2026届高考英语复习 专题 14 破解阅读最后障碍——长难句“拆解”（含解析）
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| 名称 | 2026届高考英语复习 专题 14 破解阅读最后障碍——长难句“拆解”（含解析） |
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专题 14 破解阅读最后障碍——长难句“拆解”
[2026 届湖北省武汉市高三元月调考] A few days after the fire started, a friend shared a video with her of a Los Angeles artist offering to create, for free, watercolor paintings of people’s homes before they were scorched.
【句子分析】
本句是复合句。主句：a friend shared a video with her。
① "A few days after the fire started" 是时间状语从句，after 为连词，引导从句修饰主句动作发生的时间。
② "of a Los Angeles artist offering to create..." 是介词短语作后置定语，修饰 video；其中"offering to create..."是现在分词短语作 artist 的后置定语。
③ "for free" 是插入语，补充说明 create 的方式。
④ "before they were scorched" 是时间状语从句，before 为连词，修饰 create 的时间背景；they指代 people’s homes。
翻译：
火灾发生几天后，一位朋友给她分享了一段视频，视频中一位洛杉矶艺术家主动提出免费为人们创作家园被烧焦前的水彩画。
[英语一模保分卷 02（江苏专用）] The identification resolves a decades-old question surrounding the name “Kwang Han-Hwang” recorded in The Diaries of John Rabe.
【句子分析】
本句是简单句。主句：The identification resolves a decades-old question。
① "surrounding the name..." 是现在分词短语作后置定语，修饰 question。
② "recorded in The Diaries of John Rabe" 是过去分词短语作后置定语，修饰 name "Kwang
Han-Hwang"。
③ "decades-old" 是复合形容词，作定语修饰 question，意为"数十年的"。
翻译：
试卷第 1 页，共 17 页
这一身份确认解决了围绕《拉贝日记》中记载的"Kwang Han-Hwang"这一名字的数十年疑问。 [2026 届辽宁省沈阳市高三一模] The real victory wasn’t conquering the mountain; it was
silencing the frantic voice in my head that measured everything by a final destination.
【句子分析】
本句是并列复合句，由分号连接两个并列分句。
① 第一个分句：The real victory wasn’t conquering the mountain ；动名词短语 conquering the mountain 作表语。
② 第二个分句：it was silencing the frantic voice... ；其中"silencing the frantic voice"是动名词短语作表语。
③ "in my head" 是介词短语作后置定语，修饰 voice。
④ "that measured everything by a final destination" 是定语从句，修饰 voice，that 在从句中作主语。
翻译：
真正的胜利不是征服这座山，而是平息我脑海里那个用最终目标衡量一切的焦躁声音。 [2026 届河北省沧州市沧县中学高三上学期一模] However, the phrase “overhead lighting” has become a catch-all for many types of lighting people don’t like: recessed lights, boob
lights, LED wafer lights and whatever other ceiling fixtures are on the outs.
【句子分析】
本句是复合句。主句：the phrase “overhead lighting” has become a catch-all。
① "for many types of lighting people don’t like" 是介词短语作后置定语，修饰 catch-all；其中"people don’t like"是省略关系代词 that 的定语从句，修饰 lighting。
② 冒号后的内容"recessed lights...on the outs"是同位语，解释说明 many types of lighting。
③ "whatever other ceiling fixtures are on the outs" 是宾语从句，作 including 的宾语（省略了including）。
④ "on the outs" 是固定短语，意为"不受欢迎，不流行"。
翻译：
然而，"头顶照明"一词已成为许多人们不喜欢的照明类型的统称：嵌入式灯、球形灯、LED平板灯以及其他任何不受欢迎的天花板灯具。
[2026 届广东省惠州市二模] To compare the effectiveness of handwritten and typed classroom notes, Pam Mueller from Princeton and Daniel Oppenheimer from UCLA
试卷第 2 页，共 17 页
conducted experiments in a simulated classroom environment, where groups of students watched video lectures and took notes either by hand or on laptops, with the Internet
switched off and other programs disabled to avoid distraction.
【句子分析】
本句是复合句。主句：Pam Mueller and Daniel Oppenheimer conducted experiments。
① "To compare the effectiveness..." 是不定式短语作 目的状语。
② "from Princeton" 和 "from UCLA" 是介词短语作后置定语，分别修饰 Pam Mueller 和Daniel Oppenheimer。
③ "in a simulated classroom environment" 是介词短语作地点状语。
④ "where groups of students...distraction" 是定语从句，修饰 environment，where 在从句中作地点状语。
⑤ "with the Internet switched off and other programs disabled" 是 with 复合结构作伴随状语，其中 switched off 和 disabled 是过去分词作宾补。
⑥ "to avoid distraction" 是不定式短语作 目的状语。
翻译：
为了比较手写和打字课堂笔记的效果，普林斯顿大学的帕姆·穆勒和加州大学洛杉矶分校的
丹尼尔·奥彭海默在模拟课堂环境中进行了实验。在实验中，学生们分成小组观看视频讲座，并以手写或在笔记本电脑上记录笔记，同时关闭了网络并禁用了其他程序以避免分心。
[2026 届河北省石家庄市高考信息巩固] This study examined decades of scattered research, providing for the first time a clear and comprehensive overview of when, where and why art viewing is used to promote well-being.
【句子分析】
本句是简单句。主句：This study examined decades of scattered research。
① "providing...well-being" 是现在分词短语作结果状语。
② "for the first time" 是插入语。
③ "of when, where and why art viewing is used to promote well-being" 是介词短语作后置定语，修饰 overview ；其中"when, where and why art viewing is used to promote well-being"是宾语从句，作 of 的宾语。
④ "to promote well-being" 是不定式短语作 目的状语，修饰 is used。
翻译：
试卷第 3 页，共 17 页
这项研究对数十年来的零散研究进行了梳理，首次清晰且全面地概述了在何时、何地以及为何观赏艺术被用于促进幸福感。
[河北省部分地区 2025-2026 学年高三上学期 1 月] Interoception — the brain’s ability to track internal bodily signals like heartbeat, hunger, and breath — has emerged as a silent architect of mental health.
【句子分析】
本句是简单句。主句：Interoception has emerged as a silent architect of mental health。
① 破折号之间的内容"the brain’s ability...and breath"是同位语，解释说明 Interoception。
② "to track internal bodily signals" 是不定式短语作后置定语，修饰 ability。
③ "like heartbeat, hunger, and breath" 是介词短语作后置定语，修饰 signals。
④ "as a silent architect of mental health" 是介词短语作主语补足语，说明 emerged 的状态。
翻译：
内感受——大脑追踪心跳、饥饿和呼吸等内部身体信号的能力——已成为心理健康的无声构建者。
[河北省部分地区 2025-2026 学年高三上学期 1 月] A long-standing hypothesis in cognitive science holds that the language we speak influences our perception of time and further
shapes our future-related decisions.
【句子分析】
本句是复合句。主句：A long-standing hypothesis holds that...。
① "in cognitive science" 是介词短语作后置定语，修饰 hypothesis。
② "that the language...decisions" 是宾语从句，作 holds 的宾语。
③ "we speak" 是省略关系代词 that 的定语从句，修饰 language。
④ "our perception of time" 和 "our future-related decisions" 是并列宾语，作 influences 和shapes 的宾语。
⑤ "future-related" 是复合形容词，作定语修饰 decisions。
翻译：
认知科学中一个长期存在的假设认为，我们所说的语言会影响我们对时间的感知，并进一步塑造我们与未来相关的决策。
[2026 届河北省石家庄市高考信息巩固] One theoretical way to shrink something would be to reduce the size of its atoms. An atom’s size depends on several fundamental constants. Those
试卷第 4 页，共 17 页
constants don’t change. Tweaking them would require breaking the laws of physics.
【句子分析】
本句是四个简单句构成的并列句（通过句号连接）。
① 第一句：One theoretical way to shrink something would be to reduce the size of its atoms。其中"to shrink something"是不定式短语作后置定语修饰 way；"to reduce the size of its atoms"是不定式短语作表语。
② 第二句：An atom’s size depends on several fundamental constants 。"fundamental"是形容词作定语修饰 constants。
③ 第三句：Those constants don’t change 。主谓结构。
④ 第四句：Tweaking them would require breaking the laws of physics 。动名词短语 Tweaking them 作主语；breaking the laws of physics 作宾语。
翻译：
缩小物体的一种理论方法是缩小其原子的尺寸。原子的尺寸取决于几个基本常数。这些常数不会改变。若要对其调整，就需要打破物理定律。
[2026 届湖北省武汉市高三元月调考] The mosquitoes Knox drops into the forest are males, so they don’t bite or transmit disease. They’ve been raised in a lab and bred to carry a
natural bacteria that prevents them from reproducing with wild females.
【句子分析】
本句是由 so 连接的并列复合句。
① 第一分句：The mosquitoes Knox drops into the forest are males 。其中"Knox drops into the forest"是省略关系代词 that 的定语从句，修饰 mosquitoes。
② 第二分句：they don’t bite or transmit disease 。由 or 连接的并列谓语。
③ 第三句：They’ve been raised in a lab and bred to carry a natural bacteria...。现在完成时的被动语态；"to carry a natural bacteria"是不定式短语作 目的状语。
④ "that prevents them from reproducing with wild females" 是定语从句，修饰 bacteria，that 在从句中作主语；"prevent...from doing sth"是固定搭配，意为" 阻止 做某事"。
翻译：
诺克斯投放到森林里的蚊子是雄性的，所以它们不会叮咬或传播疾病。它们是在实验室里饲养的，并被培育成携带一种天然细菌，这种细菌可以防止它们与野生雌性蚊子繁殖。
[2026 届四川省巴中市一模] Refined carbohydrates can produce spikes in blood sugar,
试卷第 5 页，共 17 页
which the body counters by releasing insulin. The response can drive sugar levels too low, a condition called hypoglycemia and affect blood flow and skin appearance.
【句子分析】
本句是两个并列句。
① 第一句：Refined carbohydrates can produce spikes in blood sugar, which the body counters by releasing insulin。其中"which the body counters by releasing insulin"是定语从句，修饰spikes， which 在从句中作宾语；"by releasing insulin"是介词短语作方式状语。
② 第二句：The response can drive sugar levels too low, a condition called hypoglycemia and affect blood flow and skin appearance。其中"a condition called hypoglycemia"是同位语，解释说明 sugar levels too low；"called hypoglycemia"是过去分词短语作后置定语修饰 condition； "drive"和"affect"是并列谓语。
翻译：
精制碳水化合物会导致血糖飙升，身体通过释放胰岛素来应对这种情况。这种反应会使血糖水平过低，即一种称为低血糖的状况，并影响血液流动和皮肤外观。
[2026 届重庆市九龙坡区一模] The Perseverance Rover, which touched down on the Martian surface in 2021, was sent to search for signs of biology. It has spent the last four years
exploring a region called the Jezero Crater, which was once an ancient lake with a river flowing into it.
【句子分析】
本句是两个复合句构成的并列句。
① 第一句：The Perseverance Rover, which touched down on the Martian surface in 2021, was sent to search for signs of biology。其中"which touched down...in 2021"是定语从句，修饰 The Perseverance Rover ；"to search for signs of biology"是不定式短语作 目的状语。
② 第二句：It has spent the last four years exploring a region called the Jezero Crater, which was once an ancient lake with a river flowing into it 。"spent...exploring..."是固定搭配，意为"花费时间做某事" ；"called the Jezero Crater"是过去分词短语作后置定语修饰 region ；"which was
once...into it"是定语从句，修饰 the Jezero Crater ；"with a river flowing into it"是 with 复合结构作后置定语，修饰 lake。
翻译：
"毅力号"火星车于 2021 年在火星表面着陆，其任务是寻找生物迹象。在过去四年中，它一
试卷第 6 页，共 17 页
直在探索一个名为耶泽罗陨石坑的区域，那里曾经是一个古老的湖泊，有一条河流流入其中。 [2026 届广东省惠州市二模] The researchers were able to come up with a cheaper and more renewable battery which is 99.7% energy efficient even after 1000 battery cycles. That is
about 400 hours. Further, they found that the batteries can break down in soil in five months.
