2026届高考英语专题归纳与训练全国通用版——阅读理解之细节题（含解析）
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| 名称 | 2026届高考英语专题归纳与训练全国通用版——阅读理解之细节题（含解析） |
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| 格式 | docx | ||
| 文件大小 | 265.9KB | ||
| 资源类型 | 教案 | ||
| 版本资源 | 通用版 | ||
| 科目 | 英语 | ||
| 更新时间 | 2026-03-29 00:00:00 | ||
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阅读理解之细节题
文章主题和中心思想的阐述往往需要大量细节信息的支持，这些细节对于理解全文内容至关重要，同时也是归纳和概括文章中心思想的基础。命题人员往往会要求考生根据不同的要求，阅读文章以获得某些特定的信息或准确地寻求所需的细节。这类试题有时比较直接， 理解字面意思即可；有时则较为间接，需要归纳、概括和推理才能答题。
一、思维导图
二、方法点拨
1. 设问方式和考题类型
常针对文中细节提问，可直接或间接在文章中找到答案。
1. 是非题形式：true/ false 或 except
All of the following are true EXCEPT .
2.特殊疑问句形式：
According to the passage, who/ what/ when/ where / why / how …
3.填空题形式，如：
To avoid attracting mountain lions, people are advised
2. 题目类型
1.Wh-细节型
2.是非型
3.计算型
4.排序型
5.图标型
3. 细节题选项特征
试卷第 1 页，共 21 页
(一)细节理解题正确选项特征
同义替换 指对原文句子中的关键词进行同义替换。如把 lose one's job 换成了 be out of work。有些细节理解题把原文中的一些词变换一下词性，如把 important 变换成 of importance；改变原文中句子的语态，如主动语态与被动语态的转换。
信息归纳 用精炼的语言来概括原文中比较分散或复杂的信息，设置为正确答案。
正话反说 把原文中的意思反过来表达而成为正确选项。
原文原词 利用原文原词作为正确选项。
(二)细节理解题干扰选项特征
张冠李戴 是原文信息，但不是题目要求的内容。
无中生有 符合常识，但不是文章的内容。
曲解文意 与原文的内容极其相似，只是在某个细节处有些变动。
颠倒是非 在意思上与原文大相径庭甚至完全相反。
正误参半 部分正确，部分错误。
4. 定位词寻找技巧
1.定位词的选用
(1)特殊定位词
在很多题目当中会出现人名、地名、数字、年份和大写字母缩写这五类特殊词。因为它们的特点是在一篇多数是英文小写字母的文章里非常的醒目，所以很快就能够做到精确定位。
[示例 1]
HUNCH is designed to connect high school classrooms with NASA engineers.For the past two years ，Gordon’s students have been studying ways to kill bacteria in zero gravity ，and they think they’re close to a solution(解决方案).“We don’t give the students any breaks.They have to do it just like NASA engineers ，” says Florence Gold ，a project manager.
33.What is the purpose of the HUNCH program
A.To strengthen teacher-student relationships.
试卷第 2 页，共 21 页
B.To sharpen students’ communication skills.
C.To allow students to experience zero gravity.
D.To link space technology with school education.
分析：选 D。本题可以根据特殊定位词 HUNCH 可以定位到本段的第一句“HUNCH is designed to connect high school classrooms with NASA engineers.”可知，HUNCH 项目的目的是把学校教育与航天技术联系在一起，故答案为 D。
(2)普通定位词
普通定位词与特殊定位词相比，出现的几率更高。当我们看到题中没有特殊定位词的情况下，要思考的就是在这道似乎没有啥重点的词语中挑选出最能帮助我们快速找到定位的词语。可以当做定位词的首选是名词，其次是动词。
[示例 2]
In Save Money：Good Food，she visits a different home each week and with the help of chef Matt Tebbutt offers top tips on how to reduce food waste ，while preparing recipes for under ￡ 5 per family a day.And the Good Morning Britain presenter says she’s been able to put a lot of what she’s learnt into practice in her own home ，preparing meals for sons ，Sam ，14 ，Finn ，13 ，and Jack ，11.
25.How does Matt Tebbutt help Susanna
A.He buys cooking materials for her.
B.He prepares food for her kids.
C.He assists her in cooking matters.
D.He invites guest families for her.
分析：选 C 。 由于比较醒目人名 Matt Tebbutt 和 Susanna 在文中出现多次，所以不能作为定位词。本题可以利用题干中的动词 help 来定位，从而找到原文信息“with the help of chef Matt Tebbutt offers top tips on how to reduce food waste”。
2.挑选定位词的注意点
(1)文章中的高频词不能作为定位词
定位词的最大优势就是可以缩小阅读范围，如果我们定位了一个在文章中处处可能出现的词语，那就失去了定位的意义。
(2)定位词和文中词有可能是词义转换
在实际做题过程中还要注意，不是所有的题目都可以用定位词来定位的。而且如果是遇到细
试卷第 3 页，共 21 页
节信息定位题，很多时候定位词的作用被削弱了，因为题目中的词和文中的词会以同义词替换的形式出现。所以建议考生一方面要掌握如何去找定位词，另外一方面要提高自己的阅读词汇量，尤其是同义词转换，这样才能一击必中，快速找到答案出现的地方解决问题。
[示例 1]
Cherry Blossom Bike Tour in Washington ，D.C.
Duration：3 hours
This small group bike tour is a fantastic way to see the world-famous cherry trees with
beautiful flowers of Washington，D.C.Your guide will provide a history lesson about the trees and the famous monuments where they blossom.Reserve your spot before availability—and the cherry blossoms—disappear!
21.Which tour do you need to book in advance
A.Cherry Blossom Bike Tour in Washington ，D.C.
B.Washington Capital Monuments Bicycle Tour.
C.Capital City Bike Tour in Washington ，D.C.
D.Washington Capital Sites at Night Bicycle Tour.
分析：选 A。本题可以用同义词定位： book in advance ＝reserve“预约”。根据第一条自行车旅行路线中的“Reserve your spot before availability—and the cherry blossoms—disappear！”可知，选择这条自行车旅行路线需要提前预订。
5. 解题流程
细节理解题有时比较直接，理解字面意思即可答题；有时则较为间接，需要归纳、概括和推理才能答题。细节理解题占阅读理解总题量的 60%左右，是最重要的得分点。
细节理解题无论以怎样的方式提问，考生都要记住一个解题原则——“本本主义”，一切从原文出发，无须读很多段落甚至全文后去归纳总结、分析推理， 正确答案就对应原文的某一处具体信息。可以用两步法解题。
一．直接信息题
考生可以采取“关键词定位法” ，即“带着问题找答案” 的方法，通过定位找题眼。先从题干中提取关键性词语(题眼)，然后以此为线索，运用略读及寻读的技巧快速在文章中寻找与此关键词相关的段落、语句， 快速定位该题与哪一段哪一句有关，然后仔细推敲，仔细比较所给选项与文中细节的细微区别，在准确理解细节的前提下，最后确定答案。简言之， 可采用“一找二定三比对” 的方法。解题流程如下：
试卷第 4 页，共 21 页
做题小技巧：
1.若针对特殊标点符号,举例子,名人名言出题,只需要阅读符号，例子,名言前后的内容，然后与选项核对。
2.在出现一些关键词，如 however 、but 、moreover 、therefore 、 thus 时，要特别注意句子前后意义的转折，递进，因果等关系。
3.细节题的答案一般是同义替换项或者同义转换项
4.选项中有绝对语气词的一般不是答案。如：must, never, the most, all, merely, only, have to, any, no, completely, none,等。但不是绝对，也有例外。
5.注意选项中的副词，形容词和介词短语等与原文是否一致。如： must, may, often, should, usually, might, most, more or less, likely, all, never ，few 等存在程度不同，经常被偷换，往往被忽视。
6.细节题干扰项特点：与原文内容相反；与原文内容一半相符，一半不同；叙述过于绝对化；原文没有提及.
例子 1
…
I found the pre-holidays a good time to encourage young children to donate less-used
things, and it worked. Because of our efforts, our daughter Georgia did decide to donate a large
bag of toys to a little girl whose mother was unable to pay for her holiday due to illness. She chose to sell a few larger objects that were less often used when we promised to put the money into her school fund (基金) (our kindergarten daughter is serious about becoming a doctor)．
…
33 ．What made Georgia agree to sell some of her objects
A ．Saving up for her holiday.
试卷第 5 页，共 21 页
B ．Raising money for a poor girl.
C ．Adding the money to her fund.
D ．Giving the money to a sick mother. [解题示范]
第一步：定信息区间
抓关键 题干中的关键词：Georgia, sell, objects
锁信息 定位：用 Georgia，sell，objects 寻读，在文中找到信息源——She chose to sell a few larger objects that were less often used when we promised to put the money into her school fund (基金) (our kindergarten daughter is serious about becoming a doctor).
第二步：比对定答案
选项 选项意思 定位
A 为她的假期储蓄。 曲解文意
B 为一个贫困女孩募捐。 曲解文意
C 把钱放入她的基金。 同义替换
D 把钱送给一个生病的妈妈。 无中生有
[分析] 选 C 比对选项和信息句可知，女儿愿意卖几件玩具，是因为我们承诺把钱放入她的求学基金；选项和原文中均出现 fund 一词，故为直接细节理解题。故选 C。
二．间接信息题
相比直接信息题，命题的隐蔽性更强，正确选项一般都会在原文基础上进行改造。此类题目需要考生将题目信息与原文相关信息进行语义上的转换，有时还需要进一步的加工或整理。例子 2
Of the common berries, strawberries are highest in vitamin C, although, because of their seeds, raspberries contain a little more protein (蛋白质), iron and zinc (not that fruits have much protein). Blueberries are particularly high in antioxidants (抗氧化物质). The yellow and orange stone fruits such as peaches are high in the carotenoids we turn into vitamin A and which are
antioxidants. As for cherries (樱桃), they are so delicious who cares However, they are rich in
试卷第 6 页，共 21 页
vitamin C.
…
24 ．What does the author seem to like about cherries
A ．They contain protein.
B ．They are high in vitamin A.
C ．They have a pleasant taste.
D ．They are rich in antioxidants.
[解题示范]
第一步：定信息区间
抓关键 题干中的关键词：cherries
锁信息 定位：用 cherries 寻读，在文中找到信息源——As for cherries (樱桃), they are so delicious who cares However, they are rich in vitamin C.
第二步：比对定答案
选项 选项意思 定位
A 它们含有蛋白质。 张冠李戴
B 它们富含维生素 A。 张冠李戴
C 它们口感好。 同义替换
D 它们含有丰富的抗氧化物质。 张冠李戴
[分析] 选 C 根据该段最后一句“As for cherries (樱桃), they are so delicious who cares However, they are rich in vitamin C．”可知，原文中的 they are so delicious 被替换成选项中的 They have a pleasant taste，为间接细节理解题。故选 C。
三．概括、归纳信息题
是指命题人用精炼的语言来概括原文中比较分散或复杂的信息，这是命题人设计细节理解题的正确选项时经常使用的手段之一。考生首先应依据题干指向，找到文中相应的信息区间，然后尝试用自己的语言去归纳总结文中的信息或事实，然后再看选项，挑选出和自己所归纳总结的信息最接近的选项作为正确答案。
例子 3
试卷第 7 页，共 21 页
At present, the world has about 6,800 languages. The distribution of these languages is
hugely uneven. The general rule is that mild zones have relatively few languages, often spoken by many people, while hot, wet zones have lots, often spoken by small numbers. Europe has only
around 200 languages; the Americas about 1,000; Africa 2,400; and Asia and the Pacific perhaps 3,200, of which Papua New Guinea alone accounts for well over 800. The median number (中位数) of speakers is a mere 6,000, which means that half the world's languages are spoken by fewer people than that.
