2017最新高三总复习(专题攻略)之词汇、短语与句型:高考英语中动词时态和语态的必考考点归纳与详解

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名称 2017最新高三总复习(专题攻略)之词汇、短语与句型:高考英语中动词时态和语态的必考考点归纳与详解
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更新时间 2016-11-28 00:00:00

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高考英语中动词时态和语态的必考考点归纳与详解
(一)动词时态考查要点简述
1.
一般现在时考点分析
(1)表示客观事实或普通真理(不受时态限制)
The
geography
teacher
told
us
the
earth
moves
around
the
sun.
Water
boils
at
100oC.
(2)表示现状、性质、状态时多用系动词或状态动词;表示经常或习惯性的动作,多用动作动词,且常与表频率的时间状语连用。
Ice
feels
cold.
We
always
care
for
each
other
and
help
each
other.
(3)表示知觉、态度、感情、某种抽象的关
( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )系或概念的词常用一般现在时:see、hear、smell、taste、feel、notice、agree、believe、like、hate、want、think、belong
seem等。如:
Smith
owns
a
car
and
a
house.
All
the
students
here
belong
to
No.1
Middle
School.
(4)在时间、条件状语从句中常用一般现在时
( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )代替将来时。但要注意由if
引导的条件状语从句中可以用shall或will表“意愿”,但不表示时态。
If
you
will
accept
my
( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )
invitation
and
come
to
our
party,
my
family
will
be
pleased.如果你愿意接受并参加我们的舞会,我的家人会非常高兴。
(5)少数用于表示起止的动
( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )词如come、go、leave、arrive、fly、return、start、begin、pen、close、end、stop等常用一般现在时代替将来时,表示一个按规定、计划或安排要发生的动作。当be表示根据时间或事先安排,肯定会出现的状态,只用一般现在时。
The
shop
closes
at
11:00
p.m.
every
day.
Tomorrow
is
Wednesday.
2.
一般过去时的考点分析(考核重点)。
(1)一般过去时的基本用法:表示过去的
( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )事情、动作或状态常与表示过去具体的时间状语连用(或有上下文语境暗示);用于表达过去的习惯;表示说话人原来没有料到、想到或希望的事通常用过去式。如:
I
met
her
in
the
street
yesterday.
I
once
saw
the
famous
star
here.
(2)如果从句中有一个过去的时间状语,尽管从句中的动作先于主句发生,但从句中的谓语动词连用过去式。如:
He
told
me
he
read
an
interesting
novel
last
night.
(3)表示两个紧接着发生的动作,常
( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )由以下词语连接,用一般过去时。如:but,
and,
when,
as
soon
as,
immediately,
the
moment,
the
minute。
The
moment
she
came
in,
she
told
me
what
had
happened
to
her.
He
bought
a
watch
but
lost
it.
(4)常用一般过去时的句型:
Why
didn’t
you
/
I
think
of
that
I
didn’t
notice
it.
I
forgot
to
tell
you
I
had
been
there
with
my
brother
before.
I
didn’t
recognize
him.
3.
一般将来时考点分析。
(1)表示未来的动作或状态常用will
/
shall
+
动词(常与表示将来的时间状语边用如tomorrow、next
week等)。
(2)表示一种趋向或习惯动作。
We’ll
die
without
air
or
water.
(3)表示趋向行为的动词如come、go、start、begin、leave等词常用进行时的形式表示将来时。
(4)be
going
to与will
/
shall,
be
to
do,
be
about
to
do用法及区别:

be
going
to
表示现
( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )在打算在最近或将来要做某事,这种打算往往经过事先考虑,甚至已做了某种准备;shall
/
will
do表示未事先考虑过,即说话时临时作出的决定。

be
going
to
表将来,不能用在条件状语从句的主句中;而will则能,表意愿。如:
If
it
is
fine,
we’ll
go
fishing.(正确)
If
it
is
fine,
we
are
going
to
go
fishing.(错误)

be
to
do
sth.表按计划、安排即将发生的动作,还可表示吩咐、命令、禁止,可能性等。
A
meeting
is
to
be
held
at
3:00
o’clock
this
afternoon.