【句子分析】
本句是三个简单句构成的并列句。
① 第一句：The researchers were able to come up with a cheaper and more renewable battery which is 99.7% energy efficient even after 1000 battery cycles 。其中"which is 99.7% energy efficient...cycles"是定语从句，修饰 battery ；"even after 1000 battery cycles"是让步状语。
② 第二句：That is about 400 hours 。That 指代上文的 1000 battery cycles。
③ 第三句：Further, they found that the batteries can break down in soil in five months。其中"that the batteries...in five months"是宾语从句，作 found 的宾语；"in soil"和"in five months"是介词短语作地点和时间状语。
翻译：
研究人员研发出了一种更便宜、更可再生的电池，即使经过 1000 次充放电循环，能效仍达99.7% ，约合 400 小时。此外，他们发现这种电池能在土壤中五个月内降解。
[2026 届湖北省荆州市高三上学期一模] A 2023 University of Utah study added weight to this: researchers analyzed brain scans of over 1,000 young people, dividing the brain into 7,000 regions to check for “sidedness” linked to personality.
【句子分析】
本句是复合句。主句：A 2023 University of Utah study added weight to this。
① 冒号后的内容"researchers analyzed...personality"是同位语，解释说明 this。
② "dividing the brain into 7,000 regions" 是现在分词短语作伴随状语。
③ "to check for 'sidedness' linked to personality" 是不定式短语作 目的状语；其中"linked to personality"是过去分词短语作后置定语修饰"sidedness"。
④ "added weight to" 是固定短语，意为"为 提供支持"。
翻译：
犹他大学 2023 年的一项研究为此提供了有力佐证：研究人员分析了 1000 多名年轻人的脑部扫描图像，将大脑划分为 7000 个区域，以探究与人格相关的"大脑偏侧性" 。
试卷第 7 页，共 17 页
[2026 届高三上学期 1 月模拟考试英] Rather than setting rigid rules, experts suggest families fit screens into the fabric of daily routines in ways that enhance, rather than take away from, shared experiences and individual growth.
【句子分析】
本句是复合句。主句：experts suggest families fit screens into the fabric of daily routines。
① "Rather than setting rigid rules" 是介词短语作状语，rather than 后接动名词。
② "in ways that enhance...individual growth" 是介词短语作方式状语；其中"that enhance...individual growth"是定语从句，修饰 ways ，that 在从句中作主语。
③ "rather than take away from" 是插入语，连接 enhance 和 take away from 两个并列谓语。
④ "shared experiences and individual growth" 是并列宾语，作 enhance 和 take away from 的宾语。
翻译：
专家建议，家庭不应制定僵化的规则，而应将屏幕使用融入日常生活的肌理之中——以能增进（而非削弱）共享体验与个人成长的方式进行。
[2026 届湖南省株洲市高三上学期教学质量统一检测（一模）] The team first pushed back the time at which the finches were exposed to sudden bright light to 3 hours later than the actual dawn. The birds were awake but stayed silent in the artificial darkness, and when the lights eventually did come on, the birds sang more intensely than usual.
【句子分析】
本句是两个复合句构成的并列句。
① 第一句：The team first pushed back the time at which the finches were exposed to sudden
bright light to 3 hours later than the actual dawn。其中"at which the finches were exposed to
sudden bright light"是定语从句，修饰 time；"to 3 hours later than the actual dawn"是介词短语作状语，表程度。
② 第二句：The birds were awake but stayed silent in the artificial darkness, and when the lights eventually did come on, the birds sang more intensely than usual。由 and 连接两个并列分句；前一分句包含由 but 连接的并列谓语；后一分句中"when the lights eventually did come on"是时间状语从句；"more intensely than usual"是比较状语。
翻译：
该团队首先将斑胸草雀接触强光的时间推迟了 3 个小时，使其比实际日出时间晚 3 个小时。
试卷第 8 页，共 17 页
[2026 届四川省绵阳市高三上学期二模] A research team at BetterUp Labs has identified one
possible reason: employees are using AI tools to create low-effort, passable looking work that ends up creating more work for their coworkers, a phenomenon referred to as
“workshop”.
【句子分析】
本句是复合句。主句：A research team has identified one possible reason。
① "at BetterUp Labs" 是介词短语作后置定语，修饰 team。
② 冒号后的内容"employees are using...'workshop'"是同位语，解释说明 reason。
③ "to create low-effort, passable looking work" 是不定式短语作 目的状语。
④ "that ends up creating more work for their coworkers" 是定语从句，修饰 work，that 在从句中作主语；"end up doing sth"是固定搭配，意为"最终做某事"。
⑤ "a phenomenon referred to as 'workshop'" 是同位语，解释说明前面整个句子描述的情况； "referred to as 'workshop'"是过去分词短语作后置定语修饰 phenomenon。
翻译：
BetterUp 实验室的一个研究团队已经确定了一个可能的原因：员工正在使用人工智能工具创建低投入、看似合格的工作成果，最终给同事带来更多工作，这种现象被称为"敷衍式 AI 工作成果" 。
[2026 届高三上学期 1 月模拟考试] The sensor integrates a bio-inspired system to collect
sweat, an advanced electrochemical sensing platform to detect biomarkers, an on-site signal processing circuit to turn raw data into meaningful metrics, and custom software for
real-time data visualization.
【句子分析】
本句是简单句。主句：The sensor integrates a bio-inspired system, an advanced electrochemical sensing platform, an on-site signal processing circuit, and custom software。
① 四个并列宾语：a bio-inspired system, an advanced electrochemical sensing platform, an on-site signal processing circuit, and custom software。
② "to collect sweat" 是不定式短语作后置定语，修饰 system。
③ "to detect biomarkers" 是不定式短语作后置定语，修饰 platform。
④ "to turn raw data into meaningful metrics" 是不定式短语作后置定语，修饰 circuit；
鸟儿们在人工黑暗中虽然醒着但保持沉默，当灯光最终亮起时，它们的鸣叫比平时更加激烈。
试卷第 9 页，共 17 页
"turn...into..."是固定搭配，意为"将 转化为 "。
⑤ "for real-time data visualization" 是介词短语作后置定语，修饰 software。
翻译：
该传感器集成了一个用于收集汗液的仿生系统、一个用于检测生物标志物的先进电化学传感平台、一个用于将原始数据转化为有意义指标的现场信号处理电路，以及用于实时数据可视化的定制软件。
[2026 届高三上学期 1 月模拟考试] It’s a reminder that these moments that I’m suddenly grateful for or these opportunities that I’m suddenly ready to seize were here for much
longer than I was able to appreciate them, and that in my next phase of life, it’s worth slowing down to make the most of what I have.
【句子分析】
本句是复合句。主句：It’s a reminder that...and that...。
① 两个并列的同位语从句：that these moments...appreciate them 和 that in my next phase...what I have ，解释说明 reminder。
② 第一个同位语从句中："that I’m suddenly grateful for" 是定语从句，修饰 moments ；"that I’m suddenly ready to seize" 是定语从句，修饰 opportunities ；"longer than I was able to
appreciate them" 是比较状语从句。
③ 第二个同位语从句中："in my next phase of life" 是介词短语作状语；"to make the most of what I have" 是不定式短语作 目的状语；"what I have" 是宾语从句，作 make the most of 的宾语。
翻译：
这提醒我们，那些让我突然心怀感激的时刻，或者那些我突然准备好要抓住的机会，其实一直存在的时间比我能够充分领略它们的美好所要长得多。而在我人生的下一个阶段，值得我们放慢脚步，充分利用我们所拥有的。
[英语一模突破卷 05（浙江专用）] It demonstrates that conscious processing can occur without a cerebral cortex and different brain structures can achieve similar functional outcomes.
【句子分析】
本句是复合句。主句：It demonstrates that...and that...。
① 两个并列的宾语从句：that conscious processing can occur without a cerebral cortex 和 that
试卷第 10 页，共 17 页
different brain structures can achieve similar functional outcomes，作 demonstrates 的宾语。
② 第一个宾语从句中："without a cerebral cortex" 是介词短语作状语。
③ 第二个宾语从句中："similar functional outcomes" 是名词短语作宾语；"functional"是形容词作定语修饰 outcomes。
翻译：
这表明没有大脑皮层也可以发生意识处理，不同的脑结构可以实现相似的功能结果。
建议用时：45min
Passage 1（阅读理解）
（2026·重庆·一模）
“Where’s your squeaky ball Bring me your panda bear! ” It’s not unusual for dogs to learn the names of their favorite toys. But some dogs can categorize toys by how they’re used during
play, researchers now report. They can even decide what category a new toy should be in, based on how it’s used. And that’s without any verbal or physical clues.
The team, led by Claudia Fugazza ofE tv s Loránd University, recruited 11 dogs and their owners to take part in the new study. Each dog was studied at home. First, owners played games
with their dogs: either “pull” (tug-of-war) or “throw (fetch).” During each game, the owner
repeatedly said the category out loud. Toys were assigned to a category at random. In other words, a toy’s physical traits (特征) did not dictate how it would be used. Game playing continued until the dogs related each toy to either “pull” or “throw.”
Then, owners and dogs played the same pull or throw game with toys the dogs had not seen before. This time, the owners did not name the activities out loud.
Next, owners asked their dogs to “bring me a pull” or “bring me a throw” from a toy pile. This tested if the dogs applied the labels based on their play with that toy. These dogs picked a new toy right most of the time.
Previous animal studies that categorized things by their use relied on lab settings and formal training. “This is the first study exploring this cognitive skill in animals in their natural
试卷第 11 页，共 17 页
environment while making sure the dogs got only social cues (提示),” Fugazza says.
Fugazza says the new study doesn’t show that all dogs have this functional-labeling skill. “But,” she adds, “I wouldn’t exclude that.” Next, researchers may want to explore what other
mental categories these dogs can learn, and what brain activities underlie these abilities.
1 ．What does the underlined word “dictate” in Paragraph 2 probably mean
A ．Hide. B ．Change. C ．Determine. D ．Contradict.
2 ．The new-toy games were mainly designed to test dogs’ .
A ．emotional sensitivity B ．transferable abilities
C ．problem-solving speed D ．resistance to distractions
3 ．What distinguishes the new study from earlier ones
A ．It involved new toys. B ．It excluded social cues.
C ．It required stricter drills. D ．It avoided unnatural settings.
4 ．What may researchers explore next
A ．How else can dogs sort toys
B ．Which kind of dogs can label toys
C ．Why can some dogs learn toy names
D ．What other cues affect dogs’ brain activities
Passage 2（阅读理解）
（2026·四川绵阳·二模）
You have probably had the experience of waking up in the middle of the night with an idea. It was such a good one that you told yourself to remember it the next morning. But, like the
memory of your dreams, it fades fast away. One practical step you can take now is to keep a pencil or pad by your bed. Sometimes, you can also carry a pocket notebook so that ideas that strike you while waiting for someone or travelling on a train can be recorded. Later, you can transfer these jottings to your main notebook.
