Unit 2 Great inventions and discoveries单元教案（含解析）2025-2026学年沪教版（五四学制）八年级英语下册

Unit 2 Great inventions and discoveries教案
（学生版）
【课前热身】
情景对话
Situation: A student (S) is talking to a health teacher (He) about the invention of vaccines.
S: I know vaccines can prevent certain diseases. (1) ________________________________ (写一般疑问句)
He: Yes, vaccines are a great achievement in medicine. They protect people from serious illnesses.
S: I heard the first vaccine was for smallpox. (2) ____________________________________ (对“in 1796”提问)
He: Edward Jenner developed the first smallpox vaccine in 1796 after careful research.
S: Can vaccines be used for children
He: (3) ________.(回答一般疑问句) Many vaccines are specially designed for children’s health.
S: Useful! You’ve taught us that vaccines (4) ________________________.(保持 “are important for disease prevention” 句意不变)
【知识梳理】
Unit 2 Great inventions and discoveries知识点梳理
P19-21 Viewing and listening
1. CE= Common Era 公元
BCE= before the Common Era 公元前
2. __________v. 发明 —— __________ n. 发明 —— __________ n. 发明家
3.__________v. 发现 —— __________ n. 发现
4.被动语态：__________
被动语态的省略：在描述物品用途和构成时，通常省略be动词，直接使用过去分词。
Steam engine： invented in 1698 蒸汽机：1698年被发明
5. ____________________古代的/古老的发明
6. __________ 日常生活
7. be used to do = ____________________
____________________ 被用于水上运输
8. __________ v. 探索—— __________ n. 探险家 ——__________ n. 探索
9.____________________ 世界探索
10. __________ n.轮子，车轮
11. ______________________________ 使人们的工作、旅行和生活更便捷
12. ____________________ 帮助传播知识
13. ________________________________________有助于科学和经济的发展
14. __________ v. 发展；开发 ——__________ n. 发展
—— __________ adj. 发展中的 ——__________ adj. 发达的
15. __________n. 经济 ——__________ adj. 经济的
——__________ adv. 经济上 ——__________ n. 经济学家
16. __________ n.材料，原料
17. __________ n.渔网 —— __________ n.渔夫
18. __________ n.战争 ——__________ n.战士
19. __________ adj. 生病的 ——__________ n. 疾病
__________ v. 使激动——__________ n.激动 —— __________adj.令人激动的——__________adj.感到激动的
P22-23 Speaking： Great modern inventions
1. __________ v.想象 —— __________ n. 想象 ——__________(adj. 虚构的)
2. __________ v.交流 —— __________n. 交流
3. ____________________想象没有它的生活
4. __________ adv. 几乎不（否定含义） ______________________________几乎做不好任何事
5.__________ 天黑后
6.____________________… 做某事将会是困难的
7. ____________________ 成千上万次
8. ____________________ 在紧急情况下
9. ____________________ 想象做某事 ______________________________ 想象骑马去医院
10. I see your point! __________!
11. __________ 表达观点
12. ______________________________ 用细节支撑你的观点
13. ____________________ 改变我们的日常习惯
14. ____________________ 储存更多的信息
15. ____________________ 让出行更容易更快
____________________ 让交流更容易
16. 感叹句结构：______________________________+(主语+谓语) !
____________________+ (主语+谓语) !
17. while 引导时间状语从句，表示在…期间，强调动作同时进行，后通常+doing
P24-27 Reading
1. ____________________ 用……来做…… ____________________ 用管子来做实验
2. __________ 被覆盖在…
3. ____________________做某事感到惊讶
4. __________看到……正在做……
5. __________穿过
6. __________ n. 骨头
7. __________ n. X射线；X光 v. 用X射线拍摄检查
8. be done 被动语态
____________________... 被广泛应用于……
9. __________ v. 颁奖 n. 奖；奖品 ____________________ 被授予诺贝尔奖
10. sir n. （贵族头衔）爵士；先生
11. __________偶然；意外地
12. __________ 令某人惊讶的是
13. stop ... from doing ... 阻止……做某事
14. turn ... into ... 把……变成……
15. __________ adj. 救命的；救生的
16. __________ n. 进程；课程 ____________________... 改变……的进程
17. __________ n. 医学；药 —— __________ adj. 医学的；医疗的
18. ______________________________. 使得某人做某事成为可能
19. __________ v. 医治；治疗 / n. 乐事；乐趣；款待 —— __________ n. 治疗
20. __________ adj. 严重的；严肃的 —— __________ adv. 严重地；严肃地
21. ____________________治疗严重的疾病
22. ____________________ 被选派去做某事
23. no matter how 引导让步状语从句 ______________________________ 无论他们多么努力
24. __________ 未能做成某事
25. a large number of 大量的（接__________）
26. __________ 使……变亮；（引申）使豁然开朗
27. ____________________ … 更仔细地查看…
28. test ... on sb./oneself 在某人/自己身上测试……
29. __________ v. 自愿做；义务做；无偿做 / n. 志愿者 ——__________ adj. 志愿的
30. ____________________ 自愿做某事
31. herself pron.她自己
32. What感叹句结构：What (+a/an) + 形容词 +名词 (+主语+谓语)!
What an amazing discovery! 这是一个多么令人惊奇的发现！
How感叹句结构：How +形容词/副词 （+主语+谓语）
How strange （it is）！
33. 当主句和从句主语一致时，before/after/when 等引导的时间状语从句可以省略主语，并将谓语动词变为-ing 形式。
She volunteered to test the medicine on herself before giving it to others.
P28-29 Grammar
1. ______________________________ 阻止疾病传播
2. ____________________ 过上舒适的生活
3. ____________________ 问候酒店客人
4. deliver goods up to 5 kg in weight ____________________
5. have a battery life of 40 minutes ____________________
6. as + adj./adv.原级 + as 和……一样……
P30-31 Writing
1.__________ adj. 空闲的，抽出（时间），匀出 ____________________ 在我的空闲时间
2. ____________________… 和…保持联系
3. __________ … 在…方面帮助很大 ____________________在我的学习方面帮助很大
be of great help __________
4. bring more fun into my life ____________________
5. 写作中可以使用的连接词：
用于引入：to begin with, to start with, first, ...
用于补充：what’s more, in addition, besides, as well, more importantly, ...
用于结果： therefore, as a result, for these reasons, ...
用于对比: however, instead, on the other hand …(在另一方面)
用于总结: in short, in a word, in conclusion，all in all, to sum up…
Unit 2 Great inventions and discoveries语法填空1（课文Speaking改编）
Yiming: Lu Yao, this website says the light bulb is the greatest modern invention. Do you agree
Lu Yao: I’d say yes. It has changed our daily habits. Just imagine your life without it. You could hardly do anything well after dark.
Yiming: I totally agree. It would be hard (1)________ (do) homework with candles! While Edison (2)________ (invent) a safe and inexpensive light bulb, he failed thousands of times.
Lu Yao: How (3)________ (encourage)!
Harry: Edison was great, but I don’t think the light bulb is the greatest modern invention.
Lu Yao: What do you think is the greatest modern invention then
Harry: The car. It’s really fast and convenient. It can take people to hospital quickly in (4)________ emergency.
Lu Yao: I see your point! Imagine going to hospital on a horse!
Unit 2 Great inventions and discoveries（课文Reading改编）
The German scientist Wilhelm Conrad R ntgen wanted to use tubes to do experiments on electricity. The tubes were covered in heavy black paper. He was surprised to see a green light (1)________ (come) from the tubes. And he was even (2)________ (surprise) when the light appeared on a screen beside him. How strange!
He learned that the light can pass (3)________ objects. R ntgen knew he (4)________ (discover) something important. When he passed the light through his wife’s hand, something exciting happened. He could see the bones inside (5)________ (she) hand! This was how R ntgen discovered X-rays in 1895. After many tests on humans, (6)________ were soon widely used in hospitals and R ntgen (7)________ (award) the Nobel Prize.
The British scientist, Sir Alexander Fleming, discovered penicillin (8)________ accident. In 1928, he went on a holiday but forgot (9)________ (clean) up his lab before he left. When he got back, he found some strange mould (10)________ (grow) on some of his Petri dishes. To his surprise, the mould seemed to stop the bacteria around it from (11)________ (grow). With more research, he discovered penicillin.
Later, other scientists turned penicillin into (12)________ (life-saving) medicine. The discovery of penicillin changed the course of medicine and has made it possible for doctors (13)________ (treat) serious illnesses. What (14)________ amazing discovery!
Around 1970, when a lot of people were getting sick with malaria, Tu Youyou (15)________ (choose) to find a medicine. She read a large number of ancient Chinese medical books and discovered a treatment (16)________ (use) a plant called qinghao. However, no matter how hard they tried, Tu and her team failed (17)________ (get) the active part from the plant.
Tu took another closer look at the medical classics. Finally, one line lit up an idea for her — a low-heat method! With this method, she and her team successfully got the active part and named it qinghaosu. Tu volunteered (18)________ (test) the medicine on (19)________ (she) before giving it to others. Later, qinghaosu became an important treatment for malaria and has saved millions of (20)________ (life).
Unit 2 Great inventions and discoveries单元基础知识精讲
第一课时（Viewing and listening）知识精讲
1.Great inventions and discoveries 伟大的发明与发现
discovery n. 发现；发觉
His discovery of a new planet made him famous. 他发现了一颗新行星，这让他出名了。
discovery 指找到原本就存在、但未被人类知道的事物，是 "发现已有之物"，强调探索、找到隐藏的东西。而 invention 指人类创造出原本不存在的东西，是 "无中生有"，强调人的创造力和新事物的出现。
The discovery of penicillin helped save millions of lives. 青霉素的发现挽救了数百万人的生命。(青霉素早已存在于自然界，只是人类第一次发现它。)
The invention of the telephone made communication easier. 电话的发明让交流更方便。(电话是人类自己制造出的新工具。)
【联想】discover v. 发现 discoverer n. 发现者 undiscovered adj.未被发现的
They discovered a new planet in the solar system. 他们在太阳系中发现了一颗新行星。
Columbus is known as the discoverer of the Americas. 哥伦布被认为是美洲的发现者。
There are still many undiscovered species in the rainforest. 雨林中仍有许多未被发现的物种。
2.Great ancient inventions 伟大的古代发明
ancient adj. 古代的；古老的
The compass is one of the great ancient inventions of China. 指南针是中国伟大的古代发明之一。
【提示】ancient 与 old 意思接近，但 ancient 更 "庄重"，强调 "历史久远"，如:ancient times, ancient tools。old 更 "日常"，强调 "年老、使用时间久"，如: old shoes, old people。
3.The ship 船
Egypt, around 4000 BCE 埃及，约公元前 4000 年
Used for water transport and world exploration 用于水上运输和探索世界
BCE abbr.(= before the Common Era) 公元前
【提示】BCE 和 BC (Before Christ) 表示的是同一个时间段，只是 BCE 更加中性，不带宗教色彩。
exploration n. 探索；勘查
Ancient people began the exploration of new lands by sea. 古人开始通过海路探索新土地。
【联想】explore v. 探索；探险；研究；游览；深入了解
explorer n. 探险者；探索者
Scientists continue to explore the deep ocean. 科学家们继续探索深海。
During the trip, we explored old streets, local markets and museums. 在旅行中，我们深入了解了古街、当地市场和博物馆。
Marco Polo was a famous explorer from Italy. 马可 波罗是一位著名的意大利探险家。
4.The wheel 轮子
wheel n. 轮子；车轮
One of the wheels on my bike is broken. 我的自行车有一个轮子坏了。
【提示】wheel 作名词还可指 "方向盘"。常用搭配有 take the wheel (开车；驾驶一辆车)，at the wheel (在驾驶/掌舵)。
He took the wheel and started driving. 他握住方向盘开始开车。
He was tired after hours at the wheel. 开了好几个小时车，他感到很累。
wheel 也可作动词，表示 "推着轮子移动某物"。
The nurse wheeled the patient into the room. 护士把病人推进了房间。
5.The Arabic number system 阿拉伯数字系统
India, around 500 CE-600 CE 印度，大约公元 500 年至 600 年
Helps the development of science and the economy 有助于科学和经济的发展
CE abbr. (= Common Era) 公元
Paper was invented in China around 105 CE. 纸张约在公元 105 年在中国被发明。
【提示】CE 与 AD (Anno Domini) 意义相同，但它更加中性、常用于现代学术和文化交流中。
economy n. 经济
The Arabic number system helped improve trade and build a stronger economy. 阿拉伯数字系统有助于促进贸易并建立更强大的经济体系。
【提示】economy 作名词还可以指 "节约；节省；节俭"。
The new machine brings great economy in fuel use. 这台新机器非常节省燃料。
【联想】economic adj. 经济的 economical adj. 节省的
Economic development helps improve living standards. 经济发展有助于提高生活水平。
This new bulb is more economical than the old one. 这种新灯泡比旧的更省电。
6.Around 105 CE, a Chinese official, Cai Lun, made paper with materials such as plants and fishnets. 大约公元 105 年，一位名叫蔡伦的中国官员用植物和渔网等材料制作了纸张。
material n. 材料；原料
The invention of glass gave people a strong and clear material for windows. 玻璃的发明为人们提供了一种坚固且透明的材料，可用于窗户。
【提示】在某些语境下，material 也可以表示 "素材；资料" 或 "信息"，一般是不可数名词，如 historical material (历史资料)。当它表示不同种类或具体的物品 (如布料、建材等)，则通常为可数名词，复数为 materials。
fishnet n. 渔网
The invention of the fishnet allowed early people to catch more fish efficiently. 渔网的发明使早期人类能更高效地捕鱼。
【提示】fishnet 是一个复合词，由 fish (鱼)+net (网) 构成。类似的复合词还有 fishbone (鱼骨头)，fishball (鱼丸)，hairnet (发网) 等。
7.Later, people used ships in wars and world exploration. 后来，人们在战争和世界探索中使用船只。
war n. 战争
In the war against disease, new inventions like vaccines play a key role. 在对抗疾病的战争中，疫苗等新发明发挥着关键作用。
【提示】war 的常见意思是 "战争"(国家之间的武装冲突)，也可指 "激烈的斗争、竞争"(引申义)，常见搭配有:go to war (开战；发动战争)，win/lose a war (赢得 / 输掉一场战争)，at war (处于战争状态) 等。
Countries often go to war over land, resources or power. 国家常常因土地、资源或权力而开战。
When a country is at war, many new inventions are created to support the army. 国家处于战争状态时，常常会出现许多支持军队的新发明。
8.illness 疾病
illness n.(身体或精神上的) 疾病，病
There's no sign of illness, but he still feels tired all the time. 没有任何疾病的迹象，但他总是感到疲倦。
【提示】辨析:illness, sickness 和 disease
三者意思接近。illness 可表示一个人 "生病了" 的状态，语气中性，强调人的状态，而非具体的疾病。sickness 更口语化，英式英语中常用于轻微不适，可表示 "恶心感"(如晕车)，可作为 illness 的同义词使用。disease 偏正式、医学用语，常用于正式场合，强调具体、有诊断名称的疾病 [如 flu (流感)，cancer (癌症)，diabetes (糖尿病)]。
He felt sickness after the roller coaster ride. 他在坐完过山车后感到不适。
Heart disease is a major cause of death. 心脏病是主要的死亡原因之一。
9.socialism 社会主义
socialism n. 社会主义
Socialism aims to reduce the gap between the rich and the poor. 社会主义的目标是缩小贫富差距。
