为“为……投票”，would后接动词原形。
62．句意：而且托尼不必独自解决所有问题。上文提到他可以向团队求助，have to意为“必须，不得不”，didn’t后接动词原形have。
63．句意：团队努力合作，成功上演了这部话剧。上文提到问题解决了，大家努力排练最终演出，put on为固定短语，意为“上演”，句子为一般过去时，put的过去式为put。
64．句意：他们认识到一个优秀的团队需要一位能够承担责任的好领导。上文讲述托尼作为导演解决问题，shoulder responsibility为固定搭配，意为“承担责任”，情态动词can后接动词原形shoulder。
65．句意：并且每个成员都应该一起合作。上文强调团队顺利完成演出，work together意为“合作，共同努力”，情态动词should后接动词原形work。
66．A good leader. 67．We need to express our feelings and ideas clearly. 68．The best way is to solve problems face to face quickly. 69．When leaders show kindness and confidence, team members will feel safe and encouraged. 70．I think setting a good example is the most important. Because if the leader works hard with a smile, everyone will feel encouraged and follow his or her lead. (答案合理即可)
【导语】本文主要讲述了打造优秀团队的关键要素，包括领导力、沟通、矛盾处理与榜样作用。
66．根据“A good leader is the heart of a successful team.”可知，一个好的领导者是成功团队的核心。故填A good leader.
67．根据“We need to express our feelings and ideas clearly so that we can understand each other better.”可知，我们需要清晰地表达感受和想法，这样才能让彼此更好地理解。故填We need to express our feelings and ideas clearly.
68．根据“When arguments happen, don’t run away! The best way is to solve problems face to face quickly.”可知，解决问题的最佳方式是快速面对面解决。故填The best way is to solve problems face to face quickly.
69．根据“When leaders show kindness and confidence, team members will feel safe and encouraged.”可知，当领导者展现出善意和自信时，团队成员会感到安全并受到鼓励。故填When leaders show kindness and confidence, team members will feel safe and encouraged.
70．本题为开放性问题，答案不唯一。结合文章内容，如“setting a good example”“being a good communicator”等，给出合理理由即可。故填I think setting a good example is the most important. Because if the leader works hard with a smile, everyone will feel encouraged and follow his or her lead.
71．One possible version:
It is very important to work with others as a team. Teamwork helps us share ideas and wisdom, and it makes tasks easier to complete.
Last week, our class had a group project to make a poster about environmental protection. At first, I was worried because I didn’t know how to start. But my group members had great ideas. We discussed together and decided on the theme and the design. I was in charge of drawing, while others wrote the text and did the research. We all worked hard and helped each other. In the end, we made a beautiful poster and got a good grade. I felt very happy and proud after this experience. I learned that teamwork is powerful. When we work together, we can achieve more than we can alone. Team spirit is really important.
【解析】[总体分析]
①题材：本文是一篇话题作文；
②时态：时态为一般过去时（描述经历）、一般现在时（谈感受）；
③提示：需包含合作重要性、一次合作经历、个人感受，词数80-100，开头已给出。
[写作步骤]
第一步，承接开头句，用1-2句简述合作的重要性（如提高效率、互相学习）；
第二步，详述一次具体合作经历（如小组项目、体育比赛），包括分工、过程和结果；
第三步，总结感受，强调团队合作的收获（如友谊、成就感）。
[亮点词汇]
①share ideas and wisdom分享想法与智慧
②environmental protection环境保护
③in charge of负责
④team spirit团队精神
[高分句型]
①Teamwork helps us share ideas and wisdom, and it makes tasks easier to complete.(并列句)
②At first, I was worried because I didn’t know how to start.(原因状语从句）)
③I was in charge of drawing, while others wrote the text and did the research.(while引导的并列句)
④When we work together, we can achieve more than we can alone.(时间状语从句 + 比较状语从句)
21世纪教育网(www.21cnjy.com)
21世纪教育网(www.21cnjy.com)
/ 让学习更有效 单元培优卷 | 英语学科
2025-2026学年八年级英语下册外研版（2024）单元素养评价培优卷
Unit 3 What makes a great team？
温馨提示：
1.本试卷分第Ⅰ卷和第Ⅱ卷两部分。满分100分。考试用时90分钟。考试结束后，将试题卷和答题卡一并交回。
2.答卷前，考生务必用0.5毫米黑色签字笔将自己的姓名、准考证号、座号填写在试题卷和答题卡规定的位置上。
3.第Ⅰ卷每小题选出答案后，用2B铅笔把答题卡上对应题目的答案标号涂黑；如需改动，用橡皮擦干净后，再选涂其他答案标号。答案不能答在试题卷上。
4.第Ⅱ卷必须用0.5毫米黑色签字笔作答，答案必须写在答题卡各题目指定区域内相应的位置，不能写在试题卷上；如需改动，先划掉原来的答案，然后再写上新的答案；不准使用涂改液、胶带纸、修正带。不按以上要求作答的答案无效。
第Ⅰ卷（选择题 共65分）
一、选择填空（共10小题，计10分）
从A、B、C、D 四个选项中，选出可以填入空白处的最佳答案。
1．I heard ________ the popular brand will open a new store near our community next month.
