(共82张PPT)
基础模块3
Unit 7 Natural Disasters
单元导读
本单元考查的知识点主要包括重点词汇、短语的区别及用法、重点句型的结构和 用途,主语从句和表语从句的用法。本单元语法内容在对口升学考试中考查的重 点是It作形式主语,主语从句置于句末的用法。词汇、短语的辨析和句型通常混 合在一起,结合当前热点话题出一些高质量词汇题,这也是近几年对口升学考试 中命题的走向。在一轮复习中要能灵活运用本单元所掌握的知识来解题,同时有 针对性地训练阅读技巧,改进学习方法,以从容面对每一次考试。
知识精讲
精 讲 一 词 汇
1. delay v.&n.推迟,延迟
【课文再现】
Sara didn’t go to Shanghai because her flight was delayed due to the typhoon.萨拉没 去上海,因为她的航班因台风而延误了。
【归纳拓展】
(1)delay doing sth.推迟做某事。如:
He delayed telling her the news.他推迟告诉她这个消息。
(2)delay for 耽搁……时间。如:
Disease prevention is like putting out a fire.We can’t delay for one minute.防病如灭 火。我们一分钟也不能耽误。
【典型例题】
There is no need to the party,for we still have plenty of time to prepare for it.
A. decide B. delay C. delete D. describe
【答案】 B
【解析】 句意:没必要推迟聚会,因为我们仍然有很多时间准备。decide决定; delay推迟;delete删除;describe描述。
【现学现练】
(1)She always delays her homework until the last minute.
A. do B. to do C. doing D. does
【解析】句意:她总是推迟到最后一刻才做作业。delay doing sth.意为“推迟做 某事”。
(2)The flight by a heavy storm,so we had to stay overnight at the airport.
A. delayed B. will delay
C. has delayed D. was delayed
【解析】句意:航班因暴风雨而延误,所以我们不得不在机场过夜。主语flight 与动词delay之间是被动关系,所以应用被动语态。
C
D
2. happen v.(作为结果)出现,发生;碰巧;恰好
【课文再现】
Sandstorms,acid rain and smog happen more frequently than before.沙尘暴、酸雨 和烟雾的发生比以前更频繁了。
【归纳拓展】
happen是不及物动词,它的常见用法有以下几种。
(1)sth.+happen+to sb.某人出了某事(常指不好的事)。如:
A car accident happened to her this morning.今天上午她出了一场交通事故。
(2)sth.+happen+地点/时间 某地/某时发生了什么事。如:
The story happened in 2003.这个故事发生在2003年。
An accident happened in that street.那条街上发生了一起事故。
(3)sb.+happen+to do sth.某人碰巧做某事。如:
I happened to meet a friend of mine in the street yesterday.昨天我碰巧在街上遇到了 我的一个朋友。
(4)It happens/happened that...碰巧/恰巧发生某事。如:
It happened that Brian and Peter were at home that day.碰巧那天布莱恩和 彼得都在家。
【注意】当It happens/happened that从句中的主语是人时,此结构可以与“sb.+ happen+to do sth.”结构互换。如:
It happened that Brian and Peter were at home that day.=Brian and Peter happened to be at home that day.碰巧那天布莱恩和彼得都在家。
【典型例题】
Accidents like this all the time if we don’t be careful.
A. happen B. happened
C. is happening D. will happen
【答案】 D
【解析】 句意:如果我们不小心,这样的事故会一直发生。在if引导的条件状语 从句中,句子时态遵循“主将从现”原则,即主句时态用一般将来时,从句时态 用一般现在时。
【现学现练】
(1)It that I met my old friend on the way to work this morning.
A. happened B. happens
C. is happening D. to happen
【解析】句意:我今天早上在上班的路上碰巧遇到了我的老朋友。It happens/happened that...意为“碰巧/恰巧发生……”,且由this morning可 知,此句时态为一般过去时。
(2)I happened my favorite author at the bookstore yesterday.
A. meet B. meeting C. to meet D. met
【解析】句意:我昨天在书店碰巧遇到了我最喜欢的作家。sb.happen to do sth. 意为“某人碰巧做某事”。
A
C
3. realize vt.认识到,意识到;发觉;实现;使成真;使发生
【课文再现】
It is lucky that humans have realized the importance of sustainable development as well as the environment protection...幸运的是,人类已经意识到可持续发展和环 境保护的重要性……
【归纳拓展】
achieve,come true和realize的区别。
(1)都可译为“实现,完成,达到”,不过come true和realize更常与dream搭 配,achieve则更常与goal搭配或者后面直接跟sth.。如:
Her dream of going abroad was finally realized.她出国的梦想终于实现了。
(2)realize还有个较为常用的意思:认识到,了解。如:
He has not realized his own mistakes.他还没有认识到自己的错误。
【典型例题】
They didn’t how difficult the task was until they started it.