Apart from extending memory, the practice of keeping a notebook of those materials has one fairly obvious further benefit. The labor of copying them out gives you occasion to reflect
deeply on them. As you slowly write, you have to pay attention to both the exact form and the
content of what is being said. The act of writing impresses the words more deeply on your mind.
试卷第 12 页，共 17 页
There are two important principles in keeping a notebook as a tool for creative thinking.
First, write down ideas in the order they come to you. Give each idea a short title and, if possible, add the date. Do not try to organize everything too carefully, such as putting notes on cards or
arranging them in alphabetical order. The second principle is to note down whatever impresses you as stimulating, interesting or memorable. At this stage, it does not matter whether the idea is right or wrong. What matters most is that it interests you. As Shakespeare once said, “No profit grows where no pleasure is taken.”
In this form, your notebook is a very useful tool for creative thinking on a variety of
subjects that concern you, for this method brings together very diverse materials. When you look through your notebook, you will begin to notice various groups of links and connections. It is the mixing of these unrelated ideas—bringing together things that usually do not go together—that makes your notebook a source of new ideas.
5 ．What does the underlined word “jottings” in paragraph 1 probably mean
A ．Short written notes. B ．Careful long records.
C ．Personal daily diaries. D ．Printed study materials.
6 ．What is a benefit of keeping a notebook
A ．It encourages labor. B ．It shifts attention.
C ．It weakens memory. D ．It facilitates thinking.
7 ．What does the author try to illustrate by mentioning Shakespeare’s words in paragraph 3
A ．The importance of interest. B ．The pleasure of profit.
C ．The arrangement of entries. D ．The impression of ideas.
8 ．How does the notebook help generate new thoughts
A ．By recording one type of subjects. B ．By deleting disordered connections.
C ．By organizing notes alphabetically. D ．By linking unrelated ideas together.
Passage 3（阅读理解）
（2026·江苏·一模）
Since 2015, China’s college entrance examination (Gaokao) has undergone profound
reforms driven by modern technology, shifting from “ability-oriented” to “competency-oriented” evaluation. This transformation, guided by the China Gaokao Evaluation Framework, has been
试卷第 13 页，共 17 页
strongly supported by technological innovations such as artificial intelligence (AI) and big data, reshaping both question design and comprehensive assessment systems.
In the field of proposition development, large language models (LLMs) (大语言模型) have emerged as a key tool since 2020. A 2025 study published in educational technology journals
showed that LLMs can generate basic subject questions with an accuracy rate of over 87% for
subjects like mathematics and Chinese, and have been piloted in regional mock exams. For
example, a provincial educational research center used AI to generate 30% of the test questions for a 2025 spring mock exam, shortening the proposition cycle by 42% while maintaining high
quality after expert revision. Beyond efficiency, technology has facilitated the design of
innovative question types. Researchers like Ren Zichao and Chen Ang developed five new question types (including multiple-select questions and ill-structured problems) through
large-scale trials involving 4,205 students between 2015 and 2019, which effectively assess
critical thinking and practical application abilities. These questions, such as ill-structured math problems that require students to select their own solution conditions, have been officially
included in Gaokao papers since 2020.
In terms of exam evaluation, technology has promoted the shift from “result-only”
assessment to process-oriented evaluation (过程性评价). Zhejiang Province, a national education evaluation reform pilot, has built a “three-dimensional evaluation system” integrating structural,
process, and result quality since 2013. Supported by big data analytics, process-oriented
evaluation tracks indicators like homework burden, class participation, and sleep quality through regular surveys, providing schools with targeted improvement suggestions. For instance,
Hangzhou’s Jianggan District conducts semesterly monitoring of students’ learning processes, and data analysis has helped reduce excessive homework and improve teaching effectiveness.
Meanwhile, AI has been embedded in Gaokao’s competency assessment — 2025 Gaokao Chinese papers, though not explicitly mentioning AI, tested logical thinking and information integration
abilities essential for AI-era learning by simulating AI training scenarios.
Experts emphasize that technology’s role in Gaokao reform is not to replace human
judgment but to enhance scientificity and equity. The China Gaokao Evaluation Framework highlights that technological applications should align with curriculum standards and talent
selection goals, ensuring that evaluations truly reflect students’ comprehensive competencies.
试卷第 14 页，共 17 页
From AI-assisted proposition to data-driven process evaluation, technology has become a
cornerstone of Gaokao’s transformation toward more inclusive and quality-oriented education.
9 ．What is the main goal of applying modern technology to Gaokao reform
A ．To replace human experts in question design entirely
B ．To make Gaokao more scientific and inclusive
C ．To reduce the difficulty of Gaokao questions
D ．To focus only on students’ final test scores
10．What was the initial purpose of large language models (LLMs) in education before being used for Gaokao proposition
A ．To develop AI tutoring systems for students
B ．To generate basic subject questions efficiently
C ．To analyze students’ daily learning data
D ．To design online course frameworks
11 ．How does process-oriented evaluation help schools improve teaching quality
A ．By ranking schools based on Gaokao admission rates
B ．By tracking students’ learning processes and providing targeted suggestions
C ．By reducing the number of exams students take each semester
D ．By focusing only on students’ homework completion rates
12 ．What can be inferred from experts’ opinions on technology in Gaokao reform
A ．Technology should take priority over educational principles.
B ．Technology will completely replace human judgment in Gaokao.
C ．Traditional question types will be eliminated in future Gaokao papers.
D ．Tech and human expertise improve Gaokao proposition’s scientificity.
Passage 3（阅读理解）
（2026·湖南株洲·一模）
Vegetables pack lots of nutrients. But our bodies need some nutrients that can be found
only in animal products, such as meat. Now, researchers have made changes to the genes in leaves so that plants can make some of these nutrients. “This might one day let worldwide vegetarians
(素食者) rely on plants for the full range of nutrients their bodies need.” says Pengxiang Fan, a
试卷第 15 页，共 17 页
biochemist, who works on the goal at Zhejiang University in Hangzhou.
To produce the animal-type nutrients, plant leaves need enzymes (酶) they don’t normally have. Enzymes are proteins that speed up chemical reactions inside living things. In this case, they need enzymes that help turn certain amino acids — the building blocks of proteins — into
nutrients normally found only in meat.
Fan is part of a team that put genetic instructions for making these animal-based enzymes into a bacterium, which can transport genes to plants. The team prepare multiple sets of genetic instructions. The sets differ in which amino acids and nutrients they can make. By combining the sets in different ways — like combining Lego blocks to build different structures — the
instructions would allow plants to make different nutrients. Which nutrient the leaves make depends on which genetic instructions they have received.
Putting the genetic instructions into a leaf to change its genes takes just a few days. That’s a lot faster than the typical approach for testing genetic changes to plants. If plants are grown in a
mindful way, they should have fewer impacts on the environment than the farming of animals does.
The plants used to test this technique aren’t edible at present. Fan hopes to try adding such nutrient-making enzymes to crops one day. But, Fan cautions, before using this technique in fruits or vegetables, “we need to be very careful to ensure the safety of vegetarians’ diet.” The plants
might adapt to the genes in unexpected ways.
Ideally, he says, his group could come up with a set of instructions for every amino acid and boost plant levels of these nutrients as well.
13 ．What is the purpose ofFan’s research
A ．To help bacteria survive. B ．To speed up the plant’s growth.
C ．To make plants produce meaty nutrients. D ．To find new enzymes in animal products.
14 ．What can be inferred about the enzymes
A ．They exist naturally in plants. B ．They matter in nutrient production.
C ．They delay chemical reactions. D ．They transform genes into nutrients.
15 ．What does the author try to illustrate by mentioning Lego blocks in paragraph 3
A ．The difficulty in putting genetic instructions.
B ．The comparison of various genetic structures.
试卷第 16 页，共 17 页
C ．The complexity of building genetic structures.
D ．The diversity of combining genetic instructions.
16 ．What does the underlined word “edible” in paragraph 5 mean
A ．Eatable. B ．Accessible. C ．Nutritious. D ．Widespread.
Passage 4（语法填空）
（2026·广东·二模）
阅读下面短文，在空白处填入 1 个适当的单词或括号内单词的正确形式。
Research has shown that a preference for sweet foods is associated 17 a kinder, more agreeable personality. The association can be seen in the language 18 (use) to
describe people who are nice or whom we love in some culture, such as “sweet”, “sweetie”, or “honey”.
These links can 19 (explain) based on the conceptual metaphor theory and the
center of 20 is that metaphors compare abstract concepts to more concrete fields to help understanding. In the theory, metaphoric mappings are cognitive association, often learned
through experience or a process of embodiment (具象化), 21 eventually allows people to think about or represent abstract concepts in terms that are more readily perceptible(可感知的), such as taste.
A new journal article published this week, 22 which I am a co-author, aimed to
examine whether the association between sweet taste preferences and agreeableness occurs across cultures. 23 (address) this question, the study surveyed 1,650 participants of different
cultural backgrounds.
The study found that agreeableness was 24 (significant) and positively connected with the two different measures of sweet taste preferences in all pared with ones
without a sweet tooth, people who like sweet foods are 25 (likely) to “sympathize with others’ feelings”, “take time out for others”, “have a soft heart”, and so on. Therefore, the study’s results suggest that people across cultures use sweet taste experiences to understand and
conceptualize a person’s inner 26 (warm) in line with theory framework.