be
about
to
do
sth.表示“即可,就要”,后面不能接时间状语或状语从句。
Autumn
harvest
is
about
to
start.
4.
现在进行时考点分析。
(1)表示说话时正在发生着的一个动作;表示现
( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )阶段但不一定是发生在讲话时;表近期特定的安排或计划;go、come等起止动作可用进行时代替将来时。如:
I
am
meeting
Mr.
Wang
tonight.
We
are
leaving
on
Friday.
At
six
I
am
bathing
the
baby.(I
start
bathing
the
bady
before
six.)
The
girl
is
always
talking
loud
in
public.
(与always、often等频度副词连用,表经常反复的行动或某种感彩)
(2)下面四类动词不宜用现在进行时。
①表示心理状态、情感的动作
( http: / / www.21cnjy.com ):like,
love,
hate,
care,
remember,
believe,
want,
mind,
wish,
agree,
mean,
need。
②表存在的状态的动词:appear,
exist,
lie,
remain,
seem
belong
to,
depend
on。
③表示一时性动作的动词:allow,
accept,
permit,
promise,
admit,
complete。
④表示感官的动词:see,
hear,
notice,
feel,
smell,
sound,
taste,
look。
5.
过去完成时考点分析(考核重点)。
(1)常用过去完成时的几种情况:
①在by、by
the
( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )end、by
the
time、until、before、since后接表示过去某一时间的短语或从句以前发生的动作。如:By
the
end
of
last
year,
we
had
produced
20,000
cars.
The
train
had
left
before
we
reached
the
station.
②表示曾实现的希望、打算、意图、诺言等
( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )。常用had
hoped
/
planned
/
meant
/
intended/
though
/
wanted
/
expected等或用上述动词过去式接不定式完成式表示即:hoped
/
planned

+
to
have
done。

“时间名词
+
before”在句
( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )子中作状语,谓语动词用过去完成时;“时间名词
+
ago”在句中作状语,谓语动词用一般过去式。如:He
said
his
first
teacher
had
died
at
least
10
years
before.
Xiao
Hua
left
school
3
years
ago.
④表示“一……就”的几个句型:Ha
( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )rdly
/
No
sooner
/
Scarcely
had
+
主语
+
过去分词
+
when
/
than
/
before
+
一般过去时。如:We
had
no
sooner
been
seated
than
the
bus
started.
=
No
sooner
had
we
been
seated
than
the
bus
started.
(2)在before或after引导的时间状语从句中用一般过去时态代替过去完成时。
After
he
(had)left
the
room,
the
boss
came
in.
We
arrived
home
before
it
snowed.
6.
过去将来时考点分析。
参照一般将来时对比:用would
do、
( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )was
/
were
going
to
do
sth.表过去将来;come、go、leave等过去进行时表过去将来时;was
/
were
to
do
sth.和was
/
were
about
to
do
sth.表过去将来。
7.
过去进行时考点分析。
(1)过去某一时刻正在进行的动作或某一阶段内发生或频繁发生。
(2)某一动作发生时另一动作正在发生,其中一个在由when或while引导的时间状语从句中。
8.
现在完成时考点分析。
(1)现在完成时除可以和for、si
( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )nce引导的状语连用外,还可以和下面的介词短语连用:during
/
in
/over
the
last(past)few
years
(months,
weeks)、in
recent
years等。
(2)下列句型中常用现在完成时
It
is
(has
been)
+
一段时间
+
since从句
This(That
/
It)is
the
first(second…)time
that
+
完成时
This(That
/
It)is
the
only

+
that
+
完成时
This(that
/
It)is
t
( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )he
best
/
finest
/
most
interesting