A. reply B. realize C. reach D. research
【答案】 B
【解析】 句意:直到他们开始这项工作,他们才意识到这项工作有多难。reply 回复;realize意识到;reach到达;research研究。
【现学现练】
(1)After years of hard work,he great success in his field.
A. realize B. come true C. achieved C. realized
【解析】句意:经过多年的努力,他在自己的领域取得了巨大的成功。realize和 come true常与dream搭配;achieve意为“完成,达到,实现”,常与goal或 success搭配。
(2)Our dream of visiting the moon will probably .
A. realize B. come true
C. achieve D. came true
【解析】句意:我们参观月球的梦想可能会实现。come true意为“实 现”,其主语通常是dream;will后需加动词原形。realize意为“实现” 时,其主语通常是人。
C
B
4. advise v.劝告;建议
【课文再现】
People are advised to use electric cars and public transportation.人们被建议使用电动 汽车和公共交通。
【归纳拓展】
(1)advise doing sth.建议做某事。如:
He advised leaving early.他建议早点儿离开。
(2)advise sb.to do sth.建议某人做某事。如:
The doctor advised me to take a rest.医生建议我休息一下。
【典型例题】
The teacher advised us more reading to improve our English.
A. do B. to do C. doing D. did
【答案】 B
【解析】 句意:老师建议我们多阅读以提升我们的英语。advise sb.to do sth.建 议某人做某事。
【现学现练】
(1)She advised the meeting till next Monday.
A. put off B. to put off
C. putting off D. puts off
【解析】句意:她建议把会议推迟到下周一。advise doing sth.建议做某事。
(2)We should advise him such a foolish mistake again.
A. not make B. not making
C. not to make D. against make
【解析】句意:我们应该建议他不要再犯这样愚蠢的错误。advise sb.not to do sth.建议某人不要做某事
C
C
5. prevent vt.阻止;阻挡;制止;妨碍
【课文再现】
It is definitely not in our hands to prevent all the disasters.阻止所有灾难绝不是我们 能做到的事。
【归纳拓展】
(1)prevent doing sth.阻止做某事。如:
You can’t prevent my leaving.你阻止不了我离开。
(2)prevent sb./sth.(from)doing sth.阻止某人/某物做某事。如:
You can’t prevent me from leaving.你阻止不了我离开。
【典型例题】
Regular exercise can help heart disease.
A. prevent B. protect C. provide D. produce
【答案】 A
【解析】 句意:定期锻炼能有助于预防心脏病。prevent阻止,防止;protect保 护;provide提供;produce生产。
【现学现练】
(1)The heavy rain us from to the concert yesterday.
A. prevent;go B. prevented;going
C. prevent;to go D. prevented;to go
【解析】句意:昨天,暴雨阻止了我们去听音乐会。prevent sb.from doing sth. 阻止某人做某事。根据yesterday可知,句子时态为一般过去时。
(2)Regular hand-washing can prevent germs.
A. spread B. spreads
C. to spread D. spreading
【解析】句意:经常洗手可以防止传播细菌。prevent doing sth.阻止做某事。
B
D
6. lead v.带路;领路;引领
【课文再现】
Two countries are leading the way when it comes to electric cars and hybrids.两个国 家在电动汽车和混合动力汽车方面处于领先地位。
【归纳拓展】
leading adj.主要的;最重要的;一流的;首位的;前列的;领导的。lead to导 致,通向。lead a...life过一种……的生活。如:
All roads lead to Rome.条条大路通罗马。
His carelessness led to the traffic accident.他的粗心导致这场交通事故。
【典型例题】
She the basketball team to victory in the final last year.
A. lead B. led C. leads D. leading
【答案】 B
【解析】 句意:去年,她带领篮球队在决赛中取得了胜利。由last year可知,句 子时态为一般过去时,动词用过去式,lead意为“带领,引领”,其过去式是 led。
【现学现练】
(1)She has always an active life,participating in sports and community activities.
A. took B. live C. led D. have
【解析】句意:她一直过着积极的生活,经常参加体育活动和社区活动。 lead/live a...life过一种……生活。句子时态为现在完成时,空处应用动词的过 去分词形式。
(2)His carelessness the accident yesterday.
A. resulted from B. due to
C. thanks to D. led to
【解析】句意:他的粗心导致了昨天的事故。result from起因于(其后接原 因);due to由于;thanks to多亏,幸亏;lead to导致。
C
D
7. number n.数;数字;牌号;号码;数量;数目
【课文再现】
A growing number of countries have set targets for electric vehicle sales.越来越多的 国家已经设定了电动车销售的目标。
【归纳拓展】
a number of+可数名词,表示“许多,大量”;the number of表示“……的数 量”。
只修饰可数名词:a large/great/good number of,a good/great many,dozens of, scores of,quite a few。
只修饰不可数名词:a great deal of,a large amount of,quite a little,a large sum of。
既可以修饰可数名词,又可以修饰不可数名词:plenty of,a lot of,lots of,a large quantity of。
【典型例题】
books in the library is increasing every year.