…
30 ．How many languages are spoken by less than 6,000 people at present
A ．About 6,800. B ．About 3,400.
C ．About 2,400. D ．About 1,200.
[解题示范]
第一步：定信息区间
抓关键 题干中的关键词：6,000
锁信息 定位：用 6,000 寻读，在文中找到信息源——The median number (中位数) of speakers is a mere 6,000, which means that half the world's languages are spoken by fewer people than that.
第二步：比对定答案
选项 选项意思 原文意思 定位
A 大约 6 800种。 6 800 为现在世界现存语言数量。 张冠李戴
B 大约 3 400种。 世界语言总量的一半即为 3 400。 信息归纳
C 大约 2 400种。 2 400 为非洲语言数量。 张冠李戴
D 大约 1 200种。 数字 1 200 在原文中没有出现，也无法做出有效归纳。 无中生有
试卷第 8 页，共 21 页
[分析] 选 B 根据本段第一句“At present, the world has about 6,800 languages.”可知，目前世界上有大约 6 800 种语言；再根据最后一句“The median number (中位数) of speakers is a mere 6,000, which means that half the world's languages are spoken by fewer people than that.”可知， 目前世界上一半的语言的使用人数少于 6 000，也就是说有大约 3 400 种语言的使用人数少于 6 000。根据以上数据的归纳概括可知 B 项为正确选项。
四．正误判断题
是细节理解题中解题比较繁琐的题目，说其繁琐，因为其信息不像其他类题目那样集中在文章的某一句或某一段，而是分散在文章的各个角落。对于这类题目， 考生要静下心来，看清范围，确定方向，找到每一个选项的对应信息后，谨慎排除，综合选优。
例子 4
Food festivals around the world
Stilton Cheese Rolling
May Day is a traditional day for celebrations, but the 2,000 English villagers of Stilton must be the only people in the world who include cheese rolling in their annual plans. Teams of four,
dressed in a variety of strange and funny clothes, roll a complete cheese along a 50-metre course. On the way, they must not kick or throw their cheese, or go into their competitors' lane (赛
道) ．Competition is fierce and the chief prize is a complete Stilton cheese weighing about four kilos (disappointingly, but understandably the cheeses used in the race are wooden ones). All the competitors are served with beer or port wine, the traditional accompaniment for Stilton cheese.
Fiery Foods Festival — The Hottest Festival on Earth
Every year more than 10,000 people head for the city of Albuquerque, New Mexico. They come from as far away as Australia, the Caribbean and China, but they all share a common
addiction — food that is not just spicy (辛辣), but hot enough to make your mouth burn, your
head spin and your eyes water. Their destination is the Fiery Food and BBQ Festival which is held over a period of three days every March. You might like to try a chocolate-covered habanero
pepper — officially the hottest pepper in the world — or any one of the thousands of products that are on show. But one thing's for sure — if you don't like the feeling of a burning tongue, this
festival isn't for you!
La Tomatina — The World's Biggest Food Fight
试卷第 9 页，共 21 页
On the last Wednesday of every August, the Spanish town of Bu ol hosts La Tomatina — the world's largest food fight. A week-long celebration leads up to an exciting tomato battle as the highlight of the week's events. The early morning sees the arrival of large trucks with tomatoes — official fight-starters get things going by casting tomatoes at the crowd.
…
59 ．Which of the following is TRUE according to the passage
A ．The chief prize for the Stilton cheese rolling competition is beer or port wine.
B ．More than 10,000 Chinese take part in the Fiery Food and BBQ Festival.
C ．Thousands of spicy foods are on show in the Fiery Food and BBQ Festival.
D ．An exciting tomato battle takes place at the beginning of La Tomatina.
[解题示范]
第一步：定信息区间
选项 选项关键词 信息区间
A The chief prize for the Stilton cheese rolling competition 第一段第四句
B More than 10,000 Chinese 第二段第一、二句
C Thousands of spicy foods are on show 第二段倒数第二句
D An exciting tomato battle takes place at the beginning 第三段第二句
第二步：逐一比对定答案
选项 选项意思 原文意思 定位
A Stilton 滚动奶酪比赛的主要奖品是啤酒或波尔图葡萄酒。 奖品是 a complete Stilton cheese。 张冠李戴
B 一万多名中国人参加 Fiery Food and BBQ Festival。 参加者来自世界各地。 曲解文意
C 在 Fiery Food and BBQ Festival上，成千上万种辛辣食物被展 展出了成千上万种食物。 同义替换
试卷第 10 页，共 21 页
出。
D 在 La Tomatina 节日的开始，会举行一场激动人心的“西红柿大战”。 “西红柿大战”发生在节日结尾，而不是节日的开始。 曲解文意
[答案] C
三、高考真题
2023 年北京卷 A 篇
The International Olympic Committee(IOC)Young Leaders programme empowers talents to make a positive difference in their communities through sport. Twenty-five Young Leaders are being selected every two years for a four-year period. They promote the Olympic values,
spreading the message of sport for good.
To be an IOC Young Leader, you need to first complete the 4-Week Learning Sprint (冲刺).
4-Week Learning Sprint
The 4-Week Learning Sprint, which will take place during November 2023, is a virtual
learning programme. The sessions can be attended live or watched back after they are made
available on the IOC channel. Each week, participants will be asked to complete a topic _specific reflection task.
The 4-Week Learning Sprint is open to anyone, with the target audience aged between 20 and 28.
After successfully completing the 4-Week Learning Sprint, you will need to submit a plan for a sport _based project, which you will work on if selected as an IOC Young Leader.
Requirements for the Applicants
You have successfully completed the 4-Week Learning Sprint.
You have completed your high school studies.
You have at least one year of work experience.
You have strong public speaking skills.
You are self-motivated and committed.
You are passionate about creating positive change in your community.
You are open to being coached and advised by experts and peers (同伴).
试卷第 11 页，共 21 页
You are able to work with people from different backgrounds.
1 ．In the 4-Week Learning Sprint, participants will .
A ．create change in their community B ．attend a virtual learning programme
C ．meet people from different backgrounds D ．promote the IOC Young Leaders project
2 ．If selected as an IOC Young Leader, one will need to .
A ．complete a reflection task each week B ．watch sports on the IOC channel
C ．work on a sport-based project D ．coach and advise their peers
3 ．Which is a requirement for the applicants
A ．Spreading the message of sport for good. B ．Having at least one-year work experience.
C．Showing great passion for project planning. D．Committing themselves to becoming an expert.
2023 年新高考全国I 卷 C 篇
When John Todd was a child, he loved to explore the woods around his house, observing how nature solved problems. A dirty stream, for example, often became clear after flowing
through plants and along rocks where tiny creatures lived. When he got older, John started to wonder if this process could be used to clean up the messes people were making.
After studying agriculture, medicine, and fisheries in college, John went back to observing nature and asking questions. Why can certain plants trap harmful bacteria (细菌) Which kinds of fish can eat cancer-causing chemicals With the right combination of animals and plants, he
figured, maybe he could clean up waste the way nature did. He decided to build what he would later call an eco-machine.
The task John set for himself was to remove harmful substances from some sludge (污泥). First, he constructed a series of clear fiberglass tanks connected to each other. Then he went
around to local ponds and streams and brought back some plants and animals. He placed them in the tanks and waited. Little by little, these different kinds of life got used to one another and
formed their own ecosystem. After a few weeks, John added the sludge.
He was amazed at the results. The plants and animals in the eco-machine took the sludge as food and began to eat it! Within weeks, it had all been digested, and all that was left was pure
water.
Over the years, John has taken on many big jobs. He developed a greenhouse — like
试卷第 12 页，共 21 页
facility that treated sewage (污水) from 1,600 homes in South Burlington. He also designed an eco-machine to clean canal water in Fuzhou, a city in southeast China.
“Ecological design” is the name John gives to what he does. “Life on Earth is kind of a box of spare parts for the inventor,” he says. “You put organisms in new relationships and observe
what’s happening. Then you let these new systems develop their own ways to self-repair.”
4 ．What can we learn about John from the first two paragraphs
A ．He was fond of traveling. B ．He enjoyed being alone.
C ．He had an inquiring mind. D ．He longed to be a doctor.
5 ．Why did John put the sludge into the tanks
A ．To feed the animals. B ．To build an ecosystem.
C ．To protect the plants. D ．To test the eco-machine.
2023 新高考全国II 卷 A 篇
Yellowstone National Park offers a variety of ranger programs throughout the park, and throughout the year. The following are descriptions ofthe ranger programs this summer.
Experiencing Wildlife in Yellowstone (May 26 to September 2)
Whether you’re hiking a backcountry trail (小径), camping, or just enjoying the park’s
amazing wildlife from the road, this quick workshop is for you and your family. Learn where to look for animals and how to safely enjoy your wildlife watching experience. Meet at the Canyon Village Store.
Junior Ranger Wildlife Olympics (June 5 to August 21)
Kids can test their skills and compare their abilities to the animals of Yellowstone. Stay for as little or as long as your plans allow. Meet in front of the Visitor Education Center.
Canyon Talks at Artist Point (June 9 to September 2)
From a classic viewpoint, enjoy Lower Falls, the Yellowstone River, and the breathtaking colors of the canyon (峡谷) while learning about the area’s natural and human history. Discover why artists and photographers continue to be drawn to this special place. Meet on the lower
platform at Artist Point on the South Rim Drive for this short talk.
Photography Workshops (June 19 & July 10)
Enhance your photography skills —join Yellowstone’s park photographer for a hands-on
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program to inspire new and creative ways of enjoying the beauty and wonder of Yellowstone.
6/19 — Waterfalls &Wide Angles: meet at Artist Point.
7/10 — Wildflowers &White Balance: meet at Washburn Trailhead in Chittenden parking area.
6 ．Which of the four programs begins the earliest
A ．Photography Workshops.
B ．Junior Ranger Wildlife Olympics.
C ．Canyon Talks at Artist Point.
D ．Experiencing Wildlife in Yellowstone.
7 ．What is the short talk at Artist Point about
A ．Works of famous artists.
B ．Protection of wild animals.
C ．Basic photography skills.
D ．History of the canyon area.
四、实战演练
1.
To help new students, the International Business Institute (IBI) plans to set up a buddy (伙伴) peer support project. The project will help new students meet current students at IBI who can provide them with some friendly company during their first months in Newcastle and help them with any small problems that they may have.
What’s in it for you
We believe that being a buddy will be rewarding in several ways. As a volunteer, it will be personally satisfying to know that you are able to help new students. It will also help you make
contacts that may be valuable in your future academic and professional lives. If you are an overseas student, it will give you another opportunity to practise speaking English.
Responsibilities of buddies
·Telephone and arrange to make contact with the new student.
·Meet the student and show him/her around the campus and the local area. Answer questions about living in Newcastle and administration procedures at IBI.
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·Arrange to meet the new student one morning or afternoon one weekend early in the semester, and take the student to places that you enjoy in Newcastle.
·Be prepared to take phone calls from the new student to answer further questions that
he/she may have from time to time. Meet to explain information to the new student in person, if required.
·You will be matched to an individual new student. However, if you have friends who are also buddies, you might prefer to form a support group together. This would mean that you meet the new students as a group rather than one-on-one.
·Being a buddy is voluntary. There is no “requirement” to provide assistance beyond the help outlined above.
Please note that if you agree to become a peer support buddy, you will be expected to fulfil your role conscientiously and cheerfully. It will be important to be considerate and reliable so that the student can feel confident in your support.
8 ．According to the passage, what benefit can you get from being a buddy
A ．You can learn how to be a confident person.
B ．It is easy for you to find some friendly company.