【联想】social adj. 社会的 socialist n. 社会主义者
The government should improve social services such as education and healthcare. 政府应改善诸如教育和医疗这样的社会服务。
第二课时（Speaking）知识精讲
10.It has changed our daily habits. 它 (灯泡) 改变了我们的日常生活习惯。
habit n. 习惯
It's her habit to make the bed every morning. 她习惯每天早上整理床铺。
【提示】habit 指个人或群体长期重复、难以改变的行为或习性，可能是好习惯，也可能是坏习惯。常见搭配有:have a habit of doing sth.(有...... 的习惯)，develop/form a habit (养成一个习惯)，break/get rid of a habit (改掉一个习惯)，out of habit [出于习惯 (不假思索地去做)]，make sth. a habit (把某事变成习惯) 等。
She has a habit of biting her nails when she's nervous. 她紧张时有咬指甲的习惯。
He's trying to break the habit of staying up late. 他正在努力改掉熬夜的习惯。
【提示】辨析:habit, routine 和 hobby
habit 强调 "无意识的重复行为"。routine 强调 "规律性流程"(如晨间洗漱、工作计划)。hobby 意为 "爱好"，强调人空闲时喜欢做、感兴趣的活动，是有意识且出于兴趣做的，一般是积极的。
My morning routine includes exercise and coffee. 我的晨间例行活动包括锻炼和喝咖啡。
He enjoys painting in his free time. It's his hobby. 他喜欢在空闲时间画画。这是他的爱好。
11.I totally agree. 完全同意。
totally adv. 全部地；整个地
The invention of the steam engine totally changed transport. 蒸汽机的发明彻底改变了交通方式。
【提示】totally 是副词，意为 "完全地；彻底地；整个地"，通常用来加强语气，可修饰动词、形容词或整个句子。口语表达中，用来强调赞同或反对 (相当于 absolutely)。
1)-That movie was amazing! 那部电影太棒了！
-Totally! 完全同意！
2)-Do you think it was her fault 你觉得这是她的错吗？
-Totally not! 完全不是她的错！
辨析:totally 与 completely 的意思和用法接近。totally 更口语化，适合强调态度或情绪；completely 更中性，用于表达客观事实，口语和书面语都能使用。
I completely understand your feelings. 我完全理解你的感受。
【联想】total adj. 总的；全部的 n. 总数；总计
The invention of the internet brought a total change to the way people communicate. 互联网的发明彻底改变了人们交流的方式。
In total, the scientist received three major awards for his discoveries. 这位科学家因其发现总共获得了三项重要奖项。
12.The telephone makes communication easier 电话让交流变得更容易
telephone n. 电话
Alexander Graham Bell invented the telephone in 1876. 亚历山大 格雷厄姆 贝尔于 1876 年发明了电话。
【提示】telephone 既可作名词，也可作动词，在大多数情况下，telephone 和 phone 可以互换使用，phone 则是更常见和简洁的说法，在口语或日常英语中多用 phone。telephone 作名词时，常用搭配有 answer the telephone (接电话)，make a telephone call (打电话) 等。telephone 作动词时，常用 telephone sb. 结构，意为 "给某人打电话"，相当于 make a phone call to sb.。
Could you please answer the telephone I'm cooking. 你能接一下电话吗？我在做饭。
Before email, people used to telephone/make a phone call to someone when they had something urgent to say. 在电子邮件出现前，人们有急事时会直接打电话给对方。
第三课时（Reading）知识精讲
1.The German scientist Wilhelm Conrad Rontgen wanted to use tubes to do experiments on electricity. 德国科学家威廉 康拉德 伦琴想用真空管做一些电学实验。
tube n.(金属、塑料、橡皮制成的) 管，管子
The scientist used a glass tube in his experiment. 科学家在实验中使用了一根玻璃管。
Please pass me a tube of glue. 请把那支胶水递给我。
【提示】tube 指管子、管状物，可用于运输液体、气体，也可指牙膏管、试管等，还可指英国伦敦的地铁。
I take the tube to work every day. 我每天坐地铁去上班。
You can get to the museum easily by tube. 你可以很方便地坐地铁去博物馆。
2.He could see the bones inside her hand! 他能看到她手内部的骨头！
bone n. 骨头
There are 206 bones in the human body. 人体内有 206 块骨头。
Be careful; this fish has a lot of small bones. 小心，这条鱼有很多小鱼刺。
【提示】bone 一般是可数名词，但表示 "骨头的材料" 或 "骨质" 时通常不可数。
The soup was made by boiling bone for hours. 这汤是用骨头熬几个小时做的。(指 "骨头物质" 而非一块块骨头)
The tools were made of bone. 这些工具是用骨头做的。(强调 "材料")
bone 在某些固定搭配中作抽象表达时，也是不可数名词。
He is frozen to the bone. 他冻到骨头里了。
She is kind to the bone. 她本性善良。
3.This was how R ntgen discovered X-rays in 1895. 这就是伦琴在 1895 年发现 X 射线的过程。
this 在句中指代的是前文描述的整个过程，即伦琴做实验→意外发现绿色光能穿透物体→将光照到妻子手上→看到骨头图像。这一过程最终导致了 X 射线的发现。可以说:"This" refers to "the act of passing the light through his wife's hand and seeing her bones".。
X-ray n.X 射线；X 光
The doctor looked at my chest X-ray. 医生查看了我的胸部 X 光片。
She had an X-ray to check for broken bones. 她拍了 X 光片来检查骨折。
【提示】X-ray 是由德国物理学家伦琴在 1895 年发现的。由于当时他不清楚这种射线的本质，他将其命名为 X-ray，其中 X 表示 "未知"(unknown)，ray 表示 "射线"，因此，X-ray 的意思是 "未知射线"。在一些国家 (尤其是欧洲)，X-rays 有时也被称为 R ntgen rays (伦琴射线)，以纪念发现者。
X-ray 除了作名词，也能作动词和形容词。动词意为 "用 X 光检查 (身体某部分)"。形容词指 "与 X 光有关的"。
The dentist X-rayed my teeth. 牙医给我拍了牙齿 X 光。
An X-ray image showed the crack in the bone. 一张 X 光图像显示了骨头的裂缝。
4.After many tests on humans, they were soon widely used in hospitals and R ntgen was awarded the Nobel Prize. 经过多次人体测试，X 射线很快在医院中得到广泛使用，伦琴也因此获得了诺贝尔奖。
award v. 颁奖 n. 奖；奖品
The young scientist was awarded a prize for discovering a new material. 这位年轻科学家因发现一种新材料而获奖。
He won an international award for his invention of a water-saving device. 他因发明节水装置获得了一项国际奖。
【提示】award 既可作动词，也可作名词。作动词时常用搭配为 award sb. sth. 或 award sth. to sb.，表示把某物授予某人。作名词时，常与动词 win、receive、get 等搭配，表示赢得、获得奖项等。
The committee awarded Marie Curie the Nobel Prize for her discovery of radium. 委员会因镭的发现授予玛丽 居里诺贝尔奖。
5.The British scientist, Sir Alexander Fleming, discovered penicillin by accident. 英国科学家亚历山大 弗莱明爵士是偶然发现青霉素的。
sir n.(贵族头衔，用于爵士或准男爵的名字或姓名前面) 爵士；(对不认识男性的尊称) 先生
Excuse me, sir, can I help you 对不起，先生，我可以帮您吗？
Sir Isaac Newton was one of the most influential scientists in history. 艾萨克 牛顿爵士是历史上最有影响力的科学家之一。
by accident 偶然；意外地
The material for sticky notes was created by accident. 便利贴的材料是偶然制造出来的。
【提示】by accident 在句中作状语，修饰动词，表示事情的发生不是故意的，而是偶然间发生的。近义词有 by chance、accidentally、unexpectedly 等。
I met an old friend in the street by accident/by chance/accidentally/unexpectedly. 我在街上偶然遇到了一位老朋友。
6.When he got back, he found some strange mould growing on some of his Petri dishes. 等他回来时，他发现他的一些培养皿上长出了奇怪的霉菌。
mould n. 霉；霉菌
Food left out too long will grow mould. 食物放太久会发霉。
【提示】mould 是英式拼写，美式为 mold。mould 表 "霉；霉菌" 时通常为不可数名词。mould 作名词还可指 "模具"，是可数名词。
The chocolate was shaped using a special mould. 巧克力是用特制的模具制成的。
mould 也可作动词，意为 "塑造；对...... 影响重大；将...... 塑造成"。
The artist moulded the clay into a horse. 艺术家把黏土捏成了一匹马。
Experience moulds a person's character. 经验塑造一个人的性格。
7.To his surprise, the mould seemed to stop the bacteria around it from growing. 令他惊讶的是，霉菌似乎阻止了附近的细菌生长。
to one's (my,your,his,her,our,their) surprise 令某人惊讶的是
To her surprise, the experiment was a big success. (= She was surprised that the experiment was a big success.) 令她吃惊的是，这次实验非常成功。
【提示】像 to one's surprise 这样的结构可以用来表达各种情绪或反应，常见的还有:to one's joy (令某人高兴的是)，to one's disappointment (令某人失望的是)，to one's anger (令某人生气的是)，to one's horror (令某人震惊 / 惊恐的是)，to one's relief (令某人松了一口气的是)，to one's regret (令某人遗憾的是)。
To her joy, the invention worked perfectly. 令她高兴的是，这项发明非常成功。
To his disappointment, the experiment failed again. 令他失望的是，实验又失败了。
bacteria n.(pl.) 细菌
Bacteria can be found almost everywhere, including the air and water. 细菌几乎无处不在，包括空气和水中。
【提示】bacteria 的单数形式为 bacterium，这种词形变化类似于 medium-media (媒体；媒介)。这些词的复数形式不是简单加 s，而是特殊变化。
stop...from 阻止...... 做某事；使...... 无法做某事
The discovery of penicillin stopped many people from dying of infections. 青霉素的发现阻止了许多人死于感染。
【提示】该短语的结构为:stop +sb./sth. +from+ doing sth.。stop ...from 与 prevent...from 意义相近，常可互换，都表示 "阻止某人做某事"。stop 较常见、口语化；prevent 略正式，语气较强，强调 "防止发生"。
8.Later, other scientists turned penicillin into life-saving medicine. 后来，其他科学家将青霉素变成了拯救生命的药物。
turn...into 使...... 变成
【提示】turn into 是一个常用的短语动词，它有两种常见的用法:
1) 主动语态，不及物用法 (A turn into B)，这种结构表示某事物自然发生变化或逐渐演变为另一种状态，不强调外力。如:
Her hobby turned into a successful business. 她的爱好变成了一项成功的生意。
2) 主动语态，及物用法 (turn A into B)。这种结构强调某人或某物将 A 变成 B，通常带有主语的 "行动" 色彩。如:
The artist turned waste into beautiful art. 这位艺术家把废品变成了美丽的艺术品。
在强调结果或状态时，也可以使用被动语态 (A is turned into B)。如:
The book was turned into a movie. 这本书被改编成了电影。
life-saving adj. 救命的；救生的
The doctor taught the children some life-saving skills such as CPR. 医生教给孩子们一些急救技能，比如心肺复苏术。
【提示】life-saving 是由名词 (life)+ 动词 (save)-ing 形式形成的描述性质、功能或动作的复合形容词。在这个结构中，动词和名词通常能构成动宾关系，例如 save life 表示 "拯救生命" 的动作，因此 life-saving 描述的是与拯救生命相关的性质或功能。类似的构词还有:save time-time-saving (节省时间的)，make money-money-making (赚钱的)，break heart-heartbreaking (令人心碎的)。
9.The discovery of penicillin changed the course of medicine and has made it possible for doctors to treat serious illnesses. 青霉素的发现改变了医学的进程，使医生能够治疗严重疾病。
course n. 进程；课程
The invention of the telephone was a turning point in the course of history. 电话的发明是历史上的一个转折点。
【提示】course 表示一门课程或学习内容时的常用搭配为 take a course on/in sth.(参加关于...... 的课程)。in + 学科名称指系统性学习某个领域，on + 具体主题指针对某一内容的深入研究。口语中可混用，但在正式写作中，建议同学们根据课程性质选择更精准的介词。
She took a course in computer science. 她选修了计算机科学课程。
I'm taking a course on computer programming. 我正在上一个关于计算机编程的课程。(编程是计算机科学课程中的一个具体主题。)
course 还可指 "餐桌上提供的一道菜肴"，多用于正式场合。
The main course was followed by dessert. 主菜之后是甜点。
注:of course 短语中的 course 与上述含义和用法完全不同，它是一个固定短语，表示 "当然、自然地、毫无疑问地"，常用于表示同意、强调显而易见的事实或礼貌回应。
treat v. 医治；治疗
The medicine can treat the symptoms, but not cure the disease. 这种药可以治疗症状，但无法治愈疾病。
【提示】treat 表示 "医治；治疗" 时，常用结构:treat+sb./ 疾病 /(+with 药物)。
The doctor treated the patient with antibiotics. 医生用抗生素治疗了病人。
treat 作动词还可指 "对待；看待"，常用结构；treat+sb.+adv./like... 或 treat +sb.+ with...;treat 表示 "款待；请客" 时，常用结构:treat+sb.+to sth.; 表示 "处理；应对" 时，常用结构:treat + 问题 / 情况 (problem/issue)。
They treated me like a child. 他们把我当小孩子对待。
You should treat everyone with respect. 你应该尊重地对待每一个人。
I'll treat you to lunch today. 今天我请你吃午饭。
How did you treat the data in your research 你在研究中如何处理这些数据？
treat 也可作名词，意为 "乐事；乐趣；款待" 等。在口语中常出现 "It's my treat."(我请客。) 这样的用法。其它用法和搭配还有:give sb. a treat (给某人一个惊喜或款待)，as a treat (作为特别的享受)，a real treat (真正的乐事) 等。
Don't worry about the bill-it's my treat. 别担心账单 -我请客。
She brought chocolate cake as a treat for everyone. 她带来了巧克力蛋糕给大家当作小点心。
Kids go door-to-door saying, "Trick or treat!" 孩子们挨家挨户喊:"不给糖就捣蛋！"
注：在短语 trick or treat 中，treat 是名词，特指万圣节时孩子们索要的 "糖果或小礼物"，与 trick (恶作剧) 形成对比，体现了万圣节 "不给糖就捣蛋" 的趣味传统。
【联想】treatment n. 治疗；对待
He complained about his unfair treatment at work. 他抱怨在工作中受到不公平待遇。
serious adj. 严重的；严肃的
Pollution is a serious problem in many big cities. 污染在许多大城市中是一个严重问题。
【提示】serious 表示 "严重的" 意义时，常用于病、事故、问题；当 serious 表示 "认真的；严肃的" 时，常常修饰人或与人的态度、行为、表情等相关，表示这个人对某事不马虎、不开玩笑，是认真的、有所思考的。常用搭配: be serious about sth.。
She looked serious during the meeting. 开会时她看起来很严肃。(她的表情、态度显示她很认真地对待会议。)
I'm serious about my future. 我对自己的未来是认真的。(我真的很重视我的未来。)
【联想】seriously adv. 认真地；严肃地；严重地
take sth. seriously 认真对待某事
He spoke seriously about his plans. 他认真地谈论了自己的计划。
Don't take it too seriously-he was just joking. 别太当真 一他只是在开玩笑。
10.She read a large number of ancient Chinese medical books and discovered a treatment using a plant called qinghao. 她阅读了大量中国古代医书，并发现了一种用植物 "青蒿" 来治疗疟疾的方法。
a large number of 大量的
A large number of scientists worked together to develop the vaccine. 大量科学家一起合作研发疫苗。(强调参与人数众多，体现科学发现背后团队的力量。)
【提示】a large number of 意为 "大量的"，常用来修饰可数名词复数，表达某个事物或人很多。它比 many 语气更强，语体更正式一些。常见结构: a large number of + 可数名词复数 + 动词复数形式。短语中的 large 可以省略，也可以换成 great，huge 等。
A great/huge number of scientists support this idea. 大量科学家支持这个观点。
a huge amount of/huge amounts of 也可表示大量的，但常用于修饰 "水、信息、能量" 等抽象或不可数物。其谓语动词取决于 amount 的单复数。
A large amount of sugar is used in this recipe. 这个配方里用了一大堆糖。(amount 是单数，谓语动词用 is。)
Huge amounts of sugar are used in the food industry. 食品行业使用大量糖。(amounts 是复数，谓语动词用 are。)
medical adj. 医学的；医疗的
He plans to apply to medical school next year. 他计划明年申请医学院。
She received excellent medical care after the accident. 她在事故后接受了优良的医疗护理。
【联想】medicine n. 医学；药物
My aunt studies medicine at university. 我小姨在大学学习医学。
You should take your medicine twice a day. 你应该一天吃两次药。
11.Tu took another closer look at the medical classics. Finally, one line lit up an idea for her-a low-heat method! 屠呦呦再次仔细研究医学经典著作。终于，一行字启发了她 -低温提取法！
light up 使...... 变亮
【提示】light up 是一个常见的短语动词，它的过去式 / 过去分词为 lit up 或 lighted up (口语中常用 lit up)。它既可以是字面意思 (点亮)，也可以是比喻义 (变开心；容光焕发；激发、启发某个想法等)。light up an idea 相当于 inspired/gave birth to an idea。
That sentence lit up a new possibility in his mind. 那句话在他脑海中点亮了一种新的可能性。
Her face lit up when she saw the puppy. 当她看到那只小狗时，脸上立即放光了。
12.Tu volunteered to test the medicine on herself before giving it to others. 屠呦呦在给别人使用这种药物之前，自愿在自己身上进行试验。
volunteer v. 自愿做；义务做；无偿做 n. 志愿者
She volunteered to join the research team working on the discovery of a clean energy source. 她自愿加入研究小组，致力于发现一种清洁能源。
The hospital is looking for volunteers to help care for patients. 医院正在寻找志愿者来照顾病人。
【提示】volunteer 作动词时，既可作及物动词，也可作不及物动词。常用结构:volunteer to do sth.(自愿做某事)，volunteer sth.(主动提供某物、某服务)。常见搭配有:volunteer one's time/help/services/skills...(主动提供时间 / 帮助 / 服务 / 技能等)，volunteer as + 职位 / 角色 (自愿担任......)。
She volunteered her services as a nurse during the war. 她在战争期间自愿提供护理服务。
herself pron.(用作女性的反身代词) 她自己，自己
The nurse taught her how to take care of herself after surgery. 护士教她术后如何照顾自己。
【提示】herself 是个反身代词，对应的主语是 she。herself 可以表示 "她自己"-动作回到她自己身上 (反身用法)，也可表示强调 "她亲自" 或 "她本人"-加强语气，常与 by 连用:by herself =alone (独自一人)。
The doctor herself explained the test results to the patient. 医生亲自向病人解释了检查结果。
She stayed in the room by herself after the check-up. 她检查后独自在房间里待着。
第四课时（Grammar in use）语法篇
感叹句
感叹句用于表达强烈的感情，如惊讶、兴奋、赞叹等。通常以 What 或 How 开头，句尾要用感叹号 "!"，表示 "多么...... 啊！"。
常见句型:
How + 形容词 / 副词 (+ 主语 + 谓语)!