A. A number of B. The number of
C. A lot of D. A great deal of
【答案】 B
【解析】 句意:图书馆中书籍的数量每年都在增加。a number of意为“许多, 大量”;the number of意为“……的数量”;a lot of意为“许多,大量”;a great deal of意为“很多”。
【现学现练】
(1) foreigners interested in learning Chinese.
A. The number of;is B. A number of;is
C. The number of;are D. A number of;are
【解析】句意:许多外国人对学习汉语感兴趣。a number of意为“许多,大 量”,其后的谓语动词应用复数形式;the number of意为“……的数量”,其后 的谓语动词应用单数形式。
(2) the workers in this factory about 5,000.
A. The number of;is B. A number of;is
C. The number of;are D. A number of;are
D
A
【解析】句意:这家工厂的工人数量大约是5 000。the number of意为“……的 数量”,其后的谓语动词应用单数形式。
精 讲 二 短 语
8. due to由于
【课文再现】
My flight is canceled due to the typhoon.我的航班由于台风而被取消了。
【归纳拓展】
辨析due to,owing to,because of和thanks to。
(1)相同:都可以表示“由于”。
(2)区别:due to用于较庄重的书面语中,侧重“起因于”,在句中多用作表 语,有时也可作状语;owing to 可以和 due to 换用,但在句中多作状语;because of着重某种理由,在句中通常作状语;thanks to 突出一种感激之情,含“由于, 幸亏”的意思。如:
Unfortunately,due to unforeseen circumstances,this year’s show has been canceled. 不幸的是,由于不可预见的情况,今年的演出被取消了。
In part,this attitude was due to fear of trade union and employee reactions.在某种程 度上,这一态度是由于害怕工会和雇员的反应。
It is mainly because of my fault.这主要是由于我的过错。
The game was postponed because of the rain.因为下雨,比赛延期了。
【典型例题】
his help,I was able to finish the project on time.
A. Since B. Thanks to C. Because D. Owe to
【答案】 B
【解析】 句意:多亏了他的帮助,我才能按时完成这个项目。Since自从,因为 (表示原因时,其后常接句子);Thanks to多亏,幸亏;Because因为(其后接 句子);Owe to搭配不当,应用Owing to表示原因或理由。
【现学现练】
(1)His success is his perseverance.
A. due to B. owing C. because D. so as to
【解析】句意:他的成功归功于他的坚持不懈。due to意为“由于”,侧重表示 “起因于”;B项应为owing to,其与due to均可表示因果关系,但owing to通常 用于修饰整个句子,多作状语,可放在句首或句中;because意为“因为”,其 后接完整的句子;so as to意为“以便,为了”。
(2)He couldn’t go to school his illness.
A. because B. because of
C. since D. thanks to
A
B
【解析】句意:他因病不能去上学。because意为“因为”,引导原因状语从 句;because of意为“因为”,其后跟名词或名词性短语;since意为“自从,因 为”,其作连词表示原因时,后面要接完整的从句;thanks to意为“幸亏,多 亏”,多用于表示积极的因素。
9. agree with sb.同意某人的观点
【课文再现】
I agree with you.我赞同你的观点。
【归纳拓展】
agree with,agree to与agree on的用法。
(1)agree with。
①同意某人或某人的意见、想法、分析、解释等,即持同一观点。如:
I don’t agree with you.我不同意你的意见。
They agreed with this idea.他们同意这个想法。
I agree with what you say.我同意你说的。
②(食物、天气、工作等)对……适宜。如:
The weather does not agree with me.这种天气对我不适宜。
Hard work does not agree with him.艰苦的工作对他不适宜。
(2)agree to。
①一方提出一项建议、安排、计划等,另一方同意协作。如:
We agreed to their arrangement.我们同意了他们的安排。
She agreed to marriage.她同意结婚。
②其后既可接动词原形(此时to是不定式符号),也可接动名词(一般有逻辑主 语,此时to是介词)。如:
He agreed to go with us.他同意和我们去。
I never agreed to Mary marrying him.我从来没同意玛丽嫁给他。
(3)agree on。
①双方通过协商取得一致意见或达成协议。如:
We agreed on the price.我们就价格达成了一致意见。
Both sides agreed on these terms.双方都同意了这些条件。
②其后接动名词(=agree to do sth.)。如:
He agreed on lending/to lend us some money.他同意借给我们一些钱。
Mary agreed on coming/to come on Monday.玛丽同意星期一来。
【典型例题】
I completely agree your opinions on this matter.