A．where B．that C．why D．if
2．Our teacher explained to us why the earth ________ around the sun.
A．goes B．go C．went D．will go
3．My brother enjoys ________ model planes when he is free.
A．made B．to make C．make D．making
4．I really had an ________ day. Nothing went right.
A．good B．awful C．nice D．terrible
5．Knowing your ________ can help you improve.
A．weakness B．weaknesses C．weak D．weaken
6．She used to be very ________ and lacked ________ when speaking in public.
A．shy; strength B．awful; confidence C．shy; confidence D．silent; responsibility
7．—Why are you in a hurry
—Because I ________ catch the last bus.
A．have to B．should C．mustn’t D．need
8．You ________ be too nervous. Just relax and be brave enough to show yourself.
A．might not B．mustn’t C．should D．don’t have to
9．—I have a toothache.
—You ________ see a dentist at once.
A．have to B．should C．can’t D．may not
10．He didn’t agree with the decision, so he ________ in a huff and refused to discuss it further.
A．left B．stormed off C．flounced off D．stomped off
二、完形填空（共10小题，计10分）
A New Way of Communication in the Digital Age
In today’s fast-paced world, communication has changed more than we could ever imagine. We no longer only use face-to-face talks or handwritten letters. Instead, all kinds of digital tools have become part of our daily lives, 11 finding the right way to connect still matters a lot.
Jason once had a fight with his best friend. They 12 messages back and forth, but the words on the screen only made things worse. “Texting has no emotions,” Jason said later. He didn’t know 13 to fix their friendship until he asked a professor for advice. The professor told him that a face-to-face talk usually 14 best, for it lets people see each other’s expressions and hear the tone of voice.
If you 15 meet your friend in person right away, calling is a better choice than texting. Sometimes, even a short call can clear up 16 that take hours to work out online. And if the talk gets heated, it’s wise to take a break and come back when both sides are calm.
For those who are shy, writing down feelings can be a good start. It allows people to organize their thoughts 17 and avoid impolite words. But remember, no tool is perfect. 18 you choose to communicate, always be careful with your words—they can build a relationship or break it.
What’s interesting is that young people now 19 digital devices (电子设备) to have communication—video calls for family, voice notes for friends, and emails for work. They’ve learned that relationships need 20 ways of connecting. In the end, the best communication isn’t about the tool you use, but about the care you put into it.
11．A．and B．or C．so D．but
12．A．read B．sent C．wrote D．received
13．A．how B．why C．when D．where
14．A．ends B．becomes C．works D．wants
15．A．mustn’t B．can’t C．needn’t D．shouldn’t
16．A．conversations B．sentences C．misunderstandings D．messages
17．A．clearly B．carelessly C．quietly D．silently
18．A．Whoever B．Whenever C．Whatever D．Wherever
19．A．stick to B．depend on C．give up D．put off
20．A．same B．different C．simple D．complex
三、阅读理解（共20小题，计40分）
阅读下面短文，从每题所给的A、B、C、D四个选项中，选出能正确回答所提问题或完成所给句子的最佳答案。
A
If you watch butterflies in the garden, you will find that they busily work and fly from flower to flower. They work for necessary food. And they improve the lives of flowers. A social butterfly is someone who is comfortable and active in different situations, so social butterflies make friends easily.
Social butterflies seem to be outgoing and comfortable in any social situation. Social butterflies enjoy meeting new people at different events. Most parties need some outgoing people. Social butterflies are suitable for parties. She or he can start conversations, and communicate with other guests. Social butterflies can also make the party more interesting and lively. Some introverted(内向的) guests need a little encouragement. Social butterflies can help them start to talk with others. It will be more difficult for hosts to hold a party without social butterflies.
A social butterfly looks for different social parties. Some people seem to be outgoing, but some are introverted. Now, there are different kinds of personality tests. They can tell you whether you are outgoing or not.
In fact, if you take part in social parties, you may know if you are outgoing. Do you like to talk with different guests at the party If the answer is yes, you are probably a social butterfly.
21．Why do social butterflies make friends easily
A．They improve their lives. B．They have a lot of money.
C．They work for necessary food. D．They are active in their daily lives.
22．What does the underlined word “suitable” in Paragraph 2 mean
A．Strange. B．Right. C．Famous. D．Difficult.
23．What do social butterflies usually do at parties
A．They only talk with the hosts.
B．They make the party boring and quiet.
C．They help introverted guests start conversations.
D．They don’t like meeting new people.
24．Which of the following is probably TRUE
A．Social butterflies don’t like any social situations.
B．Introverted people can’t enjoy parties at all.
C．Hosts don’t need social butterflies if they are outgoing enough.
D．Social butterflies play a positive role in parties.
25．Which can be the best title for the passage
A．The Big Event B．The Personality Test
C．The Communicative Person D．The Hard-working Butterfly
B
Maria’s little sisters, Anna and Olivia, were fighting, so Maria went to their room.
“What is going on here ” Maria asked. Her sisters looked angrily at each other. There were clothes all over the floor.
“Well, Anna took my green shirt,” Olivia said. “It is my favourite one. She took it without asking and made it dirty.”
“It isn’t my fault,” said Anna. “My friend Greg dropped his chocolate on me. Then Olivia started shouting at me and threw out all of my clothes.”