C ．You can be rewarded with both money and prizes.
D ．It may be helpful for your future studies and career.
9 ．As a buddy, you need to .
A ．form a support group with other volunteers at IBI
B ．provide assistance in studying each subject after class
C ．meet the new student every morning early in the semester
D ．help the new student get familiar with his or her surroundings
2.
When Elinor Lobel was 16, a “smart” insulin (胰岛素) pump was attached to her body. Powered by AI, it tracks her glucose levels and administers the right dose of insulin at the right time to keep her healthy. It is one of the new ways that data and AI can help improve lives.
Books that criticize the dark side of data are plentiful. They generally suggest there is much more to fear than fete in the algorithmic(算法的)age.
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But the intellectual tide may be turning. One of the most persuasive supporters of a more balanced view is Elinor Lobel’s mother, Orly, a law professor. In The Equality Machine she
acknowledges AI’s capacity to produce harmful results. But she shows how, in the right hands, it can also be used to fight inequality and discrimination.
A principle of privacy rules is “minimization”: collect and keep as little information as possible, especially in areas such as race and gender. Ms Lobel flips the script, showing how in hiring, pay and the legal system, knowing such characteristics leads to fairer outcomes.
Ms Lobel’s call to use more, not less, personal information challenges data-privacy
orthodoxy(正统观念). But she insists that “tracking differences is key to detecting unfairness.” She advocates loosening of privacy rules to provide more transparency(透明)over algorithmic decisions.
The problems with algorithmic formulae(公式) are tackled in depth in Escape from Model Land by Erica Thompson of the School of Economics. These statistical models are the backbone of big data and AL. Yet a perfect model will always be beyond reach. “All models are wrong,”
runs a wise saying. “Some are useful.”
Ms Thompson focuses on a challenge she calls the Hawkmoth Effect. In the better known Butterfly Effect, a serviceable model, in the prediction of climate change, becomes less reliable over time because of the complexity ofwhat it is simulating(模拟), or because of inaccuracies in the original data. In the Hawkmoth Effect, by contrast, the model itself is flawed; it might fail to take full account of the interplay between humidity, wind and temperature.
The author calls on data geeks to improve their solutions to real-world issues, not merely refine their formulae—in other words, to escape from model land. “We do not need to have the best possible answer,” she writes, “only a reasonable one.”
Both these books exhibit a healthy realism about data, algorithms and their limitations.
Both recognize that making progress involves accepting limitations, whether in law or coding. As Ms Lobel puts it: “It’s always better to light a candle than to curse the darkness.”
10 ．What can we learn about “Hawkmoth Effect”
A ．It develops from Butterfly Effect.
B ．It emphasizes accuracy of original data.
C ．It enjoys popularity in climate research field.
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D ．It is mentioned to show the model can be faulty.
11 ．Which of the following does the writer probably agree
A ．Using algorithms to detect differences is hard.
B ．The application of data and algorithms is limited.
C ．The reliability of data should be attached importance to.
D ．Improving algorithms involves accepting its imperfection.
3.
DCDIt is an unpleasant extinction that will change the world and how people communicate: within 20 years, two thirds ofall the planet’s languages will be dead.
Experts agree that nothing can stop it happening but one academic is trying her hardest to slow it down. Professor Antonella Sorace is one of a growing number who believe learning a
second language has enormous potential benefits for the human brain. Research consistently
shows that learning a new language could delay the start of dementia (痴呆) for four to five years — a better result than with any medication to date.
It is those benefits of bilingualism (双语) that should encourage us to preserve and protect Europe’s minority languages — Gaelic, Manx, Cornish and Ulster Scots, she says.
Already her work and the project she founded three years ago in Edinburgh, Bilingualism Matters — now expanding across Europe and in the US — have convinced the Scottish
government to introduce languages to primary schools. From 2024 all Scottish children will be
learning a language other than English in their first year at school, with two other languages to be introduced later.
Just as disappearing forests take with them secrets of undiscovered medicines, disappearing languages can take the key to a longer and better quality of life. The first battle is to remove the
popular assumption that bilingualism might damage children’s brains. There were even suggestions that it could encourage schizophrenia (精神分裂症).
“Study after study has shown the opposite to be true,” says Sorace. “These prejudices are deeply rooted, but we are perhaps halfway to persuading people that the brain can cope. Then we have to persuade people that it is actually of benefit.”
12 ．What will happen to the majority of the world’s languages
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A ．They will become extinct in decades.
B ．They will be learnt by more academics.
C ．They will prevent the risk of dementia.
D ．They will help people better communicate.
13 ．What’s the top priority in preserving minority languages
A ．Getting rid of people’s fear for mental illnesses.
B ．Finding the key to promoting people’s welfare.
C ．Unlocking the secrets of undiscovered medicines.
D ．Correcting the misconception about Bilingualism.
4.
Types Of Students You Will Meet In College
There are thousands of universities around the world, and each school boasts its own
traditions and slogans. Some schools pride themselves on sports, while others emphasize their research facilities. While there are a myriad of differences among each and every school, there will always be these three types of students in class.
The one who sits in the front row
There’s at least one of these people in every single class,whether it’s a required General
Education class or an upper division major course. These students always sit in the front row and ask at least five questions every lecture.
They attend all the discussions and office hours, and try to turn in homework at least a week in advance. These are also the people who remind professors about assigned homework and
upcoming exams. Nothing bad about being studious, but are they even human
The one who never studies (but still aces the class)
Standing as probably the most frustrating category of people in this list, these students
won’t know about a midterm until two days before. They go to class every once in a while when the class time doesn’t clash with one of their many elaborate social plans, but never pay attention. Somehow, they still ace all their exams and end up with the top grade in the class.
The one who always falls asleep
This person comes to class every day, but somehow never stays awake for more than 20
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minutes. You can sometimes hear the occasional snore from a corner of a large lecture hall, or
catch their heads nodding like a pendulum near the front of the class if they’re the studious type. But let’s be real here: we’ve all been one of those students at some point.
14 ．Who always sit in the front row
A ．The studious students.
B ．The sleepy students.
C ．The smart students.
D ．The frustrated students.
15 ．We can know that from paragraph 4.
A ．Some students never go to classes but still get top grades.
B ．Some students never go to classes and get bad grades.
C ．Some students go to lectures occasionally but still ace the class.
D ．Some students go to lectures everyday and still ace the class.
16 ．From this article, most ofus have been .
A ．The one who always falls asleep
B ．The one who sits in the front row
C ．The one who never falls asleep
D ．The one who never studies (but still aces the class)
5.
Commuting to and from work can be a nightmare. Cars advance slowly in stop and go
traffic, crawling from one traffic jam at stoplights to the next. At peak rush hour especially, there is no chance of sailing through a series of green lights. Now, thanks to artificial intelligence,
German researchers have found a way to reduce time spent at the crossroads.
Called the KI4LSA project and funded by the Ministry of Transport and Digital
Infrastructure, the innovation is being tested. Scientists first studied algorithms taken from a busy intersection to learn about traffic patterns and where improvements were most needed. Then, the technology, using high-resolution cameras and radar sensors, more precisely captured the actual traffic situation and detected the average speed of the cars and their waiting times. Finally, the AI uses deep enhanced learning algorithms to calculate the best switching behaviour for the traffic
试卷第 19 页，共 21 页
lights and determine the best phase sequence to shorten waiting times at the crossroads.
The results are encouraging when it is being tried out at a busy intersection in Lemgo,
Germany. The intelligent lights are said to improve traffic flow by 10 to 15 percent, which results in money saved; the EU estimates that traffic jams create economic damage that adds up to 100
billion euros a year. Aside from reducing commuting time, these traffic lights will reduce noise and CO2 emissions from cars waiting at the crossroads.
Another exciting development in this research is the K14PED project, which studies
pedestrians crossing the crossroads. Using AI as well as a 3D points cloud, researchers can
identify how many people are waiting at a pedestrian crossing and whether some of the disabled or elder people will need extra time to cross the street. Such a needs-based system could reduce
pedestrian waiting time by 30 percent, which could then decrease jaywalking (乱穿马路) by 25 percent.
Researchers are optimistic that it will be adopted by many countries after the tests in the
German towns of Lemgo and Bielefeld. This technology is exciting news for pedestrians and
drivers alike. It encourages safety, protects the environment, and may even give you more time to enjoy your morning coffee before heading off to work!
17 ．Why is AI used in the KI4LSA project
A ．To study traffic algorithms to control CO2 emissions.
B ．To detect road conditions to reduce jam or speeding.
C ．To remind people to pass in sequence for a shorter wait.
D ．To adjust traffic signals to ensure efficiency at the crossroads.
18 ．What is the function ofK14PED project
A ．It monitors traffic conditions at intersections.
B ．It helps to estimate the number of jaywalkers.
C ．It ensures flexible crossing time for pedestrians.
D ．It improves the speed of vehicles on busy roads.
6.
+q22788627
I am Peter Hodes, a volunteer stem courier. Since March 2012, I’ve done 89 trips of those,
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51 have been abroad. I have 42 hours to carry stem cells(干细胞)in my little box because I’ve got two ice packs and that’s how long they last. In all, from the time the stem cells are harvested from a donor(捐献者) to the time they can be implanted in the patient, we’ve got 72 hours at most. So I am always conscious of time.
I had one trip last year where I was caught by a hurricane in America. I picked up the stem cells in Providence, Rhode Island, and was meant to fly to Washington then back to London. But when I arrived at the check-in desk at Providence, the lady on the desk said: “Well, I’m really
sorry, I’ve got some bad news for you-there are no flights from Washington.” So I took my box and put it on the desk and I said: “In this box are some stem cells that are urgently needed for a patient-please, please, you’ve got to get me back to the United Kingdom.” She just dropped
everything. She arranged for a flight on a small plane to be held for me, re-routed(改道)me through Newark and got me back to the UK even earlier than originally scheduled.
For this courier job, you’re consciously aware that in that box you’ve got something that is potentially going to save somebody’s life.
19 ．Why does Peter have to complete his trip within 42 hours
A ．He cannot stay away from his job too long.
B ．The donor can only wait for that long.
C ．The operation needs that much time.
D ．The ice won’t last any longer.
20 ．Which flight did the woman put Peter on first
A ．To London. B ．To Newark. C ．To Providence. D ．To Washington.