A. with B. to C. on D. about
【答案】 A
【解析】 句意:我完全同意你对这个问题的看法。agree with sb./sb.’s opinions 同意某人/某人的观点。
【现学现练】
(1)She agreed me with my English tomorrow.
A. help B. helps C. helping D. to help
【解析】句意:她同意明天帮助我学习英语。agree to do sth.同意做某事。
(2)There is no need to argue—we agree everything.
A. with B. to C. on D. about
【解析】句意:无须争辩,我们在所有事情上意见一致。agree on意为“就…… 达成一致意见”,指双方通过协商取得一致意见或达成协议。
D
C
10. have sb.do sth.使某人做某事
【课文再现】
And the most important thing is how we can have more people join us.最重要的事是 我们怎么使更多人加入我们。
【归纳拓展】
have sth./sb.to do,have sb.do和have sth.done的区别。
(1)have sb./sth.to do意为“有……要做”,其中have为行为动词,意为 “有”,to do充当后置定语,修饰sb./sth.。如:
I have much homework to do this summer vacation.今年暑假,我有很多作业要做。
(2)have sb.do意为“让某人做……”,其中,have为使役动词,意为“使, 让”,do是不带to的不定式,作宾语补足语。如:
I’ll have you know.我会让你知道的。
(3)have sth.done意为“让某事被做”,其中have为使役动词,意为“使, 让”,done为过去分词,作宾语补足语。如:
He’s having his car repaired.他正在(让别人)修理他的车子。
【典型例题】
He had his legs in the accident.
A. break B. broken C. broke D. breaks
【答案】 B
【解析】 句意:他在事故中摔断了腿。have sth.done意为“让某事被做”,其 中,have为使役动词,意为“使,让”,done为过去分词,作宾语补足语。
【现学现练】
(1)Don’t have him such noisy music at night.
A. play B. playing C. plays D. to play
【解析】句意:不要让他在晚上播放如此吵闹的音乐。have sb. do sth.让某人做 某事。
(2)My mother often has me the dishes after dinner.
A. wash B. to washing C. washes D. to wash
【解析】句意:我的妈妈经常让我在晚饭后洗碗。have sb.do sth.让某人 做某事。
A
A
11. encourage sb.to do sth.鼓励某人做某事
【课文再现】
To promote the use of green energy,the government is trying to encourage people to buy new energy cars.为了促进绿色能源的使用,政府正努力鼓励人们购买新能源 汽车。
【归纳拓展】
encourage vt.支持;鼓励。其常用短语:encourage sb.to do sth.鼓励某人做某事; sb.be encouraged to do sth.某人被鼓励去做某事;sb.be encouraged not to do sth. 某人不被鼓励去做某事。
【典型例题】
She was by her parents to pursue a career in music.
A. encourage B. encouraging
C. encouraged D. discourage
【答案】 C
【解析】 句意:她的父母鼓励她追求音乐事业。be encouraged by被……鼓励。
【现学现练】
(1)The government is encouraging businesses in renewable energy.
A. invest B. investing
C. invested D. to invest
【解析】句意:政府正鼓励企业投资可再生能源。encourage sb.to do sth.鼓励 某人做某事。
(2)Her words encouraged me forward.
A. to move B. moving C. move D. moved
【解析】句意:他的话鼓励我勇往直前。encourage sb.to do sth.鼓励某人 做某事。
D
A
12. It is time to do sth.是该做某事的时候了
【课文再现】
It’s time for us to make a change and take actions...我们是时候做出改变并采取行 动了……
【归纳拓展】
(1)It’s time for doing/to do sth.是做某事的时候了。如:
He says it is time to look for solutions.他说现在是寻找解决方案的时候了。
(2)It’s time for sb.to do sth.是某人做某事的时候了。如:
It’s time for the children to sleep.孩子们该睡觉了。
(3)“It is time+that从句”表示“该是……的时候了”,从句要用虚拟语气: 从句时态用一般过去时,谓语动词用过去式。如:
It is time that we went to bed.到我们该去睡觉的时候了。
【典型例题】
It’s time .
A. for school B. to school
C. go to school D. of school
【答案】 A
【解析】 句意:到该上学的时候了。It’s time for sth.是固定句型,也可用It’s time to do sth.结构。
【现学现练】
(1)It’s time us goodbye.The train is leaving.
A. for;say B. to;say
C. for;to say D. to;to say
【解析】句意:我们该说再见了。火车要离开了。It’s time for sb.to do sth.是某 人做某事的时候了。
(2)It’s high time that we this problem seriously.