试卷第 17 页，共 17 页
1 ．C 2 ．B 3 ．D 4 ．A
【导语】本文是一篇说明文。文章主要介绍研究人员发现部分狗狗能根据玩耍时的使用方式给玩具分类，还能将分类能力应用到新玩具上，并介绍了相关研究过程、特点及后续研究方向。
1 ．词句猜测题。根据第二段“In other words, a toy’s physical traits (特征) did not dictate how it would be used.(换句话说，玩具的物理特征并不能 dictate 它的使用方式)”以及前文“Toys were assigned to a category at random.(玩具被随机分配到某个类别)”可知，玩具的使用方式是随机分配的，与其本身的物理特征无关，即物理特征不能决定它的使用方式。由此猜测 dictate意为“决定” ，与 determine 意思相近。故选 C 项。
2 ．推理判断题。根据第三段“Then, owners and dogs played the same pull or throw game with
toys the dogs had not seen before. This time, the owners did not name the activities out loud.(然后，主人和狗狗用狗狗从未见过的玩具玩同样的拉扯或投掷游戏。这一次，主人没有大声说出活动名称)”以及第四段“Next, owners asked their dogs to ‘bring me a pull ’ or ‘bring me a throw ’
from a toy pile. This tested if the dogs applied the labels based on their play with that toy. These
dogs picked a new toy right most of the time.(接下来，主人让狗狗从一堆玩具中“给我拿一个用来拉扯的玩具”或“给我拿一个用来投掷的玩具” 。这测试了狗狗是否会根据与玩具的玩耍情况来应用这些分类标签。这些狗狗大多数时候都能正确选出新玩具)”可推断，新玩具游戏主要是为了测试狗狗将已掌握的分类能力迁移到新玩具上的可迁移能力。故选 B 项。
3．细节理解题。根据第五段“Previous animal studies that categorized things by their use relied on lab settings and formal training. ‘This is the first study exploring this cognitive skill in animals in their natural environment while making sure the dogs got only social cues (提示), ’ Fugazza
says.(以往关于动物根据用途分类事物的研究都依赖于实验室环境和正式训练。 Fugazza 说： “这是第一项在动物的自然环境中探索这种认知能力的研究，同时确保狗狗只获得社交提
示。”)”可知，这项新研究与早期研究的区别在于它避免了非自然的实验室环境，而是在狗狗的自然环境中进行。故选 D 项。
4 ．细节理解题。根据最后一段“Next, researchers may want to explore what other mental
categories these dogs can learn, and what brain activities underlie these abilities.(接下来，研究人员可能想探索这些狗狗还能学习其他哪些心理分类，以及这些能力背后的大脑活动是什么)”可知，研究人员接下来可能会探索狗狗还能以其他哪些心理方式给玩具分类。故选 A 项。
5 ．A 6 ．D 7 ．A 8 ．D
答案第 1 页，共 6 页
【导语】这是一篇说明文。文章介绍了记笔记的方法：随手记录想法再整理，其能加深记忆、促进思考，遵循两点原则，还能融合无关想法催生新创意。
5．词句猜测题。根据第一段“Sometimes, you can also carry a pocket notebook so that ideas that strike you while waiting for someone or travelling on a train can be recorded. Later, you can
transfer these jottings to your main notebook.(你也可以随身携带一个袖珍笔记本，以便记录下等人或乘火车时突然冒出的想法。之后，你可以把这些jottings转抄到你的主笔记本上。)”可知，jottings 指的是随手记下的简短笔记。故选 A 项。
6．细节理解题。根据第二段“The labor of copying them out gives you occasion to reflect deeply on them. As you slowly write, you have to pay attention to both the exact form and the content of what is being said. The act of writing impresses the words more deeply on your mind.(抄写这些
内容的过程，能让你有机会深入思考其内涵。当你缓缓书写时，既需关注表述的准确形式，也需留心其核心要义。书写这一行为，会让这些话语更深刻地铭记在你的脑海中。)”可知，记笔记的一个好处是能促进思考。故选 D 项。
7．推理判断题。根据第三段“What matters most is that it interests you. As Shakespeare once said, “No profit grows where no pleasure is taken.”(最重要的是这个想法能让你感兴趣。正如莎士比亚所说：“没有乐趣，就没有收获。”)”可知，作者引用莎士比亚的话是为了说明兴趣的重要性。故选 A 项。
8 ．细节理解题。根据最后一段“It is the mixing of these unrelated ideas — bringing together
things that usually do not go together — that makes your notebook a source of new ideas.(正是这些不相关想法的融合 —— 将通常不相关的事物结合在一起 —— 让你的笔记本成为新想法的源泉。)”可知，笔记本通过将不相关的想法联系起来帮助产生新想法。故选 D 项。
9 ．B 10 ．A 11 ．B 12 ．D
【导语】本文是一篇说明文，主要介绍了自 2015 年以来，现代科技推动中国高考进行深刻改革，从“ 能力导向”转向“素养导向”评价，在命题开发和考试评价等方面发挥了重要作用，且强调科技在高考改革中的作用是增强科学性和公平性，而非取代人类判断。
9．细节理解题。根据文章最后一段“Experts emphasize that technology’s role in Gaokao reform is not to replace human judgment but to enhance scientificity and equity. The China Gaokao
Evaluation Framework highlights that technological applications should align with curriculum standards and talent selection goals, ensuring that evaluations truly reflect students ’
comprehensive competencies. From AI-assisted proposition to data-driven process evaluation,
答案第 2 页，共 6 页
technology has become a cornerstone of Gaokao’s transformation toward more inclusive and
quality-oriented education(专家强调，科技在高考改革中的作用不是取代人类的判断，而是增强科学性和公平性。从人工智能辅助命题到数据驱动的过程评价，科技已成为高考向更具包容性和以质量为导向的教育转型的基石)”可知，将现代技术应用于高考改革的主要目标是使高考更加科学和包容。故选 B 项。
10 ．推理判断题。根据文章第二段“In the field of proposition development, large language
models (LLMs) (大语言模型) have emerged as a key tool since 2020. A 2025 study published in educational technology journals showed that LLMs can generate basic subject questions with an
accuracy rate of over 87% for subjects like mathematics and Chinese, and have been piloted in
regional mock exams(在命题开发领域，自 2020 年以来，大语言模型（LLMs）已成为关键工具。2025 年发表在教育技术期刊上的一项研究表明，大语言模型可以为数学和语文等学科生成准确率超过 87%的基础学科问题，并已在地区模拟考试中进行试点)”可知，2025 年发表在教育技术期刊上的一项研究表明，大语言模型可以为数学和语文等学科生成准确率超过87%的基础学科问题，并已在地区模拟考试中进行试点，可推理出在用于高考命题之前，大语言模型在教育领域的最初目的是为学生开发人工智能辅导系统，之后才应用到命题开发领域。故选 A 项。
11 ．细节理解题。根据文章第三段“Supported by big data analytics, process-oriented evaluation tracks indicators like homework burden, class participation, and sleep quality through regular
surveys, providing schools with targeted improvement suggestions. For instance, Hangzhou’s
Jianggan District conducts semesterly monitoring of students ’ learning processes, and data
analysis has helped reduce excessive homework and improve teaching effectiveness(在大数据分析的支持下，过程性评价通过定期调查跟踪作业负担、课堂参与度和睡眠质量等指标，为学校提供有针对性的改进建议。例如，杭州市江干区每学期对学生的学习过程进行监测，数据分析有助于减少过多的作业，提高教学效果)”可知，过程性评价通过跟踪学生的学习过程并提供有针对性的建议来帮助学校提高教学质量。故选 B 项。
12．推理判断题。根据文章最后一段“Experts emphasize that technology’s role in Gaokao reform is not to replace human judgment but to enhance scientificity and equity. The China Gaokao
Evaluation Framework highlights that technological applications should align with curriculum
standards and talent selection goals, ensuring that evaluations truly reflect students ’
comprehensive competencies(专家强调，科技在高考改革中的作用不是取代人类的判断，而
答案第 3 页，共 6 页
是增强科学性和公平性。《中国高考评价体系》强调，技术应用应与课程标准和人才选拔目标相一致，确保评价真正反映学生的综合能力)”可知，科技与人类专业知识相结合可以提高高考命题的科学性。故选 D 项。
13 ．C 14 ．B 15 ．D 16 ．A
【导语】这是一篇说明文。文章介绍了浙江大学的范鹏翔团队开展的一项基因研究，该研究通过对植物叶片的基因进行改造，让植物能合成原本仅存在于肉类等动物制品中的营养物质，既有望满足素食者的全面营养需求，还能降低对环境的影响。
13 ．细节理解题。根据第一段“But our bodies need some nutrients that can be found only in
animal products, such as meat. Now, researchers have made changes to the genes in leaves so that plants can make some of these nutrients. This might one day let worldwide vegetarians rely on
plants for the full range of nutrients their bodies need. says Pengxiang Fan (但是我们的身体需要一些仅存在于肉类等动物制品中的营养物质，如今研究人员通过改造植物叶片的基因，让植物能合成这类营养物质。范鹏翔表示，这或许有一天能让全球的素食者仅依靠植物就能获取身体所需的全部营养)”可知，范鹏翔团队开展这项研究的目的，是让植物能够合成原本仅存在于肉类中的营养物质。故选 C。
14 ．推理判断题。根据第二段“To produce the animal-type nutrients, plant leaves need enzymes they don’t normally have. Enzymes are proteins that speed up chemical reactions inside living
things. In this case, they need enzymes that help turn certain amino acids — the building blocks of proteins— into nutrients normally found only in meat (植物叶片要合成动物类营养物质，需要其本身并不具备的酶，酶是能加速生物体内化学反应的蛋白质，在这项研究中，植物需要这类酶将特定氨基酸转化为原本仅存在于肉类中的营养物质)”可知，酶是植物合成这类特殊营养物质的关键，没有对应的酶，该转化过程就无法完成，由此可推断酶在营养物质的合成过程中起着至关重要的作用。故选 B。
15 ．推理判断题。根据第三段“The team prepare multiple sets of genetic instructions. The sets differ in which amino acids and nutrients they can make. By combining the sets in different ways
— like combining Lego blocks to build different structures — the instructions would allow plants to make different nutrients (该团队准备了多套基因指令，每套指令合成的氨基酸和营养物质各不相同，通过不同的方式组合这些指令，就像拼接乐高积木搭建出不同的造型一样，能让植物合成不同的营养物质)”可知，作者将组合基因指令比作拼接乐高积木，是为了形象地说明基因指令的组合方式具有多样性，不同的组合方式能实现不同的营养合成效果。故选 D。
答案第 4 页，共 6 页
16 ．词句猜测题。根据第五段“The plants used to test this technique aren’t edible at present. Fan hopes to try adding such nutrient-making enzymes to crops one day (目前用于测试这项技术的
植物还并非 edible ，范希望未来能尝试将这种合成营养物质的酶植入农作物中)” ，结合后文提及该技术应用于果蔬前需保障饮食安全可知，现阶段试验用的植物还不能直接用于食用，而研究的后续方向是将技术应用于可食用的农作物，由此可推断“edible” 的意思是“可食用
的” 。故选 A。
17 ．with 18 ．used 19 ．be explained 20 ．it 21 ．which 22 ．of 23 ．To
address 24 ．significantly 25 ．more likely 26 ．warmth
【导语】本文是一篇说明文。研究表明对甜食的偏好与更友善的性格有关，文章基于概念隐喻理论对此进行解释，并通过研究调查不同文化背景的人，验证了甜味偏好与随和性之间的关联。
17．考查介词。句意：研究表明，对甜食的偏好与更友善、更随和的性格有关。结合句意表示“与 有关”短语为 be associated with 。故填 with。
18．考查非谓语动词。句意：在一些文化中，这种联系可以在用来描述善良或我们爱的人的语言中看到，比如“sweet” 、“sweetie”或“honey” 。句中 can be seen 为句中谓语，设空处使用非谓语动词，use 与逻辑主语 language 构成被动关系，故用过去分词作后置定语。故填
used。
19．考查动词语态。句意：这些联系可以根据概念隐喻理论来解释，其核心是将抽象概念与更具体的领域进行比较，以帮助理解。主语与谓语构成被动关系，且 can 后跟动词原形。故填 be explained。
20．考查代词。句意：同上。设空处使用代词作宾语，此处指代上文提到的 conceptual metaphor theory ，应用代词 it 。故填 it。
21．考查定语从句。句意：在隐喻映射理论中，隐喻映射是一种认知联想，通常是通过经验或具象化过程习得的，这最终使人们能够用更容易感知的术语来思考或表示抽象概念，比如味道。此处为非限制性定语从句修饰先行词 cognitive association ，先行词在从句中作主语，指物，故用关系代词 which 引导。故填 which。
22．考查介词。句意：我参与撰写的一篇新期刊文章本周发表，旨在研究甜味偏好与随和性之间的关联是否存在于不同文化中。结合句意表示“参与撰写”短语为 be a co-author of，此处构成介词+关系代词的结构，引导非限制性定语从句。故填 of。
答案第 5 页，共 6 页
23 ．考查非谓语动词。句意：为了解决这个问题，研究调查了 1650 名不同文化背景的参与者。句中 surveyed 为谓语动词，设空处使用非谓语动词，此处表示“为了去解决问题”故使用不定式作目的状语。句首单词首字母要大写。故填 To address。
24．考查副词。句意：研究发现，在所有样本中，随和性与两种不同的甜味偏好测量方法显著正相关。设空处使用副词与后文positively 构成并列作状语修饰connected。故填significantly。
25 ．考查形容词比较级。句意：与不喜欢甜食的人相比，喜欢甜食的人更有可能“ 同情他人的感受”、“为他人抽出时间”、“ 心肠软”等等。根据后文“sympathize with others ’ feelings”, “take time out for others”, “have a soft heart”可知喜欢甜食的人更有可能“ 同情他人的感受” 、“为他人抽出时间” 、“ 心肠软” ，应用比较级 more likely 。故填 more likely。
26．考查名词。句意：因此，该研究的结果表明，不同文化背景的人根据理论框架，用甜味体验来理解和概念化一个人的内心温暖。作宾语，表示“温暖”应用名词 warmth ，不可数。
故填 warmth。
答案第 6 页，共 6 页
[2026 届湖北省武汉市高三元月调考] A few days after the fire started, a friend shared a video with her of a Los Angeles artist offering to create, for free, watercolor paintings of people’s homes before they were scorched.