“Okay,” said Maria. “In my opinion, Anna, you took Olivia’s shirt without asking. Then you got it dirty at school. Though you didn’t directly dirty the shirt, it is your responsibility because you took it.” Anna nodded.
“Olivia, shouting at your sister and throwing her clothes won’t help. Why don’t you calm down and talk about what is wrong ” Olivia nodded and then said to Anna, “I am sorry I threw your clothes around. I don’t like it when you take my things without asking. I’ll help you put your clothes away.”
“I am sorry that I took your shirt,” said Anna. “I should ask you first.”
“See ” said Maria. “Isn’t it better when you get on with each other ” The girls agreed. Maria smiled.
“Okay. I’ll put this shirt into the washing machine. The three of us can eat some ice cream when we wait,” said Maria.
“Thank you, Maria,” said Olivia. “We love your way of solving the problem!”
26．Why did Maria go to Anna and Olivia’s room
A．Because they were fighting. B．Because they threw away the clothes. C．Because they were playing games. D．Because they washed their shirts.
27．What does the underlined word “responsibility” mean
A．Fault. B．Choice. C．Award. D．Stage.
28．How did Maria solve the problem
A．She invited both of her sisters to eat some ice cream.
B．She told Anna that she should buy Olivia a new shirt.
C．She made Anna and Olivia talk peacefully to each other.
D．She told Olivia that she should be angry with Greg not Anna.
29．Which of the following can best describe Maria
A．Strict. B．Smart. C．Careful. D．Quiet.
30．What’s the writer’s purpose of writing the passage
A．To ask us to get on with our family.
B．To tell us not to take things without asking.
C．To ask us to stop talking when feeling angry.
D．To tell us to solve problems by talking, not fighting.
C
What makes a “dream team” in sports It is not just about winning games. A real dream team has great skills, teamwork and a strong spirit of never giving up.
There is a famous women’s table tennis team in Asia. A few years ago, the team was not strong. They had simple training tools and little money. But the players practiced very hard every day. They helped each other and learned from their mistakes together.
At a big competition, they played against a very strong team. At first, they fell behind. But they didn’t lose heart. They tried their best and won the game at last. People were all surprised and called them a “dream team”.
Now, the word “dream team” means any group that works hard and wins together. It tells us that teamwork and hard work can make dreams come true.
31．What is a real dream team like
A．It only wins games easily. B．It has skills, teamwork and strong spirit.
C．It has the best training tools. D．It is famous all over the world.
32．Why was the women’s table tennis team not strong before
A．The players didn’t like practicing. B．They had no good coaches.
C．They had simple tools and little money. D．They never took part in competitions.
33．What happened to the team at the big competition
A．They gave up when falling behind. B．They lost the game quickly.
C．They beat a strong team at last. D．They asked for help from other teams.
34．What can we learn from the passage
A．Only rich teams can be dream teams. B．Teamwork and hard work help to win.
C．Dream teams never face difficulties. D．Luck is the key to a team’s success.
35．What’s the best title of the passage
A．A Famous Table Tennis Game B．Women’s Table Tennis Teams
C．The Meaning of a Dream Team D．How to Train a Strong Team
D
Personal boundaries are important rules that help us get along well with others. They tell us how to respect ourselves and other people in daily communication.
First, asking for permission is a basic way to respect others’ boundaries. For example, if you want to borrow a pen from a classmate, you should ask first. Taking things without permission is not polite and may make others unhappy.
Second, keeping a proper distance is necessary when talking to someone. If you stand too close to a stranger, he or she may feel nervous. A comfortable distance can make the conversation go smoothly.
Third, everyone has the right to keep their privacy. You should never read others’ diaries, letters or personal messages without their agreement. It is a way to hurt others’ feelings and break their trust in you.
Fourth, always knock before entering a room. Whether it is your teacher’s office or your friend’s bedroom, pushing the door open directly is rude. Knocking shows that you respect the people inside the room.
Following these boundary rules can help us build healthy and happy relationships with people around us.
36．What is the main idea of the passage
A．How to make more friends
B．The importance of personal boundaries and how to respect them
C．How to keep your privacy
D．Why we should knock before entering a room
37．Which of the following is a basic way to respect others’ boundaries
A．Keeping a proper distance when talking
B．Asking for permission before borrowing things
C．Reading other people’s text to get messages secretly
D．Knocking before entering a room
38．What may happen if you stand too close to a stranger
A．The stranger may feel nervous
B．The stranger will be happy
C．The conversation will be better
D．You will get more trust
39．According to the passage, which action is NOT allowed
A．Knocking before entering a teacher’s office
B．Asking your friend before using his or her book
C．Reading your sister’s diary without her permission
D．Keeping a comfortable distance from people
40．Why is it important to follow boundary rules
A．Because it can help us build healthy relationships
B．Because it can help us get more things
C．Because it can help us make conversations longer
D．Because it can help us become more popular
四、短文还原（共5小题，计5分）
阅读下面短文、从短文后的选项中选出可以填入空白处的最佳选项。选项中有两项为多余选项。
When we talk about communication, we often think of talking with others. But do you know that we also talk to ourselves
For example, your mum asks you what you would like for breakfast. Many foods come to your mind: sandwiches, bread, milk... You might ask yourself, “Which is healthier ” or “Which one do I want today ” You think quietly and decide to have sandwiches. So, before you tell your mum what you want to eat, you are talking with yourself. 41
There are many kinds of inner (内在的) communication in our daily lives, like reading, writing, thinking, and remembering things. It also includes planning our day, solving problems, and even imagining the future. 42 Inner communication is just like a secret conversation happening inside us.
