定语从句重难点讲义学案(含答案)-2026届高三英语二轮复习

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名称 定语从句重难点讲义学案(含答案)-2026届高三英语二轮复习
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资源类型 教案
版本资源 人教版(2019)
科目 英语
更新时间 2026-04-03 00:00:00

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第一部分 关系代词与关系副词的选择
关系词的选择是定语从句学习的基础,也是高考考查的重点。关系词分为关系代词和关系副词两大类,选择的关键在于分析先行词在从句中充当的成分。如果先行词在从句中作主语或宾语,则选择关系代词;如果先行词在从句中作状语,则选择关系副词。这个判断方法看似简单,但在实际应用中需要同学们仔细分析从句结构。
一、关系代词的用法
关系代词包括 who、whom、whose、which、that、as,它们在定语从句中代替先行词,充当主语、宾语或定语。选择关系代词时,首先要看先行词是指人还是指物,其次要看在从句中充当什么成分。下面通过表格来系统梳理各个关系代词的用法。
关系代词 先行词 在从句中的作用 例句
who 人 作主语 The man who is speaking is my teacher.
whom 人 作宾语 The person whom you met is my friend.
whose 人/物 作定语 The boy whose father is a doctor studies hard.
which 物 作主语/宾语 The book which I bought is interesting.
that 人/物 作主语/宾语 The man that lives next door is a writer.
as 人/物 作主语/宾语 Such people as you describe are rare.
【重点提示】
① whose 的用法:whose 表示所属关系,后面必须接名词。当先行词指物时,whose 可以与 "of which" 互换。例如:
The house whose roof is red belongs to my uncle.
② that 与 which 的区别:一般情况下,that 和 which 可以互换,但在以下情况中只能用 that:
情况 例句
先行词为 all, everything, anything 等不定代词 All that glitters is not gold.
先行词被 the only, the very, the last 修饰 This is the only book that I have read.
先行词被序数词或最高级修饰 This is the best film that I have ever seen.
先行词既有人又有物 They talked about the things that they remembered.
主句是以 who 或 which 开头的特殊疑问句 Who is the man that is standing there
二、关系副词的用法
关系副词包括 when、where、why,它们在定语从句中代替先行词,充当状语。选择关系副词的关键是分析先行词在从句中是否作状语。具体来说,当先行词表示时间、地点或原因,且在从句中作时间状语、地点状语或原因状语时,分别选用 when、where、why。
关系副词 先行词类型 在从句中的作用 例句
when 时间名词 时间状语 I remember the day when I first met her.
where 地点名词 地点状语 This is the house where I was born.
why reason 原因状语 This is the reason why he was late.
【易错点辨析】
很多同学容易混淆关系代词和关系副词的选择。判断的关键在于分析先行词在从句中充当的成分。请看下面的对比:
① This is the museum which/that I visited last year. (visit 是及物动词,缺宾语,用关系代词)
② This is the museum where many works of art are displayed. (从句结构完整,缺地点状语,用关系副词)
第二部分 限制性与非限制性定语从句
限制性定语从句和非限制性定语从句是定语从句的两种基本类型,它们在形式、功能和翻译上都有明显的区别。高考中经常考查这两种从句的区分和转换,同学们需要准确把握它们的特点。
一、形式上的区别
对比项目 限制性定语从句 非限制性定语从句
与主句的关系 紧密,无逗号隔开 松散,用逗号隔开
功能 修饰先行词,不可缺少 补充说明,可省略
翻译方式 译为"……的" 可译为并列句
关系词的使用 可用 that,可省略宾语 不用 that,不可省略关系词
先行词 通常是一个词 可以是一个词或整个句子
二、意义上的区别
限制性定语从句对先行词起限定作用,指明先行词的具体内容,如果去掉,主句的意思就不完整。非限制性定语从句对先行词起补充说明作用,提供额外信息,去掉后主句的意思仍然完整。请看下面的例句对比:
【例句对比】
① He has a brother who is a doctor. (限制性:他有一个当医生的兄弟,暗示可能还有其他兄弟)
② He has a brother, who is a doctor. (非限制性:他有一个兄弟,这个兄弟是医生,暗示他只有一个兄弟)
三、非限制性定语从句的特殊用法
非限制性定语从句的一个重要特点是:它可以修饰整个主句,而不仅仅是某个词。在这种情况下,从句相当于一个并列句或状语从句。常用的关系词有 which 和 as。
【which 引导的非限制性定语从句】
He passed the exam, which made his parents very happy. (which 指代前面整个句子)
【as 引导的非限制性定语从句】
As is known to all, the earth goes around the sun. (as 位于句首)
He is late again, as is often the case. (as 位于句末)
【which 与 as 的区别】
区别点 which as
位置 只能位于主句之后 可位于主句之前、之中或之后
含义 无特殊含义 有"正如""正像"的含义
常用搭配 无 as is known, as is reported, as we expected
从句与主句的关系 表示结果或补充说明 表示"正如……那样"
第三部分 "介词+关系代词"的用法
"介词+关系代词"结构是定语从句的难点,也是高考的高频考点。这种结构中,介词的选择取决于从句中动词或形容词的搭配,以及先行词与介词的逻辑关系。掌握这一结构,需要同学们具备扎实的动词短语和形容词短语搭配知识。
一、基本规则
在"介词+关系代词"结构中,关系代词只能用 which(指物)或 whom(指人),不能用 that 或 who。介词的选择主要依据以下几点:
① 根据从句中动词或形容词的固定搭配确定介词
The person to whom you talked is my teacher. (talk to sb.)
The house for which he paid 2 million yuan is very beautiful. (pay for sth.)
② 根据先行词与介词的逻辑关系确定介词
This is the pen with which he wrote the letter. (用钢笔写信)
I will never forget the day on which I joined the Party. (在某一天)
二、常见介词搭配归纳
动词/形容词短语 介词 例句
talk/speak to sb. to the person to whom you spoke
look at sth. at the picture at which they are looking
depend on/rely on on the person on whom you can depend
be proud of of the achievement of which he is proud
be interested in in the subject in which he is interested
be famous for for the city for which it is famous
be used to to the tool to which he is used
pay for sth. for the book for which he paid
care about about the thing about which he cares
agree with sb. with the person with whom you agree
第四部分 高考真题演练
一、语法填空真题精选
1. (2023年新高考I卷)The reason __________ he explained to us was not true.
2. (2022年全国甲卷)This is the factory __________ my father worked 20 years ago.
3. (2021年全国乙卷)He wrote many books, two of __________ became best-sellers.
4. (2020年新高考I卷)I will never forget the day __________ I first came to this school.
5. (2019年全国I卷)The boy __________ parents are doctors studies very hard.
6. (2018年全国II卷)China has hundreds of islands, the largest of __________ is Taiwan.
7. (2017年全国III卷)The man with __________ you shook hands just now is our headmaster.
8. (2016年全国I卷)There was a time __________ I hated to go to school.
参考答案与解析
题号 答案 解析
1 which/that explain 是及物动词,缺宾语,用关系代词
2 where 从句结构完整,缺地点状语,用关系副词
3 which 非限制性定语从句,修饰 books,用 which
4 when 先行词是时间,从句缺时间状语,用 when
5 whose 表所属关系,后面接名词 parents,用 whose
6 which 非限制性定语从句,介词 of 后用 which
7 whom 介词 with 后指人,用 whom
8 when 先行词是时间,从句缺时间状语,用 when