【句子分析】
本句是复合句。主句：a friend shared a video with her。
① "A few days after the fire started" 是时间状语从句，after 为连词，引导从句修饰主句动作发生的时间。
② "of a Los Angeles artist offering to create..." 是介词短语作后置定语，修饰 video；其中"offering to create..."是现在分词短语作 artist 的后置定语。
③ "for free" 是插入语，补充说明 create 的方式。
④ "before they were scorched" 是时间状语从句，before 为连词，修饰 create 的时间背景；they指代 people’s homes。
翻译：
火灾发生几天后，一位朋友给她分享了一段视频，视频中一位洛杉矶艺术家主动提出免费为人们创作家园被烧焦前的水彩画。
[英语一模保分卷 02（江苏专用）] The identification resolves a decades-old question surrounding the name “Kwang Han-Hwang” recorded in The Diaries of John Rabe.
【句子分析】
本句是简单句。主句：The identification resolves a decades-old question。
① "surrounding the name..." 是现在分词短语作后置定语，修饰 question。
② "recorded in The Diaries of John Rabe" 是过去分词短语作后置定语，修饰 name "Kwang
Han-Hwang"。
③ "decades-old" 是复合形容词，作定语修饰 question，意为"数十年的"。
翻译：
试卷第 1 页，共 17 页
这一身份确认解决了围绕《拉贝日记》中记载的"Kwang Han-Hwang"这一名字的数十年疑问。 [2026 届辽宁省沈阳市高三一模] The real victory wasn’t conquering the mountain; it was
silencing the frantic voice in my head that measured everything by a final destination.
【句子分析】
本句是并列复合句，由分号连接两个并列分句。
① 第一个分句：The real victory wasn’t conquering the mountain ；动名词短语 conquering the mountain 作表语。
② 第二个分句：it was silencing the frantic voice... ；其中"silencing the frantic voice"是动名词短语作表语。
③ "in my head" 是介词短语作后置定语，修饰 voice。
④ "that measured everything by a final destination" 是定语从句，修饰 voice，that 在从句中作主语。
翻译：
真正的胜利不是征服这座山，而是平息我脑海里那个用最终目标衡量一切的焦躁声音。 [2026 届河北省沧州市沧县中学高三上学期一模] However, the phrase “overhead lighting” has become a catch-all for many types of lighting people don’t like: recessed lights, boob
lights, LED wafer lights and whatever other ceiling fixtures are on the outs.
【句子分析】
本句是复合句。主句：the phrase “overhead lighting” has become a catch-all。
① "for many types of lighting people don’t like" 是介词短语作后置定语，修饰 catch-all；其中"people don’t like"是省略关系代词 that 的定语从句，修饰 lighting。
② 冒号后的内容"recessed lights...on the outs"是同位语，解释说明 many types of lighting。
③ "whatever other ceiling fixtures are on the outs" 是宾语从句，作 including 的宾语（省略了including）。
④ "on the outs" 是固定短语，意为"不受欢迎，不流行"。
翻译：
然而，"头顶照明"一词已成为许多人们不喜欢的照明类型的统称：嵌入式灯、球形灯、LED平板灯以及其他任何不受欢迎的天花板灯具。
[2026 届广东省惠州市二模] To compare the effectiveness of handwritten and typed classroom notes, Pam Mueller from Princeton and Daniel Oppenheimer from UCLA
试卷第 2 页，共 17 页
conducted experiments in a simulated classroom environment, where groups of students watched video lectures and took notes either by hand or on laptops, with the Internet
switched off and other programs disabled to avoid distraction.
【句子分析】
本句是复合句。主句：Pam Mueller and Daniel Oppenheimer conducted experiments。
① "To compare the effectiveness..." 是不定式短语作 目的状语。
② "from Princeton" 和 "from UCLA" 是介词短语作后置定语，分别修饰 Pam Mueller 和Daniel Oppenheimer。
③ "in a simulated classroom environment" 是介词短语作地点状语。
④ "where groups of students...distraction" 是定语从句，修饰 environment，where 在从句中作地点状语。
⑤ "with the Internet switched off and other programs disabled" 是 with 复合结构作伴随状语，其中 switched off 和 disabled 是过去分词作宾补。
⑥ "to avoid distraction" 是不定式短语作 目的状语。
翻译：
为了比较手写和打字课堂笔记的效果，普林斯顿大学的帕姆·穆勒和加州大学洛杉矶分校的
丹尼尔·奥彭海默在模拟课堂环境中进行了实验。在实验中，学生们分成小组观看视频讲座，并以手写或在笔记本电脑上记录笔记，同时关闭了网络并禁用了其他程序以避免分心。
[2026 届河北省石家庄市高考信息巩固] This study examined decades of scattered research, providing for the first time a clear and comprehensive overview of when, where and why art viewing is used to promote well-being.
【句子分析】
本句是简单句。主句：This study examined decades of scattered research。
① "providing...well-being" 是现在分词短语作结果状语。
② "for the first time" 是插入语。
③ "of when, where and why art viewing is used to promote well-being" 是介词短语作后置定语，修饰 overview ；其中"when, where and why art viewing is used to promote well-being"是宾语从句，作 of 的宾语。
④ "to promote well-being" 是不定式短语作 目的状语，修饰 is used。
翻译：
试卷第 3 页，共 17 页
这项研究对数十年来的零散研究进行了梳理，首次清晰且全面地概述了在何时、何地以及为何观赏艺术被用于促进幸福感。
[河北省部分地区 2025-2026 学年高三上学期 1 月] Interoception — the brain’s ability to track internal bodily signals like heartbeat, hunger, and breath — has emerged as a silent architect of mental health.
【句子分析】
本句是简单句。主句：Interoception has emerged as a silent architect of mental health。
① 破折号之间的内容"the brain’s ability...and breath"是同位语，解释说明 Interoception。
② "to track internal bodily signals" 是不定式短语作后置定语，修饰 ability。
③ "like heartbeat, hunger, and breath" 是介词短语作后置定语，修饰 signals。
④ "as a silent architect of mental health" 是介词短语作主语补足语，说明 emerged 的状态。
翻译：
内感受——大脑追踪心跳、饥饿和呼吸等内部身体信号的能力——已成为心理健康的无声构建者。
[河北省部分地区 2025-2026 学年高三上学期 1 月] A long-standing hypothesis in cognitive science holds that the language we speak influences our perception of time and further
shapes our future-related decisions.
【句子分析】
本句是复合句。主句：A long-standing hypothesis holds that...。
① "in cognitive science" 是介词短语作后置定语，修饰 hypothesis。
② "that the language...decisions" 是宾语从句，作 holds 的宾语。
③ "we speak" 是省略关系代词 that 的定语从句，修饰 language。
④ "our perception of time" 和 "our future-related decisions" 是并列宾语，作 influences 和shapes 的宾语。
⑤ "future-related" 是复合形容词，作定语修饰 decisions。
翻译：
认知科学中一个长期存在的假设认为，我们所说的语言会影响我们对时间的感知，并进一步塑造我们与未来相关的决策。
[2026 届河北省石家庄市高考信息巩固] One theoretical way to shrink something would be to reduce the size of its atoms. An atom’s size depends on several fundamental constants. Those
试卷第 4 页，共 17 页
constants don’t change. Tweaking them would require breaking the laws of physics.
【句子分析】
本句是四个简单句构成的并列句（通过句号连接）。
① 第一句：One theoretical way to shrink something would be to reduce the size of its atoms。其中"to shrink something"是不定式短语作后置定语修饰 way；"to reduce the size of its atoms"是不定式短语作表语。
② 第二句：An atom’s size depends on several fundamental constants 。"fundamental"是形容词作定语修饰 constants。
③ 第三句：Those constants don’t change 。主谓结构。
④ 第四句：Tweaking them would require breaking the laws of physics 。动名词短语 Tweaking them 作主语；breaking the laws of physics 作宾语。
翻译：
缩小物体的一种理论方法是缩小其原子的尺寸。原子的尺寸取决于几个基本常数。这些常数不会改变。若要对其调整，就需要打破物理定律。
[2026 届湖北省武汉市高三元月调考] The mosquitoes Knox drops into the forest are males, so they don’t bite or transmit disease. They’ve been raised in a lab and bred to carry a
natural bacteria that prevents them from reproducing with wild females.
【句子分析】
本句是由 so 连接的并列复合句。
① 第一分句：The mosquitoes Knox drops into the forest are males 。其中"Knox drops into the forest"是省略关系代词 that 的定语从句，修饰 mosquitoes。
② 第二分句：they don’t bite or transmit disease 。由 or 连接的并列谓语。
③ 第三句：They’ve been raised in a lab and bred to carry a natural bacteria...。现在完成时的被动语态；"to carry a natural bacteria"是不定式短语作 目的状语。
④ "that prevents them from reproducing with wild females" 是定语从句，修饰 bacteria，that 在从句中作主语；"prevent...from doing sth"是固定搭配，意为" 阻止 做某事"。
翻译：
诺克斯投放到森林里的蚊子是雄性的，所以它们不会叮咬或传播疾病。它们是在实验室里饲养的，并被培育成携带一种天然细菌，这种细菌可以防止它们与野生雌性蚊子繁殖。
[2026 届四川省巴中市一模] Refined carbohydrates can produce spikes in blood sugar,
试卷第 5 页，共 17 页
which the body counters by releasing insulin. The response can drive sugar levels too low, a condition called hypoglycemia and affect blood flow and skin appearance.
【句子分析】
本句是两个并列句。
① 第一句：Refined carbohydrates can produce spikes in blood sugar, which the body counters by releasing insulin。其中"which the body counters by releasing insulin"是定语从句，修饰spikes， which 在从句中作宾语；"by releasing insulin"是介词短语作方式状语。
② 第二句：The response can drive sugar levels too low, a condition called hypoglycemia and affect blood flow and skin appearance。其中"a condition called hypoglycemia"是同位语，解释说明 sugar levels too low；"called hypoglycemia"是过去分词短语作后置定语修饰 condition； "drive"和"affect"是并列谓语。
翻译：
精制碳水化合物会导致血糖飙升，身体通过释放胰岛素来应对这种情况。这种反应会使血糖水平过低，即一种称为低血糖的状况，并影响血液流动和皮肤外观。
[2026 届重庆市九龙坡区一模] The Perseverance Rover, which touched down on the Martian surface in 2021, was sent to search for signs of biology. It has spent the last four years
exploring a region called the Jezero Crater, which was once an ancient lake with a river flowing into it.
【句子分析】
本句是两个复合句构成的并列句。
① 第一句：The Perseverance Rover, which touched down on the Martian surface in 2021, was sent to search for signs of biology。其中"which touched down...in 2021"是定语从句，修饰 The Perseverance Rover ；"to search for signs of biology"是不定式短语作 目的状语。
② 第二句：It has spent the last four years exploring a region called the Jezero Crater, which was once an ancient lake with a river flowing into it 。"spent...exploring..."是固定搭配，意为"花费时间做某事" ；"called the Jezero Crater"是过去分词短语作后置定语修饰 region ；"which was
once...into it"是定语从句，修饰 the Jezero Crater ；"with a river flowing into it"是 with 复合结构作后置定语，修饰 lake。
翻译：
"毅力号"火星车于 2021 年在火星表面着陆，其任务是寻找生物迹象。在过去四年中，它一
试卷第 6 页，共 17 页
直在探索一个名为耶泽罗陨石坑的区域，那里曾经是一个古老的湖泊，有一条河流流入其中。 [2026 届广东省惠州市二模] The researchers were able to come up with a cheaper and more renewable battery which is 99.7% energy efficient even after 1000 battery cycles. That is
about 400 hours. Further, they found that the batteries can break down in soil in five months.