Inner communication plays a role in our lives. It allows you to think about your own values and make it clear who you are. 43 When you know what you want, you can get on with yourself better. Also, inner communication helps keep an eye on your thoughts and realize your emotional state (状态) 44 And then you will try to cheer up and let them go.
45 If you understand your thoughts better, you will put yourself in others’ shoes when you talk to or listen to them. Then, you can communicate with people more easily and build good relationships with them.
A．Good relationships improve inner communication.
B．It’s important to have a healthy breakfast every day.
C．This means it makes you understand yourself better.
D．For example, you can notice your sad feelings in time.
E．We call this kind of communication inner communication.
F．Inner communication also helps you to talk with others better.
G．These activities happen in our heads, and we don’t say them out loud.
第Ⅱ卷（非选择题；共55分）
五、词汇应用（共10 小题，计10分）
阅读下面短文，在空白处填入一个适当的词或填入括号中所给单词的正确形式
A great team is essential for success. Last term, I joined a team to prepare for the school English play. At first, we didn’t know how to work together. Some members 46 (think) we should focus on the script, while others wanted to practice acting first. We argued a lot and 47 (make) little progress.
Our teacher told us that we 48 (should) communicate more and respect each other’s ideas. She also said that a good team 49 (have to) have a clear goal. After that, we held a meeting. We decided to finish the script first, and then practice acting. Everyone 50 (take) on a different task. I was responsible for writing the dialogue. It was not easy, but I 51 (not have to) do it alone. My teammate Lucy helped me improve the dialogue.
During the practice, we met many difficulties. Some actors forgot their lines. We 52 (should) not blame them. Instead, we practiced together again and again. We also asked our teacher for advice. She told us that we 53 (should) be patient and encourage each other.
Finally, our play was a big success. We all felt very proud. From this experience, I learned that teamwork is very important. We 54 (should) not only work hard but also trust our teammates. If we stick together, we 55 (can) overcome any difficulty.
六、选词填空（共10小题，计10分）
阅读短文，从方框中选择适当的词并用正确形式填空。
should, give, vote, freeze, storm, work, make, have, put, shoulder
Last week, our class decided to put on a drama. Our teacher 56 Tony our director. At first, everything went well, but a problem appeared when 57 out the roles. Lisa and Mary both wanted to play the princess. Tony 58 when everyone looked at him. He didn’t know how to decide. Lisa was angry and 59 off.
Ms White gave Tony some advice. She said Tony 60 talk to Lisa first and find out her strengths. Then, Lisa and Mary could both try the roles, and the team members would 61 for the best one. Also, Tony didn’t 62 to solve all problems alone—he should ask the team for help.
Tony followed the advice. Finally, Lisa agreed to play the queen, and Mary played the princess. The team worked hard and 63 on the drama successfully. They learned that a great team needs a good leader who can 64 responsibility, and every member should 65 together.
七、阅读表达（共5小题，计10分）
阅读短文，根据题目要求完成各小题。
Teamwork is like a magic that helps us achieve amazing things! No matter what we do, working together makes everything better. However, it is not always easy to be a good team. Let’s learn how to build a strong team together!
A good leader is the heart of a successful team. Leaders should cheer teammates up, listen to ideas, help solve problems and so on. For example, leaders can praise team members’ efforts and help them set clear goals. When leaders show kindness and confidence, team members will feel safe and encouraged.
Communication is the glue that holds teams together. We need to express our feelings and ideas clearly so that we can understand each other better. Good communication helps us a lot during teamwork.
Disagreements are normal in any team. When arguments happen, don’t run away! The best way is to solve problems face to face quickly. The leader should help people talk calmly and listen to their opinions instead of taking sides.
The team leader must set a good example. If the leader arrives late or is tired of work, team members might follow. But if the leader works hard with a smile, everyone will feel encouraged. A leader’s spirit is like sunshine that lights up the whole team.
No matter what our age or job is, teamwork skills are so important. When we work together, we can get over challenges and create wonderful results. Let’s practice being good team members and leaders today.
66．Who is the heart of a successful team
67．What should we do to make everyone understand each other better
68．What is the best way to solve problems
69．When will team members feel safe and encouraged
70．What do you think is the most important quality for a team leader Why
八、书面表达（共1题，计25分）
71．善于合作是一种重要能力，你校英文周刊以“Work Together, Enjoy Teamwork”为主题向同学们征稿，请你写一篇短文，介绍一次与他人合作的经历并谈谈你的感受。内容包括：
(1) 合作的重要性；
(2) 一次合作的经历；
(3) 你的感受。
注意：
(1) 词数80～100，开头已给出，不计入总词数；
(2) 可适当增加细节，以使行文连贯；
(3) 文中不能出现真实姓名及学校名称。
It is very important to work with others as a team.