试卷第 21 页，共 21 页
1 ．B 2 ．C 3 ．B
【导语】这是一篇应用文。文章主要介绍了一个成为国际奥委会青年领袖的项目以及要求。
1 ．细节理解题。根据 4-Week Learning Sprint 部分中“The 4-Week Learning Sprint, which will take place during November 2023, is a virtual learning programme. The sessions can be attended live or watched back after they are made available on the IOC channel. (为期 4 周的学习冲刺是一个虚拟学习计划，将于 2023 年 11 月进行。这些会议可以现场观看，也可以在 IOC 频道播出后观看)”可知，在为期四周的学习冲刺中，参与者将参加虚拟学习课程。故选 B。
2．细节理解题。根据 4-Week Learning Sprint 部分中“After successfully completing the 4-Week Learning Sprint, you will need to submit a plan for a sport__based project, which you will work
on if selected as an IOC Young Leader. (在成功完成为期 4 周的冲刺学习后，您需要提交一份以体育为基础的项目计划，如果您被选为国际奥委会青年领袖，您将参与其中)”可知，如果被选为国际奥委会青年领袖，需要做一个以运动为基础的项目。故选 C。
3．细节理解题。根据 Requirements for the Applicants 部分中“You have at least one year of work experience. (你至少有一年的工作经验)”可知，对申请人的要求是至少一年工作经验。故选
B。
4 ．C 5 ．D
【导语】这是一篇说明文。文章主要说明了 John Todd 是如何发明生态机器来去除污泥中的有害物质的。
4．细节理解题。根据第一段“When John Todd was a child, he loved to explore the woods around his house, observing how nature solved problems. A dirty stream, for example, often became clear after flowing through plants and along rocks where tiny creatures lived. When he got older, John
started to wonder if this process could be used to clean up the messes people were making. (当约翰·托德还是个孩子的时候，他喜欢探索房子周围的树林，观察大自然是如何解决问题的。例如，一条肮脏的小溪流经植物和微小生物居住的岩石后，往往会变得清澈。长大后，约翰开始思考这个过程是否可以用来清理人们制造的混乱)”以及第二段“After studying
agriculture, medicine, and fisheries in college, John went back to observing nature and asking
questions. Why can certain plants trap harmful bacteria (细菌) Which kinds of fish can eat
cancer-causing chemicals (在大学学习了农业、医学和渔业之后，约翰又回到了观察自然和提出问题的生活中。为什么某些植物能捕获有害细菌？哪些鱼类会食用致癌化学物质？)”可知，
答案第 1 页，共 6 页
约翰热爱探索，在观察自然的过程中提出问题，希望弄清楚背后的原理，由此可知，他有强烈的好奇心。故选 C。
5 ．细节理解题。根据第三段“He placed them in the tanks and waited. Little by little, these
different kinds of life got used to one another and formed their own ecosystem. After a few weeks, John added the sludge.(他把它们放在罐子里，等待着。渐渐地，这些不同种类的生命相互适应，形成了自己的生态系统。几个星期后，约翰把污泥加了进去)”以及倒数第三段“He was amazed at the results. The plants and animals in the eco-machine took the sludge as food and
began to eat it! Within weeks, it had all been digested, and all that was left was pure water.(他对结果感到惊讶。生态机器里的动植物把污泥当成了食物，开始吃了起来！几周之内，它就被消化了，只剩下纯净水)”可知，约翰把污泥放进罐子里是为了测试生态机器。故选 D。
6 ．D 7 ．D
细节理解题。根据每个项目后的时间“Experiencing Wildlife in Yellowstone (May 26 to September 2) (在黄石体验野生动物(5 月 26 日至 9 月 2 日))”和“Junior Ranger Wildlife
Olympics (June 5 to August 21) (少年游骑兵野生动物奥林匹克运动会(6 月 5 日至 8 月 21
日))”与“Canyon Talks at Artist Point (June 9 to September 2) (在 Artist Point的峡谷会谈(6月9 日至 9 月 2 日))”以及“Photography Workshops (June 19 & July 10) (摄影研讨会(6 月 19 日和 7 月 10日))”可知 ， 四个项目中在黄石体验野生动物开始的时间最早 。故选 D。
细节理解题 。根据文章“Canyon Talks at Artist Point (June 9 to September 2) (在 Artist Point的峡谷会谈(6 月 9 日至 9 月 2 日))部分中的“From a classic viewpoint, enjoy Lower Falls, the Yellowstone River, and the breathtaking colors of the canyon (峡谷) while learning about the
area’s natural and human history. (从一个经典的视角，欣赏下瀑布、黄石河和峡谷的壮丽色彩，同时了解该地区的自然和人类历史)”可知，在 Artist Point的简短演讲主题是关于峡谷地区的历史的 。故选 D。
8 ．D 9 ．D
【解析】8．细节理解题。根据 What’s in it for you 部分中“It will also help you make contacts that may be valuable in your future academic and professional lives.(它还会帮助你建立对你未来的学术和职业生涯有价值的联系)”可知，成为伙伴帮助者可能对你未来的学习和职业有帮助。故选 D。
9 ．细节理解题。根据 Responsibilities of buddies 部分第二点中“Meet the student and show
him/her around the campus and the local area.(与学生见面，并带他/她参观校园和当地地区)”可
答案第 2 页，共 6 页
知，作为一名伙伴帮助者，你需要帮助新生熟悉环境。故选 D 。What is the author’s purpose in writing this passage
10 ．D 11 ．D
推理判断题。根据文章第七段“Ms Thompson focuses on a challenge she calls the
Hawkmoth Effect. In the better known Butterfly Effect, a serviceable model, Vin the prediction of climate change, becomes less reliable over time because of the complexity ofwhat it is
simulating(模拟), or because of inaccuracies in the original data. In the Hawkmoth Effect, by
contrast, the model itself is flawed; it might fail to take full account of the interplay between
humidity, wind and temperature.(汤普森女士专注于一个她称之为“霍克蛾效应” 的挑战。在更广为人知的蝴蝶效应中，一个可用的气候变化预测模型随着时间的推移变得不那么可靠，因为它所模拟的内容很复杂，或者因为原始数据不准确。相比之下，在“霍克蛾效应” 中，模型本身就有缺陷；它可能没有充分考虑到湿度、风和温度之间的相互作用。)”可知，文中提到“霍克蛾效应”是为了表明模型本身是有缺陷的。故选 D。
推理判断题。根据文章最后一段“Both these books exhibit a healthy realism about data,
algorithms and their limitations. Both recognize that making progress involves accepting
limitations, whether in law or coding.(这两本书都展示了关于数据、算法及其局限性的健康现实主义。双方都认识到，取得进步需要接受限制，无论是在法律上还是在编码上。)”可知，两人都赞同想要改进算法就得接受其不完美的方面。故选 D。
12 ．A 13 ．D
本文是篇说明文 。文章主要讲述了 Antonella Sorace 教授所持有的学习第二语言对人类的大脑和健康都有着巨大的好处的观点 ，从而鼓励人们拯救并保护小语种。
细节理解题 。根据第一段“It is an unpleasant extinction that will change the world and how
people communicate: within 20 years, two thirds of all the planet’s languages will be dead. (这种令人不快的灭绝将改变世界和人们的交流方式：在 20年内，地球上三分之二的语言将消失 。)”可知 ，世界上大多数语言会在几十年内灭绝 。故选 A。
细节理解题 。根据第五段中“The first battle is to remove the popular assumption that
bilingualism might damage children’s brains. (第一场战斗是推翻流行的假设，即双语可能会损害儿童的大脑 。)”可知 ，保护小语种的首要任务就是纠正人们对于双语的误解 。故选 D。
14 ．A 15 ．C 16 ．A
【导语】这是一篇应用文。文章主要介绍了大学里的学生类型。
答案第 3 页，共 6 页
14 ．细节理解题。由文章第一段中“They attend all the discussions and office hours, and try to turn in homework at least a week in advance. These are also the people who remind professors
about assigned homework and upcoming exams. Nothing bad about being studious, but are they
even human (他们参加所有的讨论和办公时间，并尽量至少提前一周交作业。这些人也会提醒教授布置的作业和即将到来的考试。好学没什么不好，但他们是人吗？)”可知，好学的学生们总是坐在前排。故选 A。
15．细节理解题。由文章第四段“Standing as probably the most frustrating category of people in this list, these students won’t know about a midterm until two days before. They go to class every once in a while when the class time doesn’t clash with one of their many elaborate social plans,
but never pay attention. Somehow, they still ace all their exams and end up with the top grade in
the class. (可能是这个列表中最令人沮丧的一类人，这些学生直到两天前才知道期中考试。他们每隔一段时间就会去上课，只要上课时间与他们精心策划的社交计划不冲突，但他们从不认真听讲。不知怎么的，他们所有的考试都考得很好，最后在班上名列前茅。)”可知，有些学生偶尔去听讲座，但仍然在课堂上名列前茅。故选 C。
16 ．细节理解题。由文章最后一段“This person comes to class every day, but somehow never stays awake for more than 20 minutes. You can sometimes hear the occasional snore from a
corner of a large lecture hall, or catch their heads nodding like a pendulum near the front of the
class if they’re the studious type. But let’s be real here: we’ve all been one of those students at
some point. (这个人每天都来上课，但不知怎么的，他从来没有保持清醒超过 20 分钟。你有时可以听到从一个大讲堂的角落里偶尔传来的鼾声，或者如果他们是那种勤奋好学的人，你可以看到他们在教室前面像钟摆一样点头。但让我们面对现实吧：在某些时候，我们都曾是这样的学生。)”可知，从这篇文章来看，我们大多数人都是那个总是睡着的人。故选 A。
17 ．D 18 ．C
本文是一篇说明文。文章主要介绍了德国研究人员通过人工智能技术，对交通信号灯进行改进，以提高交通流量和减少等待时间。
细节理解题。根据文章第一段“Now, thanks to artificial intelligence, German researchers have found a way to reduce time spent at the crossroads.(现在，多亏了人工智能，德国研究人员找到了一种减少在十字路口花费时间的方法。)” 以及第二段“Called the KI4LSA project and funded by the Ministry of Transport and Digital Infrastructure, the innovation is being tested. Scientists
first studied algorithms taken from a busy intersection to learn about traffic patterns and where
答案第 4 页，共 6 页
improvements were most needed. Then, the technology, using high-resolution cameras and radar
sensors, more precisely captured the actual traffic situation and detected the average speed of the
cars and their waiting times. Finally, the AI uses deep enhanced learning algorithms to calculate
the best switching behaviour for the traffic lights and determine the best phase sequence to shorten waiting times at the crossroads.(这一创新被称为KI4LSA 项目，由交通和数字基础设施部资助，目前正在进行测试。科学家们首先研究了从一个繁忙的十字路口提取的算法，以了解交通模式以及最需要改进的地方。然后，该技术使用高分辨率摄像头和雷达传感器，更精确地捕捉到实际交通状况，并检测到汽车的平均速度和等待时间。最后，人工智能使用深度增强学习算法来计算交通灯的最佳切换行为，并确定最佳相位序列，以缩短十字路口的等待时间。)”可推断，德国研究人员在 KI4LSA 项目中使用AI 是为了使用深度增强学习算法来计算交通灯的最佳切换行为，并确定最佳相位序列，以缩短十字路口的等待时间，从而确保十字路口的交通效率。故选 D。
细节理解题。根据文章第四段“Another exciting development in this research is the K14PED
project, which studies pedestrians crossing the crossroads. Using AI as well as a 3D points cloud, researchers can identify how many people are waiting at a pedestrian crossing and whether some
of the disabled or elder people will need extra time to cross the street. Such a needs-based system could reduce pedestrian waiting time by 30 percent, which could then decrease jaywalking(乱穿
马路)by 25 percent.(这项研究的另一个令人兴奋的进展是 K14PED 项目，该项目研究过十字路口的行人。利用人工智能和 3D 点云，研究人员可以确定有多少人在人行横道上等待，以及是否有一些残疾人或老年人需要额外的时间过马路。这种基于需求的系统可以将行人等待时间减少 30%，从而减少 25%的乱穿马路现象。)”可知，K14PED 项目可以将行人等待时间减少 30% ，从而减少 25%的乱穿马路现象。由此可知，该项目可以调整行人等待的时间，
从而保证行人通过的效率。故选 C。
19 ．D 20 ．B
【导语】这是一篇记叙文。主要讲述了彼得作为志愿者，将捐赠者捐献的干细胞送去给病人，去年，彼得在途中遭遇飓风，在机场工作人员的帮助下，提前将病人急需的干细胞送达了。
19．细节理解题。根据第一段“I have 42 hours to carry stem cells in my little box because I’ve got two ice packs and that’s how long they last in all.（我有 42 小时的时间在我的小盒子里携带干细胞，因为我有两个冰袋，那是它们总计可以维持的时间）”可知，彼得的两个冰袋最长可持续 42 小时，所以他必须在 42 小时内完成旅行。故选 D 项。
答案第 5 页，共 6 页
20 ．细节理解题。根据第二段“She arranged for a flight on a small plane to be held for
mere-routed me through Newark and got me back to the UK even earlier than originally
scheduled.（她为我安排了一架小型飞机上的航班，让我通过纽瓦克转机，甚至比原定时间更早地回到了英国）”可知，那位女士让彼得先乘坐飞机去纽瓦克，然后回到英国。故选 B项。
答案第 6 页，共 6 页
文章主题和中心思想的阐述往往需要大量细节信息的支持，这些细节对于理解全文内容至关重要，同时也是归纳和概括文章中心思想的基础。命题人员往往会要求考生根据不同的要求，阅读文章以获得某些特定的信息或准确地寻求所需的细节。这类试题有时比较直接， 理解字面意思即可；有时则较为间接，需要归纳、概括和推理才能答题。
一、思维导图
二、方法点拨
1. 设问方式和考题类型
常针对文中细节提问，可直接或间接在文章中找到答案。
1. 是非题形式：true/ false 或 except
All of the following are true EXCEPT .