A. consider B. considers
C. will consider D. considered
【解析】句意:我们早就应该认真考虑这个问题了。“It is (high) time+that 从句”表示“早该是……的时候了”,从句要用虚拟语气,即从句时态用一般过 去时,谓语动词用过去式。
C
D
精 讲 三 句 型
13. One is Norway,where more than half of the new cars sold fall into these categories.The other is China,which leads the world in electric vehicle sales and whose market keeps growing.一个是挪威,一半以上的新车销售归于这些种类。另 一个是在电车销售方面领先世界并且市场正不断扩大的中国。
【归纳拓展】
(1)one...,the other...意为“一个……,另一个”,其通常用于两者之中。
(2)other,the other,another 与 others 的用法区别。
①指单数时,若泛指,用another,若特指,用 the other(后接单数可数名 词)。如:
He quickly threw the ball to another player.他迅速把球传给了另一名球员。
I climbed up the hill and ran down the other side.我爬上了小山,又从另一 面跑了下来。
②指复数时,若泛指,用 other(后接复数可数名词),若特指,用 the other(后 接复数可数名词)。如:
There are other ways of doing it.做这事还有其他的办法。
Where are the other students?其他同学在哪里?
③others表示复数意义,且其后不能再接名词。其用法相当于“other+复数可数 名词”。同样,the others相当于“the other+复数可数名词”。如:
Show me some others.再拿一些给我看。
He died so that others might live.他牺牲了自己使别人能够活下来。
I was tired,and so were the others.我累了,其他人也累了。
He is more careful than the others.他比其他人更仔细。
④another一般只能表示单数含义,且其后接名词时,也只能接单数可数名词。若 其后有数词或 few 修饰,则也可接复数可数名词。如:
Have another piece of cake.再吃一块蛋糕。
I’ve got another three minutes.我还有三分钟。
⑤与 some 对比使用时,用 others(此时与 some 同义)。
Some say yes,and others say no.有人说对,有人说不对。
⑥表示两者中的一个……,另一个……,可用 one...the other...。如:
This pair of shoes do not match,one is large and the other is small.这双鞋不相配, 一只大,另一只小。
⑦the other 后接 day,night 等时间名词时,表示“几天前”“几天前的一个晚 上”等。如:
I bought a pair of sports shoes the other day.前几天我买了一双运动鞋。
【典型例题】
Some students hope to enter the best universities while want to learn skills.
A. the others B. others
C. another D. the other
【答案】 B
【解析】 句意:一些学生希望进入最好的大学,而其他的(学生)想学习技 能。与 some对比使用时,用 others。
【现学现练】
(1)There are many books on the shelf;some are story books,and are textbooks.
A. other B. the other C. another D. others
【解析】句意:书架上有很多书;有些是故事书,而有些是课本。与some对比 使用时,用others。
(2)I don’t like this color.Please give me coat.
A. other B. the other C. another D. others
【解析】句意:我不喜欢这个颜色。请给我另一件外套。other意为“其他 的”,其后接可数名词复数;the other意为“(两者中的)另一个”;another 意为“(泛指)另一个”;others作代词时,意为“其他的人或物”。
D
C
14. Light travels faster than sound.And it’s known to all that light travels in straight lines.光速比声速快。众所周知,光沿直线传播。
【归纳拓展】
be known as,be known for和be known to的区别。
(1)be known as以……知名;被认为是……;被称为……。其后一般接人物的 职业或称号。如:
You wanna be known as a coward or as a hero?你想被认为是个懦夫还是个英雄?
(2)be known for因……闻名。其后接原因。如:
She is known for her role in the film.她因在电影中的角色而出名。
(3)be known to为……所知。其后接某些人、团体或地域。如:
He let his preference be known to the press.他向记者公开了他的偏好。
【典型例题】
The truth is known only a few people.
A. as B. for C. to D. /
【答案】 C
【解析】 句意:真相只有少数人知晓。be known as被认为是……;be known for因……闻名;be known to为……所知。
【现学现练】
(1)That actor is known his excellent acting skills.
A. as B. for C. to D. in
【解析】句意:那名演员因其出色的演技而闻名。be known for因……而闻名。
(2)This city is known the “City of Lights”.
A. as B. for C. to D. in
【解析】句意:这座城市被称为“光之城”。be known as被认为是……,被称 为……。
B
A
15. That’s why more and more people have come to realize the importance of environmental protection.那就是为什么越来越多的人开始意识到保护环 境的重要性。
【归纳拓展】
more and more越来越……。比较级的其他用法。
(1)表示“比……更”,用“形容词比较级+than+比较成分”,than后面的人 称代词既可以用主格,又可以用宾格,且意义无区别。
(2)表示“较……低;不及……”,用“less+形容词原级+than+比较成 分”。
(3)表示“两者之中较……”,用“the+形容词比较级+of the two”。
(4)“定冠词或指示形容词+比较级+名词”表示比较。
(5)形容词/副词的比较级可以用副词,如a little,much,even,still,far等修 饰,但不可用very修饰。如:
The weather in Beijing is colder than that in Shanghai.北京的天气比上海的天气冷。
The new designs are much better than the old ones.这些新的设计比旧的(设计)好 多了。
The weather is getting warmer and warmer.天气变得越来越暖和。
She is becoming more and more beautiful.她变得越来越漂亮。
(6)the+比较级,the+比较级,表示“越……,就越……”。如:
The more you eat,the fatter you will be.你吃得越多,你就越胖。
【典型例题】
he reads, knowledge he gains.