【句子分析】
本句是三个简单句构成的并列句。
① 第一句：The researchers were able to come up with a cheaper and more renewable battery which is 99.7% energy efficient even after 1000 battery cycles 。其中"which is 99.7% energy efficient...cycles"是定语从句，修饰 battery ；"even after 1000 battery cycles"是让步状语。
② 第二句：That is about 400 hours 。That 指代上文的 1000 battery cycles。
③ 第三句：Further, they found that the batteries can break down in soil in five months。其中"that the batteries...in five months"是宾语从句，作 found 的宾语；"in soil"和"in five months"是介词短语作地点和时间状语。
翻译：
研究人员研发出了一种更便宜、更可再生的电池，即使经过 1000 次充放电循环，能效仍达99.7% ，约合 400 小时。此外，他们发现这种电池能在土壤中五个月内降解。
[2026 届湖北省荆州市高三上学期一模] A 2023 University of Utah study added weight to this: researchers analyzed brain scans of over 1,000 young people, dividing the brain into 7,000 regions to check for “sidedness” linked to personality.
【句子分析】
本句是复合句。主句：A 2023 University of Utah study added weight to this。
① 冒号后的内容"researchers analyzed...personality"是同位语，解释说明 this。
② "dividing the brain into 7,000 regions" 是现在分词短语作伴随状语。
③ "to check for 'sidedness' linked to personality" 是不定式短语作 目的状语；其中"linked to personality"是过去分词短语作后置定语修饰"sidedness"。
④ "added weight to" 是固定短语，意为"为 提供支持"。
翻译：
犹他大学 2023 年的一项研究为此提供了有力佐证：研究人员分析了 1000 多名年轻人的脑部扫描图像，将大脑划分为 7000 个区域，以探究与人格相关的"大脑偏侧性" 。
试卷第 7 页，共 17 页
[2026 届高三上学期 1 月模拟考试英] Rather than setting rigid rules, experts suggest families fit screens into the fabric of daily routines in ways that enhance, rather than take away from, shared experiences and individual growth.
【句子分析】
本句是复合句。主句：experts suggest families fit screens into the fabric of daily routines。
① "Rather than setting rigid rules" 是介词短语作状语，rather than 后接动名词。
② "in ways that enhance...individual growth" 是介词短语作方式状语；其中"that enhance...individual growth"是定语从句，修饰 ways ，that 在从句中作主语。
③ "rather than take away from" 是插入语，连接 enhance 和 take away from 两个并列谓语。
④ "shared experiences and individual growth" 是并列宾语，作 enhance 和 take away from 的宾语。
翻译：
专家建议，家庭不应制定僵化的规则，而应将屏幕使用融入日常生活的肌理之中——以能增进（而非削弱）共享体验与个人成长的方式进行。
[2026 届湖南省株洲市高三上学期教学质量统一检测（一模）] The team first pushed back the time at which the finches were exposed to sudden bright light to 3 hours later than the actual dawn. The birds were awake but stayed silent in the artificial darkness, and when the lights eventually did come on, the birds sang more intensely than usual.
【句子分析】
本句是两个复合句构成的并列句。
① 第一句：The team first pushed back the time at which the finches were exposed to sudden
bright light to 3 hours later than the actual dawn。其中"at which the finches were exposed to
sudden bright light"是定语从句，修饰 time；"to 3 hours later than the actual dawn"是介词短语作状语，表程度。
② 第二句：The birds were awake but stayed silent in the artificial darkness, and when the lights eventually did come on, the birds sang more intensely than usual。由 and 连接两个并列分句；前一分句包含由 but 连接的并列谓语；后一分句中"when the lights eventually did come on"是时间状语从句；"more intensely than usual"是比较状语。
翻译：
该团队首先将斑胸草雀接触强光的时间推迟了 3 个小时，使其比实际日出时间晚 3 个小时。
试卷第 8 页，共 17 页
[2026 届四川省绵阳市高三上学期二模] A research team at BetterUp Labs has identified one
possible reason: employees are using AI tools to create low-effort, passable looking work that ends up creating more work for their coworkers, a phenomenon referred to as
“workshop”.
【句子分析】
本句是复合句。主句：A research team has identified one possible reason。
① "at BetterUp Labs" 是介词短语作后置定语，修饰 team。
② 冒号后的内容"employees are using...'workshop'"是同位语，解释说明 reason。
③ "to create low-effort, passable looking work" 是不定式短语作 目的状语。
④ "that ends up creating more work for their coworkers" 是定语从句，修饰 work，that 在从句中作主语；"end up doing sth"是固定搭配，意为"最终做某事"。
⑤ "a phenomenon referred to as 'workshop'" 是同位语，解释说明前面整个句子描述的情况； "referred to as 'workshop'"是过去分词短语作后置定语修饰 phenomenon。
翻译：
BetterUp 实验室的一个研究团队已经确定了一个可能的原因：员工正在使用人工智能工具创建低投入、看似合格的工作成果，最终给同事带来更多工作，这种现象被称为"敷衍式 AI 工作成果" 。
[2026 届高三上学期 1 月模拟考试] The sensor integrates a bio-inspired system to collect
sweat, an advanced electrochemical sensing platform to detect biomarkers, an on-site signal processing circuit to turn raw data into meaningful metrics, and custom software for
real-time data visualization.
【句子分析】
本句是简单句。主句：The sensor integrates a bio-inspired system, an advanced electrochemical sensing platform, an on-site signal processing circuit, and custom software。
① 四个并列宾语：a bio-inspired system, an advanced electrochemical sensing platform, an on-site signal processing circuit, and custom software。
② "to collect sweat" 是不定式短语作后置定语，修饰 system。
③ "to detect biomarkers" 是不定式短语作后置定语，修饰 platform。
④ "to turn raw data into meaningful metrics" 是不定式短语作后置定语，修饰 circuit；
鸟儿们在人工黑暗中虽然醒着但保持沉默，当灯光最终亮起时，它们的鸣叫比平时更加激烈。
试卷第 9 页，共 17 页
"turn...into..."是固定搭配，意为"将 转化为 "。
⑤ "for real-time data visualization" 是介词短语作后置定语，修饰 software。
翻译：
该传感器集成了一个用于收集汗液的仿生系统、一个用于检测生物标志物的先进电化学传感平台、一个用于将原始数据转化为有意义指标的现场信号处理电路，以及用于实时数据可视化的定制软件。
[2026 届高三上学期 1 月模拟考试] It’s a reminder that these moments that I’m suddenly grateful for or these opportunities that I’m suddenly ready to seize were here for much
longer than I was able to appreciate them, and that in my next phase of life, it’s worth slowing down to make the most of what I have.
【句子分析】
本句是复合句。主句：It’s a reminder that...and that...。
① 两个并列的同位语从句：that these moments...appreciate them 和 that in my next phase...what I have ，解释说明 reminder。
② 第一个同位语从句中："that I’m suddenly grateful for" 是定语从句，修饰 moments ；"that I’m suddenly ready to seize" 是定语从句，修饰 opportunities ；"longer than I was able to
appreciate them" 是比较状语从句。
③ 第二个同位语从句中："in my next phase of life" 是介词短语作状语；"to make the most of what I have" 是不定式短语作 目的状语；"what I have" 是宾语从句，作 make the most of 的宾语。
翻译：
这提醒我们，那些让我突然心怀感激的时刻，或者那些我突然准备好要抓住的机会，其实一直存在的时间比我能够充分领略它们的美好所要长得多。而在我人生的下一个阶段，值得我们放慢脚步，充分利用我们所拥有的。
[英语一模突破卷 05（浙江专用）] It demonstrates that conscious processing can occur without a cerebral cortex and different brain structures can achieve similar functional outcomes.
【句子分析】
本句是复合句。主句：It demonstrates that...and that...。
① 两个并列的宾语从句：that conscious processing can occur without a cerebral cortex 和 that
试卷第 10 页，共 17 页
different brain structures can achieve similar functional outcomes，作 demonstrates 的宾语。
② 第一个宾语从句中："without a cerebral cortex" 是介词短语作状语。
③ 第二个宾语从句中："similar functional outcomes" 是名词短语作宾语；"functional"是形容词作定语修饰 outcomes。
翻译：
这表明没有大脑皮层也可以发生意识处理，不同的脑结构可以实现相似的功能结果。
建议用时：45min
Passage 1（阅读理解）
（2026·重庆·一模）
“Where’s your squeaky ball Bring me your panda bear! ” It’s not unusual for dogs to learn the names of their favorite toys. But some dogs can categorize toys by how they’re used during
play, researchers now report. They can even decide what category a new toy should be in, based on how it’s used. And that’s without any verbal or physical clues.
The team, led by Claudia Fugazza ofE tv s Loránd University, recruited 11 dogs and their owners to take part in the new study. Each dog was studied at home. First, owners played games
with their dogs: either “pull” (tug-of-war) or “throw (fetch).” During each game, the owner
repeatedly said the category out loud. Toys were assigned to a category at random. In other words, a toy’s physical traits (特征) did not dictate how it would be used. Game playing continued until the dogs related each toy to either “pull” or “throw.”
Then, owners and dogs played the same pull or throw game with toys the dogs had not seen before. This time, the owners did not name the activities out loud.
Next, owners asked their dogs to “bring me a pull” or “bring me a throw” from a toy pile. This tested if the dogs applied the labels based on their play with that toy. These dogs picked a new toy right most of the time.
Previous animal studies that categorized things by their use relied on lab settings and formal training. “This is the first study exploring this cognitive skill in animals in their natural
试卷第 11 页，共 17 页
environment while making sure the dogs got only social cues (提示),” Fugazza says.
Fugazza says the new study doesn’t show that all dogs have this functional-labeling skill. “But,” she adds, “I wouldn’t exclude that.” Next, researchers may want to explore what other
mental categories these dogs can learn, and what brain activities underlie these abilities.
1 ．What does the underlined word “dictate” in Paragraph 2 probably mean
A ．Hide. B ．Change. C ．Determine. D ．Contradict.
2 ．The new-toy games were mainly designed to test dogs’ .
A ．emotional sensitivity B ．transferable abilities
C ．problem-solving speed D ．resistance to distractions
3 ．What distinguishes the new study from earlier ones
A ．It involved new toys. B ．It excluded social cues.
C ．It required stricter drills. D ．It avoided unnatural settings.
4 ．What may researchers explore next
A ．How else can dogs sort toys
B ．Which kind of dogs can label toys
C ．Why can some dogs learn toy names
D ．What other cues affect dogs’ brain activities
Passage 2（阅读理解）
（2026·四川绵阳·二模）
You have probably had the experience of waking up in the middle of the night with an idea. It was such a good one that you told yourself to remember it the next morning. But, like the
memory of your dreams, it fades fast away. One practical step you can take now is to keep a pencil or pad by your bed. Sometimes, you can also carry a pocket notebook so that ideas that strike you while waiting for someone or travelling on a train can be recorded. Later, you can transfer these jottings to your main notebook.
Apart from extending memory, the practice of keeping a notebook of those materials has one fairly obvious further benefit. The labor of copying them out gives you occasion to reflect
deeply on them. As you slowly write, you have to pay attention to both the exact form and the
content of what is being said. The act of writing impresses the words more deeply on your mind.