How important this discovery is! 这个发现多么重要啊！
How quickly the new medicine works! 这种新药起效多么快啊！
What+(a/an)+ 形容词 + 名词 (+ 主语 + 谓语)!
What an amazing invention the microscope is! 显微镜是多么了不起的发明啊！
What great progress we've made in medicine! 我们在医学上取得了多么大的进步啊！
What useful information the scientist gave us! 科学家给了我们多么有用的信息啊！
What exciting discoveries! 多么激动人心的发现啊！
注意:
(1) What 句型中的名词如果是单数可数名词，则需要加 a/an; 如果是名词复数和不可数名词，则省略 a/an。
(2) 在非正式场合，主谓结构常省略，使句子更简洁，如:
What a view! 景色多美啊！(代替 What a beautiful view it is!)
How fast! 太快了吧！(代替 How fast it moves!)
(3) 除了 What/How 外，有时也可用其他词 (如 so/such) 引导感叹句，如:
Such a clever idea! 真是个聪明的主意！
So many stars! 好多星星啊！
第五课时 （Writing）知识精讲
I can keep in touch with my friends and family through email or social media. 我可以通过电子邮件或社交媒体与朋友和家人保持联系。
keep in touch 保持联系
They kept in touch by sending postcards every year. 他们每年寄明信片以保持联系。
【提示】除了 keep in touch 这个常用短语，还有很多短语可以表达 "保持联系"，如 stay/get in touch; 如果想强调通过网络或电话联系，可以用 stay connected; 在稍正式的语境中，可以用 keep in contact; 有时也用 be in touch 来表示 "处于联系中"; 如果是主动联系别人，可以用 reach out to sb. 等。
We will stay in touch to share news about new medical research. 我们会保持联系，分享医学研究的最新消息。
The inventors stay connected online to discuss their project. 发明家们通过网络保持联系讨论项目。
Please keep in contact with the lab about the new discovery. 请与实验室保持联系，了解新发现。
I'm in touch with a team working on a new vaccine. 我正与一个研究新疫苗的团队保持联系。
The scientist reached out to other experts for advice. 这位科学家主动联系其他专家寻求建议。
表示 "失去联系" 的常用短语是 be out of touch (with sb.)(侧重 "目前没有联系" 或 "不了解某事") 或 lose touch (with sb.)(侧重 "从前有联系，后来失去了联系")。
I've been out of touch with my old classmates for years. 我多年没和老同学联系了。
We lost touch after she moved to another city. 她搬到另一座城市后我们就失去了联系。
I can relax in my spare time by listening to music or watching films online. 在空闲时间，我可以通过听音乐或在线观看电影来放松身心。
spare adj. 空闲的
In her spare time, she reads books about famous discoveries. 她在空闲时间读有关著名发现的书。
【提示】spare 作形容词表 "空闲的" 意思时，常见于固定搭配 spare time，与 free time/leisure time 意思接近，都可以表示 "空闲时间"，即工作 / 学习之外的个人可支配时间。一般情况下，三者可以互换使用。
She reads novels in her spare/free/leisure time. 她空闲时读小说。
spare 作形容词，还可指 "多余的；备用的"。
I keep a spare battery for my camera. 我为我的相机准备了一节备用电池。
spare 还可作动词，意为 "抽出；拨出；留出；匀出"，作名词则指 "备用品"。
Can you spare a few minutes to talk about the new invention 你能抽几分钟谈谈这项新发明吗？
She didn't have any money to spare for the project. 她没有多余的钱投入到这个项目中。
We need a spare for the broken part of the machine. 我们需要一个备用零件来替换机器坏掉的部分。
练一练
一、词形转换
根据句意和所给单词，用其适当形式填空，注意词性、单复数、时态及固定搭配。
1. The ________ (discover) of the new energy source has changed the world’s energy structure completely.
2. After years of ________ (explore), the scientists finally found the ancient city in the desert.
3. This new machine is highly ________ (economy) in water use, saving 50% of water compared with the old one.
4. The ________ (invent) of the AI robot has greatly improved the efficiency of factory production.
5. The doctor suggested that he should receive proper ________ (treat) for his serious heart disease.
6. A large number of ________ (bacterium) were found in the water sample, so it’s not safe to drink.
7. Her face ________ (light) up when she heard that her research on penicillin had made great progress.
8. Many ________ (volunteer) devoted their time to helping test the new medicine in the remote area.
9. The ________ (develop) of science and technology is closely related to human’s great inventions and discoveries.
10. He was awarded a Nobel Prize for his ________ (contribute) to the research on X-rays.
二、词汇选择
从A、B、C、D四个选项中选出最符合句意的一项，注意近义词辨析、固定搭配及语境。
1. The ancient compass, one of China’s great ________, has played a key role in world exploration.
A. discoveries B. inventions C. explorations D. materials
2. He found the rare plant ________ when he was hiking in the rainforest, which made him world-famous.
A. by accident B. on purpose C. in total D. at war
3. The new medicine can ________ people from dying of the serious infectious disease effectively.
A. prevent B. protect C. provide D. prepare
4. To our great ________, the experiment on the new vaccine was a complete success after hundreds of tests.
A. surprise B. disappointment C. joy D. anger
5. The scientist ________ his whole life to the research on cancer and finally developed a new treatment.
A. spent B. took C. cost D. devoted
6. The X-ray machine is now ________ used in hospitals all over the world to check for broken bones.
A. widely B. totally C. seriously D. accidentally
7. She ________ to test the new medicine on herself before it was used on patients, showing great courage.
A. refused B. volunteered C. agreed D. hoped
8. The ________ of the story is about how a young scientist made a great discovery through hard work.
A. theme B. course C. melody D. economy
9. He is a ________ scientist who always takes his research seriously and never gives up easily.
A. confident B. serious C. ancient D. economical
10. We should ________ in touch with our former classmates, even if we are busy with our work and study.
A. keep B. stay C. both A and B D. lose
三、语法选择
从A、B、C、D四个选项中选出能填入空白处的最佳选项，重点考查感叹句、时态、被动语态、非谓语动词等本单元核心语法。
1. ________ amazing invention the smartphone is! It has changed our daily life totally.
A. What B. What an C. How D. How an
2. The Arabic number system ________ in India around 500 CE and now it’s used all over the world.
A. invented B. was invented C. is invented D. invents
3. He found some strange mould ________ on the Petri dishes when he got back to the lab after the holiday.
A. grow B. growing C. to grow D. grown
4. ________ the course of the past 100 years, great inventions have made people’s life much easier.
A. In B. On C. At D. During
5. —________ quickly the new medicine works on the patients!
—Yes, it’s a great discovery in medical science.
A. What B. What a C. How D. How a
6. Penicillin ________ into life-saving medicine by other scientists after Fleming discovered it by accident.
A. turned B. was turned C. is turned D. turns
7. She read a large number of ancient medical books ________ she could find a treatment for the disease.
A. so that B. because C. though D. if
8. The scientist suggested ________ more tests on humans before the new drug was put on the market.
A. do B. to do C. doing D. done
9. ________ is known to all, the discovery of qinghao has helped millions of people with malaria.
A. It B. As C. What D. That
10. He ________ the wheel for more than 10 years before he finally made a perfect one for the car.
A. researched B. has researched
C. had researched D. was researching
四、选词填空
从方框中选择恰当的单词或短语，并用其适当形式填空，每个单词/短语仅用一次，有两个多余选项。
invention, discovery, by accident, prevent...from, light up, keep in touch, spare, award, treat, routine, ancient, economy
1. The ________ of paper by Cai Lun was a great contribution to the development of human civilization.
2. I met my primary school teacher ________ in the supermarket yesterday, which made me very happy.
3. Wearing masks can ________ us ________ being infected with some viruses in public places.
4. A sudden idea ________ his mind when he was reading the ancient medical classic at midnight.
5. The famous scientist was ________ the Nobel Prize in Physics for his great research on nuclear energy.
6. We can ________ with our friends who live abroad through video calls and social media.
7. The ________ Egyptians created many great works of art and made lots of amazing inventions.
8. It’s his daily ________ to read scientific books for an hour after getting up in the morning.
9. The doctor ________ the patient with a new kind of antibiotic, and the patient got better soon.
10. He doesn’t have any ________ time to take part in outdoor activities because he is busy with his research every day.
【课后巩固】
Choose the proper words in the box to complete the passage. Each can be used only once.（将下列单词填入空格。每个选项只能使用一次。）
A. trained B. treated C. rights D. volunteer E. course F. electronic
These women all had very important jobs at the space agency called NASA. They were special because their work made a difference to the (1) ______ of women and Black people.
Dorothy Vaughan
Dorothy got a job solving difficult maths problems by hand in 1943. She then became the very first Black manager at NASA.
One of her greatest achievements was that she learnt how to program (2) ______ computers. She became so skilled that she (3) ______ lots of other women to become programmers too.
Mary Jackson
Mary began working at NASA to help solve maths problems, just like Dorothy did. She worked hard to become NASA’s first Black female engineer. Mary also tried to help make sure that other women were (4) ______ fairly in their jobs. She was known for her (5) ______ work at NASA and in her community.
A. prove B. serious C. awarded D. expressed E. positions F. research
Katherine Johnson
Katherine went to university to study maths in 1939. This was at a time when very few Black women went to university.
Katherine began working at NASA in 1953. She worked hard and was moved onto a space flight (6) ______ project. Katherine used her amazing maths skills to help plan routes into space. She helped send astronauts to the moon and back.
Katherine was (7) ______ the “Presidential Medal of Freedom” for her work in 2015.
Dr Christine Darden
Christine Darden joined NASA in 1967 as a data analyst and she used maths to solve problems about how airplanes fly. She was a (8) ______ and hard-working woman who always wanted to do her best. At that time, very few women were engineers, so she had to work very hard to (9)______ her ability.
After years of great work, she became the first Black woman to reach one of the top engineering (10)______at NASA. She also inspired many young people, especially girls, to study science and engineering.
Fill in the blanks with appropriate content to make the dialogue complete and coherent.(在空格处填入适当的内容，使对话完整、连贯。注意使用正确的句法结构。)
The school Science Week is coming. Two students are talking about it.
Emma: Hi, Tom! Have you heard about the Science Week at school
Tom: Yes, (1) _______________________. I’m really excited about it. (2)_______________________
Emma: It starts next Monday. There will be a variety of activities.
Tom: That sounds fun! (3) _______________________
Emma: There’ll be robot shows, a space exhibition and so on. Oh, and there’s a competition for students to present their own projects.
Tom: Wow! (4)_______________________it sounds! Will anyone special come to the school
Emma: Yes! A scientist from the university will give a talk about inventions and discoveries next Tuesday. You’re interested in those topics, (5) _______________________
Tom: Yes, I am. What time will the talk start
Emma: At two o’clock in the auditorium. We should get there early to find good seats.
Tom: Good idea! I can’t wait for it.
Grammar（语法选择）
Choose the best answer.（选择最恰当的答案，每题只有一个正确答案。）
Making the Night Bright
Before the late 19th century, when the sun went down, the world became dark. People relied on candles and gas lamps 1. However, Thomas Edison, one of the greatest inventors in history, was determined to change this. He wanted to create an electric light that was safe and cheap enough for everyone.
Edison did not invent the first light bulb, but he made the first practical one. 2 part was finding the right material for the filament (灯丝). He and his team tried thousands of different materials, from cotton to bamboo. They failed again and again. Yet, Edison didn’t give up. He said, “I haven’t failed. I’ve just found 10,000 ways 3 won’t work.”