A. More;more B. The more;the more
C. The most;the most D. Much;many
【答案】 B
【解析】 句意:他读得越多,他获得的知识就越多。“The+比较级,the+比 较级”意为“越……,就越……”。
【现学现练】
(1)He speaks English more fluently than his sister.
A. much B. very C. so D. quite
【解析】句意:他讲英语比他妹妹流利得多。a little,a lot,much,even,far 等可用于修饰比较级。
(2)The weather today is than yesterday.Don’t forget to wear a coat.
A. cold B. colder C. coldest D. the coldest
【解析】句意:今天的天气比昨天更冷。不要忘了穿件外套。根据空后的than可 知,此处应用形容词比较级。
A
B
16. These disasters include droughts,typhoons,and floods,which have been increasing over the past years.这些灾难包括旱灾、台风和洪水,在过去的几年中 一直增加。
【归纳拓展】
现在完成进行时和现在完成时的用法比较。
(1)现在完成进行时和现在完成时都可表示过去的动作对现在产生的结果,但 前者表示的结果是直接的,而后者表示的是最后的结果。如:
Students have been cleaning the classroom.学生们一直在打扫教室。(其可能的直 接结果是学生还在忙于打扫教室)
Students have cleaned the classroom.学生们把教室打扫过了。(其最后的结果是现 在教室很干净)
(2)现在完成进行时通常有延续性,现在完成时则没有。如:
They have been widening the road.他们已经在加宽马路。(尚未完工)
They have widened the road.他们加宽了马路。(已经完工)
(3)现在完成进行时表示动作在重复,现在完成时则常不带重复性。如:
Have you been meeting her lately?你最近见过她吗?(有“经常相见”之意)
Have you met her lately?你最近有见过她吗?(强调最近是否见过面)
(4)现在完成进行时比较生动,含有明显的感彩;而现在完成时往往只说 明一个事实、一种影响或者结果,平铺直叙,没有感彩。如:
Who’s been eating my cookies?谁一直在吃我的饼干?(表示愤怒、不满,且有饼 干未被全部吃光之意)
Who’s eaten my cookies?谁吃了我的饼干?(不含感彩,仅说明饼干已经被 吃光了)
【典型例题】
you your homework yet?It’s time to go.
A. Did;finish B. Do;finish
C. Have;finished D. Will;finish
【答案】 C
【解析】 句意:你做完作业了吗?该走了。yet意为“已经”,常与现在完成时 连用,现在完成时的结构:have/has+动词的过去分词。
【现学现练】
(1)I my hometown for a long time.I miss it very much.
A. leave B. left
C. have left D. have been away from
【解析】句意:我离开家乡已经很久了。我非常想念它。leave是非延续性动 词,不能和一段时间连用,此处应换成be away from。
(2)I him since we were children.
A. know B. knew
C. have known D. am knowing
【解析】句意:我从小就认识他。由since we were children可知,表示过去发生 且持续到现在的动作或状态,句子时态要用现在完成时。
D
C
17. It doesn’t matter whether you pay cash or by credit card.你用现金还是信用卡支 付都没关系。
【归纳拓展】
whether...or not和whether...or的区别。
(1)whether...or not/whether or not意为“不管是否”,可用来引导名词性从 句,即主语从句、宾语从句、表语从句和同位语从句。如:
Whether they consider this opinion or not is not clear.他们是否考虑这个意 见还不清楚。
(2)whether...or意为“是……还是……”,表示判断,whether表示一种选择, 其后可以跟介词短语或不定式短语。or不可省略,也不能用if代替whether。如:
We tossed up whether to go or stay.我们掷硬币决定去还是留。
(3)whether单独引导宾语从句时,可用if代替。如:
Nobody knows whether/if it will rain tomorrow.没人知道明天是否会下雨。
【典型例题】
I can’t decide to go to the party stay at home.
A. if;or B. whether;or
C. whether;or not D. if;and
【答案】 B
【解析】 句意:我无法决定是去参加聚会还是待在家里。whether...or...意为 “无论是……还是……”,whether...or not意为“是否……”。此处有两种选 择,应用whether...or...结构。
【现学现练】
(1)The teacher will check you have finished your homework .
