2026届高考英语专题归纳与训练全国通用版——阅读理解之主旨题（含解析）

阅读理解之主旨题
主旨大意题考查的是考生对文章内容的深层次理解，它要求考生在充分理解全文的前提下，对整篇文章的主旨大意有一个较为清晰的印象。
主旨大意题分为标题类和主题类。
主旨大意题是阅读理解中考生失分最多的题目，因为该类试题不仅考查考生略读文章、领会大意的能力，也对考生的归纳、概括能力提出了较高的要求。文章中没有明显的解题依据，需要考生从文章中提炼、抽取一些关键词、主干句进行加工概括，才能归纳出文章的主旨。此类题目可分为三大类，即标题归纳题、文章大意题和段落大意题。要做好主旨大意题， 我们首先必须了解其正确选项和干扰选项的特征。
正确选项特征 干扰选项特征
1.涵盖性强，覆盖全文或全段。 2.确定的范围恰当，既不太大，也不太小。 3.精确性强，不会改变语言表意的程度及色彩。 1.过于笼统，不知所云 所给选项内容概括的范围过大，超出文章所述内容。
2.以偏概全，主次不分 所给选项只阐述了文章的一部分内容，或以文章中的细节信息或个别词作为选项的设置内容，或以次要的事实或细节充当全文的主要观点。
3.移花接木，偷换 所给选项被命题者有意识地把本属于 A 的内容放在 B 上，若不留神，极易选错答案。
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概念
4.无中生有，生搬硬套 所给选项的关键词语虽然在文章中谈到了，但经过仔细阅读分析之后，发现选项的内容与文章的内容毫无联系。
类型一 标题归纳题
一、提问方式
·The best title of the passage is .
·Which of the following is the best title of the passage
·What would be the best title for the passage
·The most appropriate title of the passage is .
二、解题必备知能
(一)理解标题的 3 大特点
一个好的标题应具备三大特点：
1 ．概括性——准确而又简短；
2 ．针对性——标题外延正好与文章内容相符；
3 ．醒目性——能引发读者的阅读欲望。
(二)巧用 3 大方法确定文章标题
1 ．正面肯定法：在理解文章主旨的基础上，揣摩哪个选项能准确概括主旨；
2 ．反面否定法：撇开原文，拿各个备选项去设想用它们写出来的“文章”将是什么内容，然后和原文章对照，一一排除不符选项；
3 ．研读备选项本身：研读备选项里面的中心词、修饰词的变化、结构、概括性等。例子 1
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Good Morning Britain's Susanna Reid is used to grilling guests on the sofa every morning, but she is cooking up a storm in her latest role — showing families how to prepare delicious and nutritious meals on a tight budget.
In Save Money: Good Food, she visits a different home each week and with the help of chef Matt Tebbutt offers top tips on how to reduce food waste, while preparing recipes for under ￡ 5
per family a day. And the Good Morning Britain presenter says she's been able to put a lot of what she's learnt into practice in her own home, preparing meals for sons, Sam, 14, Finn, 13, and Jack, 11.
“We love Mexican churros, so I buy them on my phone from my local Mexican takeaway
restaurant，” she explains. “I pay ￡5 for a portion (一份), but Matt makes them for 26p a portion, because they are flour, water, sugar and oil. Everybody can buy takeaway food, but sometimes
we're not aware how cheaply we can make this food ourselves.”
The eight_part series (系列节目), Save Money: Good Food, follows in the footsteps of ITV's Save Money: Good Health, which gave viewers advice on how to get value from the vast range of health products on the market.
With food our biggest weekly household expense, Susanna and Matt spend time with a different family each week. In tonight's Easter special they come to the aid of a family in need of some
delicious inspiration on a budget. The team transforms the family's long weekend of celebration with less expensive but still tasty recipes.27 ．What can be a suitable title for the text
A ．Keeping Fit by Eating Smart
B ．Balancing Our Daily Diet
C ．Making Yourself a Perfect Chef
D ．Cooking Well for Less
[解题示范]
第一步：读文章，概括文意
本文是一篇新闻报道。《早安英国》的节目主持人苏珊娜·瑞德新推出了一档节目——SaveMoney: GoodFood，向观众展示如何用较少的预算做出美味营养的饭菜。
第二步：析选项，斟酌判断
A 通过明智的吃来保持健康 以偏概全，主次不分
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文中虽提到有关饮食和健康方面的内容，但这不是文章主要内容。
B 平衡我们的日常饮食 文中没有提到平衡日常饮食。 无中生有，生搬硬套
C 让你自己成为一个完美的厨师 文中只是提到用较少的预算做出美味的饭菜，没有说做一个完美的厨师。 以偏概全，主次不分
D 用的少，烹饪好 文章围绕用较少的预算做出美味的饭菜展开的。 涵盖性强，覆盖全文
[答案] D
类型二 文章大意题
提问方式
·What's the main idea/point of the passage
·The passage is mainly about .
·The passage is mainly concerned about .
·Which of the following best states the main idea of the passage
·Which of the following statements best expresses the main idea/theme of the passage
·In this passage the author discusses primarily .
·The subject discussed in this text is .
·The general/main idea of the passage is about .
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二、解题必备知能
掌握寻找主题句的 4 个小窍门，快速确定文章大意
文章是由段落组成的。段落的主题就是段落的中心思想， 具体段落的中心思想又是为文章整体中心思想服务的。理解整篇文章的中心思想的方法是建立在理解具体段落中心的基础上的。找出每小段的主题句，各段的主题句常在该段的首句或尾句，各段主题句的整体归纳便是文章的中心思想。有的文章无明显主题句，主题句隐含在段意之中，这就需要进一步加工概括。观察全文的结构安排，理解文章的“重心”和支撑性细节。
用浏览法(skimming)，即快速阅读文首、文尾， 或每段的首句和尾句等，搜索主题线索和主题信息的方法可以快速找到主题句。以下是找主题句的四个小窍门：
1．段落中出现表示转折的词语(如 however, but, in fact, actually 等)时，该句很可能是主题句。
2 ．首段出现疑问句时，对该问句的回答很可能就是文章主旨。
3 ．作者有意识地重复的观点，通常是主旨；反复出现的词语，一般为体现文章主旨的关键词。
4 ．表示总结或结论的句子常包含 therefore, thus, in short, conclude, conclusion 等词，通常是主旨。
例子 2
Languages have been coming and going for thousands of years, but in recent times there has been less coming and a lot more going. When the world was still populated by
hunter_gatherers, small, tightly knit (联系) groups developed their own patterns of speech
independent of each other. Some language experts believe that 10,000 years ago, when the world had just five to ten million people, they spoke perhaps 12,000 languages between them.
Soon afterwards, many of those people started settling down to become farmers, and their languages too became more settled and fewer in number. In recent centuries, trade,
industrialisation, the development of the nation_state and the spread of universal compulsory
education, especially globalisation and better communications in the past few decades, all have caused many languages to disappear, and dominant languages such as English, Spanish and
Chinese are increasingly taking over.