__________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
/ 让学习更有效 单元培优卷 | 英语学科
/ 让学习更有效 单元培优卷 | 英语学科
21世纪教育网(www.21cnjy.com)
21世纪教育网(www.21cnjy.com)
参考答案及试题解析
1．B
【解析】句意：我听说那个受欢迎的品牌下个月将在我们社区附近开一家新店。
考查宾语从句引导词。where 在哪里；that 无实义（仅引导陈述句）；why 为什么；if 是否。主句“I heard”后接宾语从句，从句“the popular brand will open a new store near our community next month”是一个完整的陈述句，不缺成分或疑问含义，需用that引导，且that可省略。故选B。
2．A
【解析】句意：我们的老师向我们解释了为什么地球绕着太阳转。
考查时态。地球绕太阳转是客观真理，需用一般现在时，且主语the earth为第三人称单数，谓语动词应用goes。故选A。
3．D
【解析】句意：我哥哥空闲时喜欢制作飞机模型。
考查非谓语动词。made制作，过去式/过去分词；to make制作，不定式；make制作，原形；making制作，动名词或现在分词。enjoy doing sth.是固定搭配，意为“喜欢做某事”，因此空格处需用动名词形式。故选D。
4．B
【解析】句意：我真的度过了糟糕的一天。事事都不顺。
good好的；awful糟糕的；nice美好的；terrible糟糕的。根据“Nothing went right.”可知那天事事不顺，应是糟糕的一天，排除A、C；又因空前冠词是“an”，后接元音音素开头的单词，awful符合，terrible以辅音音素开头，排除D。选项B正确。
5．B
【解析】句意：了解你的弱点可以帮助你进步。
weakness弱点（单数）；weaknesses弱点（复数）；weak弱的；weaken削弱。空处作Knowing的宾语，需用名词形式，且了解自身的不足通常指多个方面，应用名词复数表泛指，应填weaknesses。
6．C
【解析】句意：她过去在公共场合演讲时非常害羞且缺乏自信。
shy害羞的；strength力量；awful糟糕的；confidence自信；silent沉默的；responsibility责任。根据“when speaking in public”可知，在公共场合演讲通常是“害羞的”，并且缺乏“自信”。
7．A
【解析】句意：——你为什么这么匆忙？——因为我不得不赶上末班车。
have to不得不；should应该；mustn’t禁止；need需要。根据“Why are you in a hurry ”可知，说话人匆忙是因为客观上不得不赶上末班车，应填have to。
8．D
【解析】句意：你不必太紧张。放松点，勇敢地去展示你自己。
might not可能不；mustn’t禁止；should应该；don’t have to不必。根据“Just relax and be brave enough to show yourself.”可知，说话者在安慰对方，表示没有必要紧张。
9．B
【解析】句意：——我牙痛。——你应该立刻去看牙医。
should应该，表示建议；have to不得不；can’t不能；may not可能不。根据“I have a toothache”可知，牙痛时去看牙医是给予建议，此处需用“should”。
10．A
【解析】句意：他不同意这个决定，所以他气冲冲地离开，拒绝进一步讨论。
left离开；stormed off愤然离开；flounced off生气地离开；stomped off生气地离开。固定搭配left in a huff意为“悻悻而去”。应填left。
11．D 12．B 13．A 14．C 15．B 16．C 17．A 18．C 19．B 20．B
【导语】本文探讨数字时代的沟通方式，通过Jason的例子说明不同沟通工具的优劣，强调沟通的核心是用心而非工具。
11．句意：各种数字工具已成为我们日常生活的一部分，但找到正确的沟通方式仍然很重要。
前后是转折关系，用but连接。and表并列，or表选择，so表因果，均不符合转折逻辑。
12．句意：他们来回发送消息，但屏幕上的文字只会让事情变得更糟。
“发送消息”用固定搭配sent messages。read读，wrote写，received接收，均不符合“来回发消息”的场景。
13．句意：他不知道如何修复他们的友谊，直到他向一位教授寻求建议。
询问“如何”解决问题，用how。why问原因，when问时间，where问地点，均不符合“寻求解决方法”的语境。
14．句意：教授告诉他，面对面交谈通常效果最好，因为它能让人们看到彼此的表情，听到语气。
教授说面对面交谈通常效果最好，works在这里表示“起作用，有效”。ends结束，becomes变成，wants想要，均不符合“有效”的语境。
15．句意：如果你不能马上和朋友见面，打电话比发短信是更好的选择。
表示“不能”，用can’t。mustn’t禁止，needn’t不必，shouldn’t不应该，均不符合“无法见面”的逻辑。
16．句意：有时，即使是一个简短的电话也能澄清那些需要数小时才能在网上解决的误解。
沟通的目的是消除“误解”，用misunderstandings。conversations对话，sentences句子，messages消息，均不符合“澄清问题”的语境。
17．句意：它让人们清晰地整理自己的想法，避免不礼貌的话语。
写下感受是为了“清晰”梳理思路，用clearly。carelessly粗心地，quietly安静地，silently沉默地，均不符合“整理想法”的目的。
18．句意：无论你选择用什么方式沟通，都要注意你的言辞——它们可以建立一段关系，也可以破坏它。
表示“无论什么”，对应选择沟通方式这件事，用Whatever。Whoever无论谁，Whenever无论何时，Wherever无论哪里，均不符合“沟通方式”的指代。
19．句意：有趣的是，现在的年轻人依靠电子设备进行交流——与家人视频通话，给朋友发语音留言，以及用电子邮件处理工作。
年轻人“依赖”不同的电子设备，用depend on。stick to坚持，give up放弃，put off推迟，均不符合“使用设备”的场景。
20．句意：他们已经了解到，人际关系需要不同的连接方式。
前文提到不同场景（家庭、朋友、工作）用不同的沟通工具，所以人际关系需要不同的沟通方式，用different。same相同的，simple简单的，complex复杂的，均不符合“多样沟通”的主题。
21．D 22．B 23．C 24．D 25．C
【导语】本文主要介绍了“社交蝴蝶”这一群体的定义、性格特征及他们在聚会中的积极作用。
21．第一段指出“A social butterfly is someone who is comfortable and active in different situations, so social butterflies make friends easily.”，说明这类人在不同场合都自在且活跃，因此容易交到朋友。