Finally, in 1879, he succeeded. A bulb using a carbon filament burned for 13.5 hours. It was a huge success. Soon, his invention 4 to the public. The news spread quickly in newspapers around the world. People were 5 that a small glass ball could turn night into day.
Edison’s success teaches us a lesson about persistence (坚持). Giving up was never an option for him. He believed that genius is one percent inspiration and ninety-nine percent perspiration (汗水). Today, 6 we turn on a light, we should thank the man who lit up the world. 7 we have LED lights now, the principle remains the same.
The light bulb is 8 important an invention that we cannot imagine life without it. It allows us to work and 9 long after sunset. It is truly 10 symbol of human intelligence.
1. A. seen B. seeing C. to see
2. A. The hardest B. Harder C. Hard
3. A. when B. where C. that
4. A. introduced B. was introduced C. introduces
5. A. to amaze B. amazing C. amazed
6. A. whenever B. whatever C. however
7. A. Although B. Because C. If
8. A. such B. too C. so
9. A. played B. playing C. play
10. A. / B. a C. an
Read and write（读后续写）
Read the passage and complete the tasks.（根据短文内容完成任务。）（第1至5题，每题2分；第6题5分；共15分。）
The bus screeched to a stop at camp, and Elliott was jostled in the noisy crowd of kids as they hurried off. His hat was knocked over his eyes, but he finally dragged his suitcase into the bright sunshine. After a counselor in a yellow shirt sorted him into Cabin Seven, he followed his four cabinmates along a dirt path to their dark, musty cabin. He claimed a bottom bunk (下铺) at the back, hoping to read quietly, but his enthusiastic roommate Zack soon invited him for a swim. Elliott went reluctantly, because swimming wasn’t his favorite, and he would shiver at the freezing lake water. Seizing the chance when counselors were distracted by other kids, he sneaked off to the woods, eager for peace and quiet.
Deep in the shadowy woods, Elliott settled in a mossy dell (小山谷) and pulled out his book Prince Caspian. Suddenly, a deep voice asked, “What are you reading ” He turned to see a huge, friendly purple-furred creature named Nocturnis, who came from the Monster Kingdom to seek quiet. Nocturnis offered to share a special place with him.
Elliott climbed onto Nocturnis’s soft furry back. The creature pulled a glowing blue flower from its fur, and they floated gently up through the towering trees. Elliott, who usually feared heights, felt calm. They reached a nest atop a giant thousand-year-old tree, where Elliott read Prince Caspian aloud to Nocturnis. Nocturnis hooted and growled with excitement as he listened. When the sun dipped low, Elliott decided to return, worried counselors would notice his absence.
Task 1: Answer the questions.
1. Why did Elliott go to the woods instead of staying at the lake
________________________________________________________________
2. What was the name of the book Elliott was reading in the woods
________________________________________________________________
3. Where did the creature Nocturnis come from
________________________________________________________________
4. How did Elliott and Nocturnis reach the top of the giant tree
________________________________________________________________
5. How did Elliott feel when floating in the air with Nocturnis
________________________________________________________________
Task 2:
6. In about 30 words, write an ending to the story.
________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________
Translating（翻译）
Translate the following sentences into English, using the words given in the brackets.（使用括号中的词翻译下列句子。）
1. 造纸术是中国古代劳动人民智慧的结晶。(ancient)
________________________________________________________________
2. 轮子的发明彻底改变了人类的交通方式。(wheel)
________________________________________________________________
3. 这种材料被广泛用于制造现代飞机。(material)
________________________________________________________________
4. 这个奖项被授予了那位在医学领域做出巨大贡献的科学家。(award)
________________________________________________________________
5. 在战争期间，许多无辜的人失去了生命。(war)
________________________________________________________________Unit 2 Great inventions and discoveries教案
（解析版）
【课前热身】
情景对话
Situation: A student (S) is talking to a health teacher (He) about the invention of vaccines.
S: I know vaccines can prevent certain diseases. (1) ________________________________ (写一般疑问句)
He: Yes, vaccines are a great achievement in medicine. They protect people from serious illnesses.
S: I heard the first vaccine was for smallpox. (2) ____________________________________ (对“in 1796”提问)
He: Edward Jenner developed the first smallpox vaccine in 1796 after careful research.
S: Can vaccines be used for children
He: (3) ________.(回答一般疑问句) Many vaccines are specially designed for children’s health.
S: Useful! You’ve taught us that vaccines (4) ________________________.(保持 “are important for disease prevention” 句意不变)
【答案】(1) Can vaccines effectively prevent certain diseases
(2) When did Edward Jenner develop the first smallpox vaccine
(3) Yes, they can
(4) play a key role in disease prevention
【解析】
(1) 句式要求：题目明确要求写一般疑问句，原句是陈述句“I know vaccines can prevent certain diseases.”，将情态动词can提前，即可构成一般疑问句，补充副词effectively（有效地）让句意更完整，符合对话语境。
语法：情态动词can引导的一般疑问句结构：Can + 主语 + 动词原形 + 其他？
句意：疫苗能有效预防某些疾病吗？
(2)提问要求：对时间状语“in 1796”提问，用特殊疑问词When；语法：特殊疑问句结构When + 一般疑问句？；原句是一般过去时（developed），需用助动词did，且did后接动词原形develop，同时保留答句中的主语Edward Jenner，保证问句与答句对应。
句意：爱德华·詹纳是什么时候研制出第一支天花疫苗的？
(3) 回答要求：题目要求回答一般疑问句“Can vaccines be used for children ”；语法：情态动词can引导的一般疑问句，肯定回答固定结构Yes, 主语 + can.；用代词they指代前文的vaccines，避免重复。
句意：是的，疫苗可以给儿童使用。
(4) 句意不变要求：原句“are important for disease prevention”意为“对疾病预防很重要”，需替换为同义表达；
固定搭配：play a key role in sth. = be important for sth.（在某事中起关键作用/对某事很重要），是本单元核心同义替换短语；语法：vaccines是复数主语，一般现在时中谓语动词用原形play。
句意：你教过我们疫苗在疾病预防中起着关键作用。
【知识梳理】
Unit 2 Great inventions and discoveries知识点梳理
P19-21 Viewing and listening
1. CE= Common Era 公元
BCE= before the Common Era 公元前
2. invent v. 发明 —— invention n. 发明 —— inventor n. 发明家
3. discover v. 发现 —— discovery n. 发现
4.被动语态：be done
被动语态的省略：在描述物品用途和构成时，通常省略be动词，直接使用过去分词。
Steam engine： invented in 1698 蒸汽机：1698年被发明
5. ancient inventions 古代的/古老的发明
6. daily life 日常生活
7. be used to do = be used for sth./ doing
(be) used for water transport 被用于水上运输
8. explore v. 探索—— explorer n. 探险家 —— exploration n. 探索
9. world exploration 世界探索
10. wheel n.轮子，车轮
11. make people’s work, travel and life easier 使人们的工作、旅行和生活更便捷
12. help spread knowledge 帮助传播知识
13. help the development of science and the economy 有助于科学和经济的发展
14. develop v. 发展；开发 —— development n. 发展
—— developing adj. 发展中的 —— developed adj. 发达的
15. economy n. 经济 —— economic adj. 经济的
—— economically adv. 经济上 —— economist n. 经济学家
16. material n.材料，原料
17. fishnet n.渔网 —— fisherman n.渔夫
18. war n.战争 —— warrior n.战士
19. ill adj. 生病的 —— illness n. 疾病
excite v. 使激动—— excitement n.激动 —— exciting adj.令人激动的—— excited adj.感到激动的
P22-23 Speaking： Great modern inventions
1. imagine v.想象 —— imagination n. 想象 —— imaginary (adj. 虚构的)
2. communicate v.交流 —— communication n. 交流
3. imagine your life without it 想象没有它的生活
4. hardly adv. 几乎不（否定含义） hardly do anything well 几乎做不好任何事
5. after dark 天黑后
6. It would be hard to do… 做某事将会是困难的
7. thousands of times 成千上万次
8. in an emergency 在紧急情况下
9. imagine doing sth. 想象做某事 imagine going to hospital on a horse 想象骑马去医院
10. I see your point! 我明白你的意思!
11. express opinions 表达观点
12. support your ideas with details 用细节支撑你的观点
13. change our daily habits 改变我们的日常习惯
14. store more information 储存更多的信息
15. make travel easier and faster 让出行更容易更快
make communication easier 让交流更容易
16. 感叹句结构：What + (a/an) +adj.+n.+(主语+谓语) !
How+ adj./adv.+ (主语+谓语) !
17. while 引导时间状语从句，表示在…期间，强调动作同时进行，后通常+doing
P24-27 Reading
1. use ... to do / for doing 用……来做…… use tubes to do experiments 用管子来做实验
2. be covered in 被覆盖在…
3. be surprised to do sth. 做某事感到惊讶
4. see ... doing ... 看到……正在做……
5. pass through 穿过
6. bone n. 骨头
7. X-ray n. X射线；X光 v. 用X射线拍摄检查
8. be done 被动语态
be widely used in ... 被广泛应用于……
9. award v. 颁奖 n. 奖；奖品 be awarded the Nobel Prize 被授予诺贝尔奖
10. sir n. （贵族头衔）爵士；先生
11. by accident 偶然；意外地
12. to one's surprise 令某人惊讶的是
13. stop ... from doing ... 阻止……做某事
14. turn ... into ... 把……变成……
15. life-saving adj. 救命的；救生的
16. course n. 进程；课程 change the course of ... 改变……的进程
17. medicine n. 医学；药 —— medical adj. 医学的；医疗的
18. make it possible for sb. to do sth. 使得某人做某事成为可能
19. treat v. 医治；治疗 / n. 乐事；乐趣；款待 —— treatment n. 治疗
20. serious adj. 严重的；严肃的 —— seriously adv. 严重地；严肃地
21. treat serious illnesses 治疗严重的疾病
22. be chosen to do sth. 被选派去做某事
23. no matter how 引导让步状语从句 no matter how hard they tried 无论他们多么努力
24. fail to do sth. 未能做成某事
25. a large number of 大量的（接可数名词复数）
26. light up 使……变亮；（引申）使豁然开朗
27. take a closer look at … 更仔细地查看…
28. test ... on sb./oneself 在某人/自己身上测试……
29. volunteer v. 自愿做；义务做；无偿做 / n. 志愿者 —— voluntary adj. 志愿的
30. volunteer to do sth. 自愿做某事
31. herself pron.她自己
32. What感叹句结构：What (+a/an) + 形容词 +名词 (+主语+谓语)!
What an amazing discovery! 这是一个多么令人惊奇的发现！
How感叹句结构：How +形容词/副词 （+主语+谓语）
How strange （it is）！
33. 当主句和从句主语一致时，before/after/when 等引导的时间状语从句可以省略主语，并将谓语动词变为-ing 形式。
She volunteered to test the medicine on herself before giving it to others.
P28-29 Grammar
1. stop the disease from spreading 阻止疾病传播
2. live a comfortable life 过上舒适的生活
3. greet hotel guests 问候酒店客人
4. deliver goods up to 5 kg in weight 运载重达5千克的货物
5. have a battery life of 40 minutes 电池续航 40分钟
6. as + adj./adv.原级 + as 和……一样……
P30-31 Writing
1. spare adj. 空闲的，抽出（时间），匀出 in my spare time 在我的空闲时间
2. keep/stay in touch with… 和…保持联系
3. help a lot with … 在…方面帮助很大 help a lot with my studies 在我的学习方面帮助很大
be of great help 非常有帮助
4. bring more fun into my life 给我的生活带来更多乐趣
5. 写作中可以使用的连接词：
用于引入：to begin with, to start with, first, ...
用于补充：what’s more, in addition, besides, as well, more importantly, ...
用于结果： therefore, as a result, for these reasons, ...
用于对比: however, instead, on the other hand …(在另一方面)
用于总结: in short, in a word, in conclusion，all in all, to sum up…
Unit 2 Great inventions and discoveries语法填空1（课文Speaking改编）
Yiming: Lu Yao, this website says the light bulb is the greatest modern invention. Do you agree
Lu Yao: I’d say yes. It has changed our daily habits. Just imagine your life without it. You could hardly do anything well after dark.
Yiming: I totally agree. It would be hard (1)________ (do) homework with candles! While Edison (2)________ (invent) a safe and inexpensive light bulb, he failed thousands of times.
Lu Yao: How (3)________ (encourage)!
Harry: Edison was great, but I don’t think the light bulb is the greatest modern invention.
Lu Yao: What do you think is the greatest modern invention then
Harry: The car. It’s really fast and convenient. It can take people to hospital quickly in (4)________ emergency.
Lu Yao: I see your point! Imagine going to hospital on a horse!
【答案与详细解析】
1答案：to do
语法点：固定句型 It is + 形容词 + to do sth.（做某事是……的），此处用不定式作真正主语，it 为形式主语。
句意：用蜡烛做作业会很难！
2. 答案：was inventing
语法点：while 引导时间状语从句，强调“在……期间”，主句为一般过去时（failed），从句用过去进行时（was/were + doing）表示“过去某段时间正在进行的动作”；主语 Edison 为单数，故用 was inventing。
句意：爱迪生在发明安全又便宜的灯泡时，失败了成千上万次。
3. 答案：encouraging
语法点：感叹句结构 How + 形容词/副词 + (主语 + 谓语)!，此处用形容词 encouraging（鼓舞人心的）修饰事物，表达感叹语气。
句意：多么鼓舞人心啊！
4. 答案：an
语法点：固定搭配 in an emergency（在紧急情况下），emergency 以元音音素开头，故用不定冠词 an。
句意：紧急情况下，它能快速把人送到医院。
【译文】
Yiming: 路遥，这个网站说灯泡是最伟大的现代发明。你同意吗？
Lu Yao: 我同意。它改变了我们的日常习惯。想象一下没有它的生活，天黑后你几乎什么事都做不好。
Yiming: 我完全同意！用蜡烛做作业太难了！爱迪生在发明安全又便宜的灯泡时，失败了成千上万次。
Lu Yao: 多么鼓舞人心啊！
Harry: 爱迪生很伟大，但我不认为灯泡是最伟大的现代发明。
Lu Yao: 那你认为最伟大的现代发明是什么？
Harry: 汽车。它又快又方便，紧急情况下能快速把人送到医院。
Lu Yao: 我明白你的意思了！想象一下骑马去医院的场景！
【重点词汇&短语】
light bulb /la t b lb/ 灯泡
modern invention / m dn n ven n/ 现代发明
daily habits / de li h b ts/ 日常习惯
after dark / ɑ ft dɑ k/ 天黑后
inexpensive / n k spens v/ 便宜的
thousands of / θa zndz v/ 成千上万的
encouraging / n k r d / 鼓舞人心的
convenient /k n vi ni nt/ 方便的
in an emergency / n n m d nsi/ 在紧急情况下
Unit 2 Great inventions and discoveries（课文Reading改编）
The German scientist Wilhelm Conrad R ntgen wanted to use tubes to do experiments on electricity. The tubes were covered in heavy black paper. He was surprised to see a green light (1)________ (come) from the tubes. And he was even (2)________ (surprise) when the light appeared on a screen beside him. How strange!