At present, the world has about 6,800 languages. The distribution of these languages is
hugely uneven. The general rule is that mild zones have relatively few languages, often spoken by many people, while hot, wet zones have lots, often spoken by small numbers. Europe has only
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around 200 languages; the Americas about 1,000; Africa 2,400; and Asia and the Pacific perhaps 3,200, of which Papua New Guinea alone accounts for well over 800. The median number (中位数) of speakers is a mere 6,000, which means that half the world's languages are spoken by fewer people than that.
Already well over 400 of the total of 6,800 languages are close to extinction (消亡), with only a few elderly speakers left. Pick, at random, Busuu in Cameroon (eight remaining speakers),
Chiapaneco in Mexico (150), Lipan Apache in the United States (two or three) or Wadjigu in Australia (one, with a question_mark): none of these seems to have much chance of
survival.31 ．What is the main idea of the text
A ．New languages will be created.
B ．People's lifestyles are reflected in languages.
C ．Human development results in fewer languages.
D ．Geography determines language evolution.
[解题示范]
第一步：读文章，概括文意
文章介绍了世界上语言的种类随着人类社会的发展而逐渐减少这一现象。
第二步：析选项，斟酌判断
A 新语言将会被创造。 文章介绍的是语言的减少而不是新语言的创造。 移花接木，偷换概念
B 人们的生活方式会反映到语言上。 文中没有这种说法。 无中生有，生搬硬套
C 人类的发展导致语言越来越少。 文章介绍了世界上语言多样性的发展变化以及现在很多语言面临消亡的威胁这一现象。 涵盖性强，覆盖全文
D 地理决定语言的发展。 文中没有这种说法。 无中生有，生搬硬套
[答案] C
类型三 段落大意题
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一、常见设问方式
·What does the author tell us in Paragraph ...
·The main idea of the second paragraph probably is .
·The first paragraph is mainly about .
·Which of the following can best summarize Para.1
·What is the first paragraph mainly about
二、解题必备知能
归纳段落大意的 2 种方法方法 1：概括段落大意
要准确概括某段的大意，务必要知道该段的逻辑结构。
(1)如果该段是按总分顺序组织，首句做总的说明，其他句子对其进行具体论述，这种结构的主题句就在段首；
(2)如果按分总顺序组织，主题句就在段尾；
(3)如果按分总分的顺序组织，则主题句就在这段话的中间；
(4)如果按总分总的顺序，段落结构相对难度较低，我们可以很明显的看到一段的首句和末句的内容几乎完全一致，正确答案就呼之欲出了；
(5)如果按并列式行文，这种结构的段落一般会在一段中讨论两个平行的内容，整个段落可以从中间处分开，前后是平行关系，这样的段落结构对应的答案通常也会是很明显的并列关系；
(6)如果对比各事物，那么它们的共同点或不同点就是该段大意。
方法 2：揣摩段落大意
有时，作者可能不直接写出主题句，而是通过各种方法暗示给读者，这就需要充分发挥读者
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的想象力与判断力，揣摩段落大意。
例子 3
Terrafugia Inc. said Monday that its new flying car has completed its first flight, bringing the company closer to its goal of selling the flying car within the next year. The vehicle — named the Transition — has two seats, four wheels and wings that fold up so it can be driven like a car. The Transition, which flew at 1,400 feet for eight minutes last month, can reach around 70 miles per hour on the road and 115 in the air. It flies using a 23_gallon tank of gas and burns 5 gallons per hour in the air. On the ground, it gets 35 miles per gallon.
…28 ．What is the first paragraph mainly about
A ．The basic data of the Transition.
B ．The advantages of flying cars.
C ．The potential market for flying cars.
D ．The designers ofthe Transition.
[解题示范]
第一步：读文章，概括段意
该段没有主题句，但是从以下几个方面说明了飞车 the Transition 的相关情况：
①制造商：Terrafugia Inc.
②首飞成功：completed its first flight
③上市时间：within the next year
④飞车名字：the Transition
⑤飞车构成：two seats, four wheels and wings
⑥飞行时速：around 70 miles per hour on the road and 115 in the air
⑦耗油：5 gallons per hour in the air; On the ground, 35 miles per gallon
由以上信息可以看出该段主要描述了飞车 the Transition 的一些基本数据。
第二步：析选项，斟酌判断
A 飞车 the Transition 的基本数据。 A 项是对本段内容的精炼概括和总结。 涵盖性强，覆盖全段
B 飞车的一些优点。 该选项错误在于以下两点： 无中生有，生搬硬套
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①该段介绍了名字为 the Transition 的飞车；而不是全部飞车(flying cars)。 ②该段列举的是基本数据而不是优点。
C 飞车的潜在市场。 原文没有提及。 无中生有，生搬硬套
D 飞车 the Transition 的设计商。 该选项仅仅是文章中的一个方面。 以偏概全，主次不分
[答案] A
三、高考真题
2023 年北京卷-D
1 ．What is life Like most great questions, this one is easy to ask but difficult to answer.
The reason is simple: we know of just one type of life and it’s challenging to do science with a
sample size of one. The field of artificial life-called ALife for short — is the systematic attempt to spell out life’s fundamental principles. Many of these practitioners, so-called ALifers, think that
somehow making life is the surest way to really understand what life is.
So far no one has convincingly made artificial life. This track record makes ALife a ripe
target for criticism, such as declarations ofthe field’s doubtful scientific value. Alan Smith, a
complexity scientist, is tired of such complaints. Asking about “the point” of ALife might be,
well, missing the point entirely, he says. “The existence of a living system is not about the use of anything.” Alan says. “Some people ask me, ‘So what’s the worth of artificial life ’ Do you ever think, ‘What is the worth of your grandmother ’”
As much as many ALifers hate emphasizing their research’s applications, the attempts to
create artificial life could have practical payoffs. Artificial intelligence may be considered ALife’s cousin in that researchers in both fields are enamored by a concept called open-ended evolution
(演化). This is the capacity for a system to create essentially endless complexity, to be a sort of “novelty generator”. The only system known to exhibit this is Earth’s biosphere. If the field of ALife manages to reproduce life’s endless “creativity” in some virtual model, those same
principles could give rise to truly inventive machines.
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Compared with the developments of Al, advances in ALife are harder to recognize. One
reason is that ALife is a field in which the central concept — life itself — is undefined. The lack of agreement among ALifers doesn’t help either. The result is a diverse line of projects that each advance along their unique paths. For better or worse, ALife mirrors the very subject it studies. Its muddled (混乱的) progression is a striking parallel (平行线) to the evolutionary struggles that
have shaped Earth biosphere.
Undefined and uncontrolled, ALife drives its followers to repurpose old ideas and
generated novelty. It may be, of course, that these characteristics aren’t in any way surprising or singular. They may apply universally to all acts of evolution. Ultimately ALife may be nothing special. But even this dismissal suggests something：perhaps, just like life itself throughout the universe, the rise of ALife will prove unavoidable.