22．第二段提到“Most parties need some outgoing people. Social butterflies are suitable for parties.”，结合第一段中“A social butterfly is someone who is comfortable and active in different situations, So social butterflies make friends easily.”，并结合语境可知，此处指活跃的社交蝴蝶适合聚会，“suitable”意为“合适的”，与“Right”含义一致。
23．第二段说明“Some introverted (内向的) guests need a little encouragement. Social butterflies can help them start to talk with others.”，直接对应他们会帮助内向客人开启交谈。
24．第二段中“Social butterflies can also make the party more interesting and lively. Some introverted (内向的) guests need a little encouragement. Social butterflies can help them start to talk with others. It will be more difficult for hosts to hold a party without social butterflies.”说明，社交蝴蝶在聚会中起积极作用。
25．通读全文可知，文章围绕“social butterfly”这一比喻，描述的是那些善于交际、在社交场合中活跃的人。选项C“The Communicative Person”（善于沟通的人）准确概括了文章主题。
26．A 27．A 28．C 29．B 30．D
【导语】本文讲述Maria的妹妹们因衣服问题争吵，她通过调解让双方冷静沟通，最终和解并一起吃冰淇淋，展现了和平解决问题的重要性。
26．细节理解题。根据“Maria’s little sisters, Anna and Olivia, were fighting, so Maria went to their room.”可知，Maria去妹妹们的房间是因为她们在争吵，故选A。
27．词句猜测题。根据“It isn’t my fault… My friend Greg dropped his chocolate on me.”和“Though you didn’t directly dirty the shirt, it is your responsibility because you took it.”可知，Anna认为衣服脏了不是她的“过错”，但Maria解释道正是因为Anna没有过问就把衬衫拿走了还把它弄脏了，所以这是她的责任，也是她的“过错”，因此responsibility在此与fault同义，故选A。
28．细节理解题。根据“Why don’t you calm down and talk about what is wrong ”可知，Maria让双方冷静对话并最终和解，故选C。
29．推理判断题。根据“We love your way of solving the problem!”可知，妹妹们都喜欢Maria处理问题的方式，可见她用一种理智的方法处理了问题。她理性分析情况，指出问题，促进对话，最终化解冲突。故选B。
30．主旨大意题。全文通过Maria调解冲突，强调“沟通而非争吵”的解决方式，故选D。
31．B 32．C 33．C 34．B 35．C
【导语】本文主要讲述一支亚洲女子乒乓球队的成长故事，阐述了什么是真正的“梦之队”，并强调了团队精神、努力合作的重要性。
31．细节理解题。根据第一段“A real dream team has great skills, teamwork and a strong spirit of never giving up.”可知，真正的梦之队不仅技术好，还具备团队合作和永不放弃的精神。故选B。
32．细节理解题。根据第二段“They had simple training tools and little money.”可知，这支队伍之前不强是因为训练工具简陋、资金不足。故选C。
33．细节理解题。根据第三段“At first, they fell behind. But they didn’t lose heart. They tried their best and won the game at last.”可知，她们在比赛中一度落后，但最终逆转获胜。故选C。
34．主旨大意题。根据最后一段“It tells us that teamwork and hard work can make dreams come true.”可知，文章告诉我们团队合作和努力是成功的关键。故选B。
35．最佳标题题。文章通过一个具体的故事引出“梦之队”的定义和意义，最后一段进一步解释了“梦之队”的象征意义，因此最佳标题是“The Meaning of a Dream Team”。故选C。
36．B 37．B 38．A 39．C 40．A
【导语】本文介绍了个人边界的重要性，并列举了尊重他人边界的四种具体做法，最后说明遵守这些规则有助于建立健康的人际关系。
36．细节理解题。根据文中语句“Personal boundaries are important rules that help us get along well with others...Following these boundary rules can help us build healthy and happy relationships with people around us”可知，文章主要介绍了个人边界的重要性以及尊重他人边界的具体做法，故选B。
37．细节理解题。根据文中语句“First, asking for permission is a basic way to respect others’ boundaries”可知，请求允许是尊重他人边界的基本方式，选项中“Asking for permission before borrowing things 符合这一”要求，故选B。
38．细节理解题。根据文中语句“If you stand too close to a stranger, he or she may feel nervous”可知，如果你和陌生人站得太近，对方可能会感到紧张，故选A。
39．细节理解题。根据文中语句“You should never read others' diaries, letters or personal messages without their agreement”可知，未经允许阅读他人的日记、信件或私人信息是不被允许的，选项中“Reading your sister's diary without her permission”属于此类行为，故选C。
40．细节理解题。根据文中语句“Following these boundary rules can help us build healthy and happy relationships with people around us”可知，遵守边界规则有助于我们与周围的人建立健康、愉快的关系，故选A。
41．E 42．G 43．C 44．D 45．F
【导语】本文是一篇说明文，主要介绍了“内在沟通”的概念、形式、作用及其对改善人际沟通的积极影响。