试卷第 12 页，共 17 页
There are two important principles in keeping a notebook as a tool for creative thinking.
First, write down ideas in the order they come to you. Give each idea a short title and, if possible, add the date. Do not try to organize everything too carefully, such as putting notes on cards or
arranging them in alphabetical order. The second principle is to note down whatever impresses you as stimulating, interesting or memorable. At this stage, it does not matter whether the idea is right or wrong. What matters most is that it interests you. As Shakespeare once said, “No profit grows where no pleasure is taken.”
In this form, your notebook is a very useful tool for creative thinking on a variety of
subjects that concern you, for this method brings together very diverse materials. When you look through your notebook, you will begin to notice various groups of links and connections. It is the mixing of these unrelated ideas—bringing together things that usually do not go together—that makes your notebook a source of new ideas.
5 ．What does the underlined word “jottings” in paragraph 1 probably mean
A ．Short written notes. B ．Careful long records.
C ．Personal daily diaries. D ．Printed study materials.
6 ．What is a benefit of keeping a notebook
A ．It encourages labor. B ．It shifts attention.
C ．It weakens memory. D ．It facilitates thinking.
7 ．What does the author try to illustrate by mentioning Shakespeare’s words in paragraph 3
A ．The importance of interest. B ．The pleasure of profit.
C ．The arrangement of entries. D ．The impression of ideas.
8 ．How does the notebook help generate new thoughts
A ．By recording one type of subjects. B ．By deleting disordered connections.
C ．By organizing notes alphabetically. D ．By linking unrelated ideas together.
Passage 3（阅读理解）
（2026·江苏·一模）
Since 2015, China’s college entrance examination (Gaokao) has undergone profound
reforms driven by modern technology, shifting from “ability-oriented” to “competency-oriented” evaluation. This transformation, guided by the China Gaokao Evaluation Framework, has been
试卷第 13 页，共 17 页
strongly supported by technological innovations such as artificial intelligence (AI) and big data, reshaping both question design and comprehensive assessment systems.
In the field of proposition development, large language models (LLMs) (大语言模型) have emerged as a key tool since 2020. A 2025 study published in educational technology journals
showed that LLMs can generate basic subject questions with an accuracy rate of over 87% for
subjects like mathematics and Chinese, and have been piloted in regional mock exams. For
example, a provincial educational research center used AI to generate 30% of the test questions for a 2025 spring mock exam, shortening the proposition cycle by 42% while maintaining high
quality after expert revision. Beyond efficiency, technology has facilitated the design of
innovative question types. Researchers like Ren Zichao and Chen Ang developed five new question types (including multiple-select questions and ill-structured problems) through
large-scale trials involving 4,205 students between 2015 and 2019, which effectively assess
critical thinking and practical application abilities. These questions, such as ill-structured math problems that require students to select their own solution conditions, have been officially
included in Gaokao papers since 2020.
In terms of exam evaluation, technology has promoted the shift from “result-only”
assessment to process-oriented evaluation (过程性评价). Zhejiang Province, a national education evaluation reform pilot, has built a “three-dimensional evaluation system” integrating structural,
process, and result quality since 2013. Supported by big data analytics, process-oriented
evaluation tracks indicators like homework burden, class participation, and sleep quality through regular surveys, providing schools with targeted improvement suggestions. For instance,
Hangzhou’s Jianggan District conducts semesterly monitoring of students’ learning processes, and data analysis has helped reduce excessive homework and improve teaching effectiveness.
Meanwhile, AI has been embedded in Gaokao’s competency assessment — 2025 Gaokao Chinese papers, though not explicitly mentioning AI, tested logical thinking and information integration
abilities essential for AI-era learning by simulating AI training scenarios.
Experts emphasize that technology’s role in Gaokao reform is not to replace human
judgment but to enhance scientificity and equity. The China Gaokao Evaluation Framework highlights that technological applications should align with curriculum standards and talent
selection goals, ensuring that evaluations truly reflect students’ comprehensive competencies.
试卷第 14 页，共 17 页
From AI-assisted proposition to data-driven process evaluation, technology has become a
cornerstone of Gaokao’s transformation toward more inclusive and quality-oriented education.
9 ．What is the main goal of applying modern technology to Gaokao reform
A ．To replace human experts in question design entirely
B ．To make Gaokao more scientific and inclusive
C ．To reduce the difficulty of Gaokao questions
D ．To focus only on students’ final test scores
10．What was the initial purpose of large language models (LLMs) in education before being used for Gaokao proposition
A ．To develop AI tutoring systems for students
B ．To generate basic subject questions efficiently
C ．To analyze students’ daily learning data
D ．To design online course frameworks
11 ．How does process-oriented evaluation help schools improve teaching quality
A ．By ranking schools based on Gaokao admission rates
B ．By tracking students’ learning processes and providing targeted suggestions
C ．By reducing the number of exams students take each semester
D ．By focusing only on students’ homework completion rates
12 ．What can be inferred from experts’ opinions on technology in Gaokao reform
A ．Technology should take priority over educational principles.
B ．Technology will completely replace human judgment in Gaokao.
C ．Traditional question types will be eliminated in future Gaokao papers.
D ．Tech and human expertise improve Gaokao proposition’s scientificity.
Passage 3（阅读理解）
（2026·湖南株洲·一模）
Vegetables pack lots of nutrients. But our bodies need some nutrients that can be found
only in animal products, such as meat. Now, researchers have made changes to the genes in leaves so that plants can make some of these nutrients. “This might one day let worldwide vegetarians
(素食者) rely on plants for the full range of nutrients their bodies need.” says Pengxiang Fan, a
试卷第 15 页，共 17 页
biochemist, who works on the goal at Zhejiang University in Hangzhou.
To produce the animal-type nutrients, plant leaves need enzymes (酶) they don’t normally have. Enzymes are proteins that speed up chemical reactions inside living things. In this case, they need enzymes that help turn certain amino acids — the building blocks of proteins — into
nutrients normally found only in meat.
Fan is part of a team that put genetic instructions for making these animal-based enzymes into a bacterium, which can transport genes to plants. The team prepare multiple sets of genetic instructions. The sets differ in which amino acids and nutrients they can make. By combining the sets in different ways — like combining Lego blocks to build different structures — the
instructions would allow plants to make different nutrients. Which nutrient the leaves make depends on which genetic instructions they have received.
Putting the genetic instructions into a leaf to change its genes takes just a few days. That’s a lot faster than the typical approach for testing genetic changes to plants. If plants are grown in a
mindful way, they should have fewer impacts on the environment than the farming of animals does.
The plants used to test this technique aren’t edible at present. Fan hopes to try adding such nutrient-making enzymes to crops one day. But, Fan cautions, before using this technique in fruits or vegetables, “we need to be very careful to ensure the safety of vegetarians’ diet.” The plants
might adapt to the genes in unexpected ways.
Ideally, he says, his group could come up with a set of instructions for every amino acid and boost plant levels of these nutrients as well.
13 ．What is the purpose ofFan’s research
A ．To help bacteria survive. B ．To speed up the plant’s growth.
C ．To make plants produce meaty nutrients. D ．To find new enzymes in animal products.
14 ．What can be inferred about the enzymes
A ．They exist naturally in plants. B ．They matter in nutrient production.
C ．They delay chemical reactions. D ．They transform genes into nutrients.
15 ．What does the author try to illustrate by mentioning Lego blocks in paragraph 3
A ．The difficulty in putting genetic instructions.
B ．The comparison of various genetic structures.
试卷第 16 页，共 17 页
C ．The complexity of building genetic structures.
D ．The diversity of combining genetic instructions.
16 ．What does the underlined word “edible” in paragraph 5 mean
A ．Eatable. B ．Accessible. C ．Nutritious. D ．Widespread.
Passage 4（语法填空）
（2026·广东·二模）
阅读下面短文，在空白处填入 1 个适当的单词或括号内单词的正确形式。
Research has shown that a preference for sweet foods is associated 17 a kinder, more agreeable personality. The association can be seen in the language 18 (use) to
describe people who are nice or whom we love in some culture, such as “sweet”, “sweetie”, or “honey”.
These links can 19 (explain) based on the conceptual metaphor theory and the
center of 20 is that metaphors compare abstract concepts to more concrete fields to help understanding. In the theory, metaphoric mappings are cognitive association, often learned
through experience or a process of embodiment (具象化), 21 eventually allows people to think about or represent abstract concepts in terms that are more readily perceptible(可感知的), such as taste.
A new journal article published this week, 22 which I am a co-author, aimed to
examine whether the association between sweet taste preferences and agreeableness occurs across cultures. 23 (address) this question, the study surveyed 1,650 participants of different
cultural backgrounds.
The study found that agreeableness was 24 (significant) and positively connected with the two different measures of sweet taste preferences in all pared with ones
without a sweet tooth, people who like sweet foods are 25 (likely) to “sympathize with others’ feelings”, “take time out for others”, “have a soft heart”, and so on. Therefore, the study’s results suggest that people across cultures use sweet taste experiences to understand and
conceptualize a person’s inner 26 (warm) in line with theory framework.