Which would be the best title for the passage
A ．Life Is Undefined. Can AI Be a Way Out
B ．Life Evolves. Can AI Help ALife Evolve, Too
C ．Life Is Undefined. Can ALife Be Defined One Day
D ．Life Evolves. Can Attempts to Create ALife Evolve, Too
2023 年(全国卷 1-D)
2 ．On March 7, I907, the English statistician Francis Galton published a paper which
illustrated what has come to be known as the “wisdom of crowds” effect. The experiment of
estimation he conducted showed that in some cases, the average of a large number of independent estimates could be quite accurate.
This effect capitalizes on the fact that when people make errors, those errors aren’t always the same. Some people will tend to overestimate, and some to underestimate. When enough of
these errors are averaged together, they cancel each other out, resulting in a more accurate
estimate. If people are similar and tend to make the same errors, then their errors won’t cancel
each other out. In more technical terms, the wisdom of crowds requires that people’s estimates be independent. If for whatever reasons, people’s errors become correlated or dependent, the
accuracy of the estimate will go down.
But a new study led by Joaquin Navajas offered an interesting twist (转折) on this classic
phenomenon. The key finding of the study was that when crowds were further divided into smaller
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groups that were allowed to have a discussion, the averages from these groups were more accurate than those from an equal number of independent individuals. For instance, the average obtained
from the estimates of four discussion groups of five was significantly more accurate than the average obtained from 20 independent individuals.
In a follow-up study with I00 university students, the researchers tried to get a better sense of what the group members actually did in their discussion. Did they tend to go with those most confident about their estimates Did they follow those least willing to change their minds This happened some of the time, but it wasn’t the dominant response. Most frequently, the groups
reported that they “shared arguments and reasoned together”. Somehow, these arguments and reasoning resulted in a global reduction in error. Although the studies led by Navajas have
limitations and many questions remain, the potential implications for group discussion and decision-making are enormous.
What is paragraph 2 of the text mainly about
A ．The methods of estimation.
B ．The underlying logic of the effect.
C ．The causes of people’s errors.
D ．The design of Galton’s experiment.
2023 年(全国乙卷-D)
3 ．If you want to tell the history of the whole world, a history that does not privilege one
part of humanity, you cannot do it through texts alone, because only some of the world has ever
had texts, while most of the world, for most of the time, has not. Writing is one of humanity’s later achievements, and until fairly recently even many literate (有文字的) societies recorded their
concerns not only in writing but in things.
Ideally a history would bring together texts and objects, and some chapters ofthis book are able to do just that, but in many cases we simply can’t. The clearest example of this between
literate and non-literate history is perhaps the first conflict, at Botany Bay, between Captain
Cook’s voyage and the Australian Aboriginals. From the English side, we have scientific reports and the captain’s record of that terrible day. From the Australian side, we have only a wooden
shield (盾) dropped by a man in flight after his first experience of gunshot. If we want to
reconstruct what was actually going on that day, the shield must be questioned and interpreted as
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deeply and strictly as the written reports.
In addition to the problem of miscomprehension from both sides, there are victories
accidentally or deliberately twisted, especially when only the victors know how to write. Those
who are on the losing side often have only their things to tell their stories. The Caribbean Taino, the Australian Aboriginals, the African people of Benin and the Incas, all of whom appear in this book, can speak to us now of their past achievements most powerfully through the objects they
made: a history told through things gives them back a voice. When we consider contact (联系)
between literate and non-literate societies such as these, all our first-hand accounts are necessarily twisted, only one half of a dialogue. If we are to find the other half of that conversation, we have to read not just the texts, but the objects.
What is the first paragraph mainly about
A ．How past events should be presented.
B ．What humanity is concerned about.
C ．Whether facts speak louder than words.
D ．Why written language is reliable.
2023 年(全国卷 II-B)
4 ．Turning soil, pulling weeds, and harvesting cabbage sound like tough work for middle and high school kids. And at first it is, says Abby Jaramillo, who with another teacher started
Urban Sprouts, a school garden program at four low-income schools. The program aims to help students develop science skills, environmental awareness, and healthy lifestyles.
Jaramillo’s students live in neighborhoods where fresh food and green space are not easy to find and fast food restaurants outnumber grocery stores. “The kids literally come to school with
bags of snacks and large bottles of soft drinks,” she says. “They come to us thinking vegetables are awful, dirt is awful, insects are awful.” Though some are initially scared of the insects and turned off by the dirt, most are eager to try something new.
Urban Sprouts’ classes, at two middle schools and two high schools, include hands-on experiments such as soil testing, flower-and-seed dissection, tastings of fresh or dried produce, and work in the garden. Several times a year, students cook the vegetables they grow, and they occasionally make salads for their entire schools.
Program evaluations show that kids eat more vegetables as a result of the classes. “We have
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students who say they went home and talked to their parents and now they’re eating differently,” Jaramillo says.
She adds that the program’s benefits go beyond nutrition. Some students get so interested in gardening that they bring home seeds to start their own vegetable gardens. Besides, working in the garden seems to have a calming effect on Jaramillo’s special education students, many of whom
have emotional control issues. “They get outside,” she says, “and they feel successful.”
What can be a suitable title for the text
A ．Rescuing School Gardens B ．Experiencing Country Life
C ．Growing Vegetable Lovers D ．Changing Local Landscape
2023 年(浙江 1 月-B)
5 ．Live with roommates Have friends and family around you Chances are that if you’re looking to live a more sustainable lifestyle, not everyone around you will be ready to jump on that bandwagon.
I experienced this when I started switching to a zero waste lifestyle five years ago, as I was living with my parents, and I continue to experience this with my husband, as he is not completely zero waste like me. I’ve learned a few things along the way though, which I hope you’ll find
encouraging if you’re doing your best to figure out how you can make the change in a not-always-supportive household.
Zero waste was a radical lifestyle movement a few years back. I remember showing my
parents a video of Bea Johnson, sharing how cool I thought it would be to buy groceries with jars, and have so little trash! A few days later, I came back with my first jars of zero waste groceries, and my dad commented on how silly it was for me to carry jars everywhere. It came off as a bit
discouraging.
Yet as the months of reducing waste continued, I did what I could that was within my own reach. I had my own bedroom, so I worked on removing things I didn’t need. Since I had my own toiletries (洗漱用品), I was able to start personalising my routine to be more sustainable. I also
offered to cook every so often, so I portioned out a bit ofthe cupboard for my own zero waste
groceries. Perhaps your household won’t entirely make the switch, but you may have some control over your own personal spaces to make the changes you desire.
As you make your lifestyle changes, you may find yourself wanting to speak up for yourself
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if others comment on what you’re doing, which can turn itself into a whole household debate. If you have individuals who are not on board, your words probably won’t do much and can often leave you feeling more discouraged.
So here is my advice: Lead by action.