2.特殊疑问句形式：
According to the passage, who/ what/ when/ where / why / how …
3.填空题形式，如：
To avoid attracting mountain lions, people are advised
2. 题目类型
1.Wh-细节型
2.是非型
3.计算型
4.排序型
5.图标型
3. 细节题选项特征
试卷第 1 页，共 21 页
(一)细节理解题正确选项特征
同义替换 指对原文句子中的关键词进行同义替换。如把 lose one's job 换成了 be out of work。有些细节理解题把原文中的一些词变换一下词性，如把 important 变换成 of importance；改变原文中句子的语态，如主动语态与被动语态的转换。
信息归纳 用精炼的语言来概括原文中比较分散或复杂的信息，设置为正确答案。
正话反说 把原文中的意思反过来表达而成为正确选项。
原文原词 利用原文原词作为正确选项。
(二)细节理解题干扰选项特征
张冠李戴 是原文信息，但不是题目要求的内容。
无中生有 符合常识，但不是文章的内容。
曲解文意 与原文的内容极其相似，只是在某个细节处有些变动。
颠倒是非 在意思上与原文大相径庭甚至完全相反。
正误参半 部分正确，部分错误。
4. 定位词寻找技巧
1.定位词的选用
(1)特殊定位词
在很多题目当中会出现人名、地名、数字、年份和大写字母缩写这五类特殊词。因为它们的特点是在一篇多数是英文小写字母的文章里非常的醒目，所以很快就能够做到精确定位。
[示例 1]
HUNCH is designed to connect high school classrooms with NASA engineers.For the past two years ，Gordon’s students have been studying ways to kill bacteria in zero gravity ，and they think they’re close to a solution(解决方案).“We don’t give the students any breaks.They have to do it just like NASA engineers ，” says Florence Gold ，a project manager.
33.What is the purpose of the HUNCH program
A.To strengthen teacher-student relationships.
试卷第 2 页，共 21 页
B.To sharpen students’ communication skills.
C.To allow students to experience zero gravity.
D.To link space technology with school education.
分析：选 D。本题可以根据特殊定位词 HUNCH 可以定位到本段的第一句“HUNCH is designed to connect high school classrooms with NASA engineers.”可知，HUNCH 项目的目的是把学校教育与航天技术联系在一起，故答案为 D。
(2)普通定位词
普通定位词与特殊定位词相比，出现的几率更高。当我们看到题中没有特殊定位词的情况下，要思考的就是在这道似乎没有啥重点的词语中挑选出最能帮助我们快速找到定位的词语。可以当做定位词的首选是名词，其次是动词。
[示例 2]
In Save Money：Good Food，she visits a different home each week and with the help of chef Matt Tebbutt offers top tips on how to reduce food waste ，while preparing recipes for under ￡ 5 per family a day.And the Good Morning Britain presenter says she’s been able to put a lot of what she’s learnt into practice in her own home ，preparing meals for sons ，Sam ，14 ，Finn ，13 ，and Jack ，11.
25.How does Matt Tebbutt help Susanna
A.He buys cooking materials for her.
B.He prepares food for her kids.
C.He assists her in cooking matters.
D.He invites guest families for her.
分析：选 C 。 由于比较醒目人名 Matt Tebbutt 和 Susanna 在文中出现多次，所以不能作为定位词。本题可以利用题干中的动词 help 来定位，从而找到原文信息“with the help of chef Matt Tebbutt offers top tips on how to reduce food waste”。
2.挑选定位词的注意点
(1)文章中的高频词不能作为定位词
定位词的最大优势就是可以缩小阅读范围，如果我们定位了一个在文章中处处可能出现的词语，那就失去了定位的意义。
(2)定位词和文中词有可能是词义转换
在实际做题过程中还要注意，不是所有的题目都可以用定位词来定位的。而且如果是遇到细
试卷第 3 页，共 21 页
节信息定位题，很多时候定位词的作用被削弱了，因为题目中的词和文中的词会以同义词替换的形式出现。所以建议考生一方面要掌握如何去找定位词，另外一方面要提高自己的阅读词汇量，尤其是同义词转换，这样才能一击必中，快速找到答案出现的地方解决问题。
[示例 1]
Cherry Blossom Bike Tour in Washington ，D.C.
Duration：3 hours
This small group bike tour is a fantastic way to see the world-famous cherry trees with
beautiful flowers of Washington，D.C.Your guide will provide a history lesson about the trees and the famous monuments where they blossom.Reserve your spot before availability—and the cherry blossoms—disappear!
21.Which tour do you need to book in advance
A.Cherry Blossom Bike Tour in Washington ，D.C.
B.Washington Capital Monuments Bicycle Tour.
C.Capital City Bike Tour in Washington ，D.C.
D.Washington Capital Sites at Night Bicycle Tour.
分析：选 A。本题可以用同义词定位： book in advance ＝reserve“预约”。根据第一条自行车旅行路线中的“Reserve your spot before availability—and the cherry blossoms—disappear！”可知，选择这条自行车旅行路线需要提前预订。
5. 解题流程
细节理解题有时比较直接，理解字面意思即可答题；有时则较为间接，需要归纳、概括和推理才能答题。细节理解题占阅读理解总题量的 60%左右，是最重要的得分点。
细节理解题无论以怎样的方式提问，考生都要记住一个解题原则——“本本主义”，一切从原文出发，无须读很多段落甚至全文后去归纳总结、分析推理， 正确答案就对应原文的某一处具体信息。可以用两步法解题。
一．直接信息题
考生可以采取“关键词定位法” ，即“带着问题找答案” 的方法，通过定位找题眼。先从题干中提取关键性词语(题眼)，然后以此为线索，运用略读及寻读的技巧快速在文章中寻找与此关键词相关的段落、语句， 快速定位该题与哪一段哪一句有关，然后仔细推敲，仔细比较所给选项与文中细节的细微区别，在准确理解细节的前提下，最后确定答案。简言之， 可采用“一找二定三比对” 的方法。解题流程如下：
试卷第 4 页，共 21 页
做题小技巧：
1.若针对特殊标点符号,举例子,名人名言出题,只需要阅读符号，例子,名言前后的内容，然后与选项核对。
2.在出现一些关键词，如 however 、but 、moreover 、therefore 、 thus 时，要特别注意句子前后意义的转折，递进，因果等关系。
3.细节题的答案一般是同义替换项或者同义转换项
4.选项中有绝对语气词的一般不是答案。如：must, never, the most, all, merely, only, have to, any, no, completely, none,等。但不是绝对，也有例外。
5.注意选项中的副词，形容词和介词短语等与原文是否一致。如： must, may, often, should, usually, might, most, more or less, likely, all, never ，few 等存在程度不同，经常被偷换，往往被忽视。
6.细节题干扰项特点：与原文内容相反；与原文内容一半相符，一半不同；叙述过于绝对化；原文没有提及.
例子 1
…
I found the pre-holidays a good time to encourage young children to donate less-used
things, and it worked. Because of our efforts, our daughter Georgia did decide to donate a large
bag of toys to a little girl whose mother was unable to pay for her holiday due to illness. She chose to sell a few larger objects that were less often used when we promised to put the money into her school fund (基金) (our kindergarten daughter is serious about becoming a doctor)．
…
33 ．What made Georgia agree to sell some of her objects
A ．Saving up for her holiday.
试卷第 5 页，共 21 页
B ．Raising money for a poor girl.
C ．Adding the money to her fund.
D ．Giving the money to a sick mother. [解题示范]
第一步：定信息区间
抓关键 题干中的关键词：Georgia, sell, objects
锁信息 定位：用 Georgia，sell，objects 寻读，在文中找到信息源——She chose to sell a few larger objects that were less often used when we promised to put the money into her school fund (基金) (our kindergarten daughter is serious about becoming a doctor).
第二步：比对定答案
选项 选项意思 定位
A 为她的假期储蓄。 曲解文意
B 为一个贫困女孩募捐。 曲解文意
C 把钱放入她的基金。 同义替换
D 把钱送给一个生病的妈妈。 无中生有
[分析] 选 C 比对选项和信息句可知，女儿愿意卖几件玩具，是因为我们承诺把钱放入她的求学基金；选项和原文中均出现 fund 一词，故为直接细节理解题。故选 C。
二．间接信息题
相比直接信息题，命题的隐蔽性更强，正确选项一般都会在原文基础上进行改造。此类题目需要考生将题目信息与原文相关信息进行语义上的转换，有时还需要进一步的加工或整理。例子 2
Of the common berries, strawberries are highest in vitamin C, although, because of their seeds, raspberries contain a little more protein (蛋白质), iron and zinc (not that fruits have much protein). Blueberries are particularly high in antioxidants (抗氧化物质). The yellow and orange stone fruits such as peaches are high in the carotenoids we turn into vitamin A and which are
antioxidants. As for cherries (樱桃), they are so delicious who cares However, they are rich in
试卷第 6 页，共 21 页
vitamin C.
…
24 ．What does the author seem to like about cherries
A ．They contain protein.
B ．They are high in vitamin A.
C ．They have a pleasant taste.
D ．They are rich in antioxidants.
[解题示范]
第一步：定信息区间
抓关键 题干中的关键词：cherries
锁信息 定位：用 cherries 寻读，在文中找到信息源——As for cherries (樱桃), they are so delicious who cares However, they are rich in vitamin C.
第二步：比对定答案
选项 选项意思 定位
A 它们含有蛋白质。 张冠李戴
B 它们富含维生素 A。 张冠李戴
C 它们口感好。 同义替换
D 它们含有丰富的抗氧化物质。 张冠李戴
[分析] 选 C 根据该段最后一句“As for cherries (樱桃), they are so delicious who cares However, they are rich in vitamin C．”可知，原文中的 they are so delicious 被替换成选项中的 They have a pleasant taste，为间接细节理解题。故选 C。
三．概括、归纳信息题
是指命题人用精炼的语言来概括原文中比较分散或复杂的信息，这是命题人设计细节理解题的正确选项时经常使用的手段之一。考生首先应依据题干指向，找到文中相应的信息区间，然后尝试用自己的语言去归纳总结文中的信息或事实，然后再看选项，挑选出和自己所归纳总结的信息最接近的选项作为正确答案。
例子 3
试卷第 7 页，共 21 页
At present, the world has about 6,800 languages. The distribution of these languages is
hugely uneven. The general rule is that mild zones have relatively few languages, often spoken by many people, while hot, wet zones have lots, often spoken by small numbers. Europe has only
around 200 languages; the Americas about 1,000; Africa 2,400; and Asia and the Pacific perhaps 3,200, of which Papua New Guinea alone accounts for well over 800. The median number (中位数) of speakers is a mere 6,000, which means that half the world's languages are spoken by fewer people than that.
…
30 ．How many languages are spoken by less than 6,000 people at present
A ．About 6,800. B ．About 3,400.