41．根据文章第1段“…before you tell your mum what you want to eat, you are talking with yourself…. We call this kind of communication inner communication.”可知，本段在举例描述与自己对话后，需要对这个现象进行定义。E选项“我们称这种沟通为内在沟通。”符合语境，它自然地引出了全文的核心概念“inner communication”，为下文的展开奠定了基础。故选E。
42．根据第2段“There are many kinds of inner communication in our daily lives…It also includes planning our day, solving problems, and even imagining the future…. Inner communication is just like a secret conversation happening inside us.”可知，本段在列举内在沟通的各种形式后，对其进行了比喻总结。空白处位于列举和总结之间，应是对这些列举项的共同特征进行说明。G选项“这些活动发生在我们脑海中，我们并不会说出来。”符合语境，它解释了为何这些看似不同的活动（阅读、思考、计划等）都属于“内在沟通”，因为它们都是内部的、非言语的思维过程。故选G。
43．根据第3段“Inner communication plays a role in our lives. It allows you to think about your own values and make it clear who you are…. When you know what you want, you can get on with yourself better.”可知，本段阐述内在沟通如何帮助我们认识自我。空白处位于阐述其作用（思考价值观、认清自我）和结果（更好地与自己相处）之间，应是对这种作用本质的概括。C选项“这意味着它能让你更好地了解自己。”符合语境，其中“这意味着”指代前文“思考价值观、认清自我”等具体作用，将其概括为“更好地了解自己”这一核心益处。故选C。
44．根据第3段“…inner communication helps keep an eye on your thoughts and realize your emotional state…. And then you will try to cheer up and let them go.”可知，本句指出内在沟通有助于觉察情绪，并进而调节情绪。空白处位于“觉察情绪状态”和“努力振作、放下情绪”之间，应是一个具体的例子，说明如何觉察情绪。D选项“例如，你可以及时注意到自己悲伤的情绪。”符合语境，它提供了“觉察情绪状态”的一个具体情形，使论述更生动，并为后文的情绪调节（cheer up）做了铺垫。故选D。
45．根据最后一段“…If you understand your thoughts better, you will put yourself in others’ shoes when you talk to or listen to them. Then, you can communicate with people more easily and build good relationships with them.”可知，本段阐述了内在沟通如何帮助改善与他人的沟通。空白处位于段首，应是一个总起句，点明本段核心。F选项“内在沟通也有助于你更好地与他人交谈。”符合语境，它直接点明了本段的主旨，即内在沟通对外部人际沟通的积极影响。故选F。
46．thought 47．made 48．should 49．had to 50．took 51．didn’t have to/did not have to 52．should 53．should 54．should 55．can
【导语】本文主要讲述了作者参加学校英语剧团队的经历，通过描述从起初的分歧到最终在老师指导下团结协作取得成功的过程，强调了团队合作的重要性。
46．句意：一些成员认为我们应该先专注于剧本，而另一些人则想先练习表演。时间状语“At first”表明叙述背景为过去，需用动词think的一般过去时thought。
47．句意：我们争吵了很多次，几乎没有进展。空前连词“and”连接并列谓语动词“argued”，需用动词make的一般过去时made。
48．句意：我们的老师告诉我们，应该多沟通，尊重彼此的想法。主句动词“told”为过去时，宾语从句交代老师当时的建议，需用情态动词should的过去形式（形式不变）。
49．句意：她还说，一个优秀的团队必须有明确的目标。主句动词“said”为过去时，根据宾语从句时态一致原则，需用have to的一般过去时形式had to。
50．句意：每个人都承担了不同的任务。此处描述过去决定分工后的具体动作，需用动词take的一般过去时took。
51．句意：这并不容易，但我不必独自完成。根据后文队友的帮助可知，作者当时“没有必要”独自做，需用have to的一般过去时的否定形式didn’t have to/did not have to。
52．句意：我们不应该责怪他们。此处描述在过去练习遇到困难时大家达成的共识，需用情态动词should的过去形式（形式不变）。
53．句意：她告诉我们，应该有耐心，互相鼓励。主句谓语“told”为过去式，从句交代建议内容，需用情态动词should的过去形式（形式不变）。
54．句意：我们不仅要努力工作，还要信任我们的队友。此处指作者从经历中领悟到的普遍道理，需用情态动词should的原形表示“应该”。
55．句意：如果我们团结一心，就能克服任何困难。此处表示对团队合作能力的总结，指代一种普遍的可能性，需用情态动词can表示“能”。
56．made 57．giving 58．froze 59．stormed 60．should 61．vote 62．have 63．put 64．shoulder 65．work
【导语】本文讲述班级排练话剧时因角色分配产生矛盾，在老师指导下解决问题，明白团队与担当的重要性。
56．句意：我们的老师让托尼当我们的导演。上文提到班级决定演话剧，老师需要确定导演，make意为“使成为，任命”，上文有last week，要用一般过去时，make的过去式是made。
57．句意：起初一切顺利，但在分配角色时问题出现了。下文提到两位同学都想演同一个角色，是在分配角色时产生矛盾，give out意为“分配”，when后接动名词作状语，give应变为giving。
58．句意：当所有人都看着他时，托尼愣住了。上文提到他不知道该怎么决定，面对大家的目光不知所措，freeze意为“愣住，僵住”，句子为一般过去时，freeze的过去式是froze。
59．句意：丽萨很生气，气冲冲地走了。上文提到她很生气，storm off为固定短语，意为“气冲冲地离开”，句子为一般过去时，storm变为stormed。
60．句意：她说托尼应该先和丽萨谈一谈，找出她的优点。上文提到怀特老师给托尼提建议，给出建议用should，意为“应该”。
61．句意：队员们将为最合适的人选投票。上文提到让两位同学都试演角色，之后需要大家投票选择，vote for意为“为……投票”，would后接动词原形。