试卷第 17 页，共 17 页
1 ．C 2 ．B 3 ．D 4 ．A
【导语】本文是一篇说明文。文章主要介绍研究人员发现部分狗狗能根据玩耍时的使用方式给玩具分类，还能将分类能力应用到新玩具上，并介绍了相关研究过程、特点及后续研究方向。
1 ．词句猜测题。根据第二段“In other words, a toy’s physical traits (特征) did not dictate how it would be used.(换句话说，玩具的物理特征并不能 dictate 它的使用方式)”以及前文“Toys were assigned to a category at random.(玩具被随机分配到某个类别)”可知，玩具的使用方式是随机分配的，与其本身的物理特征无关，即物理特征不能决定它的使用方式。由此猜测 dictate意为“决定” ，与 determine 意思相近。故选 C 项。
2 ．推理判断题。根据第三段“Then, owners and dogs played the same pull or throw game with
toys the dogs had not seen before. This time, the owners did not name the activities out loud.(然后，主人和狗狗用狗狗从未见过的玩具玩同样的拉扯或投掷游戏。这一次，主人没有大声说出活动名称)”以及第四段“Next, owners asked their dogs to ‘bring me a pull ’ or ‘bring me a throw ’
from a toy pile. This tested if the dogs applied the labels based on their play with that toy. These
dogs picked a new toy right most of the time.(接下来，主人让狗狗从一堆玩具中“给我拿一个用来拉扯的玩具”或“给我拿一个用来投掷的玩具” 。这测试了狗狗是否会根据与玩具的玩耍情况来应用这些分类标签。这些狗狗大多数时候都能正确选出新玩具)”可推断，新玩具游戏主要是为了测试狗狗将已掌握的分类能力迁移到新玩具上的可迁移能力。故选 B 项。
3．细节理解题。根据第五段“Previous animal studies that categorized things by their use relied on lab settings and formal training. ‘This is the first study exploring this cognitive skill in animals in their natural environment while making sure the dogs got only social cues (提示), ’ Fugazza
says.(以往关于动物根据用途分类事物的研究都依赖于实验室环境和正式训练。 Fugazza 说： “这是第一项在动物的自然环境中探索这种认知能力的研究，同时确保狗狗只获得社交提
示。”)”可知，这项新研究与早期研究的区别在于它避免了非自然的实验室环境，而是在狗狗的自然环境中进行。故选 D 项。
4 ．细节理解题。根据最后一段“Next, researchers may want to explore what other mental
categories these dogs can learn, and what brain activities underlie these abilities.(接下来，研究人员可能想探索这些狗狗还能学习其他哪些心理分类，以及这些能力背后的大脑活动是什么)”可知，研究人员接下来可能会探索狗狗还能以其他哪些心理方式给玩具分类。故选 A 项。
5 ．A 6 ．D 7 ．A 8 ．D
答案第 1 页，共 6 页
【导语】这是一篇说明文。文章介绍了记笔记的方法：随手记录想法再整理，其能加深记忆、促进思考，遵循两点原则，还能融合无关想法催生新创意。
5．词句猜测题。根据第一段“Sometimes, you can also carry a pocket notebook so that ideas that strike you while waiting for someone or travelling on a train can be recorded. Later, you can
transfer these jottings to your main notebook.(你也可以随身携带一个袖珍笔记本，以便记录下等人或乘火车时突然冒出的想法。之后，你可以把这些jottings转抄到你的主笔记本上。)”可知，jottings 指的是随手记下的简短笔记。故选 A 项。
6．细节理解题。根据第二段“The labor of copying them out gives you occasion to reflect deeply on them. As you slowly write, you have to pay attention to both the exact form and the content of what is being said. The act of writing impresses the words more deeply on your mind.(抄写这些
内容的过程，能让你有机会深入思考其内涵。当你缓缓书写时，既需关注表述的准确形式，也需留心其核心要义。书写这一行为，会让这些话语更深刻地铭记在你的脑海中。)”可知，记笔记的一个好处是能促进思考。故选 D 项。
7．推理判断题。根据第三段“What matters most is that it interests you. As Shakespeare once said, “No profit grows where no pleasure is taken.”(最重要的是这个想法能让你感兴趣。正如莎士比亚所说：“没有乐趣，就没有收获。”)”可知，作者引用莎士比亚的话是为了说明兴趣的重要性。故选 A 项。
8 ．细节理解题。根据最后一段“It is the mixing of these unrelated ideas — bringing together
things that usually do not go together — that makes your notebook a source of new ideas.(正是这些不相关想法的融合 —— 将通常不相关的事物结合在一起 —— 让你的笔记本成为新想法的源泉。)”可知，笔记本通过将不相关的想法联系起来帮助产生新想法。故选 D 项。
9 ．B 10 ．A 11 ．B 12 ．D
【导语】本文是一篇说明文，主要介绍了自 2015 年以来，现代科技推动中国高考进行深刻改革，从“ 能力导向”转向“素养导向”评价，在命题开发和考试评价等方面发挥了重要作用，且强调科技在高考改革中的作用是增强科学性和公平性，而非取代人类判断。
9．细节理解题。根据文章最后一段“Experts emphasize that technology’s role in Gaokao reform is not to replace human judgment but to enhance scientificity and equity. The China Gaokao
Evaluation Framework highlights that technological applications should align with curriculum standards and talent selection goals, ensuring that evaluations truly reflect students ’
comprehensive competencies. From AI-assisted proposition to data-driven process evaluation,
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technology has become a cornerstone of Gaokao’s transformation toward more inclusive and
quality-oriented education(专家强调，科技在高考改革中的作用不是取代人类的判断，而是增强科学性和公平性。从人工智能辅助命题到数据驱动的过程评价，科技已成为高考向更具包容性和以质量为导向的教育转型的基石)”可知，将现代技术应用于高考改革的主要目标是使高考更加科学和包容。故选 B 项。
10 ．推理判断题。根据文章第二段“In the field of proposition development, large language
models (LLMs) (大语言模型) have emerged as a key tool since 2020. A 2025 study published in educational technology journals showed that LLMs can generate basic subject questions with an
accuracy rate of over 87% for subjects like mathematics and Chinese, and have been piloted in
regional mock exams(在命题开发领域，自 2020 年以来，大语言模型（LLMs）已成为关键工具。2025 年发表在教育技术期刊上的一项研究表明，大语言模型可以为数学和语文等学科生成准确率超过 87%的基础学科问题，并已在地区模拟考试中进行试点)”可知，2025 年发表在教育技术期刊上的一项研究表明，大语言模型可以为数学和语文等学科生成准确率超过87%的基础学科问题，并已在地区模拟考试中进行试点，可推理出在用于高考命题之前，大语言模型在教育领域的最初目的是为学生开发人工智能辅导系统，之后才应用到命题开发领域。故选 A 项。
11 ．细节理解题。根据文章第三段“Supported by big data analytics, process-oriented evaluation tracks indicators like homework burden, class participation, and sleep quality through regular
surveys, providing schools with targeted improvement suggestions. For instance, Hangzhou’s
Jianggan District conducts semesterly monitoring of students ’ learning processes, and data
analysis has helped reduce excessive homework and improve teaching effectiveness(在大数据分析的支持下，过程性评价通过定期调查跟踪作业负担、课堂参与度和睡眠质量等指标，为学校提供有针对性的改进建议。例如，杭州市江干区每学期对学生的学习过程进行监测，数据分析有助于减少过多的作业，提高教学效果)”可知，过程性评价通过跟踪学生的学习过程并提供有针对性的建议来帮助学校提高教学质量。故选 B 项。
12．推理判断题。根据文章最后一段“Experts emphasize that technology’s role in Gaokao reform is not to replace human judgment but to enhance scientificity and equity. The China Gaokao
Evaluation Framework highlights that technological applications should align with curriculum
standards and talent selection goals, ensuring that evaluations truly reflect students ’
comprehensive competencies(专家强调，科技在高考改革中的作用不是取代人类的判断，而
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是增强科学性和公平性。《中国高考评价体系》强调，技术应用应与课程标准和人才选拔目标相一致，确保评价真正反映学生的综合能力)”可知，科技与人类专业知识相结合可以提高高考命题的科学性。故选 D 项。
13 ．C 14 ．B 15 ．D 16 ．A
【导语】这是一篇说明文。文章介绍了浙江大学的范鹏翔团队开展的一项基因研究，该研究通过对植物叶片的基因进行改造，让植物能合成原本仅存在于肉类等动物制品中的营养物质，既有望满足素食者的全面营养需求，还能降低对环境的影响。
13 ．细节理解题。根据第一段“But our bodies need some nutrients that can be found only in
animal products, such as meat. Now, researchers have made changes to the genes in leaves so that plants can make some of these nutrients. This might one day let worldwide vegetarians rely on
plants for the full range of nutrients their bodies need. says Pengxiang Fan (但是我们的身体需要一些仅存在于肉类等动物制品中的营养物质，如今研究人员通过改造植物叶片的基因，让植物能合成这类营养物质。范鹏翔表示，这或许有一天能让全球的素食者仅依靠植物就能获取身体所需的全部营养)”可知，范鹏翔团队开展这项研究的目的，是让植物能够合成原本仅存在于肉类中的营养物质。故选 C。
14 ．推理判断题。根据第二段“To produce the animal-type nutrients, plant leaves need enzymes they don’t normally have. Enzymes are proteins that speed up chemical reactions inside living
things. In this case, they need enzymes that help turn certain amino acids — the building blocks of proteins— into nutrients normally found only in meat (植物叶片要合成动物类营养物质，需要其本身并不具备的酶，酶是能加速生物体内化学反应的蛋白质，在这项研究中，植物需要这类酶将特定氨基酸转化为原本仅存在于肉类中的营养物质)”可知，酶是植物合成这类特殊营养物质的关键，没有对应的酶，该转化过程就无法完成，由此可推断酶在营养物质的合成过程中起着至关重要的作用。故选 B。
15 ．推理判断题。根据第三段“The team prepare multiple sets of genetic instructions. The sets differ in which amino acids and nutrients they can make. By combining the sets in different ways
— like combining Lego blocks to build different structures — the instructions would allow plants to make different nutrients (该团队准备了多套基因指令，每套指令合成的氨基酸和营养物质各不相同，通过不同的方式组合这些指令，就像拼接乐高积木搭建出不同的造型一样，能让植物合成不同的营养物质)”可知，作者将组合基因指令比作拼接乐高积木，是为了形象地说明基因指令的组合方式具有多样性，不同的组合方式能实现不同的营养合成效果。故选 D。
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16 ．词句猜测题。根据第五段“The plants used to test this technique aren’t edible at present. Fan hopes to try adding such nutrient-making enzymes to crops one day (目前用于测试这项技术的
植物还并非 edible ，范希望未来能尝试将这种合成营养物质的酶植入农作物中)” ，结合后文提及该技术应用于果蔬前需保障饮食安全可知，现阶段试验用的植物还不能直接用于食用，而研究的后续方向是将技术应用于可食用的农作物，由此可推断“edible” 的意思是“可食用
的” 。故选 A。
17 ．with 18 ．used 19 ．be explained 20 ．it 21 ．which 22 ．of 23 ．To
address 24 ．significantly 25 ．more likely 26 ．warmth
【导语】本文是一篇说明文。研究表明对甜食的偏好与更友善的性格有关，文章基于概念隐喻理论对此进行解释，并通过研究调查不同文化背景的人，验证了甜味偏好与随和性之间的关联。
17．考查介词。句意：研究表明，对甜食的偏好与更友善、更随和的性格有关。结合句意表示“与 有关”短语为 be associated with 。故填 with。
18．考查非谓语动词。句意：在一些文化中，这种联系可以在用来描述善良或我们爱的人的语言中看到，比如“sweet” 、“sweetie”或“honey” 。句中 can be seen 为句中谓语，设空处使用非谓语动词，use 与逻辑主语 language 构成被动关系，故用过去分词作后置定语。故填
used。
19．考查动词语态。句意：这些联系可以根据概念隐喻理论来解释，其核心是将抽象概念与更具体的领域进行比较，以帮助理解。主语与谓语构成被动关系，且 can 后跟动词原形。故填 be explained。
20．考查代词。句意：同上。设空处使用代词作宾语，此处指代上文提到的 conceptual metaphor theory ，应用代词 it 。故填 it。
21．考查定语从句。句意：在隐喻映射理论中，隐喻映射是一种认知联想，通常是通过经验或具象化过程习得的，这最终使人们能够用更容易感知的术语来思考或表示抽象概念，比如味道。此处为非限制性定语从句修饰先行词 cognitive association ，先行词在从句中作主语，指物，故用关系代词 which 引导。故填 which。
22．考查介词。句意：我参与撰写的一篇新期刊文章本周发表，旨在研究甜味偏好与随和性之间的关联是否存在于不同文化中。结合句意表示“参与撰写”短语为 be a co-author of，此处构成介词+关系代词的结构，引导非限制性定语从句。故填 of。
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23 ．考查非谓语动词。句意：为了解决这个问题，研究调查了 1650 名不同文化背景的参与者。句中 surveyed 为谓语动词，设空处使用非谓语动词，此处表示“为了去解决问题”故使用不定式作目的状语。句首单词首字母要大写。故填 To address。
24．考查副词。句意：研究发现，在所有样本中，随和性与两种不同的甜味偏好测量方法显著正相关。设空处使用副词与后文positively 构成并列作状语修饰connected。故填significantly。
25 ．考查形容词比较级。句意：与不喜欢甜食的人相比，喜欢甜食的人更有可能“ 同情他人的感受”、“为他人抽出时间”、“ 心肠软”等等。根据后文“sympathize with others ’ feelings”, “take time out for others”, “have a soft heart”可知喜欢甜食的人更有可能“ 同情他人的感受” 、“为他人抽出时间” 、“ 心肠软” ，应用比较级 more likely 。故填 more likely。
26．考查名词。句意：因此，该研究的结果表明，不同文化背景的人根据理论框架，用甜味体验来理解和概念化一个人的内心温暖。作宾语，表示“温暖”应用名词 warmth ，不可数。
故填 warmth。
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