What is the text mainly about
A ．How to get on well with other family members.
B ．How to have one’s own personal space at home.
C ．How to live a zero-waste lifestyle in a household.
D ．How to control the budget when buying groceries.
2023 年(浙江 1 月-D)
6 ．According to the Solar Energy Industry Association, the number of solar panels
installed(安装)has grown rapidly in the past decade, and it has to grow even faster to meet climate goals. But all of that growth will take up a lot of space, and though more and more people accept the concept of solar energy, few like large solar panels to be installed near them.
Solar developers want to put up panels as quickly and cheaply as possible, so they haven’t given much thought to what they put under them. Often, they’ll end up filling the area with small stones and using chemicals to control weeds. The result is that many communities, especially in farming regions, see solar farms as destroyers ofthe soil.
“Solar projects need to be good neighbors,” says Jordan Macknick, the head of the
Innovative Site Preparation and Impact Reductions on the Environment (InSPIRE)project. “They need to be protectors ofthe land and contribute to the agricultural economy.” InSPIRE is
investigating practical approaches to “low-impact” solar development, which focuses on
establishing and operating solar farms in a way that is kinder to the land. One of the easiest low-impact solar strategies is providing habitat for pollinators(传粉昆虫).
Habitat loss, pesticide use, and climate change have caused dramatic declines in pollinator populations over the past couple of decades, which has damaged the U.S. agricultural economy. Over 28 states have passed laws related to pollinator habitat protection and pesticide use.
Conservation organizations put out pollinator-friendliness guidelines for home gardens, businesses, schools, cities—and now there are guidelines for solar farms.
Over the past few years, many solar farm developers have transformed the space under their
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solar panels into a shelter for various kinds of pollinators, resulting in soil improvement and
carbon reduction. “These pollinator-friendly solar farms can have a valuable impact on everything that’s going on in the landscape,” says Macknick.
Which of the following is the best title for the text
A ．Pollinators: To Leave or to Stay
B ．Solar Energy: Hope for the Future
C ．InSPIRE: A Leader in Agriculture
D ．Solar Farms: A New Development
2022 年(北京卷-B)
7 ．Quantum ( 量子 ) computers have been on my mind a lot lately. A friend has been
sending me articles on how quantum computers might help solve some of the biggest challenges
we face as humans. I’ve also had exchanges with two quantum-computing experts. One is
computer scientist Chris Johnson who I see as someone who helps keep the field honest. The other is physicist Philip Taylor.
For decades, quantum computing has been little more than a laboratory curiosity. Now, big tech companies have invested in quantum computing, as have many smaller ones. According to
Business Weekly, quantum machines could help us “cure cancer, and even take steps to turn
climate change in the opposite direction.” This is the sort of hype ( 炒作 ) that annoys Johnson. He worries that researchers are making promises they can’t keep. “What’s new,” Johnson wrote, “is that millions of dollars are now potentially available to quantum computing researchers.”
As quantum computing attracts more attention and funding, researchers may mislead
investors, journalists, the public and, worst of all, themselves about their work’s potential. If
researchers can’t keep their promises, excitement might give way to doubt, disappointment and
anger, Johnson warns. Lots of other technologies have gone through stages of excitement. But
something about quantum computing makes it especially prone to hype, Johnson suggests, perhaps because “‘quantum’ stands for something cool you shouldn’t be able to understand.” And that
brings me back to Taylor, who suggested that I read his book Q for Quantum.
After I read the book, Taylor patiently answered my questions about it. He also answered my questions about PyQuantum, the firm he co-founded in 2016. Taylor shares Johnson’s
concerns about hype, but he says those concerns do not apply to PyQuantum.
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The company, he says, is closer than any other firm “by a very large margin ( 幅度 )” to building a “useful” quantum computer, one that “solves an impactful problem that we would not have been able to solve otherwise.” He adds, “People will naturally discount my opinions, but I have spent a lot of time quantitatively comparing what we are doing with others.”
Could PyQuantum really be leading all the competition “by a wide margin”, as Taylor claims I don’t know. I’m certainly not going to advise my friend or anyone else to invest in quantum computers. But I trust Taylor, just as I trust Johnson.
Which would be the best title for the passage
A ．Is Johnson More Competent Than Taylor
B ．Is Quantum Computing Redefining Technology
C ．Will Quantum Computers Ever Come into Being
D ．Will Quantum Computing Ever Live Up to Its Hype
2022 年(新高考全国卷 1-D)
8 ．Human speech contains more than 2,000 different sounds, from the common “m” and “a” to the rare clicks of some southern African languages. But why are certain sounds more
common than others A ground-breaking, five-year study shows that diet-related changes in human bite led to new speech sounds that are now found in half the world’s languages.
More than 30 years ago, the scholar Charles Hockett noted that speech sounds called
labiodentals, such as “f” and “v”, were more common in the languages of societies that ate softer foods. Now a team of researchers led by Damián Blasi at the University of Zurich, Switzerland, has found how and why this trend arose.
They discovered that the upper and lower front teeth of ancient human adults were aligned (对齐), making it hard to produce labiodentals, which are formed by touching the lower lip to the upper teeth. Later, our jaws changed to an overbite structure (结构), making it easier to produce such sounds.
The team showed that this change in bite was connected with the development of
agriculture in the Neolithic period. Food became easier to chew at this point. The jawbone didn’t have to do as much work and so didn’t grow to be so large.
Analyses of a language database also confirmed that there was a global change in the sound of world languages after the Neolithic age, with the use of“f” and “v” increasing remarkably
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during the last few thousand years. These sounds are still not found in the languages of many hunter-gatherer people today.
This research overturns the popular view that all human speech sounds were present when human beings evolved around 300,000 years ago. “The set of speech sounds we use has not
necessarily remained stable since the appearance of human beings, but rather the huge variety of speech sounds that we find today is the product of a complex interplay of things like biological change and cultural evolution,” said Steven Moran, a member of the research team.
What is paragraph 5 mainly about
A ．Supporting evidence for the research results.
B ．Potential application of the research findings.
C ．A further explanation of the research methods.
D ．A reasonable doubt about the research process.
2022 年(新高考全国卷 I1-C)
9 ．Over the last seven years, most states have banned texting by drivers, and public service campaigns have tried a wide range of methods to persuade people to put down their phones when they are behind the wheel.
Yet the problem, by just about any measure, appears to be getting worse. Americans are still texting while driving, as well as using social networks and taking photos. Road accidents, which had fallen for years, are now rising sharply.
That is partly because people are driving more, but Mark Rosekind, the chief of the National Highway Traffic Safety Administration, said distracted(分心)driving was “only increasing, unfortunately.”
“Big change requires big ideas.” he said in a speech last month, referring broadly to the need to improve road safety. So to try to change a distinctly modern behavior, lawmakers and
public health experts are reaching back to an old approach: They want to treat distracted driving like drunk driving.