A. if;or B. whether;or
C. whether;or not D. if;and
【解析】句意:老师将会检查你是否完成了你的家庭作业。whether...or not在 此处译为“是否”,符合句意。
(2)I’m not sure this plan is practical or not.
A. that B. whether C. what D. how
【解析】句意:我不确定这个计划是否实用。此句中,whether与其后的or not搭 配,译为“是否”,符合句意。
C
B
语法聚焦
Subject clause;Predicative clause(主语从句;表语从句)
一、主语从句
1. 语序。
主语从句使用陈述语序,其结构通常为“引导词+主语+谓语+其他成分”;当 连接代词同时充当从句的主语时,其结构为“连接代词+谓语+其他”。如:
What surprised me most was that the little girl could play the violin so well.最令我吃 惊的是那个小女孩小提琴拉得这么好。
Who will go to the concert is not known.谁将去参加音乐会还不知道。
2. 引导词。
(1)that引导主语从句时,无词义,也不充当任何成分,但通常不可以省 略。如:
That she was chosen made us very happy.她被选中使我们非常开心。
(2)whether引导主语从句时,意为“是否”,通常不能用if代替。如:
Whether she will come or not is still a question.她是否来还是一个问题。
(3)引导主语从句的连接代词主要有who,whom,whose,what,which, whatever,whoever等。如:
Which book they will choose is still unknown.他们会选择哪本书还不知道。
(4)可以引导主语从句的连接副词主要有where,when,how,why等。如:
When we shall hold our sports meet is not decided.我们什么时候举行运动会还没有 决定。
3. 常见句型。
有时为避免句子头重脚轻,常用it作形式主语,放在句首,而把主语从句置于句 末。常用句型如下:
(1)It+be+形容词+that 从句。如:
It’s strange that he knows nothing about it.很奇怪他对此一无所知。
(2)It+be+名词+that从句。如:
It is a pity that she has made such a mistake.很遗憾她犯了这样一个错误。
(3)It+be+过去分词+that从句。如:
It is said that the mayor will visit our school next week.据说市长下周将来参观我们 学校。
二、表语从句
1. 表语从句用陈述语序。如:
That is where the famous scientist was born.这是那个有名的科学家出生的地方。
This is why she is so happy today.这就是她为什么今天很高兴。
2. 引导词。
(1)that和what引导表语从句,that 本身没有词义,在句中只起连接作用,不充 当句子成分;what 则表示“所……的(人或事)”,在表语从句中充当主语或宾 语等。如:
That fact is that more than seventy percent of the earth’s surface is covered by water.超 过70%的水覆盖地球表面是个事实。
What he told you was what had been discussed at the meeting.他告诉你的就是在会议 上讨论的。
(2)if 与 whether 均意为“是否”,引导表语从句时,只能用 whether,不能用 if 。如:
The question is whether we can finish our work by tomorrow evening.问题是我们是 否能在明天晚上完成工作。
3. 语气。
(1)主语为 advice,order,idea,notion,proposal,suggestion,request等一些 表示“建议,劝说,命令”的名词,在其后的表语从句中,谓语动词用虚拟语 气,即should+动词原形,should可省略。如:
My suggestion is that we (should)start early tomorrow.我的建议是明天我们早点 儿开始。
Our only request is that this should be settled as soon as possible.我们唯一的建议是 这个应该尽快解决。
(2)as if/though 引导表语从句时,从句谓语多用虚拟语气。这是因为从句的情 况与事实不相符。具体来说,如果从句表示的内容与现在事实相反,谓语动词用 一般过去时;如果从句表示的内容与过去事实相反,谓语动词用过去完成时;如 果从句表示的内容在将来可能性不大,用 would/might/could+动词原形。如:
Li Lei is now in a new jacket.He looks as if he were an American boy.李磊正穿着一 件新夹克。他看起来像一个美国男孩。
The girl is giving us a vivid description of the moon.It seems as if she had been to the moon many times.这个女孩给我们详细地描述了月球。看起来她似乎去过月球很 多次。
【注意】如果as if,as though引导的表语从句表示的内容与事实相符,从句则用 陈述语气。如:
The clouds are gathering.It looks as if it is going to rain.云正在聚集,看起来快要下 雨了。
4. 时态。
在有表语从句的复合句中,主句时态和从句时态可以不一致。这和宾语从句不 同。如:
The question is who will travel with me to Beijing tomorrow.问题是明天谁和我一起 去北京旅游。
The question is why he cried yesterday.问题是他昨天为什么哭。
变式练习
单项选择题(从每小题所给的四个选项中,选出一个符合题意的最佳选项填在题 前括号里)
A. when B. whether C. that D. what
【解析】句意:问题是我们是否能按时完成工作。when意为“何时”;whether 意为“是否”;that引导表语从句时,只起连接作用,没有实义;what意为“什 么”。
B
A. what B. that C. whether D. how
【解析】句意:不确定这个试验是否值得做。根据句意可知,表示不确定的语 气,设空处应用whether。
C
A. that B. what C. who D. which
【解析】句意:事实是我们已经输了这场比赛。从句句意完整且不缺少任何成 分,应用that引导,该表语从句,且that在从句中只起连接作用,且无实义。
A
A. What;what B. What;that
C. That;that D. That;what
【解析】句意:我们得不到的东西似乎比我们拥有的更好。get和have后缺少宾 语,所以用what引导主语从句和宾语从句。
A
A. That B. Which C. Who D. What
【解析】句意:他在会上的发言震惊了我们所有人。shocked是谓语动词,因此 需要一个引导词来引导主语从句,并且在从句中充当宾语,What he said意为 “他所说的话”。
D
学以致用
一、单项选择题(从每小题所给的四个选项中,选出一个符合题意的最佳选项填 在题前括号里)
—My grandpa is a big fan of them,and he over 4,000 old coins.He is still doing it.