He learned that the light can pass (3)________ objects. R ntgen knew he (4)________ (discover) something important. When he passed the light through his wife’s hand, something exciting happened. He could see the bones inside (5)________ (she) hand! This was how R ntgen discovered X-rays in 1895. After many tests on humans, (6)________ were soon widely used in hospitals and R ntgen (7)________ (award) the Nobel Prize.
The British scientist, Sir Alexander Fleming, discovered penicillin (8)________ accident. In 1928, he went on a holiday but forgot (9)________ (clean) up his lab before he left. When he got back, he found some strange mould (10)________ (grow) on some of his Petri dishes. To his surprise, the mould seemed to stop the bacteria around it from (11)________ (grow). With more research, he discovered penicillin.
Later, other scientists turned penicillin into (12)________ (life-saving) medicine. The discovery of penicillin changed the course of medicine and has made it possible for doctors (13)________ (treat) serious illnesses. What (14)________ amazing discovery!
Around 1970, when a lot of people were getting sick with malaria, Tu Youyou (15)________ (choose) to find a medicine. She read a large number of ancient Chinese medical books and discovered a treatment (16)________ (use) a plant called qinghao. However, no matter how hard they tried, Tu and her team failed (17)________ (get) the active part from the plant.
Tu took another closer look at the medical classics. Finally, one line lit up an idea for her — a low-heat method! With this method, she and her team successfully got the active part and named it qinghaosu. Tu volunteered (18)________ (test) the medicine on (19)________ (she) before giving it to others. Later, qinghaosu became an important treatment for malaria and has saved millions of (20)________ (life).
【答案&解析】
1. 答案：coming
语法点：现在分词作宾语补足语，see sb./sth. doing sth. 表示“看见某物正在做某事”，强调动作正在进行。
句意：他惊讶地看到一道绿光正从管子里透出来。
2. 答案：more surprised
语法点：形容词比较级，even 用于修饰比较级，加强语气；surprised 的比较级为 more surprised。
句意：当这道光出现在他旁边的屏幕上时，他更加惊讶了。
3. 答案：through
语法点：固定搭配 pass through，意为“穿过、透过”。
句意：他了解到这种光可以穿透物体。
4. 答案：had discovered
语法点：过去完成时，discover 动作发生在 knew 之前，即“过去的过去”，结构为 had + 过去分词。
句意：伦琴知道他已经发现了重要的东西。
5. 答案：her
语法点：形容词性物主代词，修饰名词 hand，she 的形容词性物主代词为 her。
句意：他能看到她手里面的骨头！
6. 答案：they
语法点：代词指代，指代前文的 X-rays，用复数主格代词 they。
句意：经过多次人体测试，它们（X射线）很快在医院被广泛使用。
7. 答案：was awarded
语法点：一般过去时的被动语态，主语 R ntgen 与 award 是被动关系，结构为 was/were + 过去分词。
句意：伦琴也因此被授予诺贝尔奖。
8. 答案：by
语法点：固定搭配 by accident，意为“偶然地、意外地”。
句意：英国科学家亚历山大·弗莱明爵士偶然发现了青霉素。
9. 答案：to clean
语法点：固定搭配 forget to do sth.，意为“忘记去做某事（未做）”；forget doing sth. 表示“忘记做过某事（已做）”，此处是忘记去清理实验室，用 to clean。
句意：1928年，他去度假，临走前忘记清理实验室。
10. 答案：growing
语法点：现在分词作宾语补足语，find sb./sth. doing sth. 表示“发现某物正在做某事”，强调动作正在进行。
句意：回来后，他发现一些培养皿上正长着奇怪的霉菌。
11. 答案：growing
语法点：固定搭配 stop sb./sth. from doing sth.，意为“阻止某人/某物做某事”，from 后接动名词。
句意：令他惊讶的是，这种霉菌似乎能阻止周围细菌的生长。
12. 答案：life-saving
语法点：复合形容词作定语，life-saving 由 life + save + -ing 构成，意为“救命的”，修饰名词 medicine。
句意：后来，其他科学家将青霉素制成了救命药物。
13. 答案：to treat
语法点：固定句型 make it possible for sb. to do sth.，意为“使某人做某事成为可能”，it 为形式宾语，真正宾语是不定式 to treat。
句意：青霉素的发现让医生能够治疗严重疾病成为可能。
14. 答案：an
语法点：感叹句结构 What + a/an + 形容词 + 可数名词单数！，amazing 以元音音素开头，用 an。
句意：多么了不起的发现啊！
15. 答案：was chosen
语法点：一般过去时的被动语态，主语 Tu Youyou 与 choose 是被动关系，结构为 was/were + 过去分词。
句意：大约在1970年，很多人患上了疟疾，屠呦呦被选中去寻找治疗药物。
16. 答案：using
语法点：现在分词作方式状语，using a plant called qinghao 表示“使用名为青蒿的植物”，修饰动词 discovered。
句意：她阅读了大量中国古代医书，发现了一种用名为“青蒿”的植物治疗疟疾的方法。
17. 答案：to get
语法点：固定搭配 fail to do sth.，意为“未能做某事”。
句意：然而，无论他们怎么努力，屠呦呦和她的团队都未能从这种植物中提取出有效成分。
18. 答案：to test
语法点：固定搭配 volunteer to do sth.，意为“自愿做某事”。
句意：在给其他人使用之前，屠呦呦自愿在自己身上测试这种药物。
19. 答案：herself
语法点：反身代词，herself 指代主语 Tu，表示“她自己”。
句意：在给其他人使用之前，屠呦呦自愿在自己身上测试这种药物。
20. 答案：lives
语法点：名词复数，millions of 后接可数名词复数，life 的复数形式为 lives。
句意：后来，青蒿素成为治疗疟疾的重要药物，拯救了数百万人的生命。
【中文翻译】
德国科学家威廉·康拉德·伦琴想要用真空管来做电学实验。这些管子被厚厚的黑纸包裹着。他惊讶地看到一道绿光正从管子里透出来。当这道光出现在他身旁的一块屏幕上时，他更加惊讶了。太不可思议了！
他发现这种光线可以穿透物体。伦琴知道自己发现了重要的东西。当他让光线穿过妻子的手时，令人激动的事情发生了——他能看到她手里面的骨头！这就是伦琴在1895年发现X射线的过程。经过多次人体试验后，X射线很快在医院里得到广泛应用，伦琴也因此被授予了诺贝尔奖。
英国科学家亚历山大·弗莱明爵士偶然发现了青霉素。1928年，他去度假，临走前却忘记清理实验室。等他回来时，发现一些培养皿上长出了奇怪的霉菌。令他意外的是，这种霉菌似乎能阻止周围细菌的生长。通过进一步研究，他发现了青霉素。
后来，其他科学家将青霉素制成了救命药物。青霉素的发现改变了医学的发展进程，让医生能够治疗严重疾病成为可能。多么了不起的发现啊！
大约在1970年，很多人患上了疟疾，屠呦呦被选中去寻找治疗药物。她查阅了大量中国古代医书，发现了一种用名为“青蒿”的植物来治疗疟疾的方法。然而，无论他们多么努力，屠呦呦和她的团队都没能从这种植物中提取出有效成分。
屠呦呦再次仔细研读医学典籍。终于，一行文字启发了她——低温提取法！用这种方法，她和团队成功提取出了有效成分，并将其命名为“青蒿素”。在将药物用于他人之前，屠呦呦自愿在自己身上进行试验。后来，青蒿素成为治疗疟疾的重要药物，拯救了数百万人的生命。屠呦呦将这一发现称为“传统中医献给世界的礼物”。
重点短语/词汇注释
do experiments on electricity 做电学实验 be covered in 被……覆盖
pass through 穿透；穿过 be awarded the Nobel Prize 被授予诺贝尔奖
by accident 偶然；意外地 clean up 清理；打扫
Petri dishes 培养皿 stop...from growing 阻止……生长
turn...into life-saving medicine 将……制成救命药物
change the course of medicine 改变医学的进程
get sick with malaria 患上疟疾 a large number of 大量的
active part 有效成分 medical classics 医学典籍
low-heat method 低温提取法 volunteer to do sth. 自愿做某事
save millions of lives 拯救数百万人的生命
Unit 2 Great inventions and discoveries单元基础知识精讲
第一课时（Viewing and listening）知识精讲
1.Great inventions and discoveries 伟大的发明与发现
discovery n. 发现；发觉
His discovery of a new planet made him famous. 他发现了一颗新行星，这让他出名了。
discovery 指找到原本就存在、但未被人类知道的事物，是 "发现已有之物"，强调探索、找到隐藏的东西。而 invention 指人类创造出原本不存在的东西，是 "无中生有"，强调人的创造力和新事物的出现。
The discovery of penicillin helped save millions of lives. 青霉素的发现挽救了数百万人的生命。(青霉素早已存在于自然界，只是人类第一次发现它。)
The invention of the telephone made communication easier. 电话的发明让交流更方便。(电话是人类自己制造出的新工具。)
【联想】discover v. 发现 discoverer n. 发现者 undiscovered adj.未被发现的
They discovered a new planet in the solar system. 他们在太阳系中发现了一颗新行星。
Columbus is known as the discoverer of the Americas. 哥伦布被认为是美洲的发现者。
There are still many undiscovered species in the rainforest. 雨林中仍有许多未被发现的物种。
2.Great ancient inventions 伟大的古代发明
ancient adj. 古代的；古老的
The compass is one of the great ancient inventions of China. 指南针是中国伟大的古代发明之一。
【提示】ancient 与 old 意思接近，但 ancient 更 "庄重"，强调 "历史久远"，如:ancient times, ancient tools。old 更 "日常"，强调 "年老、使用时间久"，如: old shoes, old people。
3.The ship 船
Egypt, around 4000 BCE 埃及，约公元前 4000 年
Used for water transport and world exploration 用于水上运输和探索世界
BCE abbr.(= before the Common Era) 公元前
【提示】BCE 和 BC (Before Christ) 表示的是同一个时间段，只是 BCE 更加中性，不带宗教色彩。
exploration n. 探索；勘查
Ancient people began the exploration of new lands by sea. 古人开始通过海路探索新土地。
【联想】explore v. 探索；探险；研究；游览；深入了解
explorer n. 探险者；探索者
Scientists continue to explore the deep ocean. 科学家们继续探索深海。
During the trip, we explored old streets, local markets and museums. 在旅行中，我们深入了解了古街、当地市场和博物馆。
Marco Polo was a famous explorer from Italy. 马可 波罗是一位著名的意大利探险家。
4.The wheel 轮子
wheel n. 轮子；车轮
One of the wheels on my bike is broken. 我的自行车有一个轮子坏了。
【提示】wheel 作名词还可指 "方向盘"。常用搭配有 take the wheel (开车；驾驶一辆车)，at the wheel (在驾驶/掌舵)。
He took the wheel and started driving. 他握住方向盘开始开车。
He was tired after hours at the wheel. 开了好几个小时车，他感到很累。
wheel 也可作动词，表示 "推着轮子移动某物"。
The nurse wheeled the patient into the room. 护士把病人推进了房间。
5.The Arabic number system 阿拉伯数字系统
India, around 500 CE-600 CE 印度，大约公元 500 年至 600 年
Helps the development of science and the economy 有助于科学和经济的发展
CE abbr. (= Common Era) 公元
Paper was invented in China around 105 CE. 纸张约在公元 105 年在中国被发明。
【提示】CE 与 AD (Anno Domini) 意义相同，但它更加中性、常用于现代学术和文化交流中。
economy n. 经济
The Arabic number system helped improve trade and build a stronger economy. 阿拉伯数字系统有助于促进贸易并建立更强大的经济体系。
【提示】economy 作名词还可以指 "节约；节省；节俭"。
The new machine brings great economy in fuel use. 这台新机器非常节省燃料。
【联想】economic adj. 经济的 economical adj. 节省的
Economic development helps improve living standards. 经济发展有助于提高生活水平。
This new bulb is more economical than the old one. 这种新灯泡比旧的更省电。
6.Around 105 CE, a Chinese official, Cai Lun, made paper with materials such as plants and fishnets. 大约公元 105 年，一位名叫蔡伦的中国官员用植物和渔网等材料制作了纸张。
material n. 材料；原料
The invention of glass gave people a strong and clear material for windows. 玻璃的发明为人们提供了一种坚固且透明的材料，可用于窗户。
【提示】在某些语境下，material 也可以表示 "素材；资料" 或 "信息"，一般是不可数名词，如 historical material (历史资料)。当它表示不同种类或具体的物品 (如布料、建材等)，则通常为可数名词，复数为 materials。
fishnet n. 渔网
The invention of the fishnet allowed early people to catch more fish efficiently. 渔网的发明使早期人类能更高效地捕鱼。
【提示】fishnet 是一个复合词，由 fish (鱼)+net (网) 构成。类似的复合词还有 fishbone (鱼骨头)，fishball (鱼丸)，hairnet (发网) 等。
7.Later, people used ships in wars and world exploration. 后来，人们在战争和世界探索中使用船只。
war n. 战争
In the war against disease, new inventions like vaccines play a key role. 在对抗疾病的战争中，疫苗等新发明发挥着关键作用。
【提示】war 的常见意思是 "战争"(国家之间的武装冲突)，也可指 "激烈的斗争、竞争"(引申义)，常见搭配有:go to war (开战；发动战争)，win/lose a war (赢得 / 输掉一场战争)，at war (处于战争状态) 等。
Countries often go to war over land, resources or power. 国家常常因土地、资源或权力而开战。
When a country is at war, many new inventions are created to support the army. 国家处于战争状态时，常常会出现许多支持军队的新发明。
8.illness 疾病
illness n.(身体或精神上的) 疾病，病
There's no sign of illness, but he still feels tired all the time. 没有任何疾病的迹象，但他总是感到疲倦。
【提示】辨析:illness, sickness 和 disease
三者意思接近。illness 可表示一个人 "生病了" 的状态，语气中性，强调人的状态，而非具体的疾病。sickness 更口语化，英式英语中常用于轻微不适，可表示 "恶心感"(如晕车)，可作为 illness 的同义词使用。disease 偏正式、医学用语，常用于正式场合，强调具体、有诊断名称的疾病 [如 flu (流感)，cancer (癌症)，diabetes (糖尿病)]。
He felt sickness after the roller coaster ride. 他在坐完过山车后感到不适。
Heart disease is a major cause of death. 心脏病是主要的死亡原因之一。
9.socialism 社会主义
socialism n. 社会主义
Socialism aims to reduce the gap between the rich and the poor. 社会主义的目标是缩小贫富差距。
【联想】social adj. 社会的 socialist n. 社会主义者
The government should improve social services such as education and healthcare. 政府应改善诸如教育和医疗这样的社会服务。
第二课时（Speaking）知识精讲
10.It has changed our daily habits. 它 (灯泡) 改变了我们的日常生活习惯。
habit n. 习惯
It's her habit to make the bed every morning. 她习惯每天早上整理床铺。
【提示】habit 指个人或群体长期重复、难以改变的行为或习性，可能是好习惯，也可能是坏习惯。常见搭配有:have a habit of doing sth.(有...... 的习惯)，develop/form a habit (养成一个习惯)，break/get rid of a habit (改掉一个习惯)，out of habit [出于习惯 (不假思索地去做)]，make sth. a habit (把某事变成习惯) 等。
She has a habit of biting her nails when she's nervous. 她紧张时有咬指甲的习惯。
He's trying to break the habit of staying up late. 他正在努力改掉熬夜的习惯。
【提示】辨析:habit, routine 和 hobby
habit 强调 "无意识的重复行为"。routine 强调 "规律性流程"(如晨间洗漱、工作计划)。hobby 意为 "爱好"，强调人空闲时喜欢做、感兴趣的活动，是有意识且出于兴趣做的，一般是积极的。
My morning routine includes exercise and coffee. 我的晨间例行活动包括锻炼和喝咖啡。
He enjoys painting in his free time. It's his hobby. 他喜欢在空闲时间画画。这是他的爱好。
11.I totally agree. 完全同意。
totally adv. 全部地；整个地
The invention of the steam engine totally changed transport. 蒸汽机的发明彻底改变了交通方式。
【提示】totally 是副词，意为 "完全地；彻底地；整个地"，通常用来加强语气，可修饰动词、形容词或整个句子。口语表达中，用来强调赞同或反对 (相当于 absolutely)。
1)-That movie was amazing! 那部电影太棒了！
-Totally! 完全同意！
2)-Do you think it was her fault 你觉得这是她的错吗？
-Totally not! 完全不是她的错！
辨析:totally 与 completely 的意思和用法接近。totally 更口语化，适合强调态度或情绪；completely 更中性，用于表达客观事实，口语和书面语都能使用。
I completely understand your feelings. 我完全理解你的感受。
【联想】total adj. 总的；全部的 n. 总数；总计
The invention of the internet brought a total change to the way people communicate. 互联网的发明彻底改变了人们交流的方式。
In total, the scientist received three major awards for his discoveries. 这位科学家因其发现总共获得了三项重要奖项。