An idea from lawmakers in New York is to give police officers a new device called the
Textalyzer. It would work like this: An officer arriving at the scene of a crash could ask for the phones ofthe drivers and use the Textalyzer to check in the operating system for recent activity. The technology could determine whether a driver had just texted, emailed or done anything else
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that is not allowed under New York’s hands-free driving laws.
“We need something on the books that can change people’s behavior,” said Félix W. Ortiz, who pushed for the state’s 2001 ban on hand-held devices by drivers. If the Textalyzer bill
becomes law, he said, ”people are going to be more afraid to put their hands on the cell phone.“ What is a suitable title for the text
A ．To Drive or Not to Drive Think Before You Start
B ．Texting and Driving Watch Out for the Textalyzer
C ．New York Banning Hand-Held Devices by Drivers
D ．The Next Generation Cell Phone: The Textalyzer-
2022 年(全国甲卷-C)
10 ．As Ginni Bazlinton reached Antarctica, she found herself greeted by a group of little Gentoo penguins (企鹅) longing to say hello. These gentle, lovely gatekeepers welcomed her and kick-started what was to be a trip Ginni would never forget.
Ever since her childhood, Ginni, now 71, has had a deep love for travel. Throughout her
career (职业) as a professional dancer, she toured in the UK, but always longed to explore further. When she retired from dancing and her sons eventually flew the nest, she decided it was time to
take the plunge.
After taking a degree at Chichester University in Related Arts, Ginni began to travel the
world, eventually getting work teaching English in Japan and Chile. And it was in Chile she
discovered she could get last-minute cheap deals on ships going to Antarctica from the islands off Tierra del Fuego, the southernmost tip of the South American mainland. “I just decided I wanted to go,” she says. “I had no idea about what I’d find there and I wasn’t nervous, I just wanted to do it. And I wanted to do it alone as I always prefer it that way.”
In March 2008, Ginni boarded a ship with 48 passengers she’d never met before, to begin the journey towards Antarctica. “From seeing the wildlife to witnessing sunrises, the whole
experience was amazing. Antarctica left an impression on me that no other place has,” Ginni says. “I remember the first time I saw a humpback whale; it just rose out of the water like some
prehistoric creature and I thought it was smiling at us. You could still hear the operatic sounds it was making underwater.”
The realization that this is a precious land, to be respected by humans, was one of the
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biggest things that hit home to Ginni.
What is the text mainly about
A ．A childhood dream. B ．An unforgettable experience.
C ．Sailing around the world. D ．Meeting animals in Antarctica.
2022 年(全国乙卷-C)
11 ．Can a small group of drones (无人机) guarantee the safety and reliability of railways and, at the same time, help railway operators save billions of euros each year That is the very
likely future of applying today’s “eyes in the sky” technology to making sure that the millions of kilometres of rail tracks and infrastructure (基础设施) worldwide are safe for trains on a 24/7
basis.
Drones are already being used to examine high-tension electrical lines. They could do
precisely the same thing to inspect railway lines and other vital aspects of rail infrastructure such as the correct position of railway tracks and switching points. The more regularly they can be
inspected, the more railway safety, reliability and on-time performance will be improved. Costs would be cut and operations would be more efficient (高效) across the board.
That includes huge savings in maintenance costs and better protection of railway personnel safety. It is calculated that European railways alone spend approximately 20 billion euros a year on maintenance, including sending maintenance staff, often at night, to inspect and repair the rail infrastructure. That can be dangerous work that could be avoided with drones assisting the crews’ efforts.
By using the latest technologies, drones could also start providing higher-value services for railways, detecting faults in the rail or switches, before they can cause any safety problems. To
perform these tasks, drones for rail don’t need to be flying overhead. Engineers are now working on a new concept: the rail drones ofthe future. They will be moving on the track ahead of the
train, and programmed to run autonomously. Very small drones with advanced sensors and AI and travelling ahead of the train could guide it like a co-pilot. With their ability to see ahead, they
could signal any problem, so that fast-moving trains would be able to react in time.
Which is the most suitable title for the text
A ．What Faults Can Be Detected with Drones
B ．How Production of Drones Can Be Expanded
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C ．What Difficulty Drone Development Will Face
D ．How Drones Will Change the Future of Railways
2022 年(浙江 1 月-C)
12 ．The benefits of regular exercise are well documented but there’s a new bonus to add to the ever-growing list. New research found that middle-aged women who were physically fit could be nearly 90 percent less likely to develop dementia (失智症) in later life, and if they did, it came on a decade later than less sporty women.
Lead researcher Dr.Helena Horder, of the University of Gothenburg in Sweden, said:
“These findings are exciting because it’s possible that improving people’s cardiovascular (心血管的) fitness in middle age could delay or even prevent them from developing dementia.”
For the study, 191 women with an average age of 50 took a bicycle exercise test until they were tired out to measure their peak (最大值的) cardiovascular capacity. The average peak
workload was measured at 103 watts.
A total of 40 women met the criteria for a high fitness level with a capacity of 120 watts or higher. While 92 women were in the medium fitness category; a total of 59 were of low fitness
level, with a peak workload of 80 watts or less, or having their tests stopped because of health problems.
These women were then tested for dementia six times over the following four decades.
During that time, 44 of the women developed dementia. Five percent of the highly fit women
developed dementia, compared to 25 percent of the women with medium fitness and 32 percent of the women with low fitness.
“However, this study does not show cause and effect between cardiovascular fitness and
dementia, it only shows an association,” said Horder. More research is needed to see if improved fitness could have a positive effect on the risk of dementia and also to look at when during a
lifetime a high fitness level is most important. She also admitted that a relatively small number of women were studied, all of whom were from Sweden, so the results might not be applicable to
other groups.