A. will collect B. was collecting
C. is collecting D. has collected
【解析】句意:——哇!你家里有数千枚古币。——我爷爷是古币的狂热爱好 者。他已经收集了4 000多枚古币,而且还在继续收集。根据句意并结合“He is still doing it.”可知,已经收集了4 000多枚古币,而且还在继续收集,句子时态 应用现在完成时。
D
A. well B. better C. best D. good
【解析】句意:——你觉得汤姆的毕业演讲怎么样?——我们班没有人比他做得 更好。表示班上没有人比汤姆做得更好,即汤姆做得最好。“否定词+比较级” 表示最高级的含义。
B
A. good B. well C. better D. best
【解析】句意:我想阅读更多关于英国历史的书,以便我更好地了解这个国家。 根据题干中的比较级more可知,空处也应用比较级,使前后保持一致。have a good understanding of 为固定短语,意为“对……有很好的理解; 对……有良好 的认识”。good的比较级为better。
C
A. too much;too much B. much too;too much
C. too much;much too D. much too;much too
【解析】句意:——肉太美味了。——是的,但不要吃太多。much too意为“太 过”;too much意为“太多”。
B
A. or B. but C. for D. so
【解析】句意:这家餐馆很新,因为它刚开业几天。or或者,否则;but 但是; for 因为;so因此。根据句意可知,设空处表示原因。
C
二、阅读理解(根据短文内容,从每小题所给的四个选项中,选出一个符合题意 的最佳选项填在题前括号里)
What is a tsunami(海啸)?Tsunamis are often caused by earthquakes or volcanoes.The average speed of the waves is 300 mph,and the waves can last from five minutes to an hour.
What should you do in a tsunami?
First,when a strong earthquake is felt,leave the water at once.Get to the shore and go as far away as you can from the beach quickly.If possible,go to higher ground.
Second,turn on the TV for news and the weather report.They will tell you more about the tsunami.
Third,get all members of your family together and let everyone know that a tsunami is coming.Choose a place to stay together.Make sure the place is safe and as far away from the shore as possible.Bring emergency supplies when you have to leave your house.
Finally,if you find a huge wave coming,climb onto the roof of your house or to the highest point of the nearest building.Hold on to anything that’s strong enough.Climb a tree if you have to.
For a tsunami,the only way to survive is to be prepared.
A. go as quickly as 300 mph
B. become stronger before the earthquake
C. cause heavy rain
D. last shorter and shorter
【解析】根据第一段中“The average speed of the waves is 300 mph,and the waves can last from five minutes to an hour.”可知,发生海啸时,海浪的速度可 以达到每小时300英里。
A
A. Two. B. Three. C. Four. D. Five.
【解析】根据第三、四、五、六段内容可知,文章共给出了四条应对海啸的 建议。
C
A. go to the beach together
B. stay in a safe place together
C. stay in your house
D. put emergency supplies on a lower ground
【解析】根据第五段中“Third,get all members of your family together and let everyone know that a tsunami is coming.Choose a place to stay together.Make sure the place is safe and as far away from the shore as possible.”可知,当海啸 来临时,一家人最好选择一个安全的地方待在一起。
B
A. listening to the weather report
B. going to a lower place to keep safe
C. getting emergency supplies ready
D. leaving the shore as far away as possible
【解析】根据第三段中“If possible,go to higher ground.”可知,发生海啸时 应尽可能去地势高的地方,而不是待在地势较低的地方。
A. A fiction. B. A poster.
C. An advertisement. D. A magazine.
【解析】本文主要讲了应对海啸的一些方法,因此最有可能出自一本杂志。
B
D