+
that
从句
+
完成时
(3)在时间或条件状语从句中,现在完成时可以代替一般将来时。如:
I
shall
post
the
letter
as
soon
as
I
have
written
it.
If
you
have
done
the
experiment,
you
will
realize
the
theory
better.
Don’t
get
off
the
bus
until
it
has
stopped.
9.
注意几组时态的区别:
(1)一般过去时与现在完成时:
( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )时间上有差异:凡有过去时间的均用过去时态,不能用完成时态,如含有ago、last
year、just
now、the
other
day等。
结果上有差异:现在完成时强调的是对“现在”的影响和结果,动作到现在刚完成或还在继续;一般过去时强调的是动作发生在“过去”,和现在毫无关系。
(2)过去完成时与一般过去时:过去完成时强调的是“过去的过去”;如出现同一主语连续几个动作(“连谓”)形式则只用一般过去时即可。
(二)被动语态考查要点简述
被动语态的构成方式:be
+
过去分词
( http: / / www.21cnjy.com ),口语只也有用get
/
become
+
过去分词表示。被动语态的基本用法:不知道或没必要提到动作的执行者是谁时用被动语态。强调或突出动作的承受者常用被动语态(by短语有时可以省略)。
1.
使用被动语态时应注意的几个问题。
(1)主动变化被动时双宾语的变化。看下列例句。
My
friend
gave
me
an
interesting
book
on
my
birthday.
An
interesting
book
was
given
to
me(by
my
friend)on
my
birthday.
(2)主动变被动时,宾补成主补(位置不变);(作补语的)不定式前需加to。
The
boss
made
him
work
all
day
long.
He
was
made
to
work
all
day
long(by
the
boss)
(3)短语动词变被动语态时,勿要掉“尾巴”。
The
children
were
taken
good
care
of
(by
her).
Your
pronunciation
and
spelling
should
be
paid
attention
to.
(4)情态动词和be
going
to、b
( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )e
to、be
sure
to、used
to、have
to、had
better等结构变被动语态,只需将它们后面的动词原形变为be
+过去分词。
(5)当句子的谓语为say、
( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )believe、expect、think、know、write、consider、report等时,被动语态有两种形式:(A)谓语动词用被动语态,动词不定式作主补。(B)用it作形式主语,真正的主语在后面用主语在后面用主语从句来表示。如:
People
say
he
is
a
smart
boy.
It
is
said
that
he
is
a
smart
boy.
He
is
said
to
be
a
smart
boy.
类似句型有:It
is
said
/
( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )known
/
suggested
/
believed
/
hoped/
thought
that

2.
不能用被动语态的几种情况。
(1)所有的不及物动词或不及物动词词组不能用于被动语态之中。
(2)表示状态的谓语动词,如:last
( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )、hold、benefit、contain、equal、fit、join、mean、last、look
like、consist
to等。
(3)表示归属的动词,如have、own、belong
to等。
(4)表示“希望、意图”的动词,如:wish、want、hope、like、love、hate等。
(5)宾语是反身代词或相互代词时谓语动词用主动语态,不能用被动语态。
(6)宾语是同源宾语,不定式、动名词等谓语动词不用被动语态。
(7)有些动词以其主动形式表示被动意义,特别是当主语是物时,常见的动词有sell、write、wash、open、lock等。
3.
主动形式表被动意义。
(1)当feel、look、smell、
( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )taste、sound等后面接形容词时;当cut、read、sell、wear、write等词带状语修饰语时;当动词表示“开始、结束、关、停、转、启动”等意义时。
This
kind
of
cloth
washes
easily.这种布易洗。
These
novels
won’t
sell
well.这些小说不畅销。
My
pen
writes
smoothly.我的钢笔写起来很流畅。
(2)当break
out、take
pla
( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )ce、shut
off、turn
off、work
out等动词表示“发生、关闭、制定”等意思时。
The
plan
worked
out
successfully.
The
lamps
on
the
wall
turn
off.
(3)want,
require,
need后面的动名词用主动表示被动含义。
(4)be
worth
doing用主动形式表示被动含义。
(5)在“be
+
形容词
+
to
( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )
do”中,不定式的逻辑宾语是句子的主语,用主动代被动。
This
kind
of
water
isn’t
fit
to
drink.
The
girl
isn’t
easy
to
get
along
with.
另外:be
to
blame(受谴责),be
to
rent(出租)也用主动形式表被动。
4.
被动形式表示主动意义的几种情况。
(1)be
seated坐着
He
is
seated
on
a
bench.(He
seats
himself
on
a
bench.)坐在凳子上。
(2)be
hidden躲藏
He
was
hidden
behind
the
door.(He
hid
himself
behind
the
door.)他藏在门后。
(3)be
lost迷路
(4)be
drunk喝醉
(5)be
dressed穿着
The
girl
was
dressed
in
a
red
short
skirt.
5.
被动语态与系表结构的区别
被动语态强调动作;系表结构表主语的特点或状态。如:
The
book
was
sold
by
a
certain
bookstore.(被动语态)
The
book
is
well
sold.(系表结构)