Which of the following is the best title for the text
A ．More Women Are Exercising to Prevent Dementia
B ．Middle-Aged Women Need to Do More Exercise
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C ．Fit Women Are Less Likely to Develop Dementia
D ．Biking Improves Women’s Cardiovascular Fitness
2021 年(北京卷-D)
Early fifth-century philosopher St．Augustine famously wrote that he knew what time was unless someone asked him．Albert Einstein added another wrinkle when he theorized that time
varies depending on where you measure it．Today’s state-of-the-art atomic(原子的) clocks have proven Einstein right．Even advanced physics can’t decisively tell us what time is, because the answer depends on the question you’re asking．
Forget about time as an absolute．What if，instead of considering time in terms of
astronomy,we related time to ecology What if we allowed environmental conditions to set the tempo(节奏) of human life We’re increasingly aware of the fact that we can’t control Earth
systems with engineering alone，and realizing that we need to moderate(调节)our actions if we hope to live in balance．What if our definition of time reflected that
Recently，I conceptualized a new approach to timekeeping that’s connected to
circumstances on our planet，conditions that might change as a result of global warming．We’re now building a clock at the Anchorage Museum that reflects the total flow of several major
Alaskan rivers，which are sensitive to local and global environmental changes．We’ve
programmed it to match an atomic clock if the waterways continue to flow at their present rate．If the rivers run faster in the future on average，the clock will get ahead of standard time．If they run slower，you’ll see the opposite effect．
The clock registers both short-term irregularities and long-term trends in river
dynamics．It’s a sort of observatory that reveals how the rivers are behaving from their own temporal frame(时间框架)，and allows us to witness those changes on our smartwatches or phones．Anyone who opts to go on Alaska Mean River Time will live in harmony with the
planet．Anyone who considers river time in relation to atomic time will encounter a major
imbalance and may be motivated to counteract it by consuming less fuel or supporting greener policies．
Even if this method of timekeeping is novel in its particulars，early agricultural societies also connected time to natural phenomena．In pre-Classical Greece，for instance，
people“corrected”official calendars by shifting dates forward or backward to reflect the change of
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season．Temporal connection to the environment was vital to their survival．Likewise，river time and other timekeeping systems we’re developing may encourage environmental awareness．
When St．Augustine admitted his inability to define time， he highlighted one of time ‘s most noticeable qualities：Time becomes meaningful only in a defined context．Any timekeeping system is valid，and each is as praiseworthy as its purpose．
13 ．What is the main idea of Paragraph 1
A ．Timekeeping is increasingly related to nature．
B ．Everyone can define time on their own terms．
C ．The qualities of time vary with how you measure it．
D ．Time is a major concern of philosophers and scientists．
2021 年(新高考 I 卷-C)
14 ．When the explorers first set foot upon the continent of North America, the skies and
lands were alive with an astonishing variety of wildlife. Native Americans had taken care of these precious natural resources wisely. Unfortunately, it took the explorers and the settlers who
followed only a few decades to decimate a large part of these resources. Millions of waterfowl
(水禽) were killed at the hands of market hunters and a handful of overly ambitious sportsmen.
Millions of acres of wetlands were dried to feed and house the ever-increasing populations, greatly reducing waterfowl habitat.
In 1934, with the passage of the Migratory Bird Hunting Stamp Act (Act), an increasingly concerned nation took firm action to stop the destruction of migratory (迁徙的) waterfowl and the wetlands so vital to their survival. Under this Act, all waterfowl hunters 16 years of age and over must annually purchase and carry a Federal Duck Stamp. The very first Federal Duck Stamp was designed by J.N. “Ding” Darling, a political cartoonist from Des Moines, lowa, who at that time
was appointed by President Franklin Roosevelt as Director of the Bureau of Biological Survey. Hunters willingly pay the stamp price to ensure the survival of our natural resources.
About 98 cents of every duck stamp dollar goes directly into the Migratory Bird
Conservation Fund to purchase wetlands and wildlife habitat for inclusion into the National Wildlife Refuge System — a fact that ensures this land will be protected and available for all generations to come. Since 1934 better than half a billion dollars has gone into that Fund to
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purchase more than 5 million acres of habitat. Little wonder the Federal Duck Stamp Program has been called one of the most successful conservation programs ever initiated.
Which of the following is a suitable title for the text
A ．The Federal Duck Stamp Story B ．The National Wildlife Refuge System
C ．The Benefits of Saving Waterfowl D ．The History of Migratory Bird Hunting
2021 年(新高考 I 卷-D)
15 ．Popularization has in some cases changed the original meaning of emotional (情感的) intelligence. Many people now misunderstand emotional intelligence as almost everything
desirable in a person’s makeup that cannot be measured by an IQ test, such as character,
motivation, confidence, mental stability, optimism and “people skills.” Research has shown that emotional skills may contribute to some of these qualities, but most of them move far beyond
skill-based emotional intelligence.
We prefer to describe emotional intelligence as a specific set of skills that can be used for either good or bad purposes. The ability to accurately understand how others are feeling may be used by a doctor to find how best to help her patients, while a cheater might use it to control
potential victims. Being emotionally intelligent does not necessarily make one a moral person.
Although popular beliefs regarding emotional intelligence run far ahead of what research
can reasonably support, the overall effects of the publicity have been more beneficial than
harmful. The most positive aspect of this popularization is a new and much needed emphasis (重视) on emotion by employers, educators and others interested in promoting social well-being. The popularization of emotional intelligence has helped both the public and researchers re-evaluate the functionality of emotions and how they serve people adaptively in everyday life.
Although the continuing popular appeal of emotional intelligence is desirable, we hope that such attention will excite a greater interest in the scientific and scholarly study of emotion. It is
our hope that in coming decades, advances in science will offer new perspectives (视角) from
which to study how people manage their lives. Emotional intelligence, with its focus on both head and heart, may serve to point us in the right direction.
What does the last paragraph mainly talk about concerning emotional intelligence
A ．Its appeal to the public.
B ．Expectations for future studies.
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C ．Its practical application.
D ．Scientists with new perspectives.
2021 年(新高考 II 卷-C)
16 ．A British woman who won a $1 million prize after she was named the World’s Best Teacher will use the cash to bring inspirational figures into UK schools.
Andria Zafirakou, a north London secondary school teacher, said she wanted to bring about a classroom revolution (变革). “We are going to make a change,” she said. “I’ve started a project to promote the teaching ofthe arts in our schools.”
The project results from the difficulties many schools have in getting artists of any sort — whether an up-and-coming local musician or a major movie star — into schools to work with and inspire children.
Zafirakou began the project at Alperton Community School, her place of work for the past twelve years. “I’ve seen those magic moments when children are talking to someone they are
inspired by their eyes are shining and their faces light up,” she said. “We need artists more than ever in our schools.”
Artist Michael Craig-Martin said: “Andria’s brilliant project to bring artists from all fields into direct contact with children is particularly welcome at a time when the arts are being
downgraded in schools.” It was a mistake to see the arts as unnecessary, he added.
Historian Sir Simon Schama is also a supporter of the project. He said that arts education in schools was not just an add-on. “It is absolutely necessary. The future depends on creativity and
creativity depends on the young. What will remain of us when artificial intelligence takes over will be our creativity, and it is our creative spirit, our visionary sense of freshness, that has been our strength for centuries.”
Which of the following is a suitable title for the text
A ．Bring Artists to Schools B ．When Historians Meet Artists
C ．Arts Education in Britain D ．The World’s Best Arts Teacher
2021 年(全国甲卷-D)
17 ．Who is a genius This question has greatly interested humankind for centuries.
Let's state clearly: Einstein was a genius. His face is almost the international symbol for genius. But we want to go beyond one man and explore the nature of genius itself. Why is it that
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some people are so much more intelligent or creative than the rest ofus And who are they
In the sciences and arts, those praised as geniuses were most often white men, of European origin. Perhaps this is not a surprise. It's said that history is written by the victors, and those
victors set the standards for admission to the genius club. When contributions were made by geniuses outside the club—women, or people of a different color or belief—they were
unacknowledged and rejected by others.