C ．About 2,400. D ．About 1,200.
[解题示范]
第一步：定信息区间
抓关键 题干中的关键词：6,000
锁信息 定位：用 6,000 寻读，在文中找到信息源——The median number (中位数) of speakers is a mere 6,000, which means that half the world's languages are spoken by fewer people than that.
第二步：比对定答案
选项 选项意思 原文意思 定位
A 大约 6 800种。 6 800 为现在世界现存语言数量。 张冠李戴
B 大约 3 400种。 世界语言总量的一半即为 3 400。 信息归纳
C 大约 2 400种。 2 400 为非洲语言数量。 张冠李戴
D 大约 1 200种。 数字 1 200 在原文中没有出现，也无法做出有效归纳。 无中生有
试卷第 8 页，共 21 页
[分析] 选 B 根据本段第一句“At present, the world has about 6,800 languages.”可知，目前世界上有大约 6 800 种语言；再根据最后一句“The median number (中位数) of speakers is a mere 6,000, which means that half the world's languages are spoken by fewer people than that.”可知， 目前世界上一半的语言的使用人数少于 6 000，也就是说有大约 3 400 种语言的使用人数少于 6 000。根据以上数据的归纳概括可知 B 项为正确选项。
四．正误判断题
是细节理解题中解题比较繁琐的题目，说其繁琐，因为其信息不像其他类题目那样集中在文章的某一句或某一段，而是分散在文章的各个角落。对于这类题目， 考生要静下心来，看清范围，确定方向，找到每一个选项的对应信息后，谨慎排除，综合选优。
例子 4
Food festivals around the world
Stilton Cheese Rolling
May Day is a traditional day for celebrations, but the 2,000 English villagers of Stilton must be the only people in the world who include cheese rolling in their annual plans. Teams of four,
dressed in a variety of strange and funny clothes, roll a complete cheese along a 50-metre course. On the way, they must not kick or throw their cheese, or go into their competitors' lane (赛
道) ．Competition is fierce and the chief prize is a complete Stilton cheese weighing about four kilos (disappointingly, but understandably the cheeses used in the race are wooden ones). All the competitors are served with beer or port wine, the traditional accompaniment for Stilton cheese.
Fiery Foods Festival — The Hottest Festival on Earth
Every year more than 10,000 people head for the city of Albuquerque, New Mexico. They come from as far away as Australia, the Caribbean and China, but they all share a common
addiction — food that is not just spicy (辛辣), but hot enough to make your mouth burn, your
head spin and your eyes water. Their destination is the Fiery Food and BBQ Festival which is held over a period of three days every March. You might like to try a chocolate-covered habanero
pepper — officially the hottest pepper in the world — or any one of the thousands of products that are on show. But one thing's for sure — if you don't like the feeling of a burning tongue, this
festival isn't for you!
La Tomatina — The World's Biggest Food Fight
试卷第 9 页，共 21 页
On the last Wednesday of every August, the Spanish town of Bu ol hosts La Tomatina — the world's largest food fight. A week-long celebration leads up to an exciting tomato battle as the highlight of the week's events. The early morning sees the arrival of large trucks with tomatoes — official fight-starters get things going by casting tomatoes at the crowd.
…
59 ．Which of the following is TRUE according to the passage
A ．The chief prize for the Stilton cheese rolling competition is beer or port wine.
B ．More than 10,000 Chinese take part in the Fiery Food and BBQ Festival.
C ．Thousands of spicy foods are on show in the Fiery Food and BBQ Festival.
D ．An exciting tomato battle takes place at the beginning of La Tomatina.
[解题示范]
第一步：定信息区间
选项 选项关键词 信息区间
A The chief prize for the Stilton cheese rolling competition 第一段第四句
B More than 10,000 Chinese 第二段第一、二句
C Thousands of spicy foods are on show 第二段倒数第二句
D An exciting tomato battle takes place at the beginning 第三段第二句
第二步：逐一比对定答案
选项 选项意思 原文意思 定位
A Stilton 滚动奶酪比赛的主要奖品是啤酒或波尔图葡萄酒。 奖品是 a complete Stilton cheese。 张冠李戴
B 一万多名中国人参加 Fiery Food and BBQ Festival。 参加者来自世界各地。 曲解文意
C 在 Fiery Food and BBQ Festival上，成千上万种辛辣食物被展 展出了成千上万种食物。 同义替换
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出。
D 在 La Tomatina 节日的开始，会举行一场激动人心的“西红柿大战”。 “西红柿大战”发生在节日结尾，而不是节日的开始。 曲解文意
[答案] C
三、高考真题
2023 年北京卷 A 篇
The International Olympic Committee(IOC)Young Leaders programme empowers talents to make a positive difference in their communities through sport. Twenty-five Young Leaders are being selected every two years for a four-year period. They promote the Olympic values,
spreading the message of sport for good.
To be an IOC Young Leader, you need to first complete the 4-Week Learning Sprint (冲刺).
4-Week Learning Sprint
The 4-Week Learning Sprint, which will take place during November 2023, is a virtual
learning programme. The sessions can be attended live or watched back after they are made
available on the IOC channel. Each week, participants will be asked to complete a topic _specific reflection task.
The 4-Week Learning Sprint is open to anyone, with the target audience aged between 20 and 28.
After successfully completing the 4-Week Learning Sprint, you will need to submit a plan for a sport _based project, which you will work on if selected as an IOC Young Leader.
Requirements for the Applicants
You have successfully completed the 4-Week Learning Sprint.
You have completed your high school studies.
You have at least one year of work experience.
You have strong public speaking skills.
You are self-motivated and committed.
You are passionate about creating positive change in your community.
You are open to being coached and advised by experts and peers (同伴).
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You are able to work with people from different backgrounds.
1 ．In the 4-Week Learning Sprint, participants will .
A ．create change in their community B ．attend a virtual learning programme
C ．meet people from different backgrounds D ．promote the IOC Young Leaders project
2 ．If selected as an IOC Young Leader, one will need to .
A ．complete a reflection task each week B ．watch sports on the IOC channel
C ．work on a sport-based project D ．coach and advise their peers
3 ．Which is a requirement for the applicants
A ．Spreading the message of sport for good. B ．Having at least one-year work experience.
C．Showing great passion for project planning. D．Committing themselves to becoming an expert.
2023 年新高考全国I 卷 C 篇
When John Todd was a child, he loved to explore the woods around his house, observing how nature solved problems. A dirty stream, for example, often became clear after flowing
through plants and along rocks where tiny creatures lived. When he got older, John started to wonder if this process could be used to clean up the messes people were making.
After studying agriculture, medicine, and fisheries in college, John went back to observing nature and asking questions. Why can certain plants trap harmful bacteria (细菌) Which kinds of fish can eat cancer-causing chemicals With the right combination of animals and plants, he
figured, maybe he could clean up waste the way nature did. He decided to build what he would later call an eco-machine.
The task John set for himself was to remove harmful substances from some sludge (污泥). First, he constructed a series of clear fiberglass tanks connected to each other. Then he went
around to local ponds and streams and brought back some plants and animals. He placed them in the tanks and waited. Little by little, these different kinds of life got used to one another and
formed their own ecosystem. After a few weeks, John added the sludge.
He was amazed at the results. The plants and animals in the eco-machine took the sludge as food and began to eat it! Within weeks, it had all been digested, and all that was left was pure
water.
Over the years, John has taken on many big jobs. He developed a greenhouse — like
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facility that treated sewage (污水) from 1,600 homes in South Burlington. He also designed an eco-machine to clean canal water in Fuzhou, a city in southeast China.
“Ecological design” is the name John gives to what he does. “Life on Earth is kind of a box of spare parts for the inventor,” he says. “You put organisms in new relationships and observe
what’s happening. Then you let these new systems develop their own ways to self-repair.”
4 ．What can we learn about John from the first two paragraphs
A ．He was fond of traveling. B ．He enjoyed being alone.
C ．He had an inquiring mind. D ．He longed to be a doctor.
5 ．Why did John put the sludge into the tanks
A ．To feed the animals. B ．To build an ecosystem.
C ．To protect the plants. D ．To test the eco-machine.
2023 新高考全国II 卷 A 篇
Yellowstone National Park offers a variety of ranger programs throughout the park, and throughout the year. The following are descriptions ofthe ranger programs this summer.
Experiencing Wildlife in Yellowstone (May 26 to September 2)
Whether you’re hiking a backcountry trail (小径), camping, or just enjoying the park’s
amazing wildlife from the road, this quick workshop is for you and your family. Learn where to look for animals and how to safely enjoy your wildlife watching experience. Meet at the Canyon Village Store.
Junior Ranger Wildlife Olympics (June 5 to August 21)
Kids can test their skills and compare their abilities to the animals of Yellowstone. Stay for as little or as long as your plans allow. Meet in front of the Visitor Education Center.
Canyon Talks at Artist Point (June 9 to September 2)
From a classic viewpoint, enjoy Lower Falls, the Yellowstone River, and the breathtaking colors of the canyon (峡谷) while learning about the area’s natural and human history. Discover why artists and photographers continue to be drawn to this special place. Meet on the lower
platform at Artist Point on the South Rim Drive for this short talk.
Photography Workshops (June 19 & July 10)
Enhance your photography skills —join Yellowstone’s park photographer for a hands-on
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program to inspire new and creative ways of enjoying the beauty and wonder of Yellowstone.
6/19 — Waterfalls &Wide Angles: meet at Artist Point.
7/10 — Wildflowers &White Balance: meet at Washburn Trailhead in Chittenden parking area.
6 ．Which of the four programs begins the earliest
A ．Photography Workshops.
B ．Junior Ranger Wildlife Olympics.
C ．Canyon Talks at Artist Point.
D ．Experiencing Wildlife in Yellowstone.
7 ．What is the short talk at Artist Point about
A ．Works of famous artists.
B ．Protection of wild animals.
C ．Basic photography skills.
D ．History of the canyon area.
四、实战演练
1.
To help new students, the International Business Institute (IBI) plans to set up a buddy (伙伴) peer support project. The project will help new students meet current students at IBI who can provide them with some friendly company during their first months in Newcastle and help them with any small problems that they may have.
What’s in it for you
We believe that being a buddy will be rewarding in several ways. As a volunteer, it will be personally satisfying to know that you are able to help new students. It will also help you make
contacts that may be valuable in your future academic and professional lives. If you are an overseas student, it will give you another opportunity to practise speaking English.
Responsibilities of buddies
·Telephone and arrange to make contact with the new student.
·Meet the student and show him/her around the campus and the local area. Answer questions about living in Newcastle and administration procedures at IBI.
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·Arrange to meet the new student one morning or afternoon one weekend early in the semester, and take the student to places that you enjoy in Newcastle.
·Be prepared to take phone calls from the new student to answer further questions that
he/she may have from time to time. Meet to explain information to the new student in person, if required.
·You will be matched to an individual new student. However, if you have friends who are also buddies, you might prefer to form a support group together. This would mean that you meet the new students as a group rather than one-on-one.
·Being a buddy is voluntary. There is no “requirement” to provide assistance beyond the help outlined above.
Please note that if you agree to become a peer support buddy, you will be expected to fulfil your role conscientiously and cheerfully. It will be important to be considerate and reliable so that the student can feel confident in your support.
8 ．According to the passage, what benefit can you get from being a buddy
A ．You can learn how to be a confident person.
B ．It is easy for you to find some friendly company.
C ．You can be rewarded with both money and prizes.
D ．It may be helpful for your future studies and career.
9 ．As a buddy, you need to .
A ．form a support group with other volunteers at IBI
B ．provide assistance in studying each subject after class
C ．meet the new student every morning early in the semester
D ．help the new student get familiar with his or her surroundings
2.