62．句意：而且托尼不必独自解决所有问题。上文提到他可以向团队求助，have to意为“必须，不得不”，didn’t后接动词原形have。
63．句意：团队努力合作，成功上演了这部话剧。上文提到问题解决了，大家努力排练最终演出，put on为固定短语，意为“上演”，句子为一般过去时，put的过去式为put。
64．句意：他们认识到一个优秀的团队需要一位能够承担责任的好领导。上文讲述托尼作为导演解决问题，shoulder responsibility为固定搭配，意为“承担责任”，情态动词can后接动词原形shoulder。
65．句意：并且每个成员都应该一起合作。上文强调团队顺利完成演出，work together意为“合作，共同努力”，情态动词should后接动词原形work。
66．A good leader. 67．We need to express our feelings and ideas clearly. 68．The best way is to solve problems face to face quickly. 69．When leaders show kindness and confidence, team members will feel safe and encouraged. 70．I think setting a good example is the most important. Because if the leader works hard with a smile, everyone will feel encouraged and follow his or her lead. (答案合理即可)
【导语】本文主要讲述了打造优秀团队的关键要素，包括领导力、沟通、矛盾处理与榜样作用。
66．根据“A good leader is the heart of a successful team.”可知，一个好的领导者是成功团队的核心。故填A good leader.
67．根据“We need to express our feelings and ideas clearly so that we can understand each other better.”可知，我们需要清晰地表达感受和想法，这样才能让彼此更好地理解。故填We need to express our feelings and ideas clearly.
68．根据“When arguments happen, don’t run away! The best way is to solve problems face to face quickly.”可知，解决问题的最佳方式是快速面对面解决。故填The best way is to solve problems face to face quickly.
69．根据“When leaders show kindness and confidence, team members will feel safe and encouraged.”可知，当领导者展现出善意和自信时，团队成员会感到安全并受到鼓励。故填When leaders show kindness and confidence, team members will feel safe and encouraged.
70．本题为开放性问题，答案不唯一。结合文章内容，如“setting a good example”“being a good communicator”等，给出合理理由即可。故填I think setting a good example is the most important. Because if the leader works hard with a smile, everyone will feel encouraged and follow his or her lead.
71．One possible version:
It is very important to work with others as a team. Teamwork helps us share ideas and wisdom, and it makes tasks easier to complete.
Last week, our class had a group project to make a poster about environmental protection. At first, I was worried because I didn’t know how to start. But my group members had great ideas. We discussed together and decided on the theme and the design. I was in charge of drawing, while others wrote the text and did the research. We all worked hard and helped each other. In the end, we made a beautiful poster and got a good grade. I felt very happy and proud after this experience. I learned that teamwork is powerful. When we work together, we can achieve more than we can alone. Team spirit is really important.
【解析】[总体分析]
①题材：本文是一篇话题作文；
②时态：时态为一般过去时（描述经历）、一般现在时（谈感受）；
③提示：需包含合作重要性、一次合作经历、个人感受，词数80-100，开头已给出。
[写作步骤]
第一步，承接开头句，用1-2句简述合作的重要性（如提高效率、互相学习）；
第二步，详述一次具体合作经历（如小组项目、体育比赛），包括分工、过程和结果；
第三步，总结感受，强调团队合作的收获（如友谊、成就感）。
[亮点词汇]
①share ideas and wisdom分享想法与智慧
②environmental protection环境保护
③in charge of负责
④team spirit团队精神
[高分句型]
①Teamwork helps us share ideas and wisdom, and it makes tasks easier to complete.(并列句)
②At first, I was worried because I didn’t know how to start.(原因状语从句）)
③I was in charge of drawing, while others wrote the text and did the research.(while引导的并列句)
④When we work together, we can achieve more than we can alone.(时间状语从句 + 比较状语从句)
21世纪教育网(www.21cnjy.com)
21世纪教育网(www.21cnjy.com)
同课章节目录