A study recently published by Science found that as young as age six, girls are less likely than boys to say that members of their gender(性别)are “really, really smart.” Even worse, the
study found that girls act on that belief: Around age six they start to avoid activities said to be for children who are “really, really smart.” Can our planet afford to have any great thinkers become discouraged and give up It doesn't take a genius to know the answer: absolutely not.
Here's the good news. In a wired world with constant global communication, we're all
positioned to see flashes of genius wherever they appear. And the more we look, the more we will see that social factors(因素)like gender, race, and class do not determine the appearance of genius. As a writer says, future geniuses come from those with “intelligence, creativity, perseverance(毅力), and simple good fortune, who are able to change the world.”
What is the best title for the text
A ．Geniuses Think Alike B ．Genius Takes Many Forms
C ．Genius and Intelligence D ．Genius and Luck
2021 年(浙江卷 7 月-C)
18．Researchers say they have translated the meaning of gestures that wild chimpanzees (黑猩猩) use to communicate. They say wild chimps communicate 19 specific messages to one
another with a“vocabulary”of 66 gestures. The scientists discovered this by following and filming groups of chimps in Uganda, and examining more than 5,000 incidents of these meaningful
exchanges.
Dr Catherine Hobaiter, who led the research, said that this was the only form of intentional communication to be recorded in the animal kingdom. Only humans and chimps, she said, had a system of communication where they deliberately sent a message to another group member.
“That’s what’s so amazing about chimp gestures,” she said. “They’re the only thing that looks like human language in that respect.”
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Although previous research has shown that apes and monkeys can understand complex
information from another animal’s call, the animals do not appear to use their voices intentionally to communicate messages. This was a significant difference between calls and gestures, Dr
Hobaiter said.
Chimps will check to see if they have the attention of the animal with which they wish to communicate. In one case, a mother presents her foot to her crying baby, signalling: “Climb on
me.” The youngster immediately jumps on to its mother’s back and they travel off together. “The big message from this study is that there is another species (物种) out there that is meaningful in its communication, so that’s not unique to humans,” said Dr Hobaiter.
Dr Susanne Shultz, an evolutionary biologist from the University of Manchester, said the study was praiseworthy in seeking to enrich our knowledge of the evolution of human language. But, she added, the results were “a little disappointing”.
“The vagueness of the gesture meanings suggests either that the chimps have little to
communicate, or we are still missing a lot of the information contained in their gestures and
actions,” she said. “Moreover, the meanings seem to not go beyond what other animals convey with non-verbal communication. So, it seems the gulf remains.”
Which of the following is the best title for the text
A ．Chimpanzee behaviour study achieved a breakthrough
B ．Chimpanzees developed specific communication skills
C ．Chimpanzees: the smartest species in the animal kingdom
D ．Chimpanzee language: communication gestures translated
四、实战演练
1.
19 ．Five weeks ago I had total hip replacement surgery (髋关节置换手术). In Canada, we have a great healthcare system. That means we get our new hips for free.
My hip had been hurting me for years before I went to the doctor. Of course, it was free. She referred me to a surgeon, but the earliest appointment was in 10 months. That is what being free gets you. Ten months later, after some free X-rays, the surgeon told me I needed surgery,
which was about an 18-month wait, for some senior citizens had been on the operation list.
Another 18 months! I dragged myself out of the surgeon’s office.
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Walking through the hospital, I thought about the situation. As the breadwinner of a large
family, I couldn’t wait that long, so I had to get to the front line. I was fully aware of what a
Canadian should be like (Canadians are usually considered gentle and ca-ring), but this time I
really needed to fight for myself. At that very moment, in the shop window of the hospital, I saw a sign which read, “Volunteers Needed.” Suddenly, an idea occurred to me—I would get the job.
Fortunately, they signed me up immediately because the average age of the volunteers at the shop was 75. They were desperate for some young blood.
Every Friday morning, I was at the shop. While seeing the hospital staff, I’d casually be
asked, What do you do Then I'd tell them, Well, I'm getting my hip replaced—in 18 months. It’s going to be so great when the pain stops. Soon, all the staff got to know me. Naturally, in my next appointment, the surgeon recognized me. Moments later, I had a surgery date just weeks away.
I had to say it was actually my volunteering that got me to the front of the line. And I’m not ashamed of it, for I intend to stick with the volunteering. Also, even when I cheated the system, I did it in a way that benefits society.
Which can be the best title for the text
A ．How I Got My New Hip
B ．The Doctor Who Saved My Life
C ．How to Be a Volunteer in Hospital
D ．The Problem of Canada’s Healthcare System
2.
20 ．DCDIt is an unpleasant extinction that will change the world and how people communicate: within 20 years, two thirds ofall the planet’s languages will be dead.
Experts agree that nothing can stop it happening but one academic is trying her hardest to slow it down. Professor Antonella Sorace is one of a growing number who believe learning a
second language has enormous potential benefits for the human brain. Research consistently
shows that learning a new language could delay the start of dementia (痴呆) for four to five years — a better result than with any medication to date.
It is those benefits of bilingualism (双语) that should encourage us to preserve and protect Europe’s minority languages — Gaelic, Manx, Cornish and Ulster Scots, she says.
Already her work and the project she founded three years ago in Edinburgh, Bilingualism
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Matters — now expanding across Europe and in the US — have convinced the Scottish
government to introduce languages to primary schools. From 2024 all Scottish children will be
learning a language other than English in their first year at school, with two other languages to be introduced later.
Just as disappearing forests take with them secrets of undiscovered medicines, disappearing languages can take the key to a longer and better quality of life. The first battle is to remove the
popular assumption that bilingualism might damage children’s brains. There were even suggestions that it could encourage schizophrenia (精神分裂症).
“Study after study has shown the opposite to be true,” says Sorace. “These prejudices are deeply rooted, but we are perhaps halfway to persuading people that the brain can cope. Then we have to persuade people that it is actually of benefit.”
Which can be the best title for the text
A ．The Benefits of Bilingualism
B ．The Founding of Bilingualism Matters
C ．A New Challenge Facing Language Teaching
D ．A Professor Fighting to Save Minority Languages
3.
21 ．Fancy spending your summer break improving your skills and preparing for your first job We have gathered the best summer programs in Singapore in recent years. Now you will be able to narrow down your choices and make a decision.
StandOut Global Summer Program
At StandOut Summer School, one of your missions will be to work as an intern (实习生) with leaders in the business world who have plenty of years of experience in the field. Through this program, you can boost your knowledge by interacting with experts in fields like digital
marketing, entrepreneurship (创业), investment, etc. Wherever you come from, the school will welcome you in their all-inclusive program.
NTU Summer School Program
Nanyang Technological University will take you on a unique experience in their summer camp. In NTU`s summer school, you will be able to enjoy your favorite business track out of five different options, Each track will lead you to an internship at. a top-ranked company lasting from
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3 weeks to 2 months.
NUS Summer School
The National University of Singapore offers one of the leading summer camps in
Singapore. The program is designed for students who are from its partner universities located all around the world. With passion as one of the university’s core values, the NUS Summer School guarantees continuous development for its students.