12.The telephone makes communication easier 电话让交流变得更容易
telephone n. 电话
Alexander Graham Bell invented the telephone in 1876. 亚历山大 格雷厄姆 贝尔于 1876 年发明了电话。
【提示】telephone 既可作名词，也可作动词，在大多数情况下，telephone 和 phone 可以互换使用，phone 则是更常见和简洁的说法，在口语或日常英语中多用 phone。telephone 作名词时，常用搭配有 answer the telephone (接电话)，make a telephone call (打电话) 等。telephone 作动词时，常用 telephone sb. 结构，意为 "给某人打电话"，相当于 make a phone call to sb.。
Could you please answer the telephone I'm cooking. 你能接一下电话吗？我在做饭。
Before email, people used to telephone/make a phone call to someone when they had something urgent to say. 在电子邮件出现前，人们有急事时会直接打电话给对方。
第三课时（Reading）知识精讲
1.The German scientist Wilhelm Conrad Rontgen wanted to use tubes to do experiments on electricity. 德国科学家威廉 康拉德 伦琴想用真空管做一些电学实验。
tube n.(金属、塑料、橡皮制成的) 管，管子
The scientist used a glass tube in his experiment. 科学家在实验中使用了一根玻璃管。
Please pass me a tube of glue. 请把那支胶水递给我。
【提示】tube 指管子、管状物，可用于运输液体、气体，也可指牙膏管、试管等，还可指英国伦敦的地铁。
I take the tube to work every day. 我每天坐地铁去上班。
You can get to the museum easily by tube. 你可以很方便地坐地铁去博物馆。
2.He could see the bones inside her hand! 他能看到她手内部的骨头！
bone n. 骨头
There are 206 bones in the human body. 人体内有 206 块骨头。
Be careful; this fish has a lot of small bones. 小心，这条鱼有很多小鱼刺。
【提示】bone 一般是可数名词，但表示 "骨头的材料" 或 "骨质" 时通常不可数。
The soup was made by boiling bone for hours. 这汤是用骨头熬几个小时做的。(指 "骨头物质" 而非一块块骨头)
The tools were made of bone. 这些工具是用骨头做的。(强调 "材料")
bone 在某些固定搭配中作抽象表达时，也是不可数名词。
He is frozen to the bone. 他冻到骨头里了。
She is kind to the bone. 她本性善良。
3.This was how R ntgen discovered X-rays in 1895. 这就是伦琴在 1895 年发现 X 射线的过程。
this 在句中指代的是前文描述的整个过程，即伦琴做实验→意外发现绿色光能穿透物体→将光照到妻子手上→看到骨头图像。这一过程最终导致了 X 射线的发现。可以说:"This" refers to "the act of passing the light through his wife's hand and seeing her bones".。
X-ray n.X 射线；X 光
The doctor looked at my chest X-ray. 医生查看了我的胸部 X 光片。
She had an X-ray to check for broken bones. 她拍了 X 光片来检查骨折。
【提示】X-ray 是由德国物理学家伦琴在 1895 年发现的。由于当时他不清楚这种射线的本质，他将其命名为 X-ray，其中 X 表示 "未知"(unknown)，ray 表示 "射线"，因此，X-ray 的意思是 "未知射线"。在一些国家 (尤其是欧洲)，X-rays 有时也被称为 R ntgen rays (伦琴射线)，以纪念发现者。
X-ray 除了作名词，也能作动词和形容词。动词意为 "用 X 光检查 (身体某部分)"。形容词指 "与 X 光有关的"。
The dentist X-rayed my teeth. 牙医给我拍了牙齿 X 光。
An X-ray image showed the crack in the bone. 一张 X 光图像显示了骨头的裂缝。
4.After many tests on humans, they were soon widely used in hospitals and R ntgen was awarded the Nobel Prize. 经过多次人体测试，X 射线很快在医院中得到广泛使用，伦琴也因此获得了诺贝尔奖。
award v. 颁奖 n. 奖；奖品
The young scientist was awarded a prize for discovering a new material. 这位年轻科学家因发现一种新材料而获奖。
He won an international award for his invention of a water-saving device. 他因发明节水装置获得了一项国际奖。
【提示】award 既可作动词，也可作名词。作动词时常用搭配为 award sb. sth. 或 award sth. to sb.，表示把某物授予某人。作名词时，常与动词 win、receive、get 等搭配，表示赢得、获得奖项等。
The committee awarded Marie Curie the Nobel Prize for her discovery of radium. 委员会因镭的发现授予玛丽 居里诺贝尔奖。
5.The British scientist, Sir Alexander Fleming, discovered penicillin by accident. 英国科学家亚历山大 弗莱明爵士是偶然发现青霉素的。
sir n.(贵族头衔，用于爵士或准男爵的名字或姓名前面) 爵士；(对不认识男性的尊称) 先生
Excuse me, sir, can I help you 对不起，先生，我可以帮您吗？
Sir Isaac Newton was one of the most influential scientists in history. 艾萨克 牛顿爵士是历史上最有影响力的科学家之一。
by accident 偶然；意外地
The material for sticky notes was created by accident. 便利贴的材料是偶然制造出来的。
【提示】by accident 在句中作状语，修饰动词，表示事情的发生不是故意的，而是偶然间发生的。近义词有 by chance、accidentally、unexpectedly 等。
I met an old friend in the street by accident/by chance/accidentally/unexpectedly. 我在街上偶然遇到了一位老朋友。
6.When he got back, he found some strange mould growing on some of his Petri dishes. 等他回来时，他发现他的一些培养皿上长出了奇怪的霉菌。
mould n. 霉；霉菌
Food left out too long will grow mould. 食物放太久会发霉。
【提示】mould 是英式拼写，美式为 mold。mould 表 "霉；霉菌" 时通常为不可数名词。mould 作名词还可指 "模具"，是可数名词。
The chocolate was shaped using a special mould. 巧克力是用特制的模具制成的。
mould 也可作动词，意为 "塑造；对...... 影响重大；将...... 塑造成"。
The artist moulded the clay into a horse. 艺术家把黏土捏成了一匹马。
Experience moulds a person's character. 经验塑造一个人的性格。
7.To his surprise, the mould seemed to stop the bacteria around it from growing. 令他惊讶的是，霉菌似乎阻止了附近的细菌生长。
to one's (my,your,his,her,our,their) surprise 令某人惊讶的是
To her surprise, the experiment was a big success. (= She was surprised that the experiment was a big success.) 令她吃惊的是，这次实验非常成功。
【提示】像 to one's surprise 这样的结构可以用来表达各种情绪或反应，常见的还有:to one's joy (令某人高兴的是)，to one's disappointment (令某人失望的是)，to one's anger (令某人生气的是)，to one's horror (令某人震惊 / 惊恐的是)，to one's relief (令某人松了一口气的是)，to one's regret (令某人遗憾的是)。
To her joy, the invention worked perfectly. 令她高兴的是，这项发明非常成功。
To his disappointment, the experiment failed again. 令他失望的是，实验又失败了。
bacteria n.(pl.) 细菌
Bacteria can be found almost everywhere, including the air and water. 细菌几乎无处不在，包括空气和水中。
【提示】bacteria 的单数形式为 bacterium，这种词形变化类似于 medium-media (媒体；媒介)。这些词的复数形式不是简单加 s，而是特殊变化。
stop...from 阻止...... 做某事；使...... 无法做某事
The discovery of penicillin stopped many people from dying of infections. 青霉素的发现阻止了许多人死于感染。
【提示】该短语的结构为:stop +sb./sth. +from+ doing sth.。stop ...from 与 prevent...from 意义相近，常可互换，都表示 "阻止某人做某事"。stop 较常见、口语化；prevent 略正式，语气较强，强调 "防止发生"。
8.Later, other scientists turned penicillin into life-saving medicine. 后来，其他科学家将青霉素变成了拯救生命的药物。
turn...into 使...... 变成
【提示】turn into 是一个常用的短语动词，它有两种常见的用法:
1) 主动语态，不及物用法 (A turn into B)，这种结构表示某事物自然发生变化或逐渐演变为另一种状态，不强调外力。如:
Her hobby turned into a successful business. 她的爱好变成了一项成功的生意。
2) 主动语态，及物用法 (turn A into B)。这种结构强调某人或某物将 A 变成 B，通常带有主语的 "行动" 色彩。如:
The artist turned waste into beautiful art. 这位艺术家把废品变成了美丽的艺术品。
在强调结果或状态时，也可以使用被动语态 (A is turned into B)。如:
The book was turned into a movie. 这本书被改编成了电影。
life-saving adj. 救命的；救生的
The doctor taught the children some life-saving skills such as CPR. 医生教给孩子们一些急救技能，比如心肺复苏术。
【提示】life-saving 是由名词 (life)+ 动词 (save)-ing 形式形成的描述性质、功能或动作的复合形容词。在这个结构中，动词和名词通常能构成动宾关系，例如 save life 表示 "拯救生命" 的动作，因此 life-saving 描述的是与拯救生命相关的性质或功能。类似的构词还有:save time-time-saving (节省时间的)，make money-money-making (赚钱的)，break heart-heartbreaking (令人心碎的)。
9.The discovery of penicillin changed the course of medicine and has made it possible for doctors to treat serious illnesses. 青霉素的发现改变了医学的进程，使医生能够治疗严重疾病。
course n. 进程；课程
The invention of the telephone was a turning point in the course of history. 电话的发明是历史上的一个转折点。
【提示】course 表示一门课程或学习内容时的常用搭配为 take a course on/in sth.(参加关于...... 的课程)。in + 学科名称指系统性学习某个领域，on + 具体主题指针对某一内容的深入研究。口语中可混用，但在正式写作中，建议同学们根据课程性质选择更精准的介词。
She took a course in computer science. 她选修了计算机科学课程。
I'm taking a course on computer programming. 我正在上一个关于计算机编程的课程。(编程是计算机科学课程中的一个具体主题。)
course 还可指 "餐桌上提供的一道菜肴"，多用于正式场合。
The main course was followed by dessert. 主菜之后是甜点。
注:of course 短语中的 course 与上述含义和用法完全不同，它是一个固定短语，表示 "当然、自然地、毫无疑问地"，常用于表示同意、强调显而易见的事实或礼貌回应。
treat v. 医治；治疗
The medicine can treat the symptoms, but not cure the disease. 这种药可以治疗症状，但无法治愈疾病。
【提示】treat 表示 "医治；治疗" 时，常用结构:treat+sb./ 疾病 /(+with 药物)。
The doctor treated the patient with antibiotics. 医生用抗生素治疗了病人。
treat 作动词还可指 "对待；看待"，常用结构；treat+sb.+adv./like... 或 treat +sb.+ with...;treat 表示 "款待；请客" 时，常用结构:treat+sb.+to sth.; 表示 "处理；应对" 时，常用结构:treat + 问题 / 情况 (problem/issue)。
They treated me like a child. 他们把我当小孩子对待。
You should treat everyone with respect. 你应该尊重地对待每一个人。
I'll treat you to lunch today. 今天我请你吃午饭。
How did you treat the data in your research 你在研究中如何处理这些数据？
treat 也可作名词，意为 "乐事；乐趣；款待" 等。在口语中常出现 "It's my treat."(我请客。) 这样的用法。其它用法和搭配还有:give sb. a treat (给某人一个惊喜或款待)，as a treat (作为特别的享受)，a real treat (真正的乐事) 等。
Don't worry about the bill-it's my treat. 别担心账单 -我请客。
She brought chocolate cake as a treat for everyone. 她带来了巧克力蛋糕给大家当作小点心。
Kids go door-to-door saying, "Trick or treat!" 孩子们挨家挨户喊:"不给糖就捣蛋！"
注：在短语 trick or treat 中，treat 是名词，特指万圣节时孩子们索要的 "糖果或小礼物"，与 trick (恶作剧) 形成对比，体现了万圣节 "不给糖就捣蛋" 的趣味传统。
【联想】treatment n. 治疗；对待
He complained about his unfair treatment at work. 他抱怨在工作中受到不公平待遇。
serious adj. 严重的；严肃的
Pollution is a serious problem in many big cities. 污染在许多大城市中是一个严重问题。
【提示】serious 表示 "严重的" 意义时，常用于病、事故、问题；当 serious 表示 "认真的；严肃的" 时，常常修饰人或与人的态度、行为、表情等相关，表示这个人对某事不马虎、不开玩笑，是认真的、有所思考的。常用搭配: be serious about sth.。
She looked serious during the meeting. 开会时她看起来很严肃。(她的表情、态度显示她很认真地对待会议。)
I'm serious about my future. 我对自己的未来是认真的。(我真的很重视我的未来。)
【联想】seriously adv. 认真地；严肃地；严重地
take sth. seriously 认真对待某事
He spoke seriously about his plans. 他认真地谈论了自己的计划。
Don't take it too seriously-he was just joking. 别太当真 一他只是在开玩笑。
10.She read a large number of ancient Chinese medical books and discovered a treatment using a plant called qinghao. 她阅读了大量中国古代医书，并发现了一种用植物 "青蒿" 来治疗疟疾的方法。
a large number of 大量的
A large number of scientists worked together to develop the vaccine. 大量科学家一起合作研发疫苗。(强调参与人数众多，体现科学发现背后团队的力量。)
【提示】a large number of 意为 "大量的"，常用来修饰可数名词复数，表达某个事物或人很多。它比 many 语气更强，语体更正式一些。常见结构: a large number of + 可数名词复数 + 动词复数形式。短语中的 large 可以省略，也可以换成 great，huge 等。
A great/huge number of scientists support this idea. 大量科学家支持这个观点。
a huge amount of/huge amounts of 也可表示大量的，但常用于修饰 "水、信息、能量" 等抽象或不可数物。其谓语动词取决于 amount 的单复数。
A large amount of sugar is used in this recipe. 这个配方里用了一大堆糖。(amount 是单数，谓语动词用 is。)
Huge amounts of sugar are used in the food industry. 食品行业使用大量糖。(amounts 是复数，谓语动词用 are。)
medical adj. 医学的；医疗的
He plans to apply to medical school next year. 他计划明年申请医学院。
She received excellent medical care after the accident. 她在事故后接受了优良的医疗护理。
【联想】medicine n. 医学；药物
My aunt studies medicine at university. 我小姨在大学学习医学。
You should take your medicine twice a day. 你应该一天吃两次药。
11.Tu took another closer look at the medical classics. Finally, one line lit up an idea for her-a low-heat method! 屠呦呦再次仔细研究医学经典著作。终于，一行字启发了她 -低温提取法！
light up 使...... 变亮
【提示】light up 是一个常见的短语动词，它的过去式 / 过去分词为 lit up 或 lighted up (口语中常用 lit up)。它既可以是字面意思 (点亮)，也可以是比喻义 (变开心；容光焕发；激发、启发某个想法等)。light up an idea 相当于 inspired/gave birth to an idea。
That sentence lit up a new possibility in his mind. 那句话在他脑海中点亮了一种新的可能性。
Her face lit up when she saw the puppy. 当她看到那只小狗时，脸上立即放光了。
12.Tu volunteered to test the medicine on herself before giving it to others. 屠呦呦在给别人使用这种药物之前，自愿在自己身上进行试验。
volunteer v. 自愿做；义务做；无偿做 n. 志愿者
She volunteered to join the research team working on the discovery of a clean energy source. 她自愿加入研究小组，致力于发现一种清洁能源。
The hospital is looking for volunteers to help care for patients. 医院正在寻找志愿者来照顾病人。
【提示】volunteer 作动词时，既可作及物动词，也可作不及物动词。常用结构:volunteer to do sth.(自愿做某事)，volunteer sth.(主动提供某物、某服务)。常见搭配有:volunteer one's time/help/services/skills...(主动提供时间 / 帮助 / 服务 / 技能等)，volunteer as + 职位 / 角色 (自愿担任......)。
She volunteered her services as a nurse during the war. 她在战争期间自愿提供护理服务。
herself pron.(用作女性的反身代词) 她自己，自己
The nurse taught her how to take care of herself after surgery. 护士教她术后如何照顾自己。
【提示】herself 是个反身代词，对应的主语是 she。herself 可以表示 "她自己"-动作回到她自己身上 (反身用法)，也可表示强调 "她亲自" 或 "她本人"-加强语气，常与 by 连用:by herself =alone (独自一人)。
The doctor herself explained the test results to the patient. 医生亲自向病人解释了检查结果。
She stayed in the room by herself after the check-up. 她检查后独自在房间里待着。
第四课时（Grammar in use）语法篇
感叹句
感叹句用于表达强烈的感情，如惊讶、兴奋、赞叹等。通常以 What 或 How 开头，句尾要用感叹号 "!"，表示 "多么...... 啊！"。
常见句型:
How + 形容词 / 副词 (+ 主语 + 谓语)!