When Elinor Lobel was 16, a “smart” insulin (胰岛素) pump was attached to her body. Powered by AI, it tracks her glucose levels and administers the right dose of insulin at the right time to keep her healthy. It is one of the new ways that data and AI can help improve lives.
Books that criticize the dark side of data are plentiful. They generally suggest there is much more to fear than fete in the algorithmic(算法的)age.
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But the intellectual tide may be turning. One of the most persuasive supporters of a more balanced view is Elinor Lobel’s mother, Orly, a law professor. In The Equality Machine she
acknowledges AI’s capacity to produce harmful results. But she shows how, in the right hands, it can also be used to fight inequality and discrimination.
A principle of privacy rules is “minimization”: collect and keep as little information as possible, especially in areas such as race and gender. Ms Lobel flips the script, showing how in hiring, pay and the legal system, knowing such characteristics leads to fairer outcomes.
Ms Lobel’s call to use more, not less, personal information challenges data-privacy
orthodoxy(正统观念). But she insists that “tracking differences is key to detecting unfairness.” She advocates loosening of privacy rules to provide more transparency(透明)over algorithmic decisions.
The problems with algorithmic formulae(公式) are tackled in depth in Escape from Model Land by Erica Thompson of the School of Economics. These statistical models are the backbone of big data and AL. Yet a perfect model will always be beyond reach. “All models are wrong,”
runs a wise saying. “Some are useful.”
Ms Thompson focuses on a challenge she calls the Hawkmoth Effect. In the better known Butterfly Effect, a serviceable model, in the prediction of climate change, becomes less reliable over time because of the complexity ofwhat it is simulating(模拟), or because of inaccuracies in the original data. In the Hawkmoth Effect, by contrast, the model itself is flawed; it might fail to take full account of the interplay between humidity, wind and temperature.
The author calls on data geeks to improve their solutions to real-world issues, not merely refine their formulae—in other words, to escape from model land. “We do not need to have the best possible answer,” she writes, “only a reasonable one.”
Both these books exhibit a healthy realism about data, algorithms and their limitations.
Both recognize that making progress involves accepting limitations, whether in law or coding. As Ms Lobel puts it: “It’s always better to light a candle than to curse the darkness.”
10 ．What can we learn about “Hawkmoth Effect”
A ．It develops from Butterfly Effect.
B ．It emphasizes accuracy of original data.
C ．It enjoys popularity in climate research field.
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D ．It is mentioned to show the model can be faulty.
11 ．Which of the following does the writer probably agree
A ．Using algorithms to detect differences is hard.
B ．The application of data and algorithms is limited.
C ．The reliability of data should be attached importance to.
D ．Improving algorithms involves accepting its imperfection.
3.
DCDIt is an unpleasant extinction that will change the world and how people communicate: within 20 years, two thirds ofall the planet’s languages will be dead.
Experts agree that nothing can stop it happening but one academic is trying her hardest to slow it down. Professor Antonella Sorace is one of a growing number who believe learning a
second language has enormous potential benefits for the human brain. Research consistently
shows that learning a new language could delay the start of dementia (痴呆) for four to five years — a better result than with any medication to date.
It is those benefits of bilingualism (双语) that should encourage us to preserve and protect Europe’s minority languages — Gaelic, Manx, Cornish and Ulster Scots, she says.
Already her work and the project she founded three years ago in Edinburgh, Bilingualism Matters — now expanding across Europe and in the US — have convinced the Scottish
government to introduce languages to primary schools. From 2024 all Scottish children will be
learning a language other than English in their first year at school, with two other languages to be introduced later.
Just as disappearing forests take with them secrets of undiscovered medicines, disappearing languages can take the key to a longer and better quality of life. The first battle is to remove the
popular assumption that bilingualism might damage children’s brains. There were even suggestions that it could encourage schizophrenia (精神分裂症).
“Study after study has shown the opposite to be true,” says Sorace. “These prejudices are deeply rooted, but we are perhaps halfway to persuading people that the brain can cope. Then we have to persuade people that it is actually of benefit.”
12 ．What will happen to the majority of the world’s languages
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A ．They will become extinct in decades.
B ．They will be learnt by more academics.
C ．They will prevent the risk of dementia.
D ．They will help people better communicate.
13 ．What’s the top priority in preserving minority languages
A ．Getting rid of people’s fear for mental illnesses.
B ．Finding the key to promoting people’s welfare.
C ．Unlocking the secrets of undiscovered medicines.
D ．Correcting the misconception about Bilingualism.
4.
Types Of Students You Will Meet In College
There are thousands of universities around the world, and each school boasts its own
traditions and slogans. Some schools pride themselves on sports, while others emphasize their research facilities. While there are a myriad of differences among each and every school, there will always be these three types of students in class.
The one who sits in the front row
There’s at least one of these people in every single class,whether it’s a required General
Education class or an upper division major course. These students always sit in the front row and ask at least five questions every lecture.
They attend all the discussions and office hours, and try to turn in homework at least a week in advance. These are also the people who remind professors about assigned homework and
upcoming exams. Nothing bad about being studious, but are they even human
The one who never studies (but still aces the class)
Standing as probably the most frustrating category of people in this list, these students
won’t know about a midterm until two days before. They go to class every once in a while when the class time doesn’t clash with one of their many elaborate social plans, but never pay attention. Somehow, they still ace all their exams and end up with the top grade in the class.
The one who always falls asleep
This person comes to class every day, but somehow never stays awake for more than 20
试卷第 18 页，共 21 页
minutes. You can sometimes hear the occasional snore from a corner of a large lecture hall, or
catch their heads nodding like a pendulum near the front of the class if they’re the studious type. But let’s be real here: we’ve all been one of those students at some point.
14 ．Who always sit in the front row
A ．The studious students.
B ．The sleepy students.
C ．The smart students.
D ．The frustrated students.
15 ．We can know that from paragraph 4.
A ．Some students never go to classes but still get top grades.
B ．Some students never go to classes and get bad grades.
C ．Some students go to lectures occasionally but still ace the class.
D ．Some students go to lectures everyday and still ace the class.
16 ．From this article, most ofus have been .
A ．The one who always falls asleep
B ．The one who sits in the front row
C ．The one who never falls asleep
D ．The one who never studies (but still aces the class)
5.
Commuting to and from work can be a nightmare. Cars advance slowly in stop and go
traffic, crawling from one traffic jam at stoplights to the next. At peak rush hour especially, there is no chance of sailing through a series of green lights. Now, thanks to artificial intelligence,
German researchers have found a way to reduce time spent at the crossroads.
Called the KI4LSA project and funded by the Ministry of Transport and Digital
Infrastructure, the innovation is being tested. Scientists first studied algorithms taken from a busy intersection to learn about traffic patterns and where improvements were most needed. Then, the technology, using high-resolution cameras and radar sensors, more precisely captured the actual traffic situation and detected the average speed of the cars and their waiting times. Finally, the AI uses deep enhanced learning algorithms to calculate the best switching behaviour for the traffic
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lights and determine the best phase sequence to shorten waiting times at the crossroads.
The results are encouraging when it is being tried out at a busy intersection in Lemgo,
Germany. The intelligent lights are said to improve traffic flow by 10 to 15 percent, which results in money saved; the EU estimates that traffic jams create economic damage that adds up to 100
billion euros a year. Aside from reducing commuting time, these traffic lights will reduce noise and CO2 emissions from cars waiting at the crossroads.
Another exciting development in this research is the K14PED project, which studies
pedestrians crossing the crossroads. Using AI as well as a 3D points cloud, researchers can
identify how many people are waiting at a pedestrian crossing and whether some of the disabled or elder people will need extra time to cross the street. Such a needs-based system could reduce
pedestrian waiting time by 30 percent, which could then decrease jaywalking (乱穿马路) by 25 percent.
Researchers are optimistic that it will be adopted by many countries after the tests in the
German towns of Lemgo and Bielefeld. This technology is exciting news for pedestrians and
drivers alike. It encourages safety, protects the environment, and may even give you more time to enjoy your morning coffee before heading off to work!
17 ．Why is AI used in the KI4LSA project
A ．To study traffic algorithms to control CO2 emissions.
B ．To detect road conditions to reduce jam or speeding.
C ．To remind people to pass in sequence for a shorter wait.
D ．To adjust traffic signals to ensure efficiency at the crossroads.
18 ．What is the function ofK14PED project
A ．It monitors traffic conditions at intersections.
B ．It helps to estimate the number of jaywalkers.
C ．It ensures flexible crossing time for pedestrians.
D ．It improves the speed of vehicles on busy roads.
6.
+q22788627
I am Peter Hodes, a volunteer stem courier. Since March 2012, I’ve done 89 trips of those,
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51 have been abroad. I have 42 hours to carry stem cells(干细胞)in my little box because I’ve got two ice packs and that’s how long they last. In all, from the time the stem cells are harvested from a donor(捐献者) to the time they can be implanted in the patient, we’ve got 72 hours at most. So I am always conscious of time.
I had one trip last year where I was caught by a hurricane in America. I picked up the stem cells in Providence, Rhode Island, and was meant to fly to Washington then back to London. But when I arrived at the check-in desk at Providence, the lady on the desk said: “Well, I’m really
sorry, I’ve got some bad news for you-there are no flights from Washington.” So I took my box and put it on the desk and I said: “In this box are some stem cells that are urgently needed for a patient-please, please, you’ve got to get me back to the United Kingdom.” She just dropped
everything. She arranged for a flight on a small plane to be held for me, re-routed(改道)me through Newark and got me back to the UK even earlier than originally scheduled.
For this courier job, you’re consciously aware that in that box you’ve got something that is potentially going to save somebody’s life.
19 ．Why does Peter have to complete his trip within 42 hours
A ．He cannot stay away from his job too long.
B ．The donor can only wait for that long.
C ．The operation needs that much time.
D ．The ice won’t last any longer.
20 ．Which flight did the woman put Peter on first
A ．To London. B ．To Newark. C ．To Providence. D ．To Washington.