Singapore Management University Global Summer Program
With its third Global Summer Program starting in July, Singapore Management University offers international students an unforgettable opportunity: 4 weeks of learning in Singapore, with a week spent overseas in another Asian city to merge in an unmatched experience.
Get in touch with us to get all your questions about global summer programs answered! The passage is most probably taken from .
A ．a university website
B ．a business magazine
C ．a corporate brochure
D ．an overseas study guide
4.
22 ．Seated at the grand piano in MIT’s Killian Hall last fall, first-year student Jacqueline Wang played one piece of Mozart’s music. When she’d finished, Mi-Eun Kim, a pianist and
lecturer at MIT, asked her to move to the back of the hall. Kim tapped at an iPad. Suddenly, the
music Wang had just played poured forth again from the piano - its keys sinking and rising just as they had with Wang’s fingers on them. Wang stood with a confused expression, taking in a repeat of her own performance.
This unusual lesson took place during a three-week residency (驻留期) of the Steinway
Spirio|r, a piano that obtains the data of live performances and offers students new possibilities for studying and experimenting with music.
Wang was one of several participants to have the experience of hearing herself play while watching the data of her performance move up and down across a screen: color-coded rectangles (矩形) indicating the speed and duration of each note, and a moving line charting her use of the damper pedal (阻尼踏板). Wang could even edit her own performance when Kim suggested her
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rhythmic use of the pedal might be unnecessary. Using the iPad interface to erase the pedaling entirely, they listened to the playback again, the notes gaining new clarity,
For Wang, the session introduced an element she’d never experienced since beginning her piano studies. The visual display of how long each key was played and with what speed gave her a more precise demonstration of the ideas of voicing and evenness.
Playing the piano is one of the most complex activities that humans do with their hands.
Some people might think the new technology will replace the pianist. In Kim’s view, that human complexity is complemented by this kind of technical possibility. But it doesn’t mean all of the things that go into learning music will be abandoned. It’s going to be an invaluable third partner:
the student, the teacher, and the Spirio | r. It’s going to play a necessary role in lots of musical efforts.
What can be the best title for the text
A ．Making Full Use of MIT’s Program
B ．The Evolution of Musical Instruments
C ．Exploring Music with the Steinway Spirio|r
D ．The Challenges of Learning a New Instrument
5.
23 ．US Army veteran (退伍老兵) Mazyck remembers when doctors told her she would
never walk again. She’d been paralyzed from the waist down after a serious accident while
parachuting in 2003.The doctors never said anything about floating, though. In 2021,she got to do just that.
Mazyck was one of 12 participants in a Zero G flight, organized by the group AstroAccess. This type of flight recreates the weightlessness that astronauts experience without going all the
way to space. Flying over the Pacific Ocean off Southern California, the modified 747 jet airplane made 15 steep dives and climbs, allowing the flyers multiple periods of weightlessness.
The experience left Mazyck feeling joyful. “The flight was something that I would have never in my wildest dreams thought I would’ve experienced,” she says, “especially the floating, the weightlessness.”
Traditionally, strict physical requirements have prevented disabled people from becoming astronauts. AstroAccess is working to make space accessible to all. “Space removes the barriers
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between people; now is the time to remove the barriers to space itself,” says Mazyck, “It is
sending a message to people who have historically been excluded from STEM that not only is there room for you in space, there is a need for you.”
During the flight, she says, the participants did experiments and made observations. They
took note of things that people without certain disabilities might not realize are issues. For
example, people who couldn’t grip with their legs needed another way to hold themselves still
while weightless. The group also experimented with signaling lights for the deaf and with ways of using braille (盲文) for the blind.
These types of issues are easy enough to address. Now is the time to make space accessible
— before space tourism or space settlements become commonplace. “I am so proud and elated about what’s happening here,” Mazyck adds. “We are paving the way for the future.”
Which of the following can be the best title of the passage
A ．Paving the Way for the Future
B ．Disabled Americans Make It to Space
C ．Making Space a Place for Everyone
D ．US Veterans Experience Zero G Flight
6.
24．For centuries, Central America’s Garifuna people have kept the culture’s spoken history alive through their ancestors’ native language. But decades of modernization, random
native-language training in Garifuna schools, intermarriage between cultures, and the ridicule (嘲笑) of young people who speak the language, together led to Garifuna being listed on the
UNESCO Atlas (地图集) of Endangered Languages in 2001.
The threat of language extinction isn’t new. Some linguists estimate that a language dies
every two weeks, as some languages become important tools for social and economic exchange,
while others are pushed to the margins (边缘). But there are ways to save at-risk languages as well. The key is that the language needs to be thought of less as preserved, “but indeed part of their
present and future life,” says Liliana Sanchez, a linguist and professor at the University of Illinois.
That’s exactly what the Garinagu (Garifuna people) are doing. For the past two decades, Garifuna artists have used a cultural cornerstone—spirited dance music—to inspire young
Garinagu to learn and share their native language. Now, with a new Garifuna Tourism Trail
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project in Belize, travelers can experience and support the cultural revival, too.
Palacio, a leader in the cultural revival, gathered Garifuna musicians across Central
America to form a band named the Garifuna Collective in 2007. Their Garifuna lyrics sent a
powerful message: It’s time to defend our culture. With multiple world tours and international
music awards later, the Garifuna Collective put Garifuna on the international map and took Belize along with it. Although Palacio passed away in 2008, his lyrics and the work of Garifuna
musicians lit a cultural flame for Garinagu worldwide.
Will music save the Garifuna language Time will tell. Garifuna remains on UNESCO’s endangered-language list, last updated in 2010. And, as the Hawaiians just learned from
revitalizing (使恢复生机) their own language, this kind of revival is a long, multi-generational road.
What is the first paragraph mainly about
A ．The origin of the Garifuna language.
B ．Reasons for Garifuna’s being endangered.
C ．The endangered languages of 2001.
D ．Ways to save the Garifuna language.
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1 ．D
答案：D
主旨大意题。根据最后一段“They may apply universally to all acts of evolution. Ultimately
ALife may be nothing special. But even this dismissal suggests something: perhaps, just like life
itself throughout the universe, the rise of ALife will prove unavoidable.(它们可能普遍适用于所有进化行为。最终， ALife 可能没有什么特别的。但即使是这种否定也表明了一些事情：也许，就像整个宇宙中的生命本身一样，ALife 的崛起将被证明是不可避免的)”结合文章主要探讨了 ALife 是否也在不断地进化。D 选项“生命在进化。创造 ALife 的尝试也能进化吗？”是最合适的标题。故选 D。
2 ．B
主旨大意题。根据第二段内容“This effect capitalizes on the fact that when people make errors, those errors aren’t always the same. Some people will tend to overestimate, and come to
underestimate. When enough of these errors are averaged together, they cancel each other out,
resulting in a more accurate estimate. If people are