How important this discovery is! 这个发现多么重要啊！
How quickly the new medicine works! 这种新药起效多么快啊！
What+(a/an)+ 形容词 + 名词 (+ 主语 + 谓语)!
What an amazing invention the microscope is! 显微镜是多么了不起的发明啊！
What great progress we've made in medicine! 我们在医学上取得了多么大的进步啊！
What useful information the scientist gave us! 科学家给了我们多么有用的信息啊！
What exciting discoveries! 多么激动人心的发现啊！
注意:
(1) What 句型中的名词如果是单数可数名词，则需要加 a/an; 如果是名词复数和不可数名词，则省略 a/an。
(2) 在非正式场合，主谓结构常省略，使句子更简洁，如:
What a view! 景色多美啊！(代替 What a beautiful view it is!)
How fast! 太快了吧！(代替 How fast it moves!)
(3) 除了 What/How 外，有时也可用其他词 (如 so/such) 引导感叹句，如:
Such a clever idea! 真是个聪明的主意！
So many stars! 好多星星啊！
第五课时 （Writing）知识精讲
I can keep in touch with my friends and family through email or social media. 我可以通过电子邮件或社交媒体与朋友和家人保持联系。
keep in touch 保持联系
They kept in touch by sending postcards every year. 他们每年寄明信片以保持联系。
【提示】除了 keep in touch 这个常用短语，还有很多短语可以表达 "保持联系"，如 stay/get in touch; 如果想强调通过网络或电话联系，可以用 stay connected; 在稍正式的语境中，可以用 keep in contact; 有时也用 be in touch 来表示 "处于联系中"; 如果是主动联系别人，可以用 reach out to sb. 等。
We will stay in touch to share news about new medical research. 我们会保持联系，分享医学研究的最新消息。
The inventors stay connected online to discuss their project. 发明家们通过网络保持联系讨论项目。
Please keep in contact with the lab about the new discovery. 请与实验室保持联系，了解新发现。
I'm in touch with a team working on a new vaccine. 我正与一个研究新疫苗的团队保持联系。
The scientist reached out to other experts for advice. 这位科学家主动联系其他专家寻求建议。
表示 "失去联系" 的常用短语是 be out of touch (with sb.)(侧重 "目前没有联系" 或 "不了解某事") 或 lose touch (with sb.)(侧重 "从前有联系，后来失去了联系")。
I've been out of touch with my old classmates for years. 我多年没和老同学联系了。
We lost touch after she moved to another city. 她搬到另一座城市后我们就失去了联系。
I can relax in my spare time by listening to music or watching films online. 在空闲时间，我可以通过听音乐或在线观看电影来放松身心。
spare adj. 空闲的
In her spare time, she reads books about famous discoveries. 她在空闲时间读有关著名发现的书。
【提示】spare 作形容词表 "空闲的" 意思时，常见于固定搭配 spare time，与 free time/leisure time 意思接近，都可以表示 "空闲时间"，即工作 / 学习之外的个人可支配时间。一般情况下，三者可以互换使用。
She reads novels in her spare/free/leisure time. 她空闲时读小说。
spare 作形容词，还可指 "多余的；备用的"。
I keep a spare battery for my camera. 我为我的相机准备了一节备用电池。
spare 还可作动词，意为 "抽出；拨出；留出；匀出"，作名词则指 "备用品"。
Can you spare a few minutes to talk about the new invention 你能抽几分钟谈谈这项新发明吗？
She didn't have any money to spare for the project. 她没有多余的钱投入到这个项目中。
We need a spare for the broken part of the machine. 我们需要一个备用零件来替换机器坏掉的部分。
练一练
一、词形转换
根据句意和所给单词，用其适当形式填空，注意词性、单复数、时态及固定搭配。
1. The ________ (discover) of the new energy source has changed the world’s energy structure completely.
2. After years of ________ (explore), the scientists finally found the ancient city in the desert.
3. This new machine is highly ________ (economy) in water use, saving 50% of water compared with the old one.
4. The ________ (invent) of the AI robot has greatly improved the efficiency of factory production.
5. The doctor suggested that he should receive proper ________ (treat) for his serious heart disease.
6. A large number of ________ (bacterium) were found in the water sample, so it’s not safe to drink.
7. Her face ________ (light) up when she heard that her research on penicillin had made great progress.
8. Many ________ (volunteer) devoted their time to helping test the new medicine in the remote area.
9. The ________ (develop) of science and technology is closely related to human’s great inventions and discoveries.
10. He was awarded a Nobel Prize for his ________ (contribute) to the research on X-rays.
【答案&解析】
1. discovery
解析：定冠词the后接名词，discover的名词形式为discovery（发现），为可数名词，此处指“这项新能源的发现”，用单数。
句意：新能源的发现彻底改变了世界的能源结构。
2. exploration
解析：介词of前接名词，explore的名词形式为exploration（探索），为不可数名词。
句意：经过多年的探索，科学家们终于在沙漠中发现了这座古城。
3. economical
解析：副词highly修饰形容词，economy的形容词形式为economical（节约的；经济的），be economical in sth. 表示“在某方面节约”。
句意：这台新机器在用水方面非常节约，比旧机器节省50%的水。
4. invention
解析：定冠词the后接名词，invent的名词形式为invention（发明），为可数名词，此处指“人工智能机器人的发明”，用单数。
句意：人工智能机器人的发明极大地提高了工厂的生产效率。
5. treatment
解析：形容词proper修饰名词，treat的名词形式为treatment（治疗），为不可数名词。
句意：医生建议他应该为自己严重的心脏病接受适当的治疗。
6. bacteria
解析：a large number of后接可数名词复数，bacterium的复数形式为bacteria（细菌），为特殊变形。
句意：在水样中发现了大量细菌，因此这水饮用不安全。
7. lit/lighted
解析：根据heard可知句子为一般过去时，light的过去式为lit（口语常用）或lighted，light up 表示“容光焕发；亮起来”。
句意：当她听说自己关于青霉素的研究取得了重大进展时，她的脸上露出了喜色。
8. volunteers
解析：many后接可数名词复数，volunteer的复数形式为volunteers（志愿者）。
句意：许多志愿者在偏远地区投入时间帮助测试这种新药。
9. development
解析：定冠词the后接名词，develop的名词形式为development（发展），为不可数名词。
句意：科学技术的发展与人类的伟大发明和发现密切相关。
10. contribution(s)
解析：形容词性物主代词his后接名词，contribute的名词形式为contribution（贡献），为可数名词，单复数均可。
句意：他因在X射线研究方面的贡献而被授予诺贝尔奖。
二、词汇选择
从A、B、C、D四个选项中选出最符合句意的一项，注意近义词辨析、固定搭配及语境。
1. The ancient compass, one of China’s great ________, has played a key role in world exploration.
A. discoveries B. inventions C. explorations D. materials
2. He found the rare plant ________ when he was hiking in the rainforest, which made him world-famous.
A. by accident B. on purpose C. in total D. at war
3. The new medicine can ________ people from dying of the serious infectious disease effectively.
A. prevent B. protect C. provide D. prepare
4. To our great ________, the experiment on the new vaccine was a complete success after hundreds of tests.
A. surprise B. disappointment C. joy D. anger
5. The scientist ________ his whole life to the research on cancer and finally developed a new treatment.
A. spent B. took C. cost D. devoted
6. The X-ray machine is now ________ used in hospitals all over the world to check for broken bones.
A. widely B. totally C. seriously D. accidentally
7. She ________ to test the new medicine on herself before it was used on patients, showing great courage.
A. refused B. volunteered C. agreed D. hoped
8. The ________ of the story is about how a young scientist made a great discovery through hard work.
A. theme B. course C. melody D. economy
9. He is a ________ scientist who always takes his research seriously and never gives up easily.
A. confident B. serious C. ancient D. economical
10. We should ________ in touch with our former classmates, even if we are busy with our work and study.
A. keep B. stay C. both A and B D. lose
【答案&解析】
1. B
解析：考查近义词辨析。discovery（发现，原本存在的事物）；invention（发明，原本不存在的事物）；exploration（探索）；material（材料）。指南针是人类创造的新事物，属于发明。
句意：古代指南针是中国的伟大发明之一，在世界探索中发挥了关键作用。
2. A
解析：考查固定短语。by accident（偶然）；on purpose（故意）；in total（总共）；at war（处于战争状态）。根据“which made him world-famous”可知是偶然发现稀有植物。
句意：他在雨林徒步时偶然发现了这种稀有植物，这让他闻名世界。
3. A
解析：考查固定搭配。prevent sb. from doing sth.（阻止某人做某事）；protect sb. from sth.（保护某人免受某物伤害）；provide sb. with sth.（为某人提供某物）；prepare for sth.（为某事做准备）。根据“dying of the serious infectious disease”可知是阻止死亡。
句意：这种新药能有效阻止人们死于这种严重的传染病。
4. C
解析：考查固定短语。to one’s surprise（令某人惊讶的是）；to one’s disappointment（令某人失望的是）；to one’s joy（令某人高兴的是）；to one’s anger（令某人生气的是）。根据“the experiment...was a complete success”可知是高兴的事。
句意：令我们非常高兴的是，经过数百次测试，这种新疫苗的实验取得了圆满成功。
5. D
解析：考查固定搭配。spend...doing sth.（花费……做某事）；it takes sb. time to do sth.（某人花费时间做某事）；cost的主语为物；devote...to sth.（致力于某事）。根据空后的to可知用devoted。
句意：这位科学家一生致力于癌症研究，最终研发出了一种新的治疗方法。
6. A
解析：考查副词辨析。widely（广泛地）；totally（完全地）；seriously（认真地；严重地）；accidentally（偶然地）。根据“in hospitals all over the world”可知是广泛使用。
句意：X光机现在在世界各地的医院被广泛用于检查骨折。
7. B
解析：考查动词辨析。refuse（拒绝）；volunteer（自愿）；agree（同意）；hope（希望）。根据“showing great courage”可知是自愿在自己身上试验。
句意：她自愿在这种新药用于病人之前在自己身上做试验，展现出了巨大的勇气。
8. A
解析：考查名词辨析。theme（主题）；course（进程；课程）；melody（旋律）；economy（经济；节约）。根据“about how a young scientist made a great discovery”可知是故事的主题。
句意：这个故事的主题是一位年轻的科学家如何通过努力取得了一项伟大的发现。
9. B
解析：考查形容词辨析。confident（自信的）；serious（认真的；严肃的）；ancient（古代的）；economical（节约的）。根据“always takes his research seriously and never gives up easily”可知是认真的科学家。
句意：他是一位认真的科学家，总是认真对待自己的研究，从不轻易放弃。
10. C
解析：考查固定短语。keep in touch with = stay in touch with（与……保持联系）；lose touch with（与……失去联系）。根据句意可知选C。
句意：即使我们忙于工作和学习，我们也应该和以前的同学保持联系。
三、语法选择
从A、B、C、D四个选项中选出能填入空白处的最佳选项，重点考查感叹句、时态、被动语态、非谓语动词等本单元核心语法。
1. ________ amazing invention the smartphone is! It has changed our daily life totally.
A. What B. What an C. How D. How an
2. The Arabic number system ________ in India around 500 CE and now it’s used all over the world.
A. invented B. was invented C. is invented D. invents
3. He found some strange mould ________ on the Petri dishes when he got back to the lab after the holiday.
A. grow B. growing C. to grow D. grown
4. ________ the course of the past 100 years, great inventions have made people’s life much easier.
A. In B. On C. At D. During
5. —________ quickly the new medicine works on the patients!
—Yes, it’s a great discovery in medical science.
A. What B. What a C. How D. How a
6. Penicillin ________ into life-saving medicine by other scientists after Fleming discovered it by accident.
A. turned B. was turned C. is turned D. turns
7. She read a large number of ancient medical books ________ she could find a treatment for the disease.
A. so that B. because C. though D. if
8. The scientist suggested ________ more tests on humans before the new drug was put on the market.
A. do B. to do C. doing D. done
9. ________ is known to all, the discovery of qinghao has helped millions of people with malaria.