试卷第 21 页，共 21 页
1 ．B 2 ．C 3 ．B
【导语】这是一篇应用文。文章主要介绍了一个成为国际奥委会青年领袖的项目以及要求。
1 ．细节理解题。根据 4-Week Learning Sprint 部分中“The 4-Week Learning Sprint, which will take place during November 2023, is a virtual learning programme. The sessions can be attended live or watched back after they are made available on the IOC channel. (为期 4 周的学习冲刺是一个虚拟学习计划，将于 2023 年 11 月进行。这些会议可以现场观看，也可以在 IOC 频道播出后观看)”可知，在为期四周的学习冲刺中，参与者将参加虚拟学习课程。故选 B。
2．细节理解题。根据 4-Week Learning Sprint 部分中“After successfully completing the 4-Week Learning Sprint, you will need to submit a plan for a sport__based project, which you will work
on if selected as an IOC Young Leader. (在成功完成为期 4 周的冲刺学习后，您需要提交一份以体育为基础的项目计划，如果您被选为国际奥委会青年领袖，您将参与其中)”可知，如果被选为国际奥委会青年领袖，需要做一个以运动为基础的项目。故选 C。
3．细节理解题。根据 Requirements for the Applicants 部分中“You have at least one year of work experience. (你至少有一年的工作经验)”可知，对申请人的要求是至少一年工作经验。故选
B。
4 ．C 5 ．D
【导语】这是一篇说明文。文章主要说明了 John Todd 是如何发明生态机器来去除污泥中的有害物质的。
4．细节理解题。根据第一段“When John Todd was a child, he loved to explore the woods around his house, observing how nature solved problems. A dirty stream, for example, often became clear after flowing through plants and along rocks where tiny creatures lived. When he got older, John
started to wonder if this process could be used to clean up the messes people were making. (当约翰·托德还是个孩子的时候，他喜欢探索房子周围的树林，观察大自然是如何解决问题的。例如，一条肮脏的小溪流经植物和微小生物居住的岩石后，往往会变得清澈。长大后，约翰开始思考这个过程是否可以用来清理人们制造的混乱)”以及第二段“After studying
agriculture, medicine, and fisheries in college, John went back to observing nature and asking
questions. Why can certain plants trap harmful bacteria (细菌) Which kinds of fish can eat
cancer-causing chemicals (在大学学习了农业、医学和渔业之后，约翰又回到了观察自然和提出问题的生活中。为什么某些植物能捕获有害细菌？哪些鱼类会食用致癌化学物质？)”可知，
答案第 1 页，共 6 页
约翰热爱探索，在观察自然的过程中提出问题，希望弄清楚背后的原理，由此可知，他有强烈的好奇心。故选 C。
5 ．细节理解题。根据第三段“He placed them in the tanks and waited. Little by little, these
different kinds of life got used to one another and formed their own ecosystem. After a few weeks, John added the sludge.(他把它们放在罐子里，等待着。渐渐地，这些不同种类的生命相互适应，形成了自己的生态系统。几个星期后，约翰把污泥加了进去)”以及倒数第三段“He was amazed at the results. The plants and animals in the eco-machine took the sludge as food and
began to eat it! Within weeks, it had all been digested, and all that was left was pure water.(他对结果感到惊讶。生态机器里的动植物把污泥当成了食物，开始吃了起来！几周之内，它就被消化了，只剩下纯净水)”可知，约翰把污泥放进罐子里是为了测试生态机器。故选 D。
6 ．D 7 ．D
细节理解题。根据每个项目后的时间“Experiencing Wildlife in Yellowstone (May 26 to September 2) (在黄石体验野生动物(5 月 26 日至 9 月 2 日))”和“Junior Ranger Wildlife
Olympics (June 5 to August 21) (少年游骑兵野生动物奥林匹克运动会(6 月 5 日至 8 月 21
日))”与“Canyon Talks at Artist Point (June 9 to September 2) (在 Artist Point的峡谷会谈(6月9 日至 9 月 2 日))”以及“Photography Workshops (June 19 & July 10) (摄影研讨会(6 月 19 日和 7 月 10日))”可知 ， 四个项目中在黄石体验野生动物开始的时间最早 。故选 D。
细节理解题 。根据文章“Canyon Talks at Artist Point (June 9 to September 2) (在 Artist Point的峡谷会谈(6 月 9 日至 9 月 2 日))部分中的“From a classic viewpoint, enjoy Lower Falls, the Yellowstone River, and the breathtaking colors of the canyon (峡谷) while learning about the
area’s natural and human history. (从一个经典的视角，欣赏下瀑布、黄石河和峡谷的壮丽色彩，同时了解该地区的自然和人类历史)”可知，在 Artist Point的简短演讲主题是关于峡谷地区的历史的 。故选 D。
8 ．D 9 ．D
【解析】8．细节理解题。根据 What’s in it for you 部分中“It will also help you make contacts that may be valuable in your future academic and professional lives.(它还会帮助你建立对你未来的学术和职业生涯有价值的联系)”可知，成为伙伴帮助者可能对你未来的学习和职业有帮助。故选 D。
9 ．细节理解题。根据 Responsibilities of buddies 部分第二点中“Meet the student and show
him/her around the campus and the local area.(与学生见面，并带他/她参观校园和当地地区)”可
答案第 2 页，共 6 页
知，作为一名伙伴帮助者，你需要帮助新生熟悉环境。故选 D 。What is the author’s purpose in writing this passage
10 ．D 11 ．D
推理判断题。根据文章第七段“Ms Thompson focuses on a challenge she calls the
Hawkmoth Effect. In the better known Butterfly Effect, a serviceable model, Vin the prediction of climate change, becomes less reliable over time because of the complexity ofwhat it is
simulating(模拟), or because of inaccuracies in the original data. In the Hawkmoth Effect, by
contrast, the model itself is flawed; it might fail to take full account of the interplay between
humidity, wind and temperature.(汤普森女士专注于一个她称之为“霍克蛾效应” 的挑战。在更广为人知的蝴蝶效应中，一个可用的气候变化预测模型随着时间的推移变得不那么可靠，因为它所模拟的内容很复杂，或者因为原始数据不准确。相比之下，在“霍克蛾效应” 中，模型本身就有缺陷；它可能没有充分考虑到湿度、风和温度之间的相互作用。)”可知，文中提到“霍克蛾效应”是为了表明模型本身是有缺陷的。故选 D。
推理判断题。根据文章最后一段“Both these books exhibit a healthy realism about data,
algorithms and their limitations. Both recognize that making progress involves accepting
limitations, whether in law or coding.(这两本书都展示了关于数据、算法及其局限性的健康现实主义。双方都认识到，取得进步需要接受限制，无论是在法律上还是在编码上。)”可知，两人都赞同想要改进算法就得接受其不完美的方面。故选 D。
12 ．A 13 ．D
本文是篇说明文 。文章主要讲述了 Antonella Sorace 教授所持有的学习第二语言对人类的大脑和健康都有着巨大的好处的观点 ，从而鼓励人们拯救并保护小语种。
细节理解题 。根据第一段“It is an unpleasant extinction that will change the world and how
people communicate: within 20 years, two thirds of all the planet’s languages will be dead. (这种令人不快的灭绝将改变世界和人们的交流方式：在 20年内，地球上三分之二的语言将消失 。)”可知 ，世界上大多数语言会在几十年内灭绝 。故选 A。
细节理解题 。根据第五段中“The first battle is to remove the popular assumption that
bilingualism might damage children’s brains. (第一场战斗是推翻流行的假设，即双语可能会损害儿童的大脑 。)”可知 ，保护小语种的首要任务就是纠正人们对于双语的误解 。故选 D。
14 ．A 15 ．C 16 ．A
【导语】这是一篇应用文。文章主要介绍了大学里的学生类型。
答案第 3 页，共 6 页
14 ．细节理解题。由文章第一段中“They attend all the discussions and office hours, and try to turn in homework at least a week in advance. These are also the people who remind professors
about assigned homework and upcoming exams. Nothing bad about being studious, but are they
even human (他们参加所有的讨论和办公时间，并尽量至少提前一周交作业。这些人也会提醒教授布置的作业和即将到来的考试。好学没什么不好，但他们是人吗？)”可知，好学的学生们总是坐在前排。故选 A。
15．细节理解题。由文章第四段“Standing as probably the most frustrating category of people in this list, these students won’t know about a midterm until two days before. They go to class every once in a while when the class time doesn’t clash with one of their many elaborate social plans,
but never pay attention. Somehow, they still ace all their exams and end up with the top grade in
the class. (可能是这个列表中最令人沮丧的一类人，这些学生直到两天前才知道期中考试。他们每隔一段时间就会去上课，只要上课时间与他们精心策划的社交计划不冲突，但他们从不认真听讲。不知怎么的，他们所有的考试都考得很好，最后在班上名列前茅。)”可知，有些学生偶尔去听讲座，但仍然在课堂上名列前茅。故选 C。
16 ．细节理解题。由文章最后一段“This person comes to class every day, but somehow never stays awake for more than 20 minutes. You can sometimes hear the occasional snore from a
corner of a large lecture hall, or catch their heads nodding like a pendulum near the front of the
class if they’re the studious type. But let’s be real here: we’ve all been one of those students at
some point. (这个人每天都来上课，但不知怎么的，他从来没有保持清醒超过 20 分钟。你有时可以听到从一个大讲堂的角落里偶尔传来的鼾声，或者如果他们是那种勤奋好学的人，你可以看到他们在教室前面像钟摆一样点头。但让我们面对现实吧：在某些时候，我们都曾是这样的学生。)”可知，从这篇文章来看，我们大多数人都是那个总是睡着的人。故选 A。
17 ．D 18 ．C
本文是一篇说明文。文章主要介绍了德国研究人员通过人工智能技术，对交通信号灯进行改进，以提高交通流量和减少等待时间。
细节理解题。根据文章第一段“Now, thanks to artificial intelligence, German researchers have found a way to reduce time spent at the crossroads.(现在，多亏了人工智能，德国研究人员找到了一种减少在十字路口花费时间的方法。)” 以及第二段“Called the KI4LSA project and funded by the Ministry of Transport and Digital Infrastructure, the innovation is being tested. Scientists
first studied algorithms taken from a busy intersection to learn about traffic patterns and where
答案第 4 页，共 6 页
improvements were most needed. Then, the technology, using high-resolution cameras and radar
sensors, more precisely captured the actual traffic situation and detected the average speed of the
cars and their waiting times. Finally, the AI uses deep enhanced learning algorithms to calculate
the best switching behaviour for the traffic lights and determine the best phase sequence to shorten waiting times at the crossroads.(这一创新被称为KI4LSA 项目，由交通和数字基础设施部资助，目前正在进行测试。科学家们首先研究了从一个繁忙的十字路口提取的算法，以了解交通模式以及最需要改进的地方。然后，该技术使用高分辨率摄像头和雷达传感器，更精确地捕捉到实际交通状况，并检测到汽车的平均速度和等待时间。最后，人工智能使用深度增强学习算法来计算交通灯的最佳切换行为，并确定最佳相位序列，以缩短十字路口的等待时间。)”可推断，德国研究人员在 KI4LSA 项目中使用AI 是为了使用深度增强学习算法来计算交通灯的最佳切换行为，并确定最佳相位序列，以缩短十字路口的等待时间，从而确保十字路口的交通效率。故选 D。
细节理解题。根据文章第四段“Another exciting development in this research is the K14PED
project, which studies pedestrians crossing the crossroads. Using AI as well as a 3D points cloud, researchers can identify how many people are waiting at a pedestrian crossing and whether some
of the disabled or elder people will need extra time to cross the street. Such a needs-based system could reduce pedestrian waiting time by 30 percent, which could then decrease jaywalking(乱穿
马路)by 25 percent.(这项研究的另一个令人兴奋的进展是 K14PED 项目，该项目研究过十字路口的行人。利用人工智能和 3D 点云，研究人员可以确定有多少人在人行横道上等待，以及是否有一些残疾人或老年人需要额外的时间过马路。这种基于需求的系统可以将行人等待时间减少 30%，从而减少 25%的乱穿马路现象。)”可知，K14PED 项目可以将行人等待时间减少 30% ，从而减少 25%的乱穿马路现象。由此可知，该项目可以调整行人等待的时间，
从而保证行人通过的效率。故选 C。
19 ．D 20 ．B
【导语】这是一篇记叙文。主要讲述了彼得作为志愿者，将捐赠者捐献的干细胞送去给病人，去年，彼得在途中遭遇飓风，在机场工作人员的帮助下，提前将病人急需的干细胞送达了。
19．细节理解题。根据第一段“I have 42 hours to carry stem cells in my little box because I’ve got two ice packs and that’s how long they last in all.（我有 42 小时的时间在我的小盒子里携带干细胞，因为我有两个冰袋，那是它们总计可以维持的时间）”可知，彼得的两个冰袋最长可持续 42 小时，所以他必须在 42 小时内完成旅行。故选 D 项。
答案第 5 页，共 6 页
20 ．细节理解题。根据第二段“She arranged for a flight on a small plane to be held for
mere-routed me through Newark and got me back to the UK even earlier than originally
scheduled.（她为我安排了一架小型飞机上的航班，让我通过纽瓦克转机，甚至比原定时间更早地回到了英国）”可知，那位女士让彼得先乘坐飞机去纽瓦克，然后回到英国。故选 B项。
答案第 6 页，共 6 页