A. It B. As C. What D. That
10. He ________ the wheel for more than 10 years before he finally made a perfect one for the car.
A. researched B. has researched
C. had researched D. was researching
【答案&解析】
1. B
解析：考查感叹句。感叹句结构：What + a/an + 形容词 + 单数可数名词 + 主语 + 谓语！amazing以元音音素开头，用an，invention为单数可数名词。
句意：智能手机是多么了不起的发明啊！它彻底改变了我们的日常生活。
2. B
解析：考查一般过去时的被动语态。主语The Arabic number system与invent之间是被动关系，且时间状语around 500 CE为过去时间，用was invented。
句意：阿拉伯数字系统于公元500年左右在印度被发明，现在在全世界被使用。
3. B
解析：考查非谓语动词。find sb./sth. doing sth.（发现某人/某物正在做某事），表示动作正在进行，此处指发现培养皿上正长着霉菌。
句意：假期结束后回到实验室时，他发现培养皿上长着一些奇怪的霉菌。
4. A
解析：考查固定短语。in the course of（在……的进程中；在……期间），为固定搭配。
句意：在过去的100年里，伟大的发明让人们的生活变得轻松多了。
5. C
解析：考查感叹句。感叹句结构：How + 副词 + 主语 + 谓语！quickly为副词，用how引导。
句意：——这种新药对病人的起效速度多快啊！——是啊，这是医学上的一项伟大发现。
6. B
解析：考查一般过去时的被动语态。主语Penicillin与turn之间是被动关系，且after引导的时间状语为过去时间，用was turned。
句意：弗莱明偶然发现青霉素后，其他科学家将其转化成了拯救生命的药物。
7. A
解析：考查连词。so that（以便；为了），引导目的状语从句；because（因为），引导原因状语从句；though（虽然），引导让步状语从句；if（如果），引导条件状语从句。根据句意可知是表目的。
句意：她读了大量的古代医书，以便能找到治疗这种疾病的方法。
8. C
解析：考查非谓语动词。suggest doing sth.（建议做某事），为固定搭配。
句意：这位科学家建议在这种新药上市前在人类身上做更多的测试。
9. B
解析：考查非限制性定语从句。as is known to all（众所周知），为固定用法，as引导非限制性定语从句，指代整个主句内容。
句意：众所周知，青蒿的发现帮助了数百万疟疾患者。
10. C
解析：考查过去完成时。根据“before he finally made a perfect one”可知，“研究轮子”的动作发生在“做出完美轮子”之前，即“过去的过去”，用过去完成时had researched。
句意：他研究轮子超过10年，才最终为汽车做出了一个完美的轮子。
四、选词填空
从方框中选择恰当的单词或短语，并用其适当形式填空，每个单词/短语仅用一次，有两个多余选项。
invention, discovery, by accident, prevent...from, light up, keep in touch, spare, award, treat, routine, ancient, economy
1. The ________ of paper by Cai Lun was a great contribution to the development of human civilization.
2. I met my primary school teacher ________ in the supermarket yesterday, which made me very happy.
3. Wearing masks can ________ us ________ being infected with some viruses in public places.
4. A sudden idea ________ his mind when he was reading the ancient medical classic at midnight.
5. The famous scientist was ________ the Nobel Prize in Physics for his great research on nuclear energy.
6. We can ________ with our friends who live abroad through video calls and social media.
7. The ________ Egyptians created many great works of art and made lots of amazing inventions.
8. It’s his daily ________ to read scientific books for an hour after getting up in the morning.
9. The doctor ________ the patient with a new kind of antibiotic, and the patient got better soon.
10. He doesn’t have any ________ time to take part in outdoor activities because he is busy with his research every day.
【答案&解析】
1. invention
解析：根据“by Cai Lun”可知，纸是蔡伦发明的，用invention（发明），为单数。
句意：蔡伦发明的纸是对人类文明发展的一大贡献。
2. by accident
解析：根据句意可知是在超市偶然遇到小学老师，用by accident（偶然）。
句意：我昨天在超市偶然遇到了我的小学老师，这让我非常开心。
3. prevent; from
解析：根据“being infected with some viruses”可知是阻止被感染，prevent sb. from doing sth.（阻止某人做某事），情态动词can后接动词原形。
句意：在公共场所戴口罩可以阻止我们被一些病毒感染。
4. lit up
解析：根据“a sudden idea”和“when he was reading”可知，用一般过去时lit up，此处表示“突然想到一个主意”。
句意：他半夜读这本古代医学经典时，脑海里突然闪过一个念头。
5. awarded
解析：主语The famous scientist与award之间是被动关系，用be awarded（被授予）。
句意：这位著名科学家因在核能方面的伟大研究而被授予诺贝尔物理学奖。
6. keep in touch
解析：根据“through video calls and social media”可知是保持联系，keep in touch with（与……保持联系），情态动词can后接动词原形。
句意：我们可以通过视频电话和社交媒体与住在国外的朋友保持联系。
7. ancient
解析：修饰Egyptians用形容词ancient（古代的），ancient Egyptians表示“古埃及人”。
句意：古埃及人创造了许多伟大的艺术品，也做出了许多惊人的发明。
8. routine
解析：daily routine表示“日常惯例；日常作息”，为固定搭配。
句意：他的日常习惯是早上起床后读一个小时的科学书籍。
9. treated
解析：根据“and the patient got better soon”可知句子为一般过去时，treat sb. with sth.（用某物治疗某人），用treated。
句意：医生用一种新的抗生素治疗这位病人，病人很快就好转了。
10. spare
解析：修饰time用形容词spare（空闲的），spare time表示“空闲时间”。
句意：他没有任何空闲时间参加户外活动，因为他每天都忙于自己的研究。
【课后巩固】
Choose the proper words in the box to complete the passage. Each can be used only once.（将下列单词填入空格。每个选项只能使用一次。）
A. trained B. treated C. rights D. volunteer E. course F. electronic
These women all had very important jobs at the space agency called NASA. They were special because their work made a difference to the (1) ______ of women and Black people.
Dorothy Vaughan
Dorothy got a job solving difficult maths problems by hand in 1943. She then became the very first Black manager at NASA.
One of her greatest achievements was that she learnt how to program (2) ______ computers. She became so skilled that she (3) ______ lots of other women to become programmers too.
Mary Jackson
Mary began working at NASA to help solve maths problems, just like Dorothy did. She worked hard to become NASA’s first Black female engineer. Mary also tried to help make sure that other women were (4) ______ fairly in their jobs. She was known for her (5) ______ work at NASA and in her community.
【答案】1-5CFABD
【解析】选项：A. trained（培训） B. treated（对待） C. rights（权利） D. volunteer（志愿的） E. course（课程） F. electronic（电子的）
1.句意：她们的工作对女性和黑人的权利产生了影响。make a difference to the rights of... 是固定搭配，指“对……的权利产生影响”，符合文中“女性和黑人争取平等地位”的语境。
2.句意：她学会了为电子计算机编程。electronic computers 是固定搭配，指“电子计算机”，符合早期计算机技术的背景。
3.句意：她技术变得非常娴熟，因此培训了很多其他女性成为程序员。train sb. to do sth. 表示“培训某人做某事”，文中用一般过去时 trained，与上下文时态一致。
4.句意：Mary努力确保其他女性在工作中被公平对待。被动语态 were treated fairly 表示“被公平对待”，符合“争取职场平等”的语境。
5.句意：她因在NASA和社区的志愿工作而闻名。volunteer work 是固定搭配，指“志愿工作”，体现Mary对社区的奉献。
A. prove B. serious C. awarded D. expressed E. positions F. research
Katherine Johnson
Katherine went to university to study maths in 1939. This was at a time when very few Black women went to university.
Katherine began working at NASA in 1953. She worked hard and was moved onto a space flight (6) ______ project. Katherine used her amazing maths skills to help plan routes into space. She helped send astronauts to the moon and back.
Katherine was (7) ______ the “Presidential Medal of Freedom” for her work in 2015.
Dr Christine Darden
Christine Darden joined NASA in 1967 as a data analyst and she used maths to solve problems about how airplanes fly. She was a (8) ______ and hard-working woman who always wanted to do her best. At that time, very few women were engineers, so she had to work very hard to (9)______ her ability.
After years of great work, she became the first Black woman to reach one of the top engineering (10)______at NASA. She also inspired many young people, especially girls, to study science and engineering.
【答案】6-10FCBAE
【解析】选项：A. prove（证明） B. serious（认真的） C. awarded（授予） D. expressed（表达） E. positions（职位） F. research（研究）
6.句意：她被调到一个太空飞行研究项目中。space flight research project 指“太空飞行研究项目”，符合NASA的科研工作性质。
7.句意：Katherine在2015年被授予“总统自由勋章”。被动语态 was awarded 表示“被授予（奖项）”，是描述获奖的固定用法。
8.句意：她是一位认真且勤奋的女性，总是想做到最好。serious与hard-working并列，共同描述人物品质，符合语境。
9.句意：她必须非常努力工作来证明自己的能力。prove one’s ability 是固定搭配，指“证明某人的能力”，符合“当时很少有女性做工程师，需要证明自己”的背景。
10.句意：她成为第一位进入NASA高级工程职位的黑人女性。top engineering positions 指“高级工程职位”，one of 后接复数名词，故用 positions。
Fill in the blanks with appropriate content to make the dialogue complete and coherent.(在空格处填入适当的内容，使对话完整、连贯。注意使用正确的句法结构。)
The school Science Week is coming. Two students are talking about it.
Emma: Hi, Tom! Have you heard about the Science Week at school
Tom: Yes, (1) _______________________. I’m really excited about it. (2)_______________________
Emma: It starts next Monday. There will be a variety of activities.
Tom: That sounds fun! (3) _______________________
Emma: There’ll be robot shows, a space exhibition and so on. Oh, and there’s a competition for students to present their own projects.
Tom: Wow! (4)_______________________it sounds! Will anyone special come to the school
Emma: Yes! A scientist from the university will give a talk about inventions and discoveries next Tuesday. You’re interested in those topics, (5) _______________________
Tom: Yes, I am. What time will the talk start
Emma: At two o’clock in the auditorium. We should get there early to find good seats.
Tom: Good idea! I can’t wait for it.
【答案】1.I have 2.When does it start / begin 3.What (kind of) activities will there be
4.How exciting / interesting / wonderful / ... 5.aren’t you
【解析】1.句意：是的，我听说了。回答现在完成时一般疑问句 Have you heard... ，固定回答为 Yes, I have.。
2.句意：它什么时候开始？根据答句 It starts next Monday.，对时间提问用 When，时态为一般现在时。
3.句意：会有什么（类型的）活动？根据答句列举的 robot shows, a space exhibition，询问活动类型，用 What (kind of) activities。
4.句意：听起来多令人兴奋/有趣/棒啊！感叹句结构 How + 形容词 + 主语 + 谓语！，此处用 How exciting/interesting/wonderful 表达赞叹。
5.句意：你对这些话题感兴趣，不是吗？反意疑问句，前半句 You’re interested... 为肯定，后半句用否定形式 aren’t you。
Grammar（语法选择）
Choose the best answer.（选择最恰当的答案，每题只有一个正确答案。）
Making the Night Bright
Before the late 19th century, when the sun went down, the world became dark. People relied on candles and gas lamps 1. However, Thomas Edison, one of the greatest inventors in history, was determined to change this. He wanted to create an electric light that was safe and cheap enough for everyone.
Edison did not invent the first light bulb, but he made the first practical one. 2 part was finding the right material for the filament (灯丝). He and his team tried thousands of different materials, from cotton to bamboo. They failed again and again. Yet, Edison didn’t give up. He said, “I haven’t failed. I’ve just found 10,000 ways 3 won’t work.”
Finally, in 1879, he succeeded. A bulb using a carbon filament burned for 13.5 hours. It was a huge success. Soon, his invention 4 to the public. The news spread quickly in newspapers around the world. People were 5 that a small glass ball could turn night into day.
Edison’s success teaches us a lesson about persistence (坚持). Giving up was never an option for him. He believed that genius is one percent inspiration and ninety-nine percent perspiration (汗水). Today, 6 we turn on a light, we should thank the man who lit up the world. 7 we have LED lights now, the principle remains the same.
The light bulb is 8 important an invention that we cannot imagine life without it. It allows us to work and 9 long after sunset. It is truly 10 symbol of human intelligence.
1. A. seen B. seeing C. to see
2. A. The hardest B. Harder C. Hard
3. A. when B. where C. that
4. A. introduced B. was introduced C. introduces
5. A. to amaze B. amazing C. amazed
6. A. whenever B. whatever C. however
7. A. Although B. Because C. If
8. A. such B. too C. so
9. A. played B. playing C. play
10. A. / B. a C. an
【答案】1–5 CACBC 6–10 AACCB
【解析】 1.语法点：不定式作目的状语。People relied on candles and gas lamps (人们依靠蜡烛和煤气灯) 的目的是为了“看东西”。在英语中，用 to + 动词原形表示目的。句意：人们依靠蜡烛和煤气灯来照明。
2.语法点：形容词最高级。语境是“找到灯丝的合适材料是______部分”。这里是在描述做这件事的难度程度，且没有比较对象，用最高级 The hardest（最艰难的）符合逻辑。Harder是比较级，Hard是原级，均不适合。
句意：最艰难的部分是为灯丝找到合适的材料。
3.语法点：定语从句关系代词。先行词是 ways（方式/方法），在从句中作主语。关系代词中，that 可以指代物作主语。When（何时）和where（何地）在从句中作状语，不能作主语。
句意：我只是发现了10,000种不会奏效的方法。
4.语法点：一般过去时的被动语态。主语 his invention（他的发明）和动词 introduce（介绍/推出）是被动关系，即“发明被推出/介绍给公众”。且时间是过去，用 was introduced。
句意：很快，他的发明被推向了公众。
5.语法点：形容词辨析。amazed 修饰人，表示“（人）感到惊讶的”；amazing 修饰物，表示“（事物）令人惊讶的”。这里主语是 People，用 amazed。
句意：人们感到惊讶的是，一个小小的玻璃球竟能把夜晚变成白天。
6.语法点：连词辨析。句意为“今天，______我们开灯，我们都应该感谢点亮世界的那个人”。whenever（无论何时）符合时间状语的语境。Whatever（无论什么）修饰物；however（无论如何/但是）修饰形容词或表转折，均不符合。
句意：今天，无论我们何时开灯，都应该感谢点亮了世界的那个人。
7.语法点：让步状语从句连词。前句说“我们现在有LED灯”，后句说“原理依然是一样的”。前后存在转折/让步关系，用 Although（尽管）。Because（因为）表原因，If（如果）表条件，均不通。
句意：尽管我们现在有了LED灯，但原理依然不变。
8.语法点：结果状语从句结构。这是 such...that... 结构，意为“如此……以至于……”。结构为 such + adj. + n. + that...。如果用 so，结构是 so + adj./adv. + that...。这里 important an invention 是特殊的 so important an + n. 结构，但题目选项中没有 so 的正确对应项（C选项是an，不是so），且 such 可以修饰名词短语。
句意：灯泡是如此重要的一项发明，以至于我们无法想象没有它的生活。
9.语法点：并列谓语动词。句子主语是 It，谓语是 allows 和 and 连接的 ____。情态动词/助动词后接动词原形，且allow sb. to do中to do是不定式，但本句是 work and ____ 并列，用原形 play。
句意：它允许我们在日落之后工作和娱乐。
10.语法点：不定冠词。symbol 是可数名词单数，前面必须加冠词。important 以元音音素开头，用 an。
句意：它确实是人类智慧的一个象征。
Read and write（读后续写）
Read the passage and complete the tasks.（根据短文内容完成任务。）（第1至5题，每题2分；第6题5分；共15分。）
The bus sc